K thut iu ch:

1. nh ngha iu ch:
iu ch l chuyn i tn hiu di nn sang mt tn hiu khc sao cho
khng lm thay i v ni dung tin tc.
2. Mc ch ca iu ch:
Cho php tn hiu thch nghi vi iu kin truyn ca mi trng, ngay
c khi mi trng b can nhiu m vn m bo cht lng tn hiu
mun truyn i.
Cho php trn nhiu knh thng tin trn cng mt mi trng truyn.
Gim cng sut pht.
Xc sut li thp
3. Cc k thut iu ch trong GSM:
PCM - Pulse Code Modulation: iu ch xung m
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying: kha dch pha nh phn
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying: kha dch pha cu phng
FSK - Frequence Shift Keying: kha dch tn
GMSK -Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying: Kha dch cc tiu Gauss
FM: iu ch tn s c s dng vo h thng thng tin di ng u
tin nhng khng an ton v n c th b chn v gii m mt cch d
dng.
iu ch PCM:

Tn hiu Tn hiu
tng t Lc PCM
Ly Lng M
thng
mu t ha ha
thp

B iu ch PCM c bn
Chc nng tng khi:
Tn hiu tng t: li ni, nhc, video
Lc thng thp: nhm chng chng ln v ph.
Ly mu: nhm ri rc ha tn hiu theo thi gian, theo nh l ly mu
Nyquist : fs 2fmax.
Lng t ha: to ra cc mc lng t ca tn hiu.
M ha: cc mc lng t ca tn hiu c m ha thnh cc t m
PCM (di dng cc bit nh phn).
Tc ca tn hiu PCM:
=> R= n.fs
Trong : fs : tn s ly mu
n: s bit ca mt t m PCM
R: s bit truyn i trong 1 giy
Trong mng in thoi c nh, s bit ca mt t m l n=8, v tn s ly
mu fs=8 Khz
=> tc truyn d liu l R= 64 Kbps
u im ca iu ch PCM:
C th s dng cc mch s khng t lm trong h thng.
Khi truyn tin qua khong cch xa, tn hiu PCM c th khi phc hon
ton ti mi trm lp trung gian. Do nh hng ca nhiu khng b tch
ly, m ch cn quan tm n nhiu truyn dn gia hai trm lp cnh
nhau.
Tn hiu PCM d lu tr
Khuyt im: i hi bng thng truyn dn rng.

iu ch BPSK - Kha dch pha nh phn:

Hai trng thi pha c chn l 2 trng thi pha ngc nhau ( lch pha
nhau 1 gc 1800 )
B iu ch c th dng LM1496.
 data BPSK

0 1 0 1 1 0

Sng mang

iu ch QPSK - Kha dch pha cu phng:

QPSK thc cht l 2 BPSK, dch pha 900 gia chng.
Trong k thut ny, d liu cn truyn s c truyn i tng b 2 bit,
mi b 2 bit ny c gi l mt k hiu ( symbol). Mi v tr pha l mt
symbol.
Mch iu ch:

data I
I
B chuyn

data ni tip B quay QPSK

sang pha 900
song song
Q

data Q
Sng mang
 B chuyn i ni tip sang song song chia data thnh 2 lung tn hiu c
tc bng mt na tc data. Mi lung tn hiu dng 2 bit biu din mt
symbol. Do sng mang n 2 b iu ch lch pha nhau 900 nn hai thnh phn
I v Q vung gc vi nhau v sau khi qua b cng s to nn gin 4 trng
thi pha.
Thnh phn I: pha 0 v 180
Thnh phn Q: pha 90 v 270

Gin pha:

symbol pha

11 450

01 1350

00 2250

10 3150

V d v iu ch QPSK:
 iu ch FSK- kha dch tn
Tn s ca sng mang thay i ty thuc vo d liu. y 2 tn s c s
dng biu din 2 mc logic 0 v 1.
S dng chuyn mch:
khi data bit = 1 kha chuyn mch ni v tr sng mang tn s fc1
khi data bit = 0 kha chuyn mch ni v tr sng mang tn s fc2
kt qu l tn hiu FSK c tn s thay i khi d liu thay i

S dng VCO - Voltage Control Oscillator

VCO s pht ra hai tn s fc1 hoc fc2 tng ng vi data bit 0 hoc 1
V d v iu ch FSK:

data fc1 fc2

VFSK

1 0 1 0

u im:
t b nh hng ca nhiu mi trng
S dng ch yu trong truyn s liu tc thp
Nhc im:
do bng thng ca tn hiu rng nn FSK khng c s dng trong
ng truyn tc bit cao

iu ch GMSK- Kha dch cc tiu Gauss

( Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying )
y l phng php iu ch bng hp da trn k thut iu ch dch pha.
Thc cht y l iu ch MSK nhng tn hiu c a vo b lc Gauss ri
sau qua mch iu ch MSK, nhm thu hp ph tn ca tn hiu iu ch.
Mc ch ca iu ch GMSK: to ra tn hiu bng thng nh, dch tn nh.
data B lc iu ch GMS

Guass MSK

iu ch GMSK