:

NIGC

 :
:

:
:
100 :
:
1389 :
: - - - - - -
- -
021-81315720-25 : 021-81315744

. ) (

13100

training.nigc@gmail.com

1389

...

fazlalh@gmail.com

1389

 25 : 13100 : :

:
: : - :
CD/ :
:

)(

40

:
210
...

RTD :
210
...
:
210
...
:

220

...

90
) (HART...
I/P
220
MOV

60
OSI .

Field bus DCS PLC
240

1 -1 ) (

2 1-1

2 2-1

4 3-1

9 4-1

10 1-4-1

11 2-4-1

11 3-4-1

11 5-1

13 -2

14 1-2

14 1-1-2

14 2-1-2

14 3-1-2

15 4-1-2

16 2-2

16 1-2-2

16 2-2-2

17 1-2-2-2

18 3-2-2

19 4-2-2

19 5-2-2

20 3-2

20 4-2

21 5-2

21 1-5-2

22 2-5-2

23 3-5-2

24 -3

25 1-3

25 1-1-3

25 2-1-3

26 2-3

26 1-2-3

26 2-2-3

28 3-2-3

29 4-2-3

29 5-2-3

30 6-2-3

32 -4

33 1-4

33 1-1-4 Dipstick

33 2-1-4

34 3-1-4

34 4-1-4

35 5-1-4

36 6-1-4

38 7-1-4

38 8-1-4

40 9-1-4

40 10-1-4

41 2-4

42 3-4

43 1-3-4

43 1-1-3-4

45 -5

46 1-5

46 2-5

46 1-2-5

49 2-2-5

49 3-2-5

50 4-2-5

51 1-4-2-5

51 2-4-2-5

52 3-4-2-5 ) (

53 4-4-2-5

53 5-4-2-5

54 5-2-5

56 1-5-2-5

56 6-2-5

57 7-2-5

57 8-2-5

58 9-2-5

58 10-2-5

59 -6

60 1-6

61 2-6

62 3-6

63 4-6 HART

67 I/P MOV -7

68 1-7

69 2-7

72 3-7

73 4-7

73 1-4-7

74 2-4-7

75 3-4-7

76 4-4-7
76 1-4-4-7

77 2-4-4-7

78 5-7

79 1-5-7

79 2-5-7

80 3-5-7

80 4-5-7

81 5-5-7

81 6-7

82 1-6-7

83 2-6-7

85 7-7

89 8-7

94 9-7

96 -8

97 1-8

98 2-8

99 1-2-8

99 2-2-8

99 3-2-8

100 4-2-8

100 5-2-8

100 3-8

101 1-3-8

104 -9

105 1-9

105 2-9

106 1-2-9 IEC61131

107 2-2-9 PLC

108 3-2-9 PLC

108 4-2-9 PLC

109 5-2-9 PLC

110 3-9

111 1-3-9 DCS

113 4-9 DCS PLC

117 5-9

118 4-5-9

118 1-4-5-9

119 2-4-5-9

119 5-5-9

120 6-9

127

) (

 1-1:

2-1 :

) (

)( .

( .

Greek Ktesibios ) 270 (.

Water Clock 1-1 270

1258 .

. Plant

1868 .

) .(2-1

 2-1

. 120

. /

. .

3-1 :

... .

Plant

) ( (Direct Digital Control) DDC

(Field (Distributed Control System) DCS

Control System) FCS . 3-1

3-1

1940

. ) (

PID

.
. 1980

DDC DCS FCS . 4-1

 4-1

DDC -

DDC :

.1 Fail .

.2 ).(Wiring

DCS

) Instrument Technical Room (ITR

. Fail )
) ( (Redundancy

DCS ) (ITR .

DCS

 . FCS

PID

( .

... .

. ) (Conventional

IC

. )

( .

. DCS

. 4-20 mA V

1-5 (...

) (Set Point ...

) (DCS

. .

ITR

Hybrid Junction Box . ... FCS DCS

5-1 FCS DCS Hybrid

) ( .

4-1 :

) ( :

.1

.2

.3

 6-1

1-4-1 :

( ):(Sensor

( ):(Transducer

( ):(Transmitter

. 4 -20mA 3-15 psi

 2-4-1 :

3-4-1 :

! . !.

! .

5-1 :

-1 ):(Range

-2 ):(Accuracy
.

. 0 100

. 0 100 49

50 %1 %2

 -3 ):(Repeatability

-4 ):(Sensitivity
.

-5 ):(Performance

. :

-6 ):(Response
.

.
.

 1-2:

1-1-2 :

P .

2-1-2 :

:
P=F/A
P F A .

3-1-2 :

. SI

) (1Pa =1N/m2 .

) (Atmospher .

) (kpa 1000

. 101/325 kpa .

 . ) (dyn/cm2 torr

.
ft.H2O Metres In.Hg. Milibar
psi atms. in H2O Kg/cm2 mm.Hg cm.Hg. bar Kpa
at 20OC H2O at 20OC )(mbar

psi 1 0.0680 2.310 27.720 0.0700 0.704 2.043 51.884 5.188 0.0690 68.947 6.895

atms. 14.696 1 33.659 407.513 1.0330 10.351 30.019 762.480 76.248 1.0130 1013.0 101.325

ft.H2O
0.433 0.0290 1 12.000 0.0300 0.305 0.884 22.452 2.245 0.0300 29.837 2.984
at 20OC

in H2O 0.036 0.0025 0.833 1 0.0025 0.025 0.074 1.871 0.187 0.0025 2.486 0.249

Kg/cm2 14.223 0.9680 32.867 394.408 1 10.018 29.054 737.959 73.796 0.9810 980.662 98.066

Metres
1.422 0.0970 3.287 39.370 0.0090 1 2.905 73.796 7.379 0.0980 98.066 9.807
H2O

In.Hg.
0.489 0.0330 1.131 13.575 0.0340 0.345 1 25.400 2.540 0.0340 33.753 3.375
at 20OC

mm.Hg 0.019 0.0013 0.045 0.534 0.0014 0.0136 0.039 1 0.100 0.0010 1.329 0.133

cm.Hg. 0.193 0.0131 0.445 5.340 0.0140 0.1360 0.393 10.000 1 0.0133 13.290 1.328

bar 14.503 0.9870 33.514 402.164 1.0200 10.211 29.625 752.47 75.247 1 1000.0 100.00

Milibar
0.014 0.0009 0.033 0.402 0.0010 0.0102 0.029 0.752 0.075 0.001 1 0.100
)(mbar

Kpa 0.145 0.0098 0.335 4.021 0.0100 0.1020 0.296 7.525 0.752 0.010 10.000 1

4-1-2 :

.1 ):(Gauge pressure
) (

.2 ) :(Absolute pressure
)( .

+ =

.3 ):(Vacuum pressure
.

 1-2

2-2 :

1-2-2):(Manometer

) (

U . .

2-2

2-2-2 ):(Bourdun Tube

 1-2-2-2 :

-1 : C
C

. C .

3-2 C

-2 ):(Spiral Type
360 .

4-2

 -3 ):(Helical Type
) 10000 600 (

5-2

3-2-2 ):(Diaphragm

. .

6-2

 4-2-2 ):(Capsule

7-2

5-2-2 ):(Bellows

8-2

 3-2 ):(Pressure Transmitter

-1 ):(DPT
.

(High ) (Low Pressure

) Pressure

) (Hand Pump

. 24

-2 ):(PT
.

DPT :
Cell High Low

4- 20

. Cell Manifold !

! .

4-2 ):(pressure switch

. Set point

 . High Low

High

Low .

. Low N.O High N.C .

5-2 :

1-5-2 :

. 9-2 .

) ( .

.
L

L
L L .

)( .
F L
P Y
A L.
P F A Y .

 9-2

)(

. :
L
R
A
L A

.
R / R
Gf
L / L
R L ) ( .

2 %1

%2 .

) ( .

2-5-2 :

.
A
C
x

 A X

. .

. AC

. 10-2 .

10-2

3-5-2 :

11-2 P

. .

11-2

 1-3:
1-1-3 ):(Temperature

2-1-3 :

. .

SI .

) (76HgCm 100

. 1 1/100

. 212 32

. 1 1/180

. 1/8 .

1-3

 2-3 :

1-2-3 :

. .

2-3

2-2-3:

) (Hot junction .

) (Cold junction .

) +1500 200 (

 ) (

3-3

)( P

)( N

BP - %30
B 0 1800
BN - %6
EP -
L -190 1000
EN -
JP
J 0 1000
JN -
KP -
K 0 1200
KN - -
RP - %13
R 0 1790
RN
SP - %10
S 0 1790
SN
TP
I -190 380
TN -

) (Seeback-effect .

. Seeback

....J.TK

3-2-3 ):(RTD

RTD RTD

RTD .

RTD 2 3 .

RTD .

. RTD . RTD

4-3 RTD

RTD

. RTD :

5-3 RTD

 4-2-3 ):(Thermistor

. ) P-N( .

-1 :NTC .

-2 :PTC .

NTC -3% -6% RTD .

RTD RTD

260

5-2-3 ):(Bimetal

6-3

. :

 7-3

6-2-3 ):(Filled Type

. :
P1.V1T1 = P2.V2 T2
Pn Vn m3 Tn

. ) (Bulb ) (Capillary Tube

. .

: )

( . .

8-3

 ) (

:I
:I A .

:I B .

:II
:II A .

:II B .

:II C .

:II D .

: III
:III A .

:III B .

 1-4 :

1-1-4 :Dipp stick

2-1-4 ):(Gauge Glass

( ):(Transparent
transparent

1-4 )(Side Glass

( ):(Reflective

. .

3-1-4 ):(Floater

. : .

2-4

4-1-4 ):(Displacer

(.

Displacer

Displacer .

Displacer .

 3-4 )(Displacer

Displacer

Torque Tube Displacer

Displacer Torque Tube

5-1-4 :

.
.

 4-4

6-1-4 ):(DP

(Pressure

) Transmitter .

) (L ) (H

:
) (H

D.P.cell 5-4

 . Dry leg .

6-4 D.P.cell

) ( . 1

D.P.cell 7-4

) (MEG

1. Zero Suppression Kit

 8-4

7-1-4 :Ultrasonic

9-4

8-1-4 :Radar Type

1 .

f1 fo

1. Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave

10-4

12 52

) (

1 .

11-4 FHAST

)1. Fast High Accuracy Signal Technology (FHAST

 MIP

FCMW

Backup .

12-4 MIP FCMW

9-1-4 :Capacitance

) (

13-4

10-1-4 :Servo type

14-4

2-4 ) :(Level switch

Capacitance paddle flouter

level switch

( :Paddle

( :Floater

( :Cpacitance

( :Magnetic

15-4
1
3-4

2 .

16-4

1. Vibration & Displacement

2. Thrust Bearing

1 .

1-3-4 :

.1

.2

.3

17-4

1-1-3-4 :

AM . .

1. Eddy Current

 18-4

19-4 RF

20-4

 1-5 ):(Flow

: .

. :
Q=AV
)(A .1

)(V .2

2-5 :

1-2-5 :

:
+ + = E1 = E2
E1 P1 1 2 E P 1
v 1 gz1 2 2 v 22 gz 2
m 1 2 m 2 2
:

= E2 = E1
= v2 = v1

= P2 = P1

= Z2 = Z1

= 2 = 1

v 22 v 12 P1 P2

2
Q1 = Q2 = Q Q1 = A1v1 Q2 = A2v2 :

 A2 2 P1 P2
Q TH
2
A
1 2
A1
:

Q act C P P
1 2

): (Orifice Plate
.

. :

1-5

 2-5

):(Nozzle Tube

3-5

):(Ventury Tube

. .

 4-5

2-2-5 ):(Rotameter

. .

5-5

3-2-5 ):(Magnetic Flometer

. .

:
E=Blv

6-5

4-2-5 :

. .

7-5

 1-4-2-5 :

(1

(2

(3

(4 .

(5

2-4-2-5 :

(1 )(inlet chanel

(2 )(flow guide

(3 )(turbine wheel or rotor

(4 )(outlet chanel

(5 )(magnetic copling

(6 )(totalizer ,counter ,index

(7 )(ball bearings

)(gears (8

)(shaft (9

)(pulser (10

 8-5 ) (

3-4-2-5 ) (:

. .

PTZ .

. .

1.01325 bar 15oC 0oC 60oF .

Z .

. .

m Zm

. b .

 Zb/Zm 1

(Zb=Zm=Z) .

4-4-2-5 ):(Rangeability

rangeability . 2% ISO 9951

1% .

Qmax 20%Qmax

20% Qmax .Qmin

) (Rangeability 1 20 )

5-4-2-5 :

Rangeability

. :

 K Q

5-2-5 :

9-5

30

1963 Tokyo Keiki Tokimec .

1972 Controlotro

70 80 Panametrics Ultraflux

:
( :Doppler

10-5

( :Transient
.

11-5

 12-5 ) (

1-5-2-5:

( .

. .

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

6-2-5 :

13-5

7-2-5 ):(Mass Flowmeter

. .

14-5

8-2-5 ):(Pitot Tube

) (

 15-5

9-2-5 ):(Vortex

16-5

10-2-5 ):(Thermal Flow Meter

... .

17-5

 1-6:

)(

) ( .

3 psi 15 .

) ( .

. ) (

60

. :

short circuit .

I to P convector I to P .

I to P

 70

)(Auto tunner mode o

0-20 mA 1- 5 V 4- 20mA ... .

HART

4- 20mA

Master ) (HART

2-6 :

- .

) (20 psi

3-15 psi

1-6

3-6 :4-20 mA

4 20 .

. .

IC

2-6

250 1 5

3-6 4-20 mA

4-6 :HART

HART

4- 20mA .

HART .

4-6

4-6 HART

 DCS PLC

4- 20mA .

) ( .

HART

... .

. 4- 20mA

. 5-6 HART .

5-6 HART

HART Bell202 FSK .

FSK

. 1 1200

 2200 . .

6-6 FSK

HART Master/Slave -

Slave - Master .

Master HART

. ) DCS (PLC Master Communicator

Master . 7-6

7-6 HART

 HART

. .

8-6 HART Multidrop


I/P MOV

 1-7:

1 .

2 .

: 3 .4 Sliding Stem )

5(.

1. Throttling
2. Tight Shut off
3. Valve Body
4. Actuator
5. Rotary Shaft

 -1-7

. 1 .

2 3 )

( 4 .

2-7 5

. :

1. Stem
2. Plug
3. Seat
4. Actuator
5. Terminology

 -1 1:

. .

2 3

4 .

-2 5:
.

-3 :6

. .

1. Body
2. Screwed threads
3. Flanges
4. Welded end
5. Bonnet
6. Packing Box Assembly

 -4 1:
.

: )

( )

( bonnet.

. .

-5:2
.

-6) 3(:
)

( . :

1. Trim
2. Yoke
3. Actuator

1 .

3-7 ):(Fail Safe

. 2

3 . )(

. -

2-7 4 .

3-7 1 .

1. Limits of Travel
2. Shut down
3. Spring Loaded
4. Normally Open

 1 2 3 .

4 5 .

4-7 :

1-4-7 :6

) -7

4 .(5-7 .

) (4-7

) (5-7 .

1. Normally Close
2. Fail Close
3. Air to Open
4. Fail Open
5. Air to Close
6. Single ported

 -4-7

-5-7

2-4-7 :1

) .(6-7

1. Double- Ported

 . -

.1

-6-7

3-4-7 :

.
2 3
4 .

1. Tight Shut- off

2. Linear
3. Quick Opening
4. Equal Percentage

 -7-7

4-4-7 :1

1-4-4-7 :

8-7 .

.
) (T.F.E Nitrile

. 2 60s

1. Rotary Shaft
2. Throttling

 -8-7

2-4-4-7 :1

2 .

90s

. .
3 .

Vee

...
4
.

1. Ball Valve
2. Bore
3. Shut down
4. Counteract

 -9-7

5-7 :

1 2

) (10-7 :
3
!
4
!
5
!
6
!
7
!

1. On- Off
2. Throttling Action
3. Quick Opening
4. Linear
5. Modified Linear
6. Equal Percentage
7. Modified Parabolic

 -10-7

1-5-7 :

10-7 %35

1 2 3 .

11-7 .

-11-7

2-5-7:

10-7

. %70 %70

1. Self- Actuated
2. Regulators
3. relief valves

. 12-7 .

-12-7

3-5-7 :

)( 10-7 1

13-7

-13-7

4-5-7 :

10-7

. ) 10-7

1. Compromise

-14-7

5-5-7 :

)( 10-7

. 15-7

Port Vee- Port

guid .

-15-7 Vee

6-7:

. .

1 . .

1. Intrinsically Safe

 1-6-7 :1

. ) . * =

( . .

. .

. .

. 2

3 .

(3-15 Psi) 0.2-1bar (6-30 Psi) 0.4- 2 bar

1. Single Acting
2. Air to Close
3. Fail- Safe

 -16-7

-17-7

2-6-7 :

. (100-150 Psi) 7-10 bar

 (S/ D) 1 2 .

. .

S/ D

. 3 4

On- Off .

-18-7

1. Shut Down
2. Spring Opposed
3. Reservoir
4. accumulator

 7-7 :

. . :

1 .

4- 20mA

. .

) 2 (

1. Split Range
2. booster

 19-7 .

-19-7

3-15 Psi

4- 20mA .

. -

. -7

20 .

-20-7

1 .

. .

1. Cam

) (1

2 .

4- 20mA

) ( .

1. Spring Range
2. Exhaust port

 ) (2 ) (1 )

(3 21-7 .

-21-7 )(Fisher

8-7 1 :

.
2

3

4

1. Accessories
2. Limit Switches
3. Solenoid Valves
4. Lock up Valves
5. Capacity Tanks

 :1

2 .

22-7

3 A

B . B

A .

23-7

1. Solenoid Valves
2. On- Off Switching
3. Energize

. 1

. 2

.3

:4

. 24-7

25-7 .

24-7 .

1. Plunger
2. Energized to Open
3. Energized to Close
4. Lockup

 25-7 ) (

:1

. 26-7 .

26-7

1. Capacity Tank

) .(27-7

-27-7

1 :2

. 20psi 30psi.

28-7

1. Regulators
2. Moisture Trap
3. Motor Operating Valve

 9-7 ):(MOV1

. 90

. .

MOV :

.1 : .

.2 : Remote/ Local

.3 :

29-7 MOV

MOV :

1. Motor Operating Valve

 30-7 Rotork MOV

 1-8:

. 100 ) I/O /(
1
.

) . (1-8

1-8

1-8 100

. .

.1 -

.1 :

.2 :

.3 :

2-8 :

. .

2-8

 1-2-8 :Field Level

. 1

. ) Field Bus (

2-2-8 :Control Level

PLC CNC .

. .

. :

RS422 RS232C RS485 IEEE488

)(Control Net

.
) (Real-Time .

3-2-8 ):(Supervision Level

Peer to Peer .1

 4-2-8 ):(Planing Level

5-2-8 ):(ERP Level

3-8 :

. Word

) (zip

TCP/IP ) (PGP Email

. Mail Server 6

ZIP PGP Modem TCP/IP : .

TCP/IP 5 .

ISO/OSI1 .

) .(1-8

.1 ISO/OSI

 . RS-232

. RS-232 1 1 TCP/IP .2

3 4 1 2

10baseT.

Layer 7 Application

Layer 6 Presentation

Layer 5 Session ,

Layer 4 Transport Error

Layer 3 Network

Layer 2 Data link

Layer 1 Physical

Layer 0 Transmission

ISO/OSI1-8

1-3-8 :
7 :Application

Email PDF Adobe Acrobat.

Application .

. .

6 :Presentation

) (

. ASCII .

 . 6

5 :Session

. .

4 :Transport

. .

3 :Network

. .

2 :Data Link

) ( Checksum1

1 :Physical

HUB :

) Repeater( .

:Transmission

Checksum .1

ISO/OSI

 1-9:

. CPU

CPU

2-9 :PLC

PLC .

1-9 PLC

PLC 2-9 CPU

. Field

) (1,0 CPU CPU .

Field ) (Actuators .

2-9 PLC

1-2-9 :IEC61131

PLC

. 1979 ) International Electro-technical Commision (IEC

PLC .

PLC .

3-9 IEC61131

IEC61131 :

-1 )(General Information

)(Equipment Requirements and Test -2

)(Programming Languages -3

:Instruction List(IL) .1 .

 :Function Block Diagram(FBD) .2

:Ladder Diagram(LD) .3 LD . FBD .

:Structured Text(ST) .4 C

:Sequentional Function Control(SFC) .5

Step .

Transition step step .

)(User Guidelines -4

)(Communication -5

-6 .

)(Fuzzy Control Programming -7

)(Guidelines for application of programming languages -8

2-2-9 :PLC

PLC :

.1

.2

.3 ) (

.4

)(Pilot Running .5

.6 ) (Visual Observation

.7 ) (

.8

.9

 .10

.11

.12 ) (

.13

3-2-9 :PLC

PLC :

.1 ) :(CPU PLC

...

.2 CPU

/ )Programmer/Monitor(PM .3

.4 /

.5

.6 CPU

...

4-2-9 :PLC

PLC

.1 :

) (User-Friendly

 .2 ) :(LED PLC

1-9 .

LED INDICATION

POWER Internal power supply is functioning.

The processor is scaning the program and controlling output. LED
RUN flashes when PLC is STOPPED , outputs are retained. LED is off
when PLC is halted , outputs are disabled.
FAULT Processor failure has been detected.
LOW
Battery is below low limit.
BATTERY
PROM PROM module is plugged in and operating.
1-9

5-2-9 :PLC

PLC

.1 ) :(Enclosure PLC

) National Electrical Manufactures Association(NEMA

.2 : PLC .

.3 :

 .4 : CPU

CPU PLC .

.5 :

.6 :PLC

.7 :PLC

PLC PLC .

.8 :PLC

3-9 ):(Distributed Control Systems

DCS

DCS

 . DCS

. .

DCS

. DCS

. DCS

1-3-9 :DCS

DCS

.
Operation & Monitoring Level .1
Control Level .2
Field Level .3

4-9 DCS

 .1 ):(Operation & Monitoring Level
DCS

Terminal Bus .

OS ) ES (Engineering Station

) (Operator Station .

):ES ( Engineering Station

DCS

. ES

ES . Bus Process Bus Terminal Bus .

):OS(Operator Station

OS . Runtime

OS .

. OS

OS .

.2 ):(Control Level
Process Bus

. Redundant

.3 ):(Field Level
(Field DCS Field Level

) Instruments ) (Actuators .

Real Time . Shut down

Redundant .

DCS

. DCS 5-9.

5-9 )(Distributed Control System

4-9 DCS :PLC

Interlocking PLC .1 Factory Automation

DCS .2 Process Automation

PLC DCS

PLC .

PLC

DCS .

. DCS PLC

I/O .1

I/O .2

.3

)(Redundancy .4

.5

)(Networking .6

.7

.8

.1 :I/O
PLC I/O 1000 .

I/O 1000 DCS .

.2 :I/O
PLC PLC Interlocking .

PID . DCS

) ( DCS .

PLC DCS .

Interloking 95

DCS
PLC .

 .3 :
DCS PLC .

DCS

. .

PLC

Function Block

.4 ):(Redundancy
DCS Redundant

I/O Redundant .

) (Reliability .

DCS ) (Single .

Redundancy PLC Optional

PLC .

.5:
DCS PLC

.
) (Hierarchy .

Message )

Alarm (Event Customize

Message . Messaging PLC

Configure Message 10000

.6 ):(Networking
PLC ) (

. /

) PLC( PLC PLC .

PLC PLC-Programming .

DCS

Node

. DCS Plug & Play

. Node

DCS

.7:
DCS PLC DCS .

PLC I/O .

DCS ) 1/5 3(

DCS ) 5 10 (

 DCS .

DCS PLC.

.8:
PLC

DCS . DCS

PLC

PLC

) Down .(Emergency Shut. ESD PLC.

5-9:

ISA 50.20 24 :

) (Tow Ways

) (Deterministic

) (Field .

Foundation Field DCS

DeviceNet Profibus Bus .

I/O .

6-9 I/O

 4-5-9 :

..

1-4-5-9 :

.1

.2

.3

.4

.1 :
) (4-20 mA .

.2 :
.

.
.3 :
I/O /

) (AO ) (AI ) (DI

7-9

.4 :

) Remote

(Diagnostic.

2-4-5-9 :

.1

.2

.3 DCS

PLC .

5-5-9 :

 DeviceNet
BitBus
ModBus, ModBus plus
Control Net
AST
PNET
CAN
INTERBUS
6-9 :

DCS PLC

PID .

.1

)(SIL .2

)(Availabiliy .3

 .4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

.11

.12

...

PLC DCS.

) (

DCS

)1. Instrument Technical Room (ITR

2. Gland

8-9 .

9-9 PFD .

P&ID

. 10-9

P&ID

) (Interlock .

 8-9

 9-9 PFD

 10-9 PID

- DCS

HART