Cc bc thc hin hp ng ngoi thng

Sau khi hp ng mua bn ngoi thng c k kt, n v kinh doanh XNK - vi t

cch l mt bn k kt - phi t chc thc hin hp ng . y l mt cng vic rt
phc tp. N i hi phi tun th lut quc gia v quc t, ng thi bo m c
quyn li quc gia v m bo uy tn kinh doanh ca n v. V mt kinh doanh, trong
qu trnh thc hin cc khu cng vic thc hin hp ng, n v kinh doanh XNK
phi c gng tit kim chi ph lu thng, nng cao tnh doanh li v hiu qu ca ton b
nghip v giao dch. thc hin mt hp ng xut khu, n v kinh doanh phi tin
hnh cc khu cng vic sau y: Gic m L/C v kim tra L/C (nu hp ng quy nh
s dng phng thc tn dng chng t), xin giy php xut khu, chun b hng ho,
thu tu hoc lu cc, kim nghim v kim dch hng ho, lm th tc hi quan, giao
hng ln tu, mua bo him, lm th tc thanh ton v gii quyt khiu ni (nu c).

thc hin mt hp ng nhp khu, n v kinh doanh phi tin hnh cc khu cng
vic sau y: Xin giy php nhp khu, m L/C (nu hp ng quy nh thanh ton bng
L/C), thu tu hoc lu cc, mua bo him, lm th tc hi quan, nhn hng ch t tu
ch hng, kim tra hng ho (kim dch v gim nh), giao hng cho n v t hng
nhp khu, lm th tc thanh ton, khiu ni (nu c) v hng ho b thiu ht hoc tn
tht.
Nh vy, ni chung trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng mua bn ngoi thng, n v
kinh doanh XNK phi tin hnh cc cng vic di y.
* Chun b hng xut khu.
Thc hin cam kt trong hp ng xut khu, ch hng xut khu phi tin hnh chun b
hng xut khu. Cn c chun b hng xut khu l hp ng k vi nc ngoi
v/hoc L/C (nu hp ng quy nh thanh ton bng L/C).
Cng vic chun b hng xut khu bao gm 3 khu ch yu: thu gom tp trung lm
thnh l hng xut khu, ng gi bao b v k k m hiu hng xut khu.
Thc hin cam kt trong hp ng xut khu, ch hng xut khu phi tin hnh chun b
hng xut khu. Cn c chun b hng xut khu l hp ng k vi nc ngoi
v/hoc L/C (nu hp ng quy nh thanh ton bng L/C).
Cng vic chun b hng xut khu bao gm 3 khu ch yu: thu gom tp trung lm
thnh l hng xut khu, ng gi bao b v k k m hiu hng xut khu.
Vic mua bn ngoi thng thng tin hnh trn c s s lng ln trong khi sn
xut hng xut khu nc ta, v c bn, l mt nn sn xut manh mn, phn tn, v
vy, trong rt nhiu trng hp, mun lm thnh l hng xut khu, ch hng xut nhp
khu phi tin hnh thu gom tp trung t nhiu chn hng (c s sn xut - thu mua). C
s php l lm vic l k kt hp ng kinh t gia ch hng xut nhp khu vi
cc chn hng.
Hp ng kinh t v vic huy ng hng xut khu c th l hp ng mua bn hng xut
khu, hp ng gia cng, hp ng i hng, hp ng u thc thu mua hng xut khu,
hp ng nhn u thc xut khu, hp ng lin doanh lin kt xut khu Hp ng d
thuc loi no u phi c k kt theo nhng nguyn tc, trnh t v ni dung c
quy nh trong Php lnh v hp ng kinh t do Ch tch Hi ng Nh nc ban
hnh ngy 25/9/1989.
Trong bun bn quc t, tuy khng t mt hng trn hoc ri, nhng i b phn
hng ho i hi phi c ng gi bao b trong qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun. V
vy, t chc ng gi, bao b, k m hiu l khu quan trng ca vic chun b hng ho.
Mun lm tt c cng vic bao b ng gi, mt mt cn phi nm vng loi bao b
ng gi m hp ng quy nh, mt khc cn nm c nhng yu cu c th ca vic
bao gi la chn cch bao gi thch hp.
* Loi bao b.
Trong bun bn quc t, ngi ta dng rt nhiu loi bao b. Cc loi thng thng l:
- Hm (case, box): Tt c nhng hng c gi tr tng i cao, hoc d hng u c
ng vo hm. Ngi ta thng dng cc loi hm g thng (wooden case), hm g
dn (plywood case), hm kp (double case), v hm g dc kim kh (Metallized case) v
hm g ghp (fiberboard case).
- Bao (bag) : Mt s sn phm nng nghip v nguyn liu ho cht thng c ng
vo bao b. Cc loi bao b thng dng l: bao ti (gunny bag), bao vi bng
(Cottonbag), bao giy (Paper bag) v bao cao su (Rubber bag).
- Kin hay b (bale): Tt c cc loi hng ho c th p gn li m phm cht khng b
hng th u ng thnh kin hoc b, bn ngoi thng buc bng dy thp.
- Thng (barrel, drum): Cc loi hng lng, cht bt v nhiu loi hng khc na phi
ng trong thng. Thng c loi bng g (wooden barrel), g dn (plywood barrel),
thng trn bng thp (steel drum), thng trn bng nhm (aluminium drum) v thng trn
g ghp (fiberboard drum).
Ngoi my loi bao b thng dng trn y, cn c st (crate), b (bundle), cun (roll),
chai l (bottle), bnh (carboy), chum (jar)
Cc loi bao b trn y l bao b bn ngoi (outer packing). Ngoi ra cn c bao b bn
trong (inner packing) v bao b trc tip (mimediate packing).
Vt liu dng bao gi bn trong l giy ba bi (cardboard), vi bng, vi bt
(tarpauline), vi ay (gunny), giy thic (foil), du (oil) v m (grease). Trong bao gi c
khi cn phi lt thm mt s vt liu, th d: Phoi bo (excelsior, wood shaving), giy
ph liu, (paper waste), nha xp (stiropore) c khi vi bng cng c dng lt
trong.
Trong my thp k gn y, ngi ta dng cht tng hp ch ra vt liu bao gi nh
cc mng mng PE, PVC, PP hay PS.
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn pht trin vic chuyn tr bng con-t-n (container), c bn
(palette), thng lu (thit b ng gp hng my bay - igloo) va tit kim bao gi, va
thun tin cho vic bc d v xp t hng trn phng tin vn ti.
* Nhng nhn t cn c xt n khi ng gi.
Yu cu chung v bao b ng gi hng ho ngoi thng l an ton, r tin v thm
m. iu ny c ngha l: Bao b phi m bo t nguyn vn v cht lng v s lng
hng ho t ni sn xut n tay ngi tiu dng, phi bo m h gi thnh sn phm
nhng ng thi phi bo m thu ht s ch ca ngi tiu th. Khi la chn loi bao
b, loi vt liu lm bao b v phng php bao b, ch hng xut nhp khu phi xt n
nhng iu tho thun trong hp ng, th n phi xt n tnh cht ca hng ho
(nh l tnh, ho tnh, hnh dng bn ngoi, mu sc, trng thi ca hng ho) i vi
nhng s tc ng ca mi trng v ca iu kin bc xp hng Ngoi ra, cn xt n
nhng nhn t di y:
+ iu kin vn ti: Khi la chn bao b, ngi ta phi xt n on ng di, phng
php v thi gian ca vic vn chuyn, kh nng phi chuyn ti dc ng, s chung
ng vi hng ho khc trong qu trnh chuyn ch
+ iu kin kh hu: i vi nhng hng ho giao cho cc nc c m khng kh cao
(ti 90%) v nhit trung bnh ti 30-400C, hoc hng ho i qua nhng nc c kh
hu nh vy, bao b phi l nhng loi c bit bn vng. Thng thng, l nhng
hm g hoc bng kim kh c hn hoc gn kn. Bn trong bao b l lp giy khng
thm nc v/hoc mng mng PE. Nhng b phn ch bng kim loi, d b han r, cn
bi thm du m mt ngoi.
+ iu kin v lut php v thu quan.
mt s nc, lut php cm nhp khu nhng hng ho c bao b lm lm t nhng
loi nguyn liu nht nh.V d: M v Tn-Ty- Lan, ngi ta cm dng bao b bng
c kh, rm, gianh, r v.v.. mt vi nc khc li cho php nhp khu loi 1 nh vy nu
ch hng xut trnh giy t chng nhn rng cc nguyn liu bao b c kh trng.
Ngoi ra, phng php bao b ng gi v vt liu bao b ng gi cn trc tip nh
hng ti mc thu nhp khu mt s nc thuc khi lin hip Anh, hi quan i hi
phi xut trnh nhng chng t v xut x ca bao b p dng sut thu quan u i
cho nhng hng ho nhp t cc nc trong lin hip Anh.
i vi nhng hng chu thu theo trng lng, c mt s nc thu thu theo trng
lng tnh lut nh l trng lng cn li sau khi ly trng lng c b ca hng ho
tr i trng lng b do hi quan quy nh sn. Trong trng hp ny, r rng trng lng
ca bao b c th nh hng ti mc thu quan nhp khu.
+ iu kin chi ph vn chuyn: Cc ph thng c tnh theo trng lng c b hoc
th tch ca hng ho. V vy, rt bt trng lng ca bao b hoc thu hp th tch ca
hng ho s tit kim c chi ph vn chuyn. Ngoi ra mun gim c chi ph vn
chuyn cn phi phng trm cp trong qu trnh chuyn ch. Mun tho mn c
nhng iu kin ny, ngi ta thng dng bao b va nh, va bn chc tn dng khng
gian ca bao b, thu nh bn thn hng ho li, ng thi khng l du hiu ca hng
ho c gi bn trong bao b
K m hiu (marking) l nhng k hiu bng ch, bng s hoc bng hnh v c ghi
trn cc bao b bn ngoi nhm thng bo nhng chi tit cn thit cho vic giao nhn, bc
d hoc bo qun hng ho.
K k m hiu l mt khu cn thit ca qu trnh ng gi bao b nhm:
- Bo m thun li cho cng tc giao nhn.
- Hng dn phng php, k thut bo qun, vn chuyn, bc d hng ho.
K m hiu cn phi bao gm:
+ Nhng du hiu cn thit i vi ngi nhn hng nh: tn ngi nhn v tn ngi
gi, trng lng tnh v trng lng c b, s hp ng, s hiu chuyn hng, s hiu
kin hng.
+ Nhng chi tit cn thit cho vic t chc vn chuyn hng ho nh: tn nc v tn a
im hng n, tn nc v tn a im hng i, hnh trnh chuyn ch, s vn n, tn
tu, s hiu ca chuyn i.
+ Nhng du hiu hng dn cch xp t, bc d v bo qun hng ho trn ng i t
ni sn xut n ni tiu th, nh: d v, m ch ny, trnh ma, nguy him
Vic k k m hiu cn phi t c yu cu sau: Sng sa, d c, khng phai mu,
khng thm nc, sn (hoc mc) khng lm nh hng n phm cht hng ho.
lm hnh thnh mt l hng, ngoi nhng cng vic trn y, n v kinh doanh xut
khu cn phi kim tra hng ho v ly giy chng nhn s ph hp ca hng ho vi
quy nh ca hp ng (giy chng nhn phm cht, giy chng nhn kim dch).
Kim tra cht lng
- Kim nghim v kim nghim hng xut khu.
Trc khi giao hng, ngi xut khu c ngha v phi kim tra hng v phm cht, s
lng trng lng, bao b (tc kim nghim) hoc nu hng ho xut khu l ng vt,
thc vt phi kim tra ly lan bnh dch (tc kim dch ng vt, kim dch thc vt).
Vic kim nghim v kim dch c tin hnh hai cp: c s v ca khu. trong
vic kim tra c s ) tc n v sn xut, thu mua ch bin, nh cc nc x nghip
) c vai tr quyt nh nht v c tc dng trit nht. Cn vic kim tra hng ho
ca khu c tc dng thm tra li kt qu kim tra c s v thc hin th tc quc t .
Vic kim nghim c s l do t chc kim tra cht lng sn phm(KCS) tin hnh.
Tuy nhin th trng n v vn l ngi chu trch nhim v phm cht hng ho. V
vy trn giy chng nhn phm cht, bn cnh nhng ch k ca b phn KCS, phi c
ch k ca th trng n v.
Vic kim dch thc vt c s l do phng bo v thc vt (ca huyn, qun, hoc
nng trng tin hnh. Vic kim dch ng vt c s l phng (hoc trm) th y (ca
huyn, qun hoc ca nng trng) tin hnh.
Cc th y v Cc bo v thc vt u c chi nhnh cc ca khu (nh cng, ga quc
t). Cng ty gim nh hng ho xut nhp khu cng t cc trm v cc chi nhnh
cng ty. Do nu c yu cu kim tra hng ho cc ca khu trc khi gi hng xut
khu, ch ca hng phi ngh cc c quan chng nhn (v phm cht hoc v s kim
dch) i vi hng ho trong thi hn chm nht l 7 ngy trc khi hng c bc
xung tu.
- Kim tra cht lng hng nhp khu.
Theo tinh thn cc quy nh ca Vit Nam, hng nhp khu khi v qua ca khu cn c
kim tra k cng, mi c quan tu theo chc nng ca mnh phi tin hnh cng vic
kim tra .
C quan giao thng (ga cng) phi kim tra nim phong cp ch trc khi d hng ra khi
phng tin vn ti. Nu hng c th c tn tht hoc xp t khng theo l, theo vn
n th c quan giao thng mi cng ty gim nh lp bin bn gim nh di tu
(Survery Reports). Nu hng chuyn ch ng bin m b thiu ht, mt mt phi c
bin bn kt ton nhn hng vi tu (Report on receipt of cargo) cn nu b v -phi
c bin bn hng v h hng (Cargo outturn report). Nu tu ch hng nh neo
ri vic thiu ht mi b pht hin, ch ca hng yu cu VOSA cp giy chng nhn
hng thiu (Certificate of shortlanded cargo).
Doanh nghip nhp khu, vi t cch l mt bn ng tn trn vn n, phi lp th d
khng (letter of reservation), nu nghi ng hoc thc s thy hng c tn tht sau phi
yu cu cng ty bo him lp bin bn gim nh (Survey report), nu tn tht xy ra bi
nhng ri ro c mua bo him. Trong nhng trng hp khc phi yu cu cng ty
gim nh tin hnh kim tra hng ho v lp chng th gim nh (Inspection
certificate).
Cc c quan kim dch phi thc hin nhim v kim dch nu hng nhp khu l ng
hoc thc vt.
Thu tu lu cc
Trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng mua bn ngoi thng vic thu tu ch hng c
tin hnh da vo ba cn c sau y: Nhng iu khon ca hp ng mua bn ngoi
thng, c im hng mua bn v iu kin vn ti.
Chng hn nu iu kin c s giao hng ca hp ng xut khu l CIF hoc C and F
(cng n) hoc ca hp ng nhp khu l FOB ( cng i) th ch hng xut nhp khu
phi thu tu bin ch hng. Tu ny c th l tu chuyn nu hng c khi lng ln
v trn (bulk cargo). Do c th c tu ch (liner) nu hng l t, lt vt, ng trong
bao kin (general cargo) v trn ng hng i c chuyn tu ch (regular line). Vic
thu khoang tu ch cn gi l lu cc (Booking a ships space).
Nu iu kin c s giao hng ca hp ng xut khu l CPT (cng n) hoc CIP
(cng n) hoc ca hp ng nhp khu l FCA (cng i), th ch ca hng xut nhp
khu phi thu container hoc tu Ro/Ro ch hng. Trong trng hp chuyn ch
hng bng container, hng c giao cho ngi vn ti theo mt trong hai phng thc:
- Nu hng mt container (Full container load - FCL), ch ca hng phi ng k thu
container, chu chi ph ch container rng t bi container (Container yard Cy) v c s
ca mnh, ng hng vo container, ri giao cho ngi vn ti.
- Nu hng khng mt container (less than container load - LCL), ch ca hng phi
giao hng cho ngi vn ti ti ga container (container freight station - CFS).
Vic thu tu, lu cc i hi c kinh nghim nghip v, c thng tin v tnh hnh th
trng thu tu v tinh thng cc iu kin thu tu. V vy, trong nhiu trng hp, ch
hng xut nhp khu thng u thc vic thu tu, lu cc cho mt cng ty hng hi
nh: cng ty thu tu v mi gii hng hi (Vietfracht), cng ty i l tu bin (VOSA)
C s php l iu tit mi quan h gia hai bn u thc thu tu vi bn nhn u thc
thu tu l hp ng u thc. C hai loi hp ng u thc thu tu:
- Hp ng u thc thu tu c nm.
- Hp ng u thc chuyn.
Ch hng xut nhp khu cn c vo c im vn chuyn ca hng ho la chn loi
hnh hp ng cho thch hp.
Mua bo him.
Hng ho chuyn ch trn bin thng gp nhiu ri ro, tn tht. V th bo him hng
ho ng bin l loi bo him ph bin nht trong ngoi thng.
Cc ch hng xut nhp khu ca ta, khi cn mua bo him u mua ti cng ty Vit
Nam. Hp ng bo him c th l hp ng bo him bao (open policy) hoc l hp
ng bo him chuyn (voyage policy). Khi mua bo him bao, ch hng (tc n v
kinh doanh xut nhp khu) k hp ng t u nm, cn n khi giao hng xung tu
xong ch hng ch gi n cng ty bo him mt thng bo bng vn bn gi l: Giy
bo bt u vn chuyn khi mua bo him chuyn, ch hng phi gi n cng ty bo
him mt vn bn gi l: Giy yu cu bo him . Trn s Giy yu cuny, ch
hng v cng ty bo him m phn k kt hp ng bo him.
Lm th tc hi quan.
Hng ho khi i ngang qua bin gii quc gia xut khu hoc nhp khu u phi lm
th hi quan. Vic lm th tc hi quan gm ba bc ch yu sau y:
- Khai bo hi quan.
Ch hng khai bo cc chi tit v hng ho ln t khai (customs declanration) c quan
hi quan kim tra cc th tc giy t. Yu cu ca vic khai ny l trung thc v chnh
xc. Ni dung ca t khai bao gm nhng mc nh : Loi hng, (hng mu dch, hng
trao i tiu ngch bin gii hng tm nhp ti xut), tn hng, s, khi lng, gi tr
hng, tn cng c vn ti, xut khu hoc nhp khu vi nc no t khai hi quan
phi c xut trnh km theo mt s chng t khc, m ch yu l: giy php xut nhp
khu, ho n phiu ng gi, bng k chi tit.
- Xut trnh hng ho.
Hng ho xut nhp khu phi c xp xp trt t thun tin cho vic kim sot. Ch
hng phi chu chi ph v nhn cng v vic m, ng cc kin hng. Yu cu ca vic
xut trnh hng ho cng l s trung thc ca ch hng. thc hin th tc kim tra v
gim st ch hng phi np th tc ph hi quan.
- Thc hin cc quyt nh ca hi quan.
Sau khi kim sot giy t v hng ho, hi quan s ra nhng quyt nh nh: Cho hng
c php ngang qua bin gii (thng quan), cho hng i qua mt cch c iu kin (nh
phi sa cha, phi bao b li) cho hng i qua sau khi ch hng np thu; lu kho
ngoi quan (bonded warehouse) hng khng c xut (hoc nhp) khu ngha v ca
ch hng l phi nghim tc thc hin cc quyt nh . Vic vi phm cc quyt nh
thuc ti hnh s.
Giao nhn hng vi tu.
- Giao hng xut khu.
Hng xut khu ca ta c giao, v c bn, bng ng bin v ng st. Nu hng
c giao bng ng bin, ch hng phi tin hnh cc vic sau:
+ Cn c vo chi tit hng xut khu, lp bng ng k hng chuyn ch cho ngi vn
ti (i din hng hi hoc thuyn trng hoc Cng ty i l tu bin) i ly s
xp hng (Stowage plan).
+ Trao i vi c quan iu cng nm vng ngy gi lm hng.
+ B tr phng tin em hng vo cng, xp hng ln tu.
+ Ly bin lai thuyn ph (Mate,s receipt) v i bin lai thuyn ph ly vn n ng
bin.
Vn n ng bin phi l vn n hon ho, bc hng( Clean on board B/L) v phi
chuyn nhng c ( Negotiable).
Nu hng ho c giao bng container khi chim mt container (FCL), ch hng
phi ng l thu container, ng hng vo container v lp bng k hng trong container
(container list). Khi hng giao khng chim ht mt container (LCL), ch hng phi lp
bn ng k hng chuyn ch (cargo list). Sau khi ng k c chp thun , ch hng
giao hng n ga container cho ngi vn ti.
Nu hng ho chuyn ch bng ng st, ch hng phi kp thi ng k vi c quan
ng st xin cp toa xe ph hp vi tnh cht hng ho v khi lng hng ho. Khi
dc cp toa xe, ch hng t chc bc xp hng, nim phong cp ch lm cc chng t
vn ti, trong ch yu l vn n ng st.
- Giao nhn hng nhp khu.
Cc c quan vn ti (ga, cng) c trch nhim tip nhn hng ho nhp khu trn cc
phng tin vn ti t nc ngoi vo, bo qun hng ho trong qu trnh xp d, lu
kho, lu bi v giao cho cc n v t hng theo lnh giao hng ca tng cng ty
nhp hng t .
Do n v kinh doanh nhp khu phi trc tip hoc thng qua mt n v nhn u
thc giao nhn ( nh Vietrans chng hn), tin hnh:
+ K kt hp dng u thc cho c quan vn ti (ga, cng) v vic giao nhn hng t tu
nc ngoi v.
+ Xc nhn vi c quan vn ti k hoch tip nhn hng nhp khu tng nm, tng qu,
lch tu, c cu mt hng iu kin k thut khi bc d, vn chuyn giao nhn.
+ Cung cp cc ti liu cn thit cho vic giao nhn hng ho (nh vn n, lnh giao
hng) nu tu bin khng giao nhng ti liu cho c quan vn ti.
+ Thng bo cho cc n v trong nc t mua hng nhp khu (nu hng nhp khu
cho mt n v trong nc) v d kin ngy hng v, ngy thc t tu ch hng v n
cng hoc ngy toa xe ch hng v sn ga giao nhn.
+ Thanh ton cho c quan vn ti cc khon ph tn v giao nhn, bc xp bo qun v
vn chuyn hng nhp khu.
+ Theo di vic giao nhn, n c c quan vn ti lp nhng bin bn (nu cn) v hng
ho v gii quyt trong phm vi ca mnh nhng vn xy ra trong vic giao nhn.
Trong trng hp hng nhp khu xp trong container c th l mt trong hai kh nng
sau:
+ Nu hng mt container (FCL), cng giao container cho ch hng nhn v c s ca
mnh v hi quan kim ho ti c s.
+ Nu hng khng mt container (LCL), cng giao container cho ch hng c nhiu
hng nht mang v c s d hng, phn chia, vi s gim st ca hi quan. Nu cng
l ngi m container phn chia th ch hng lm th tc nh nhn hng l.
Lm th tc thanh ton.
- Thanh ton bng th tn dng.
+ Thc hin hp ng xut khu.
Nu hp ng xut khu quy nh vic thanh ton bng th tn dng, n v kinh doanh
xut khu phi n c ngi mua nc ngoi m th tn dng (L/C) ng hn v sau
khi nhn c L/C phi kim tra L/Cv kh nng thun tin trong vic thu tin hng xut
khu L/C . Nu L/C khng p ng c nhng yu cu ny, cn phi buc ngi mua
sa i li ri ta mi giao hng.
Khi lp b chng t thanh ton, nhng im quan trng cn c qun trit l: Nhanh
chng, chnh xc, ph hp vi nhng yu cu ca L/C c v ni dung ln hnh thc.
+ Thc hin hp ng nhp khu.
Khi hp ng nhp khu quy nh tin hng thanh ton bng L/C, mt trong cc vic u
tin m bn mua phi lm thc hp ng l vic m L/C .
Thi gian m L/C, nu hp ng khng quy nh g, ph thuc vo thi gian giao hng.
Thng thng L/C c m khong 20 - 25 ngy trc khi n thi gian giao hng (nu
khch hng Chu u).
Cn c m L/C l cc iu khon ca hp ng nhp khu. Khi m L/C, Tng cng ty
hoc cng ty xut nhp khu da vo cn c ny in vo mt mu gi l Giy xin
m tn dng khon nhp khu.
Giy xin m tn dng khon nhp khu km theo bn sao hp ng v giy php nhp
khu c chuyn n ngn hng ngoi thng cng vi hai u nhim chi: mt u nhim
chi k qu theo quy nh v vic m L/C v mt u nhim chi na tr th tc ph
cho ngn hng v vic m L/C.
Khi b chng t gc t nc ngoi v n ngn hng ngoi thng n v kinh doanh
nhp khu phi kim tra chng t v nu chng t hp l, tr tin cho ngn hng. C nh
vy, n v kinh doanh nhp khu mi nhn c chng t i nhn hng.
- Thanh ton bng phng thc nh thu.
Nu hp ng xut khu quy nh thanh ton tin hng bng phng thc nh thu th
ngay sau khi giao hng, n v kinh doanh xut khu phi hon thnh vic lp chng t
v xut trnh cho ngn hng u thc cho ngn hng vic thu i tin.
Chng t thanh ton cn c lp hp l, chnh xc v c nhanh chng giao cho ngn
hng nhm nhanh chng thu hi vn.
Nu hp ng nhp khu quy nh thanh ton tin hng bng phng thc nh thu th sau
khi nhn hng chng t ngn hng ngoi thng, n v kinh doanh nhp khu c
kim tra chng t trong mt thi gian nht nh, nu trong thi gian ny, n v kinh
doanh nhp khu khng c l do chnh ng t chi thanh ton th ngn hng xem nh
yu cu i tin hp l. Qu thi hn quy nh cho vic kim tra chng t, mi tranh
chp gia bn bn v bn mua v thanh ton tin hng s c trc tip gii quyt gia
cc bn hoc qua c quan trng ti.
Khiu ni v gii quyt khiu ni.
- Khi thc hin hp ng nhp khu, nu ch hng xut nhp khu pht hin thy hng
nhp khu b tn tht, v thiu ht, mt mt, th cn lp h s khiu ni ngay khi
b l thi gian khiu ni.
i tng khiu ni l ngi bn, nu hng c cht lng, hoc s lng khng ph hp
vi hp ng, c bao b khng thch ng, thi hn giao hng b vi phm, hng giao
khng ng b, thanh ton nhm ln
i tng khiu ni l ngi vn ti nu hng b tn tht trong qu trnh chuyn ch hoc
nu s tn tht do li cu ngi vn ti gy nn.
i tng khiu ni l cng ty bo him nu hng ho - i tng ca bo him b tn
tht do thin tai, ti nn bt ng hoc do li ca ngi th ba gy nn, khi nhng ri ro
ny c mua bo him.
n khiu ni phi km theo nhng bng chng v vic tn tht (nh bin bn gim
nh, COR, ROROC hay CSC v.v), ho n , vn n ng bin, n bo him (nu
khiu ni cng ty bo him ) v.v
Khi thc hin hp ng xut khu, nu ch hng xut khu b khiu ni i bi thng,
cn phi c thi nghim tc, thn trng trong vic xem xt yu cu ca khch hng
(ngi nhp khu). Vic gii quyt phi khn trng kp thi c tnh c l.
Nu khiu ni ca khch hng l c s, ch hng xut khu c th gii quyt bng mt
trong nhng phng php nh:
+ Giao hng thiu.
+ Giao hng tt thay th hng km cht lng.
+ Sa cha hng hng;
+ Gim gi hng m s tin gim gi c trang tri bng hng ho giao vo thi gian
sau .
- Nu vic khiu ni khng c gii quyt tha ng hai bn c th kin nhau ti hi
ng trng ti (nu tho thun trng ti) hoc ti To n.
Chng t l nhng vn bn cha ng nhng thng tin (v hng ho, v vn ti, bo
him v.v..) dng chng minh s vic, lm c s cho vic thanh ton tin hng hoc
khiu ni i bi thng
Nhng chng t c bn ca qu trnh thc hin hp ng mua bn ngoa thng l nhng
chng t xc nhn vic chp hnh hp ng , nh l xc nhn vic ngi bn giao
hng, vic chuyn ch hng, vic bo him hng ho, vic lm th tc hi quan.
Nhng chng t ny bao gm nhiu loi, mi loi c ni dung v hnh thc khc nhau.
Nhng ni chung, chng u c trnh by trn nhng mu in sn. Nhng chi tit chung
cho ni dung ca tt c cc chng t l: tn ca tng cng ty hoc cng ty xut nhp
khu, a ch, s in thoi v in tn ca n, tn chng t, ngy thng v ni lp chng
t, s hp ng v ngy thng k kt hp ng, tn tu ch hng v s vn n, tn hng
v m t hng ho, s lng, (s kin trng lng c b, trng lng tnh), loi bao b v
k m hiu hng ho.
Cn c vo chc nng ca chng, cc chng t c chia thnh cc loi: Chng t hng
ho , chng t vn ti, chng t bo him, chng t kho hng v chng t hi quan.
Ngoi ra trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng, cc bn lun tip xc vi cc phng tin
tn dng nh Hi Phiu, sc v.v
Chng t hng ho c tc dng ni r c im v gi tr, cht lng v s lng ca
hng ho. Nhng chng t ny do ngi xut trnh v ngi mua s tr tin khi nhn
c chng. Nhng chng t ch yu ca loi ny l ho n thng mi, bng k chi
tit, phiu ng gi, giy chng nhn phm cht.
Ha n thng mi (Commercial invoice): l chng t c bn ca khu cng tc thanh
ton. N l yu cu ca ngi bn i hi ngi mua phi tr s tin hng c ghi
trn ho n. Ho n ni r c im hng ho, n gi v tng tr gi ca hng ho ;
iu kin c s giao hng; phng thc thanh ton; phng thc chuyn ch hng.
Ho n thng c lp lm nhiu bn v c dng trong nhiu vic khc nhau: ho
n c xut trnh chng nhng cho ngn hng i tin hng m cn cho cng ty bo
him tnh ph bo him khi mua bo him hng ho cho c quan qun l ngoi hi ca
nc nhp khu xin cp ngoi t, cho hi quan tnh tin thu.
Theo chc nng ca n, ho n c th c phn loi thnh:
- Ho n tm tnh (Provisional invoice): l ha n dng trong vic thanh ton s b
tin hng trong cc trng hp nh: Gi hng mi l gi tm tnh; vic nhn hng v s
lng v cht lng c thc hin cng n; hng ho c giao lm nhiu ln m
mi ln ch thanh ton mt phn cho n khi bn giao hng xong mi thanh ton dt
khot v.v
- Ho n chnh thc (Final Invoice): l ho n dng thanh ton cui cng tin hng.
- Ho n chi tit (Detailed invoice): cc tc dng phn tch chi tit cc b phn ca gi
hng.
- Ho n chiu l (Proforma invoice): l loi chng t c hnh thc nh ho n, nhng
khng dng thanh ton bi v n khng phi l yu cu i tin. Tuy nhin im ging
nhau trong chc nng ca n vi ho n thng thng l: N ni r gi c v c im
ca hng ho. V vy n c tc dng i din cho s hng ho gi i trin lm, gi bn
hoc c tc dng lm n cho hng hoc lm th tc xin nhp khu.
- Ho n trung lp (Neutral invoice): trong khng ghi r tn ngi bn.
- Ho n xc nhn (Certified invoice): l ho n c ch k ca phng thng mi v
cng nghip, xc nhn v xut x ca hng ho. Nhiu khi ho n ny c dng nh
mt chng t kim c chc nng ho n ln chc nng giy chng nhn xut x.
Trong bun bn quc t, ngi ta cn s dng hai loi ho n, nhng khng tnh chng
v chng t hng ho m li coi chng l chng t hi quan. l: Ho n hi quan
(Customs Invoice) l ho n tnh ton tr gi hng theo gi tnh thu ca hi quan v
tnh ton cc khon l ph ca hi quan. Ho n ny t quan trng trong lu thng.
- Ha n lnh s (Consular invoice): l ho n xc nhn ca lnh s nc ngi mua
ang lm vic nc ngi bn. Ho n lnh s c tc dng thay th cho giy chng
nhn xut x (xem mc chng t hi quan).
Bng k chi tit (Specification)
L chng t v chi tit hng ho trong l hng. N to iu kin thun tin cho vic kim
tra hng ho. Ngoi ra n c tc dng b sung cho ho n khi l hng bao gm nhiu
loi hng c tn gi khc nhau v c phm cp khc nhau.
Phiu ng gi (Packing list)
L bng k khai tt c cc hng ho ng trong mt kin hng (hm, hp,
container).v.v
Phiu ng gi c t trong bao b sao cho ngi mua c th d dng tm thy, cng c
khi c trong mt ti gn bn ngoi bao b.
Phiu ng gi ngoi dng thng thng, c th l phiu ng gi chi tit (Detailed
packing list) nu n c tiu nh vy v ni dung tng i chi tit hoc l phiu ng
gi trung lp (Neutrai packing list) nu ni dung ca n khng ch ra tn ngi bn. Cng
c khi, ngi ta cn pht hnh loi phiu ng gi kim bn k trng lng (Packing and
Weight list).
Giy chng nhn phm cht (Certiicate of quality)
L chng t xc nhn cht lng ca hng thc giao v chng minh phm cht hng ph
hp vi cc iu khon ca hp ng. Nu hp ng khng quy nh g khc, giy chng
nhn phm cht c th do xng hoc x nghip sn xut hng ho, cng c th do c
quan kim nghim (hoc gim nh) hng xut khu cp.
Trong s cc giy chng nhn phm cht, ngi ta phn bit giy chng nhn phm cht
thng thng v giy chng nhn phm cht cui cng (Final certificate). Giy chng
nhn phm cht cui cng c tc dng khng nh kt qu vic kim tra phm cht mt
a im no do hai bn tho thun.
Giy chng nhn s lng (Contificate of quantity).
L chng t xc nhn s lng ca hng ho thc giao. Chng t ny c dng nhiu
trong trng hp hng ho mua bn l nhng hng tnh bng s lng (ci, chic) nh:
ch gi, thuc l ng bao, ru chai v.v Giy ny c th do cng ty gim dnh cp.
Giy chng nhn trng lng (Certificate of quantity). L chng t xc nhn s lng
ca hng ho thc giao, thng c dng trong mua bn nhng hng m tr gi tnh trn
c s trng lng.
Chng t vn ti l chng t do ngi chuyn ch cp xc nhn rng mnh nhn hng
ch. Cc chng t vn ti thng dng nht l:
- Vn n ng bin ; Bin lai thuyn ph ; bin lai ca cng; giy gi hng ng
bin, v.v
- Vn n ng st, khi hng c chuyn ch bng ng st;
- Vn n ng khng, khi hng c chuyn ch bng my bay.
l chng t do ngi chuyn ch (ch tu, thuyn trng) cp cho ngi gi hng
nhm xc nhn vic hng ho c tip nhn ch. Vn n ng bin c ba chc
nng c bn:
- L bin lai ca ngi vn ti v vic nhn hng ch;
- L bng chng ca hp ng chuyn ch ng bin;
- L chng ch v quyn s hu hng ho ;
Bin lai thuyn ph ( Mates receipt).
L giy xc nhn ca thuyn ph ph trch v hng ho trn tu v vic nhn hng
chuyn ch. Trong bin lai thuyn ph, ngi ta ghi kt qu ca vic kim nhn hng ho
m cc nhn vin kim kin ca tu (Ships tallymen) tin hnh trong khi hng ho
c bc ln tu.
Bin lai thuyn ph khng phi l chng ch s hu hng ho v th ngi ta thng phi
i bin lai thuyn ph ly vn n ng bin, tr trng hp iu kin ca hp ng
mua bn cho php.
Giy gi hng ng bin (Sea waybill).
Giy gi hng ng bin l chng t thay th cho vn n ng bin. Tuy nhin giy
gi hng ng bin thng c k pht ch danh cho nn khng c tc dng chuyn
nhng (negotiable). N ch c dng trong trng hp hai bn mua bn quen thuc
nhau v thng thanh ton bng cch ghi s.
Phiu gi hng (Shipping note).
Phiu gi hng l do ch hng giao cho ngi chuyn ch ngh lu khoang xp
hng ln tu y l mt cam kt gi hng v l c s chun b lp vn n.
Bn lc khai hng (Manifest).
Bn lc khai hng l chng t k khai hng ho trn tu (canifest), cung cp thng tin
v tin cc (freight manifest). Bn lc khai thng do i l tu bin son v c
dng khai hi quan v cung cp thng tin cho ngi giao nhn hoc cho ch hng.
S xp hng (Stowage plan - Cargo plan).
S xp hng l bn v v tr sp t cc l hng trn tu. Nm c s ny chng
ta c th bit c thi gian cn phi bc hng ln tu, ng thi bit c l hng ca
mnh c t cnh l hng no.
Bn k s kin (Satement of facts).
l bn k nhng hin tng thin nhin v x hi lin quan n vic s dng thi gian
bc/d hng (v d nh ma, ngh l khng th tip tc bc/ d hng). Bn k ny l c
s tnh ton thng pht bc/ d hng).
Bn tnh thng pht bc d (Time - sheet).
l bn tng hp thi gian tit kim c hoc phi ko di qu thi hn bc/d hng
quy nh. Trn c s , ngi ta tnh ton c s tin thng hoc tin pht v vic
bc/d hng.
Bin bn kt ton nhn hng ( Report on Receipt of Cargies - ROROC).
l bin bn k kt gia cng (kho hng ca cng) vi lnh o tu v tng s kin
hng c giao v nhn gia h.
Bin bn hng v h hng (Cargo outturn Report- COR).
L bin bn k kt gia cng (kho hng ca cng v tnh trng h hng, v, tn tht
ca hng ho khi c d t tu xung cng.
Giy chng nhn hng thiu (Certificate of shortlanded cargo - CSC).
L chng t do cng ty i l ti bin (Vietnam Ocean shipping Agency - VOSA) cp sau
khi kim tra v hng ho c d t tu bin xung cng.
Vn n ng st (Waybill, bill of freight, railroad bill of lading).
L chng t vn ti c bn trong vic chuyn ch hng ho bng ng st. Vn n
ng st c chc nng l bng chng ca hp ng chuyn ch hng ho bng ng
st v l bin lai ca c quan ng st xc nhn nhn hng ch.
Trong vn n ng st thng c nhng chi tit c bn nh: Tn ngi gi hng; tn,
a ch ngi nhn hng; tn ga i; tn ga n v tn ca ga bin gii thng qua; tn
hng, s lng kin, trng lng c b ca hng ho tin cc chuyn ch. C quan
ng st thng k kt pht mt bn chnh ca vn n ng st v mt s bn ph
(duplicate). Bn chnh c gi km theo hng v s c trao cho ngi nhn hng.
Bn ph c trao cho ngi gi hng ngi ny dng trong vic ca mnh nh: thanh
ton tin hng thng bo giao hng.