WHAT IS EXHAUST SYSTEM ? EXHAUST SYSTEM FOR Exhaust System Schematle POLLUTION CONTROLCOMPONENTS OF EXHAUST EXHAUST GASES SYSTEM Diesel Engine Petrol Engine WHAT IS NOx & HOW IT FORMS... ACID RAIN FORMATION BY NOx > Nitrogen Oxides are a family of poisonous, highly reactive gases. > NOx is produced at extremely high temperatures during combusion. > Air consist of 78% N2 and 21% 02. With enough heat in combustion chamber (above 1370°C) N2 & (02 in AJP mixture combines to form NOx. > NOx creates problems like Smog, Acid Rain & ‘Global Warming .SMOG FORMATION BY NOx Meo ceo peso, — m0, git HOW TO CONTROL NOx ‘+ Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) : ‘Asthemame suggests, some amount of engine exhaust gases are ‘send back to the scavenge space to mix up with the air to be supplied to cylinder for combustion. This reduces the oxygen ‘Content ofthe ar and hence redacesfeemation of NOx, “+ Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR): ‘The SCR is the most efficient method to reduce NOx emissions ‘rom ships (up to 90-95% of reduction). In this method. low ‘sulphur foel oll is used and exhaust temperature is maintained above 300 deg C. The exhaust gas is mixed by water solution of| ‘wea and then i is passed through catalytic reactor+ Catalytic converters : Inthe catalytic converter, there are tw diferent types of catalyst ‘ove redicion aly anda ndton caalyt Bot ps ‘ceramic structure coated with a metal catalyst, ‘eval plain, shou andor palladm Effect of EGR on Emissions i aginstinake manifla | * ‘onygen Figure) allpoines fall on he same curve. This amecans that a given NOx ae redaction wil require les EGR athigh loads than at low loads Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) oe raz Bes: + The temperature of the EGR can impact the intake mixture temperature and therefore NOx emissions. Cosling EGR ‘would increase the temperatuse difereatial term in the heat absorption equation for EGR, Equation, increase the heat boubing capacity and furher reduce NOx AQ=Am0- Cp aT ‘where: ‘AQ - increate in heat absorption of the non-reacting gazes, ‘AmO- increase in mass in the ylinder, (Cp- specific heat capacity at constant pressure [AT - difference between combustion temperature and EGR temperatureAdvantages of EGR = «+ Tt drastically reduces NOx emissions ‘+ ‘The cylinder is somewhat filled with bumt charge in the next cycle less charge would be inducted thus reducing fuel consumption and improving economy. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Limitations of EGR: + The main drawback of this process is that engine performance is reduced in the attempt to reduce ‘emissions + You get reduced NOx emission at the cost of efficiency.Ammonia ‘Two forms of ammonia may be used in SCR systems: Q) pure anhydrous ammonia, and (2) aqueous ammonia, Anhydrous ammonia is toxic, hazardous, and requires thick-shell, pressurized storage tanks and piping due to its high vapor pressure. Aqueous ammonia, NH3‘H20, is less hazardous and easier to handle. A typical industrial grade ammonia, containing about 27% and 73% water by weight, has nearly ‘atmospheric vapor pressure at normal temperatures and ‘can be safely transported on highways . Ammonia Slip Ammonia Slip ‘+ The SCR process requires presise control ofthe ammonia injection rate. An insufficient injection may result in ‘unaecepeably low NOx conversions. An injection rate which is too high results in release of undesirable ammonia to the ‘amosphere. These ammonia emissions from SCR systems are Jnown a8 soins. ‘+ The ammonia slip increaze at higher NH/NOx satios ‘+ The stichiomeuic NH3/NOx ratio in the SCR system is about | Ratios higher than 1 signiicanly increase che ammonia slip. In practice, ratios between 0.9 and l are used, which minimize ‘he anmoaia slip while still providing satisfactory NOx Advantages of SCR + Higher NOx reduction yield compared to EGR. + Relatively simple installation, *+ Permits more optimized combustion. Limitations of SCR + System adds weight, + Adequate urea supply infrastructure not yet in place. + Purchasing urea is additional cost.Catalytic Converters Principle of Catalytic Converters + In the catalytic converter, there are two different types of catalyst at work, a reduction catalyst and an oxidation catalyst. Both types consist of a ceramic + Acatalytic converter is a device that uses a catalyst ¢ to convert three harmful ) structure coated with a metal catalyst, platinum, compounds in ear exhaust vsnaly into harmless compounds. i The three harmful compounds are HC, NOx, a ©o. oe ee me Cre ee Input Grok Oat‘Types of Catalytic Converters ‘Two-Way Catalytic Converter ‘There are three basic types of automotive catalytic ‘converters; ‘+ ATwo.Way converter, used ‘on cars between 1975 Tinie SelB) ‘+ Two Way Catalytic Converter sarmfal hydrocarbons and th carbon monozide no water mans cdi wnt, + Three-Way Catalytic Converter « Onidniencf Cots COsand HC twH0and CO: 2€0 +0; 200, ‘+ Three-Way + Air Catalytte Converter Three-Way Catalytic Converter Three-Way + Air Catalytic Converter + A Three-Way convenerisa == ‘wiple purpose converter It reducer nitrous oxides into nitrogen and oxygen. + And, like the two-way converte, It also axidizes unburned harmful hydrocarbons and carboa monoxide into water and +A Three-Way + Air converter performs the same fumetioas as the ‘Taree Way converter. ‘+ Theonly difference isthe adition of secondary air between the two internal catalyst substrates that improves the oxidation capabilites of the converter, carbon dioxide “+ The secondary air is pumped into the + “Three-way” refers to the aiddle of te converter between two three regulated emissions it catalyst costed ceramic ‘eps to reduce CO, VOCS, ‘NOx molecules abateRefrences + http:/Awww.marineinsight.comvtech/10- THANK YOU FOR WATCHING techmologiesmethods-for-controlling-nox-sox- emissions-from-ships/ + https:/Awww.dieselnet.convtech/engine_egr_e missions.php + https:/www.dieselnet.com/tech/eat_ser.php + http:/iwwwiaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollec tionStore/_Public/40/079/40079314 pat RL LN PUA TS