Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gold Pocket Guide 2010
Gold Pocket Guide 2010
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Obstructive
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Lung
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Disease
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POCKET GUIDE
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AND PREVENTION
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U P D AT ED 2 0 10
Global Initiative for Chronic
Obstructive
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Disease
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Pocket Guide to COPD Diagnosis, Management,
and Prevention
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GOLD Ex ecu t iv e Co m m it t ee
Ob s er v er :
Jadwiga Wedzicha, MD, UK (Representing ERS)
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Representatives from many countries serve as a network for the dissemination and
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participated in discussions of concepts that appear in GOLD reports, and for their
comments during the review of the 2006 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis,
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5 K EY P O I N T S
6 W H AT I S CH R O N I C OB S T R U CT I V E
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P U L M ON A R Y D I S EA S E ( CO P D ) ?
7 R I S K FA CT OR S : WH AT CA U S ES CO P D ?
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8 D I A GN O S I N G COP D
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Figure 1: Key Indicators for Considering a
COPD Diagnosis
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Figure 2: Normal Spirogram and Spirogram Typical of
Patients with Mild to Moderate COPD
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Figure 3: Differential Diagnosis of COPD
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CO M P ON EN T S OF CA R E:
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A COP D M A N A G EM EN T P R O GR A M
Co m p o n e n t 1 : A s s e s s a n d M o n i t o r D i s e a s e
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15 Co m p o n e n t 2 : R e d u ce R i s k F a ct o r s
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Pharmacologic Treatment
Figure 5: Commonly Used Formulations of Drugs for COPD
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Non-Pharmacologic Treatment
Figure 6: Therapy at Each Stage of COPD
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22 Co m p o n e n t 4 : M a n a g e Ex a ce r b a t i o n s
How to Assess the Severity of an Exacerbation
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Home Management
Hospital Management
Figure 7: Indications for Hospital Admission
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24 A P P EN D I X I : S P I R OM ET R Y F OR D I A G N OS I S OF COP D
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PREFACE
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major cause of
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chronic morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The Globa l
In it iat iv e f or Ch ro n ic Ob s t r u ct iv e L u n g Dis eas e was created to
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increase awareness of COPD among health professionals, public health
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authorities, and the general public, and to improve prevention and
management through a concerted worldwide effort. The Initiative
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prepares scientific reports on COPD, encourages dissemination and
adoption of the reports, and promotes international collaboration on
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COPD research.
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While COPD has been recognized for many years, public health officials
are concerned about continuing increases in its prevalence and mortality,
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which are due in large part to the increasing use of tobacco products
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What You and Your Family Can Do About COPD. Information booklet
for patients and their families.
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These publications are available on the Internet at www.goldcopd.org.
This site provides links to other websites with information about COPD.
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This Pocket Guide has been developed from the Global Strategy for the
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Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD (2010). Technical
discussions of COPD and COPD management, evidence levels, and specific
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citations from the scientific literature are included in that source document.
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A ck n o w l e d g e m e n t s : Grateful acknowledgement is given for the educational
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grants from Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Dey, Forest
Laboratories, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Nycomed, Pfizer, Philips Respironics, and
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Schering-Plough. The generous contributions of these companies assured that the
participants could meet together and publications could be printed for wide distribu-
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tion. The participants, however, are solely responsible for the statements and con-
clusions in the publications.
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KEY POINTS
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Ch r o n i c O b s t r u ct i v e P u l m o n a r y D i s e a s e ( COP D ) is a
preventable and treatable disease with some significant extra-
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pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual
patients. Its pulmonary component is characterized by airflow limitation
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that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive
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and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung
to noxious particles or gases.
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Worldwide, the most commonly encountered r i s k f a ct o r for COPD
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is ci g a r e t t e s m o k i n g . A t e v e r y p o s s i b l e o p p o r t u n i t y
i n d i v i d u a l s w h o s m o k e s h o u l d b e e n co u r a g e d t o q u i t . In
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many countries, air pollution resulting from the burning of wood and
other biomass fuels has also been identified as a COPD risk factor.
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A d i a g n o s i s of COPD should be considered in any patient who has
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confirmed by spirometry.
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WHAT IS CHRONIC
OBSTRUCTIVE
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PULMONARY DISEASE
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(COPD)?
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Ch r o n i c Ob s t r u ct i v e P u l m o n a r y D i s e a s e ( CO P D ) is a preventable
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and treatable disease with some significant extrapulmonary effects that may
contribute to the severity in individual patients. Its pulmonary component
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is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The air-
flow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal
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inflammatory response of the lung to noxious particles or gases.
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This definition does not use the terms chronic bronchitis and emphysema*
and excludes asthma (reversible airflow limitation).
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S y m p t o m s o f CO P D i n cl u d e :
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Cough
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Sputum production
Dyspnea on exertion
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Ch r o n i c co u g h a n d s p u t u m p r o d u ct i o n o f t e n p r e ce d e t h e
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d e v e l o p m e n t o f a i r f l o w l i m i t a t io n b y m a n y y e a r s , a l t h o u g h
n o t a l l i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h co u g h a n d s p u t u m p r o d u ct i o n g o o n
t o d e v e l o p COP D .
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*Chronic bronchitis, defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least 3
months in each of 2 consecutive years, is not necessarily associated with airflow limitation.
Emphysema, defined as destruction of the alveoli, is a pathological term that is sometimes
(incorrectly) used clinically and describes only one of several structural abnormalities present
in patients with COPD.
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RISK FACTORS:
WHAT CAUSES COPD?
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Wo r l d w i d e , ci g a r e t t e s m o k i n g i s t h e m o s t co m m o n l y
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e n co u n t e r e d r i s k f a ct o r f o r CO P D .
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The genetic risk factor that is best documented is a severe hereditary
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deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin. It provides a model for how other
genetic risk factors are thought to contribute to COPD.
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COPD risk is related to the total burden of inhaled particles a person
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encounters over their lifetime:
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To b a cco s m o k e , including cigarette, pipe, cigar, and other types
of tobacco smoking popular in many countries, as well as
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environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
Occu p a t i o n a l d u s t s a n d ch e m i ca l s (vapors, irritants, and
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In addition, any factor that affects lung growth during gestation and
childhood (low birth weight, respiratory infections, etc.) has the potential
for increasing an individuals risk of developing COPD.
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DIAGNOSING
COPD
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A diagnosis of COPD should be considered in any patient who has dyspnea,
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chronic cough or sputum production, and/or a history of exposure to risk
factors for the disease, especially cigarette smoking (FF i g u r e 1 ).
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F i g u r e 1 : K e y I n d i ca t o r s f o r Co n s id e r i n g a COP D D i a g n o s i s
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Consider COPD, and perform spirometry, if any of these indicators
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are present in an individual over age 40. These indicators are not
diagnostic themselves, but the presence of multiple key indicators
increases the probability of a diagnosis of COPD.
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D y s p n e a that is: Progressive (worsens over time).
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Usually worse with exercise.
Persistent (present every day).
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or gasping.
Ch r o n ic co u g h : May be intermittent and may be unproductive.
Ch r o n ic s p u t u m p r o d u ct i o n :
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H i s t o r y o f e x p o s u r e t o r i s k f a ct o r s :
To b a cco s m o k e ( in cl u d in g p o p u l a r l o ca l
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p r e p a r a t io n s ) .
Occupational dusts and chemicals.
Smoke from home cooking and heating fuel.
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T h e d i a g n o s i s s h o u l d b e co n f i r m e d b y s p i r o m e t r y *
( F i g u r e 2 , p a g e 9 a n d A p p e n d i x I, p a g e 2 4 ) .
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*Where spirometry is unavailable, the diagnosis of COPD should be made using all
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available tools. Clinical symptoms and signs (abnormal shortness of breath and increased
forced expiratory time) can be used to help with the diagnosis. A low peak flow is consistent
with COPD but has poor specificity since it can be caused by other lung diseases and by
poor performance. In the interest of improving the accuracy of a diagnosis of COPD, every
effort should be made to provide access to standardized spirometry.
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When performing spirometry, measure:
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F orced Expiratory V olume in one second (FF EV 1 ).
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Calculate the FEV1/FVC ratio.
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Spirometric results are expressed as % P r e d i ct e d using
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appropriate normal values for the persons sex, age, and height.
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F i g u r e 2 : N o r m a l S p i r o g r a m a n d S p i r o g r a m Ty p i ca l o f
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P a t i e n t s w i t h M i l d t o M o d e r a t e CO P D *
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P a t i e n t s w i t h COP D t y p ica l l y s h o w a d e cr e a s e in b o t h F EV 1
a n d F EV 1 /F V C. T h e d e g r e e o f s p i r o m e t r ic a b n o r m a l i t y
g e n e r a l l y r e f l e ct s t h e s e v e r i t y o f COP D . H o w e v e r, b o t h
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s y m p t o m s a n d s p ir o m e t r y s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d w h e n
d e v e l o p in g a n i n d i v id u a l i z e d m a n a g e m e n t s t r a t e g y f o r
e a ch p a t i e n t .
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St a g es o f COP D
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FEV1 80% predicted) and sometimes, but not always, chronic cough
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and sputum production.
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At this stage, the individual may not be aware that his or her lung
function is abnormal.
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St a ge II: Mo de r at e COP D - Worsening airflow limitation
(FEV1/FVC < 70%; 50% FEV1 < 80% predicted), with shortness
or
of breath typically developing on exertion.
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because of chronic respiratory symptoms or an exacerbation of their
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St a ge III: Sev er e COP D - Further worsening of airflow limitation
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(FEV1/FVC < 70%; 30% FEV1 < 50% predicted), greater shortness of
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plus chronic respiratory failure. Patients may have Very Severe (Stage IV)
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COPD even if the FEV1 is > 30% predicted, whenever this complication
is present.
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At R is k f or COP D
A major objective of GOLD is to increase awareness among health care providers and the
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general public of the significance of COPD symptoms. The classification of severity of COPD
now includes four stages classified by spirometryStage I: Mild COPD; Stage II: Moderate
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COPD; Stage III: Severe COPD; Stage IV: Very Severe COPD. A fifth categoryStage 0: At
Riskthat appeared in the 2001 report is no longer included as a stage of COPD, as there
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is incomplete evidence that the individuals who meet the definition of At Risk (chronic cough
and sputum production, normal spirometry) necessarily progress on to Stage I: Mild COPD.
Nevertheless, the importance of the public health message that chronic cough and sputum are
not normal is unchanged and their presence should trigger a search for underlying cause(s).
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D if f e r e n t ia l D i a g n o s i s : A major differential diagnosis is asthma. In
some patients with chronic asthma, a clear distinction from COPD is not
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possible using current imaging and physiological testing techniques. In these
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patients, current management is similar to that of asthma. Other potential
diagnoses are usually easier to distinguish from COPD (FF ig u r e 3 ).
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F i g u r e 3 : D i f f e r e n t i a l D i a g n o s i s o f CO P D
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D ia g n o s is Su g g e s t iv e Fe a t u r e s *
COPD Onset in mid-life.
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Symptoms slowly progressive.
Long smoking history.
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Dyspnea during exercise.
Largely irreversible airflow limitation.
Asthma
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Onset early in life (often childhood).
Symptoms vary from day to day.
Symptoms at night/early morning.
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Allergy, rhinitis, and/or eczema also present.
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*These features tend to be characteristic of the respective diseases, but do not occur in
every case. For example, a person who has never smoked may develop COPD (especially
in the developing world, where other risk factors may be more important than cigarette
smoking); asthma may develop in adult and even elderly patients.
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COMPONENTS OF CARE:
A COPD MANAGEMENT
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PROGRAM
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The goals of COPD management include:
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Relieve symptoms
Prevent disease progression
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Improve exercise tolerance
Improve health status
Prevent and treat complications
Prevent and treat exacerbations
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Reduce mortality
Prevent or minimize side effects from treatment
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T H ES E G OA L S CA N B E A CH I EV ED T H R OU G H
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WI T H F OU R COM P O N EN T S :
1 . A s s e s s a n d M o n it o r D is e a s e
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2 . R e d u ce R i s k F a ct o r s
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3 . M a n a g e S t a b l e CO P D
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4 . M a n a g e Ex a c e r b a t i o n s
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Component 1: Assess and Monitor Disease
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A d e t a i l e d m e d i ca l h i s t o r y of a new patient known or thought to
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have COPD should assess:
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Exposure to risk factors, including intensity and duration.
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Past medical history, including asthma, allergy, sinusitis or nasal
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polyps, respiratory infections in childhood, and other respiratory
diseases.
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Family history of COPD or other chronic respiratory disease.
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Pattern of symptom development.
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History of exacerbations or previous hospitalizations for
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respiratory disorder.
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In addition to s piro m e t r y , the following ot h er t es t s may be considered
for the assessment of a patient with Moderate (Stage II), Severe
(Stage III), and Very Severe (Stage IV) COPD.
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B ro n ch od ilat o r r e v er s ibilit y t e s t in g: To rule out a diagnosis of
asthma, particularly in patients with an atypical history (e.g., asthma
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in childhood and regular night waking with cough and wheeze).
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Ch es t X - r a y : Seldom diagnostic in COPD but valuable to exclude
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alternative diagnoses such as pulmonary tuberculosis, and identify
comorbidities such as cardiac failure.
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Ar t er ia l blo od ga s m ea s u r em e n t : Perform in patients with
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FEV1 < 50% predicted or with clinical signs suggestive of respiratory
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failure or right heart failure. The major clinical sign of respiratory
failure is cyanosis. Clinical signs of right heart failure include ankle
edema and an increase in the jugular venous pressure. Respiratory
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failure is indicated by PaO2 < 8.0 kPa (60 mm Hg), with or without
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PaCO2 > 6.7 kPa (50 mm Hg) while breathing air at sea level.
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ca n b e ex pect ed t o w o r s en o v er t im e, ev en w it h t h e b es t
av aila ble car e. Sy m p t o m s a n d lu n g f u n ct io n s h o u ld be
m o n it o r ed t o f o llo w t h e d ev elo p m en t o f co m plica t ion s , t o
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an d s h o u ld b e a ct iv ely id en t if ied .
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Component 2: Reduce Risk Factors
S m o k i n g ce s s a t i o n i s t h e s i n g l e m o s t e f f e ct i v e a n d co s t -
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e f f e ct i v e i n t e r v e n t i o n t o r e d u ce t h e r i s k o f d e v e l o p i n g
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COP D a n d s l o w i t s p r o g r e s s i o n .
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Even a brief, 3-minute period of counseling to urge a smoker to
quit can be effective, and at a minimum this should be done for
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every smoker at every health care provider visit. More intensive
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strategies increase the likelihood of sustained quitting (FF i g u r e 4 ).
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Pharmacotherapy (nicotine replacement, buproprion/nortryptiline,
and/or varenicline) is recommended when counseling is not sufficient
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to help patients stop smoking. Special consideration should be
given before using pharmacotherapy in people smoking fewer than
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10 cigarettes per day, pregnant women, adolescents, and those
with medical contraindications (unstable coronary artery disease,
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untreated peptic ulcer, and recent myocardial infarction or stroke
for nicotine replacement; and history of seizures for buproprion).
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F ig u r e 4 : S t r a t e g y t o H e l p a P a t ie n t Qu it Sm o k in g
to quit.
3. A S S ES S : Determine willingness to make a quit attempt.
Ask every tobacco user if he or she is willing to make a quit attempt
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S m o k i n g P r e v e n t i o n : Encourage comprehensive tobacco-control
policies and programs with clear, consistent, and repeated nonsmoking
messages. Work with government officials to pass legislation to establish
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smoke-free schools, public facilities, and work environments and
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encourage patients to keep smoke-free homes.
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Occu p a t i o n a l Ex p o s u r e s : Emphasize primary prevention, which
is best achieved by elimination or reduction of exposures to various
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substances in the workplace. Secondary prevention, achieved through
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surveillance and early detection, is also important.
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I n d o o r a n d O u t d o o r A i r P o l l u t i o n : Implement measures to reduce
or avoid indoor air pollution from biomass fuel, burned for cooking and
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heating in poorly ventilated dwellings. Advise patients to monitor public
announcements of air quality and, depending on the severity of their
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disease, avoid vigorous exercise outdoors or stay indoors altogether
during pollution episodes.
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Component 3: Manage Stable COPD
M a n a g e m e n t o f s t a b l e CO P D s h o u l d b e g u i d e d b y t h e
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f o l l o w i n g g e n e r a l p r i n ci p l e s :
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Determine disease severity on an individual basis by taking into
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account the patients symptoms, airflow limitation, frequency and
severity of exacerbations, complications, respiratory failure,
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comorbidities, and general health status.
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Implement a stepwise treatment plan that reflects this assessment of
disease severity.
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Choose treatments according to national and cultural preferences,
the patients skills and preferences, and the local availability of
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medications.
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P a t i e n t e d u ca t i o n can help improve skills, ability to cope with illness,
and health status. It is an effective way to accomplish smoking cessation,
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initiate discussions and understanding of advance directives and end-of-
life issues, and improve responses to acute exacerbations.
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management in COPD.
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Figure 5. Formulations and Typical Doses of COPD Medications*
Drug Inhaler Solution for Oral Vials for Duration of
(g) Nebulizer Injection Action (hours)
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(mg/ml) (mg)
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2-agonists
Short-acting
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Fenoterol 100-200 (MDI) 1 0.05% (Syrup) 4-6
Levalbuterol 45-90 (MDI) 0.21, 0.42 6-8
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Salbutamol (albuterol) 100, 200 (MDI & DPI) 5 5mg (Pill), 0.024%(Syrup) 0.1, 0.5 4-6
Terbutaline 400, 500 (DPI) 2.5, 5 (Pill) 4-6
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Long-acting
Formoterol 4.5-12 (MDI & DPI) 0.01 12+
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Arformoterol 0.0075 12+
Indacaterol 150-300 (DPI) 24
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Salmeterol 25-50 (MDI & DPI) 12+
Anticholinergics
Short-acting
Ipratropium bromide 20, 40 (MDI) 0.25-0.5
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Oxitropium bromide 100 (MDI) 1.5 7-9
Long-acting
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Systemic glucocorticosteroids
Prednisone 5-60 mg (Pill)
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Methyl-prednisolone 4, 8, 16 mg (Pill)
Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors
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Inhaled Glucocorticosteroids: Regular treatment with inhaled
glucocorticosteroids does not modify the long-term decline in FEV1 but
has been shown to reduce the frequency of exacerbations and thus
improve health status for symptomatic patients with an FEV1 < 50%
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predicted and repeated exacerbations (for example, 3 in the last three
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years). The dose-response relationships and long-term safety of inhaled
glucocorticosteroids in COPD are not known. Treatment with inhaled glu-
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cocorticosteroids increases the likelihood of pneumonia and does not
reduce overall mortality.
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An inhaled glucocorticosteroid combined with a long-acting 2-agonist is
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more effective than the individual components in reducing exacerbations
and improving lung function and health status. Combination therapy
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increases the likelihood of pneumonia and has no significant effects on
mortality. In patients with an FEV1 less than 60%, pharmacotherapy with
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long-acting 2-agonist, inhaled glucocorticosteroid and its combination
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decreases the rate of decline of lung function. Addition of a long-acting
2-agonist/inhaled glucocorticosteroid to an anticholinergic (tiotropium)
appears to provide additional benefits.
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Oral Glucocorticosteroids: Long-term treatment with oral glucocorticosteroids
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is not recommended.
Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors: In patients with Stage III: Severe COPD or
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Stage IV: Very Severe COPD and a history of exacerbations and chronic
bronchitis, the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, roflumilast, reduces exacerba-
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tions treated with oral glucocorticosteroids. These effects are also seen
when roflumilast is added to long-acting bronchodilators; there are no
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viscous sputum may benefit from mucolytics, but overall benefits are very
small. Use is not recommended.
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Non - P h ar m acolo gic Tr e at m en t includes rehabilitation, oxygen
therapy, and surgical interventions.
Rehabilitation: Patients at all stages of disease benefit from exercize
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training programs improvements in exercise tolerance and symptoms of
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dyspnea and fatigue. Benefits can be sustained even after a single pulmo-
nary rehabilitation program. The minimum length of an effective rehabili-
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tation program is 6 weeks; the longer the program continues, the more
effective the results. Benefit does wane after a rehabilitation program
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ends, but if exercise training is maintained at home the patient's health
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status remains above pre-rehabilitation levels.
Th e go a ls of pu lm on a r y r eh ab ilit at io n a r e t o r ed u ce s y m pt o m s ,
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im pr o v e qu a lit y o f life, a n d in cr ea s e pa r t icipa t io n in ev er y da y
a ct iv itaties
Patients all. stages of disease benefit from exercise training programs,
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Ox y gen Th e r apy : The long-term administration of oxygen (>15 hours
per day) to patients with chronic respiratory failure increases survival and
has a beneficial impact on pulmonary hemodynamics, hematologic
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characteristics, exercise capacity, lung mechanics, and mental state.
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Initiate oxygen therapy for patients with Stage IV: Very Severe COPD if:
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Th e go a l o f lo n g- t er m o x y gen t h er a py is t o in cr ea s e t h e ba s e-
lin e P a O2 a t r es t t o a t lea s t 8.0 k P a (60 m m Hg) a t s ea lev el,
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A summary of characteristics and recommended treatment at each stage
of COPD is shown in F i g u r e 6 .
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Figure 6: Therapy at Each Stage of COPD*
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I: Mild II: Moderate III: Severe IV: Very Severe
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FEV1/FVC < 0.70
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FEV1/FVC < 0.70 FEV1 < 30% predicted
or FEV1 < 50%
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FEV1/FVC < 0.70 predicted plus chronic
respiratory failure
FEV1/FVC < 0.70 30% FEV1 < 50%
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50% FEV1 < 80% predicted
chronic respiratory
failure
Consider surgical
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treatments
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Component 4: Manage Exacerbations
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co u r s e o f t h e d i s e a s e ch a r a ct e r i z e d b y a ch a n g e i n t h e
p a t i e n t s b a s e l i n e d y s p n e a , co u g h , a n d /o r s p u t u m t h a t i s
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b e y o n d n o r m a l d a y - t o - d a y v a r i a t i o n s , i s a cu t e i n o n s e t ,
a n d m a y w a r r a n t a ch a n g e i n r e g u l a r m e d i ca t i o n i n a
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p a t i e n t w i t h u n d e r l y i n g CO P D .
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The most common causes of an exacerbation are infection of the
tracheobronchial tree and air pollution, but the cause of about one-third
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of severe exacerbations cannot be identified.
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H o w t o A s s e s s t h e S e v e r i t y o f a n Ex a ce r b a t i o n
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Arterial blood gas measurements (in hospital):
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PaO2 < 8.0 kPa (60 mm Hg) and/or SaO2 < 90% with or without
PaCO2 > 6.7 kPa, (50 mmHg) when breathing room air indicates
respiratory failure.
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Hom e Car e o r Ho s pit al Car e f o r En d - St a ge COP D P at ien t s ?
Th e r is k of dy in g f ro m a n ex acer ba t io n o f COP D is clos ely r ela t ed
t o t h e dev elo p m en t o f r es pir a t o r y acido s is , t h e p r es en ce o f
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s er iou s com o r b idit ies , a n d t h e n eed f o r v en t ila t o r y s u pp o r t .
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P at ien t s lack in g t h es e f eat u r es a r e n o t at h igh r is k o f dy in g , bu t
t h o s e w it h s ev er e u n der ly in g COP D o f ten r eq u ir e h o s p ita lizat io n
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in a n y ca s e. At t em p t s at m a n ag in g s u ch p at ien t s en t ir ely in t h e
co m m u n it y h av e m et w it h lim it ed s u cces s , b u t r et u r n in g t h em
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t o t h eir h om es w it h in cr ea s ed s o cia l s u p po r t an d a s u p er v is ed
m edica l car e p ro g r am af t er an in it ia l em er gen cy r o om as s es s m en t
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h as b een m u ch m o r e s u cces s f u l. Ho w ev er, d et ailed co s t - ben ef it
a n a ly s es o f t h es e ap p ro a ch es h av e n o t b een r ep o r t ed .
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H om e Ma n age m e n t
B ron ch odila t o r s: Increase dose and/or frequency of existing short-
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acting bronchodilator therapy, preferably with 2-agonists. If not already
used, add anticholinergics until symptoms improve.
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Glu cocor t ico st er oids : If baseline FEV1 < 50% predicted, add 30-40
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mg oral prednisolone per day for 7-10 days to the bronchodilator regimen.
Budesonide alone may be an alternative to oral glucocorticosteroids in the
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hospital.
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Older age
Insufficient home support
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23
APPENDIX I:
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SPIROMETRY FOR
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DIAGNOSIS OF COPD
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Spirometry is as important for the diagnosis of COPD as blood
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pressure measurements are for the diagnosis of hypertension.
Spirometry should be available to all health care professionals.
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Wh a t is S p i r o m e t r y ?
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S p i r o m e t r y is a simple test to measure the amount of air a
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person can breathe out, and the amount of time taken to do so.
A s p i r o m e t e r is a device used to measure how effectively, and
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how quickly, the lungs can be emptied.
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A s p i r o g r a m is a volume-time curve.
Spirometry measurements used for diagnosis of COPD include
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of COPD.
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Together with the presence of symptoms, spirometry helps stage
COPD severity and can be a guide to specific treatment steps.
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A normal value for spirometry effectively excludes the diagnosis
of clinically relevant COPD.
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The lower the percentage predicted FEV1, the worse the
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subsequent prognosis.
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FEV1 declines over time and faster in COPD than in healthy
subjects. Spirometry can be used to monitor disease progres-
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sion, but to be reliable the intervals between measurements must
be at least 12 months.
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W h a t Yo u N e e d t o P e r f o r m S p i r o m e t r y
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I t i s e s s e n t i a l t o l e a r n h o w y o u r m a ch i n e i s ca l i b r a t e d
a n d w h e n a n d h o w t o cl e a n i t .
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H o w t o P e r f o r m S p ir o m e t r y
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Spirometry is best performed with the patient seated. Patients may
be anxious about performing the tests properly, and should be
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reassured. Careful explanation of the test, accompanied by a
demonstration, is very useful. The patient should:
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Breathe in fully.
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Seal their lips around the mouthpiece.
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Force the air out of the chest as hard and fast as they can
until their lungs are completely empty.
Breathe in again and relax. alt
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Exhalation must continue until no more air can be exhaled, must
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Wh e r e t o f in d m o r e d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n o n
s p ir o m e t r y
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1 . A m e r i ca n T h o r a ci c S o ci e t y
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http://www.thoracic.org/adobe/statements/spirometry1-30.pdf
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2. A u s t r a l i a n /N e w Z e a l a n d T h o r a ci c S o ci e t y
http://www.nationalasthma.org.au/publications/spiro/index.htm
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3. B r i t i s h T h o r a ci c S o ci e t y
http://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/copd/consortium.html
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4. G O L D
A spirometry guide for general practitioners and a teaching slide
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set is available:
http://www.goldcopd.org
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NOTES
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The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
is supported by educational grants from:
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