GII P TON CP 3

HM S LY THA, HM S M V HM S LGARIT

PHN 1

TNH N IU V
CNG THC BIN I O HM GII HN CC BT NG THC
( Trang 1 11 ) ( Trang 13 16 ) ( Trang 16 17 ) ( Trang 18 43 )
GV: THANH TNG 0947141139 0925509968 http://www.facebook.com/giaidaptoancap3

PHN 1: HM S LY THA, HM S M V HM LGARIT

I. CC CNG THC BIN I

1. LY THA (Gi s cc biu thc c ngha):

m
1
1) a 0 1 2) a n n 3) a n n a m 4) a a
a

a a a
5) a .a a 6) a 7) ab a .b 8)
a b b
Ch : +) Khi xt ly tha vi s m 0 v s m nguyn m th c s phi khc 0.
+) Khi xt ly tha vi s m khng nguyn th c s phi dng.

A. CC V D MINH HA

V d 1: Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau:

1
3 2 2 1
4 0,25 1 2 3
1) A = 4 8 2 3 2) B = (0, 04) 1,5
(0,125) 3
3) C = 0,5 625 2 19. 3
4
5
81. 5 3. 5 9. 12 847 3 847
4) D = 43 2 .21 2 .2 3 2
5) E = 3
6) F = 3 6 6
3 . 18. 27. 6
5 5 27 27

Gii:
3 2 3 2
1) A = 4 2 8 3 2 2 2 23 3 23 22 12
3 2
2 3 2
1 2 1 3
2 2
2) B = (0, 04) 1,5
(0,125) 3

25

8
5 2 3 3 53 2 2 121 11

1 3
1
4 1 2 3 4
1 3 2 2
1
3) C = 0,5 6250,25 2 19. 3 21 5
4 4
19.
4 2 (3)3
3 3
3
4 19 2 19
2 5 11 10
2 27 3 27
4) D = 43 2.21 2.23 2
262 2.22 2 2
24 16
4 1 2 1 2
5 1
81. 5 3. 5 9. 12 3 5 .35.3 5 .2.3 2 35
2
1 3
5) E = 3
3
9
3
3 . 18. 27. 6
5 5 101 1 3 1 1
2 5 2 2
3 .3.2 .3 .2 .3 3 10 3 3

847 3 847 3
6) F = 3 6 6 . Ta p dng hng ng thc : a b a 3 b3 3ab a b
27 27

847 847 847 3 847 3 847 3 847

F3 6 6 33 6 . 6 6 6
27 27 27 27 27 27

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GV: THANH TNG 0947141139 0925509968 http://www.facebook.com/giaidaptoancap3

847
F3 12 3. 3 36 .F 12 5F F3 5F 12 0 F 3 F2 3F 4 0
27
F = 3 hoc F2 3F 4 0 (v nghim).
Vy F = 3.

V d 2: n gin cc biu thc sau (gi s cc biu thc c ngha):

35
1 1
a b 4 1 1
3 24 a b a 2 b 2 14 a
1) A = a a 2) B = 7 5 3) C = : a b 4
.
b a 3 1 1 1 1 b
a 4 a 2b4 a 4 b4

2 2
a a 12 1
1 1
b b2
4) D = 1 2 : a b 2
5) E = a 2 b 2 : b 2b



b b a a
2
13 1

a b
3

6) F = 3 :2 3 a 3 b
7) G = ab
ab 4 ab b 1

a : a b .
ab b a ab b 4 ab
2 4 1
32 3
12 1
2
1
a b 2 1
a b2 3
a 8a b b 3
8) H = 1 ab 2 9) I = 2 .
2 1 2 3
a 3
1 a b
a
a b
2 2
a 3 2 ab 4b 3
3
1 1
1 3
3 9 3 1
Gii: 1) A = a2 4 a a 2 .a 4 a 4 a 2 a

35
1 5
35 1 7
4
4 4
a b 4 1
b b 5 1
b5 b a
2) B = 7 5
b a a a a a b



1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
a b a b 4
2 2 a ab a b 14
2 2 b
3) C = 1 4
:a b . 1 1 1 :a b4 .
3 1 1 1 b 2 4 1
1 a
a 4 a 2b4 a 4 b 4 a a b4 a4 b4


1 1 1
1 1

a b a a 2b2 1 a b2 a2 b2 a b a
1 1 . 1 . 1 . . 1
1
4 1
b 1 1
b a b
2 2 2
a2 a4 b4 4
a b a a b

2
a a 12 1
a
2 2
2 b a 1 1
4) D = 1 2 : a b 2 1 :
b
a b . 2

b b b
a b b
2 2 2
1 1
b b2 2 b 2 b
5) E = a 2 b 2 : b 2b
a a
a b : b
a
a b : a b
a
2 a a
a b . 2

b a b b

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2 2
13 1
3
13 1
3

a b a b 2 3 ab 2 2 2

6) F = 3 :2 3 a 3 b : a a
3 3 3
a3b .
3
ab
1
3 3 3 2
ab b a ab ab ab 3
a b 3

ab 4 ab b 1 a ab ab ab ab 1
7) G = ab : a b . 4
.4 .
a ab b ab a ab ab b b 4 ab

a ab
.
a b

a ab
.
a b a b a
a ab ab b a a b b a b
2
2 12 1
1 1

3
2 1
3
2
1
2
1
2
a b 2 a a 2b2 b 1 1
1 1

a b a b a2 b2
8) H = ab 2 2 2
a b
1 1 a b
1 1 1 1
1 1

a 2 b 2 a2 b2 a2 b2 a2 b2

2
12 1
2

a b 1 1
a 2a b b 1 2 2
=
1 1 2 1 1 2
2 2
a b a b
2 2

4 1 1
1 1
a 8a b 3 b 3 2
3
a 3 a 8b 3 a 23 b 2
3
9) I = 2 .
2
1 2 3
a . a
a 2 1 1 2 3
a
a 3 2 3 ab 4b 3 a 3 2 a 3 b 3 4b 3
3 3 2 2 2
3
a a 2 b
3 3
3 2 a a 2 b a 2 ab 2 b
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2
.3
a
a 3
a 3
a a 03 3
2 2 2 2
a 23 b
3
a 2 ab 4b 3 3 a 2 b a 2 ab 2 b
3 3 3 3 3

B. BI LUYN

Bi 1: Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau:

2 1

3 5
3
3 5 7 1 1 1 2
1) A = 32 2 2) B = 23 2 2 3) C = 3 2 .5 3 : 2 4 : 4 : 5 3.2 4.3 2

7
2 4 (18)7 .24.(50)3 23.2 1 53.54 (0, 01)2 .10 2
4) D = 6 7 (0, 2)0,75 5) E = 6) F =
(225)4 .(4)5 .(108) 2 10 3 :10 2 (0, 25)0 10 2 (0, 01)3

Bi 2: n gin cc biu thc sau (gi s cc biu thc c ngha):

5 3 5 ( 5 1)
a .a
1) A = 3 a 3 a a 2) B = 2 2 1
a 2 2 1

1 9 1 3

3
a4 a4 b 2
b2 a3b
3) C = 1 5
1 1
4) D = 6
a6b
a4 a4 b2 b 2

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GV: THANH TNG 0947141139 0925509968 http://www.facebook.com/giaidaptoancap3

0 a 1
2. LGARIT: Gi s cc biu thc c ngha log a b c ngha khi
b 0
b
1) log a 1 0 2) log a a 1 3) log a b loga c log a (bc) 4) log a b log a c log a
c
log a b log a b
loga b
5) a b 6) log a b log a b 1
log a b log a b

1
log a b.log b a 1 log a b log a
b
7) log a b.logb c log a c
log c log a c
b log a b
Ch : +) Lgarit thp phn : log10 b log b lg b
+) Lgarit t nhin ( lgarit Npe) : log e b ln b ( e 2, 71828 )

A. CC V D MINH HA

V d 1: Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau:

1
1) A = log3 log 2 2
3
2 2) B = log 6 3.log3 36 3) C = log 1 5.log 25
3 27
1 1
3 log 27 log125 81
2 9 1
4) D = 3
9 2log5 3
5) E= 25 5 6) F = log3 2 2 27 log9 2
2
log8 27

1 1

7) G = lg 25 log5 6
49
log7 8
e ln3
8) H = 9
log6 3
4
log8 2
10log99 9) I = lg 81 3 27 9 3 9

log 5 log 36 2log 71

1 2log2 4 7 log6 2 0,25 0,5log9 7
10) J = 4 36 81 11) K = log 3 (log 2 8)
12) L = log 2013 log 4 (log 2 256) log0,25 log9 (log 4 64) 13) M log 3 2.log 4 3.log 5 4.log 6 5.log 7 6.log 8 7
14) N lg(tan10 ) lg(tan 20 ) ... lg(tan 880 ) lg(tan 890 )

Gii:
1
1 2 1
1) A = log 3 log 2 2
3

2 log 3 log 3 2 6 log 3 . log 3 log 3 32 2
22 6 3 9
2) B = log 3.log3 36 log 36 log 1 62 4
6 6
62
1 3 15
3) C = log 1 5.log 25 log 1 5.log 2 33 (5). .log3 5.log5 3
27 3 5 2 2
3
3log3 5
3
2 2
4) D = 9 3 2log5 3
33

3
log3 5
5

1 1
log 27 log125 81 1 1 2 8
2 9 1 log 1 33 log 3 34 1 log5 3 log5 3 1 2log5 3 log5 32
5) E 25 5 52 2 9 5 5 5 3 3 5 5.5 5.9 45

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GV: THANH TNG 0947141139 0925509968 http://www.facebook.com/giaidaptoancap3

3 log 2 2 log 3 33 23 log3 2 log 2 3

6) F = log 3 2 2 27
log9 2
2
log8 27
log 3 2 2 3

3 2 2
log 3 2

2

3 2

log 2 32 23
log 32 3 3 2log 2 3 log 2 3 log 1 3 2 2 1
2 3 2 2
3 2 2
log5 6 log7 8
3 lg 5log5 62 7log7 82 3
7) G = lg 25 log5 6
49
log7 8
e ln 3
lg 52

72





lg 62 82 3 lg102 3 2 3 1
1 1
log6 3 log8 2 log3 6 log 2 8 log3 62 log 2 82
8) H = 9 4 10log99 32
22 99 3 2 99 6 2 82 99 1
log3 5 log 2 62 2log 2 71
9) I = lg 81 3 27 9 3 9 lg
log 5 log 36 2log 71

34 33 3 3 3


log 54 log 63 log 71
lg 3 3 3 3 3 3 lg


54 63 71 lg 29 71 lg100 2

1
1 2log 2 4 7 log6 2 0,250,5log9 7 1 2log 2 4 7 log6 2 0,25 .log 2 7
10) J 4 36 81 22 62 34 2 3

22 log6 4 3 4 3
6 4 3
4log 4 7 log3 7
7 7
2 2 3
11) K = log 3 (log 2 8) log 3 log 2 23 log 3 3 1

12) L = log 2013 log 4 (log 2 256) log0,25 log9 (log 4 64) log 2013 log 4 (log 2 28 ) log 0,25 log9 (log 4 43 )
1 3 1
log 2013 log 4 8 log 0,25 log9 3 log 2013 log 22 23 log 1 2 log 2013 log 2013 1 0
2
2 2
2
1
13) M log 3 2.log 4 3.log 5 4.log 6 5.log 7 6.log 8 7 log 8 7.log 7 6.log 6 5.log 5 4.log 4 3.log 3 2 log 8 2
3
14) N lg(tan10 ) lg(tan 20 ) ... lg(tan 880 ) lg(tan 890 )
lg(tan10 ) lg(tan 89 0 ) lg(tan 20 ) lg(tan 880 ) ... lg(tan 44 0 ) lg(tan 460 ) lg(tan 450 )

lg tan10.tan 890 lg tan 20.tan 880 ... lg tan 44 0.tan 46 0 lg tan 450

lg tan10.cot10 lg tan 20.cot 20 ... lg tan 440.cot 440 lg tan 450

lg1 lg1 ... lg1 lg1 0 0 ... 0 0 0

V d 2: n gin cc biu thc sau (gi s cc biu thc u c ngha):

1) A = log a a 2 4 a 3 5 a 2) B = log a b log b a 2 log a b log ab b log b a 1
log a log2 a 1 1
log 2 2a 2 log 2 a a log 22 a 4
3) C = lg log 1 5
a a 4) D = 2
a3
log 2 a 3 . 3log 2 a 1 1

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GV: THANH TNG 0947141139 0925509968 http://www.facebook.com/giaidaptoancap3

Gii:
1
4 1 16 4 4 14
14
1) A = log a a 24
a 35

a log a a 2 . a 3 .a 5

log a a . a 5 log a a 2 .a 5 log a a 5

2
5

1
2) B log a b logb a 2 log a b log ab b log b a 1 log a b 2 log a b.log b a log ab b.log b a 1
log a b
2
log 2a b 2 log a b 1 log a b 1 1
1 log ab a 1 .1 1
log a b log a b log a ab
2 2

log a b 1
.1
1 log a b 1 . log a b 1 log b 1 1 log b
1 a a
log a b 1 log a b log a b 1 log a b
1
5 5
1
3 5 3
1 1
3) C = lg log 1 a a lg log 1 a.a 2
lg log 1 a 2 lg log 3 a 10 lg lg 1
a 10 10
a3 a3 a3

log 2 2a 2 log 2 a a

log a log 2 a 1 1 log 2 a 4
2
2 1 2log 2 a log 2 a. log 2 a 1 8log 22 a
4) D =
log 2 a 3 . 3log 2 a 1 1 3log 2 a. 3log 2 a 1 1
9 log 22 a 3log 2 a 1
1
9 log 22 a 3log 2 a 1

a4 3 b a 2 3 bc
V d 3: Cho log a b 3 ; log a c 2 . Tnh log a x bit: 1) x a 3b 2 c 2) x 3) x log a
c3 3
a cb3

Gii: Cho log a b 3 ; log a c 2

1) Vi x a 3b 2 c
1
1 1

log a x log a a 3b 2 c log a a 3 log a b 2 log a c 2 3 2log a b log a c 3 2.3 . 2 8
2 2
a4 3 b
2) Vi x
c3
1
a4 3 b 4 1 1
log a x log a 3
log a a log a b 3
log a c 3 4 log a b 3log a c 4 .3 3. 2 1
c 3 3
a 2 3 bc
3) Vi x log a
3
a c b3
1 5 5
5 8 3
a 2 3 bc a 2b 3 c a3c 6
log a x log a log a 1 1
log a 8
log a a 3 log a b 3 log a c 2
3
a cb 3 a 3 b 3c 6 b3
5 8 5 5 8 5
log a b log a c .3 2 8
3 3 6 3 3 6

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GV: THANH TNG 0947141139 0925509968 http://www.facebook.com/giaidaptoancap3

V d 4: Hy biu din theo a ( hoc c b hoc c) cc biu thc sau:

1) A = log 20 0,16 bit log 2 5 a 2) B = log 25 15 bit log15 3 a
1
3) C = log 40 bit log 2 3 a 4) D = log 6 (21, 6) bit log 2 3 a v log 2 5 b
5
5) E = log 35 28 bit log14 7 a v log14 5 b 6) F = log 25 24 bit log 6 15 a v log12 18 b
49
7) G = log125 30 bit lg 3 a v lg 2 b . 8) H = log 3 5 bit log 25 7 a v log 2 5 b .
8
9) I = log140 63 bit log 2 3 a ; log3 5 b ; log 2 7 c 10) J = log 6 35 bit log 27 5 a ; log8 7 b ; log 2 3 c

Gii:
2
log 2 3
1) A = log 20 0,16 bit log 2 5 a
2
. Ta c: A = log 20 0, 04 log 20 3 5 1 3log 2 5 1 3a
5 log 2 (2 2.5) 2 log 2 5 2 a

1 1 1 1 a
2) B = log 25 15 bit log15 3 a . Ta c: a log15 3 log3 5 1
log3 3.5 1 log3 5 a a
1 a
1
log 3 15 log 3 (3.5) 1 log 3 5 a 1
B = log 25 15
log 3 25 log 3 52 2log 3 5 1 a 2 1 a
2.
a

1
1 1 2 3a
3) C = log 40 bit log 2 3 a . Ta c: a log 2 3 log 1 5 3 log 2 5 log 2 5
5 5 22 3 2
3a
3
log 2 40 log 2 (23.5) 3 log 2 5 2 6 3a
C = log 40
log 2 10 log 2 (2.5) 1 log 2 5 1 3a 2 3a
2

4) D = log 6 (21, 6) bit log 2 3 a v log 2 5 b

2 2.33
log 2 21, 6 log 2
Ta c: D = log 6 (21, 6) 5 2 3log 2 3 log 2 5 2 3a b
log 2 6 log 2 2.3 1 log 2 3 1 a

5) E = log35 28 bit log14 7 a v log14 5 b

1 1 1 1 a
Ta c: a log14 7 log 7 2 1
log7 2.7 1 log 7 2 a a
log 7 5 log 7 5 1 a b
b log14 5 log 7 5 b(1 log 7 2) b. 1
log 7 7.2 1 log 7 2 a a
1 a
2 1 2.
log 7 28 log 7 (7.2 ) 1 2 log 7 2 a 2a
E = log 35 28
log 7 35 log 7 (7.5) 1 log 7 5 b ab
1
a

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6) F = log 25 24 bit log 6 15 a v log12 18 b

log 2 18 log 2 2.3 1 2log 2 3

2
log 2 15 log 2 3 log 2 5
Ta c: a log 6 15 (1) b log12 18 (2)
log 2 6 1 log 2 3 log 2 12 log 2 22.3 2 log 2 3
1 2b
T (2) b (2 log 2 3) 1 2 log 2 3 (b 2) log 2 3 1 2b log 2 3
b2
1 2b 2b a ab 1
T (1) log 2 5 a 1 log 2 3 log 2 3 a 1 log 2 3 a a 1 a
b2 b2
1 2 b
3
log 2 24 log 2 2 .3 3 log 2 3
3
b2 b 5
F = log 25 24 2

log 2 25 log 2 5 2log 2 5 2. 2b a ab 1 4b 2a 2ab 2
b2

7) G = log125 30 bit lg 3 a v lg 2 b .
10 lg 30 lg 3.10 1 lg 3 1 a
Ta c: b lg 2 lg 1 lg 5 lg 5 1 b G = log125 30
5 lg125 lg 5
3
3lg 5 3 1 b

49
8) H = log 3 5 bit log 25 7 a v log 2 5 b .
8
log 2 7 log 2 7 log 2 7
Ta c: a log 25 7 log 2 7 2 ab
log 2 25 2 log 2 5 2b
49 72
log 2 log 2 3
H = log 3 5
49
8 2 2 log 2 7 3 2.2 ab 3 12ab 9
1
8 log 2 3 5 1 1 b
log 2 5 3 log 2 5 b
3 3
9) I = log140 63 bit log 2 3 a ; log 3 5 b ; log 2 7 c

log 2 63 log 2 32.7 2 log 2 3 log 2 7 2a c

Ta c : log 2 5 log 2 3.log 3 5 ab I = log140 63
log 2 140 log 2 2 .5.7 2 log 2 5 log 2 7 2 ab c
2

10) J = log 6 35 bit log 27 5 a ; log 8 7 b ; log 2 3 c

log 2 5 log 2 5 log 2 5
a log 27 5 log 27 3log 3 3c log 2 5 3ac
2 2 log 2 35 log 2 5 log 2 7 3ac 3b
J = log 6 35
b log 7 log 2 7 log 2 7 log 7 3b log 2 6 1 log 2 3 1 c
8 2
log 2 8 3

V d 5: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:

1 9 1 3

3
b a4 a4 b 2
b2
1) A = log b
bit log a b 3 . 2) B = 1 5
1 1
bit a 2013 2 ; b 2 2012
a 4 4 2

2
a a a b b

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Gii:
3
b
1) A = log b
bit log a b 3 .
a
a
3 1 1
b 1 1 1 1
A = log b
log b
b 3 log b
a2
a b b 1 1
a a a 3log b 2 log a 3 log b a 2 log a b 1
a a 2 2
1 1 2 log a b 1 2 log a b 3 2 3 3 3

1
3
1

log a b 2 3 log a b 2 log a b 2 3 log a b 2 3 3 2 3
2 log a b

1 9 1 3

a4 a4 b 2
b2
2) B = 1 5
1 1
bit a 2013 2 ; b 2 2012

4 4 2 2
a a b b
1 9 1 3 1 1

a 1 a b 1 b
4 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
a a b b
B= 1 5
1

1
1

1 1 a 1 b a b 2013 2 2 2012 1
4
a a 4
b b2 2
a 1 a
4
b 2
1 b

V d 6: Chng minh rng (vi gi thit cc biu thc u c ngha):

log a b log a c log c log a 2a 3b lg a lg b
1) log ac (bc) 2) a b c b 3) Nu 4a 2 9b 2 4ab th lg
1 log a c 4 2
1
4) Nu a 2 4b 2 12ab th log 2013 (a 2b) 2log 2013 2 (log 2013 a log 2013 b)
2
1 1 1
1 lg b 1 lg c 1 lg a
5) Nu a 10 ; b 10 th c 10 6) Nu a log12 18 ; b log 24 54 th: ab 5(a b) 1
b c c a b
7) log 2a log 2a 8) Trong 3 s: log 2a ; log 2b v log 2c lun c t nht mt s ln hn 1.
c b b
b c
c a
a

Gii:
log a b log a c log a b log a c log a bc log a bc
1) log ac (bc) . Ta c: log ac (bc ) (pcm)
1 log a c 1 log a c log a a log a c log a ac

a logb c a t
2) a
logb c

log a
c b . t a
log
bc t
log c log a
a b c b (pcm)
log a log a log at
c bt c b bt b b b a t

2a 3b lg a lg b
3) Nu 4a 2 9b 2 4 ab th lg
4 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2a 3b
Ta c: 4a 9b 4 ab 4 a 12ab 9b 16ab 2a 3b 16ab ab
4
2
2 a 3b 2a 3b 2 a 3b lg a lg b
lg lg ab 2 lg lg a lg b lg (pcm)
4 4 4 2
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1
4) Nu a 2 4b 2 12ab th log 2013 ( a 2b) 2 log 2013 2 (log 2013 a log 2013 b)
2
2
2 a 2b
Ta c: a 2 4b 2 12 ab a 2 4ab 4b 2 16ab a 2b 16 ab ab
4
2
a 2b
log 2013 log 2013 ab 2 log 2013 a 2b 2log 2013 2 log 2013 a log 2013 b
4
1
log 2013 ( a 2b) 2 log 2013 2 (log 2013 a log 2013 b) (pcm)
2

1 1 1
1 lg b 1 lg c 1 lg a
5) Nu a 10 ; b 10 th c 10
1 1
1 lg b 1 1 lg a 1
Ta c: a 10 lg a lg101lg b lg b 1 (1)
1 lg b lg a lg a
1 1
1 lg c 1 lg c 1
b 10 lg b lg10 (2)
1 lg c
1 1
lg a 1 1 lg a 1
T (1) v (2) lg c 1 10lg c 101lg a c 101lg a (pcm).
lg a 1 lg c lg a 1 1 lg a

6) Nu a log12 18 ; b log 24 54 th: ab 5( a b) 1

log 2 18 log 2 2.3 1 2log 2 3

2
1 2a
Ta c: a log12 18 a 2 log 2 3 1 2 log 2 3 log 2 3 (1)
log 2 12 log 2 22.3 2 log 2 3 a2

log 2 54 log 2 2.3 1 3log 2 3

3
1 3b
b log 24 54 b 3 log 2 3 1 3log 2 3 log 2 3 (2)
log 2 24 log 2 2 .3 3 log 2 3
3
b 3
1 2a 1 3b
T (1) v (2) 1 2a b 3 1 3b a 2 ab 5( a b) 1 (pcm)
a 2 b 3

b c
7) log 2a log 2a
c b
2 1 2 2 2
b b c c c c
Ta c : log log a log a log a log a log a2
2
a (pcm)
c c b b b b

c a b
8) Trong ba s: log 2a ; log 2b v log 2c lun c t nht mt s ln hn 1.
b b c c a a

c b a c b a
p dng cng thc 7) ta c: log 2a log 2a ; log 2b log 2b ; log 2c log 2c
b
b b
c c
c c
a a
a a
b
2
c a b b c a b c a
log .log 2b .log 2c log 2a .log 2b .log 2c log a .log b .log c 12 1
2
a
b
b c
c a
a b
c c
a a
b bc c
a a
b
c a b
Trong ba s khng m: log 2a ; log 2b v log 2c lun c t nht mt s ln hn 1.
b
b c
c a
a
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B. BI LUYN

Bi 1: Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau:

1
1) A = log 1 5 4 5
25
2) B = log 2 8.log 1 4
8
3) C = log 3
9
.log 1 5 5
5

1
log 3 2 2log 27 3 log 2
4) D = 532log5 4 5) E = 9 2 6) F = 4log2 3 9 3

log5 6 log7 8
25 49 3 log 3 4.log 6 8
7) G = 1 log9 4 2 log2 3 log 27
8) H = log3 6.log8 9.log 6 2 9) I
3 4 5 125 log 6 4.log 9 8
1 1
log 2 3 log 25 49 log 4 9
1 (27 5 )(81 8log4 9 )
10) J = 2 log 1 6 log 1 400 3log 1 3 45 11) J 1
3 2 3 3
3 5 log16 25.5log5 3
1 1
1 1 log 5 log 3 log 2
12) K log 6 log 6 27 3 log 21 16 9 7 4 9 log 3 tan
3 12 2
4

Bi 2: n gin cc biu thc sau (gi s cc biu thc u c ngha):

log a.log 3 a 4
a3 a
1) A = log a b logb a 2 log a b log ab b logb a 2) B =
log 1 a 2
a

Bi 3: Hy biu din theo a ( hoc c b hoc c) cc biu thc sau:

1) A = log 1 28 bit log 7 2 a 2) B = log 6 16 bit log12 27 a . 3) C = log 49 32 bit log 2 14 a

2

4) D = log 54 168 bit log 7 12 a v log12 24 b 5) E = log 30 1350 bit log 30 3 a v log 30 5 b
121
6) F = log 3 7 bit log 49 11 a v log2 7 b . 7) G = log3 135 bit log 2 5 a v log 2 3 b .
8

Bi 4: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:

b log c log a
a
b3c
1) A = log ab
bit log a b 5 . 2) B = c bit log a b 5 v log a c 3
a

Bi 5: Chng minh rng (vi gi thit cc biu thc u c ngha):

log a c
1) 1 log a b
log ab c
2) Nu a 2 b 2 c 2 th log b c a log c b a 2 log c b a.log c b a
ab 1
3) Nu a 2 b 2 7 ab th log 7 log 7 a log 7 b
3 2
1
4) Nu a 2 9b 2 10 ab th log a 3b log 2 log a log b
2

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II. O HM

x ' x 1 a x ' a x ln a


1) u ' u 1 .u ' u' 2) a u ' u ' a u ln a eu ' u ' e u
n
u ' n n 1 x
e ' e
x
n u
1
log a x ' x ln a

u' u'
3) log a u ' ln u ' Ch : 4) u v ' u v .( v ln u ) ' (Tng qut ca (1) v (2))
u ln a u
1
ln x ' x

A. CC V D MINH HA

V d 1: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:
1) y 3 x x 2) y e x e3 x 1 5cos x sin x 3) y x 2 2 x 2 e x
x4
4) y ln x 2 1 log 2 x 2 x 1 5) y 3 ln 2 x 6) y log 2
x4
1 x ln x 1 ln x ln(2 x 1)
7) y log 8) y 9) y
2 x x 1 ln x 2x 1

ex e x
10) y x x
e e

11) y ln x 1 x 2 log 3 (sin 2 x) 12) y log x (2 x 1) 13) y (2 x 1) x 1

Gii:
1
1
2 x 1
1) y 3 x x y' 2 x
2

2
(p dng cng thc u ' n uu'
n
n n 1
)
3 3
x x 6 x. 3
x x
2) y e x e3 x 1 5cos x sin x
ex ex
y' 3.e3x 1 ( sin x cos x).5cos x sin x ln 5 3e3 x 1 (sin x cos x).5cos x sin x ln 5
2 ex 2
3) y x 2 2 x 2 e x y ' 2 x 2 e x x 2 2 x 2 e x x 2e x
2x 2x 1
4) y ln x 2 1 log 2 x 2 x 1 y' 2
x 1 x x 1 ln 2
2

1
2.(ln x).
x 2
5) y 3 ln 2 x y ' 3
3 3 ln 4 x 3 x ln x
8
2
x4 x 4 8
6) y log 2 y' x4
x4


ln 2
x 16 ln 2
2

x4
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' 1 1
1 x


2 x
.2 x
x
. 1 x
1 x
1
1 x 2 x x 1
7) y log y' 4x
2 x
1 x
ln10
1 x
ln10 4 x.
1 x
ln10
2x
x 1 ln10
2 x 2 x 2 x
1 1 1
.x ln x 1 ln x 1 ln x
ln x 1 ln x 1 ln x 2
8) y y' x 2 x x
2
2
2
x 1 ln x x 1 ln x x x 1 ln x

2 1
. 2x 1 .ln 2 x 1
ln(2 x 1) 2x 1 2 x 1 2 ln 2 x 1
9) y y'
2x 1 2x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1
2 2
ex e x
10) y x x y'
e x
e x e x e x

4
e e x 2 2
e x
e e x
e x
x
1
1 x 2 2 cos 2 x 1 2 cot 2 x

11) y ln x 1 x 2 log 3 (sin 2 x ) y'
x 1 x 2 sin 2 x ln 3 1 x2 ln 3
2 1
ln 2 x 1 ln x ln 2 x 1 2 x ln x 2 x 1 ln 2 x 1
12) y log x (2 x 1) y ' 2x 1 x

2 2
ln x ln x x 2 x 1 ln x
x 1
13) y (2 x 1) x 1 ln y ln 2 x 1 x 1 ln 2 x 1 (*)
y' 2 x 1
ln 2 x 1 (o hm 2 v ca (*) )
y 2x 1
2 x 1 x 1
y ' ln 2 x 1 . 2 x 1
2x 1

V d 2: Chng minh cc ng thc sau:

1
1) y '' 2 y ' 2 y 0 vi y e x sin x 2) xy ' 1 e y vi y ln
1 x
1
3) xy ' y ( y ln x 1) vi y 4) y xy ' x 2 y '' 0 vi y sin(ln x ) cos(ln x )
1 x ln x
1 ln x x2 1
5) 2 x 2 y ' x 2 y 2 1 vi y 6) 2 y xy ' ln y ' vi y x x 2 1 ln x x 2 1
x (1 ln x) 2 2

Gii: 1) y '' 2 y ' 2 y 0 vi y e x sin x

x
y ' e x sin x e x cos x e x cos x sin x
Ta c: y e sin x x x x
y '' e cos x sin x e sin x cos x 2e cos x
y '' 2 y ' 2 y 2e x cos x 2e x cos x sin x 2e x sin x 0 (pcm)
1
2) xy ' 1 e y vi y ln
1 x
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1 x 1
xy ' 1 1
1 1 x
2
1
1 x 1 x
Ta c: y ln y' 1
xy ' 1 e y (pcm)
1 x 1 1 x e y e 1 x 1
ln

1 x 1 x
1
1
1 1 x 1 x
3) xy ' y ( y ln x 1) vi y . Ta c: y y' 2 2
1 x ln x 1 x ln x 1 x ln x x 1 x ln x
1 x
xy ' 2
1 x ln x
xy ' y( y ln x 1) (pcm)
y y ln x 1 1 ln 1 x
1
1 x ln x 1 x ln x 1 x ln x 2
4) y xy ' x 2 y '' 0 vi y sin(ln x ) cos(ln x )
1 1 cos(ln x) sin(ln x)
y ' x cos(ln x) x sin(ln x) x

Ta c: y sin(ln x) cos(ln x) 1 1
x sin(ln x) x cos(ln x) x cos(ln x) sin(ln x) 2cos(ln x)
y ''
x2 x2
y xy ' x 2 y '' sin(ln x) cos(ln x) cos(ln x) sin(ln x) 2 cos(ln x) 0 (pcm)
1 ln x
5) 2 x 2 y ' x 2 y 2 1 vi y
x (1 ln x)
1 1
.x 1 ln x 1 ln x x. 1 ln x
x x 1 ln x ln x 1 ln x 1 ln 2 x
Ta c: y ' 2
2
2
x 2 1 ln x x 2 1 ln x x 2 1 ln x

2 2 1 ln 2 x 2 1 ln 2 x
2 x y ' 2 x . 2 2
2
x 1 ln x 1 ln x
2 x 2 y ' x 2 y 2 1 (pcm).
2 2 2 1 ln x
2
1 ln x
2
2 1 ln x
2

x y 1 x . 2 1 1 2
x (1 ln x) 2 (1 ln x) 2 1 ln x
x2 1
6) 2 y xy ' ln y ' vi y x x 2 1 ln x x 2 1
2 2
x
1
x2 1
1 x 2 x x2 1
Ta c: y ' x x 2 1 x.
2 x2 1 x x2 1
2x2 1 x x2 1 2 x2 1 1 2 x 2 1
=x x x x x2 1
2 x 12

2 x x 1 2
2
x 1
2
2 x 1 2 x 1 2
2 x 12

xy ' ln y ' x x x 2 1 ln x x 2 1 x 2 x x 2 1 ln x x 2 1



2 y xy ' ln y ' (pcm)

2 y x 2 x x 2 1 2 ln x x 2 1 x 2 x x 2 1 ln x x 2 1

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B. BI LUYN

Bi 1: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:
1
3 2 3 x 1
x x
3
2x
1) y x x 1 2) y (2 x 1)e 3) y xe 4) y
x2 2 x 2
ln( x 1)
5) y e3 x 1.cos 2 x 6) y (sin x cos x)e 2 x 7) y 1 ln x ln x 8) y
x 1
9) y e 2 x ln(cos x) 10) y x 2 ln x 2 1 11) y ( x 2 x ) log 2 (2 x e x x ) 12) y ln sin(3x 1)

Bi 2: Chng minh cc ng thc sau:

x2

2
1) xy ' (1 x ) y vi y xe 2 2) y ' y e x vi y ( x 1)e x
3) y ''' 13 y ' 12 y 0 vi y e4 x 2e x 4) y 'cos x y sin x y '' 0 vi y esin x
1 2 xy
5) y '' 2 y ' y e x vi y x 2 e x 6) y ' 2 e x ( x 2 1) vi y ( x 2 1)(e x 2013)
2 x 1

III. GII HN

x
1 1
ln(1 x) ex 1
1) lim 1 lim 1 x x e 2) lim 1 3) lim 1
x
x x 0 x 0 x x 0 x

A. V D MINH HA

V d : Tnh cc gii hn sau:

x 2 x 1
x x 1 ln x 1 e x e x ln(1 x 3 )
1) lim 2) lim 3) lim 4) lim 5) lim
x 1 x x x 2 x e x e x 0 sin x x 0 2x

5 x 3 x
e e3 e 1 ln(1 2 x) lg x 1
6) lim 7) lim 8) lim 9) lim
x 0 2x x 0 x 1 1 x 0 tan x x 10 x 10

Gii:
x
x
1) L1 lim
x 1 x

x x
x 1 1 1 x (1 t )
Ta c: L1 lim lim 1 t :
x 1 x
x 1 x 1 x t x ; t
1 t
1 1 1 1 1
L1 lim 1 lim 1 t
lim t

t
t t
1 t
1 1 1.e e
1 1 1
t t t

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2 x 1 2 x 1 3 1
x 1 3 x 3t 2
2) L2 lim lim 1 t x 2 t
x x 2
x
x2 x ; t
6 t 3 t 6 3
1 1 1 6 3
L2 lim 1 lim 1 . 1 e .1 e6
x
t x
t t
ln x 1
3) L3 lim
x e x e

te t
x t e ln(t e) ln e
ln ln 1
t t x e L3 lim lim e lim e . 1 1
x e; t 0 t 0 t t 0 t t 0
t e e
e
1
ex x
e x e x 2x 2x 2x
e lim e 1 lim e 1 lim e 1 . 1 . 2 1. 1 . 2 2
4) L4 lim lim
x 0 sin x x 0 sin x x 0 e x sin x x0 sin x x x0 2 x sin x e x 1 1
2 x. .e
2x x
ln(1 x 3 ) ln(1 x3 ) ln(1 x 3 ) x 2
5) L5 lim lim lim . 1.0 0
x 0 2x x 0 2
x3 . 2
x 0
x3 2
x

e5 x 3 e3 e5 x 1 3 e5 x 1 5e3 5e3 5e3
6) L6 lim lim .e lim . 1.
x 0 2x x0 2 x 0
5 x 2 2 2
5 x.
5

ex 1
e x 1 x 1 1 ex 1
7) L7 lim
x 0
lim
x 1 1 x 0 x
lim
x 0
x
.
x 1 1 1.0 0


ln(1 2 x) ln(1 2 x) ln(1 2 x) ln(1 2 x) 1 1
8) L8 lim lim lim lim . .2 cos x 1. .2.1 2
tan x sin x sin x 1 sin x
2x 1
x 0 x0 x0 x 0
2 x. .
cos x x 2cos x x
lg x 1
9) L9 lim
x 10 x 10

t 10 t
lg lg 1
x t 10 lg(t 10) lg10 10 10 1 1
t: t x 10 L9 lim lim lim .
x 10; t 0 t 0 t t 0 t t 0
t 10 10
10

B. BI LUYN

Tnh cc gii hn sau:

x 1
1 x e2 x 1 ex e esin 2 x esin x 1
1) lim 1 2) lim 3) lim 4) lim 5) lim x e x 1
x 1 x 1
x
x x 0 3x x 0 x x

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IV. TNH N IU V CC BT NG THC

*) Tnh n iu:

*) Cc bt ng thc:
a b a c a b a c
1) 0 a 1 bc 2) a 1 bc
log a b log a c log a b log a c
0 a 1 0 a 1

0 b 1 b 1 a b 0
3) log a b 0 v log a b 0 4) 0 a b
a 1 a 1
a b 0

b 1 0 b 1

A. CC V D MINH HA

V d 1: Khng dng bng s v my tnh hy so snh cc cp s sau:

2 2 3
3
1) 0,01 v 1000 2) v 3) 4
3 1 v 3
3 1
2 2
5

5 2
4) log3 2 v log 2 3 5) log 2 3 v log3 11 6) v 1
7
5 1
3 3 2
7) 0, 7 6
v 0, 7 8) 2 v 3 9) log 0,4 2 v log 0,2 0,34
2log 2 5 log 1 9
626 1 1
10) 2 2
v 11) 3log 6 1,1 v 7 log 6 0,99 12) log 1 v log 1
9 3 80 2 15 2

13) log 2011 2012 v log 2012 2013 14) log13 150 v log17 290 15) log 3 4 v log10 11

Gii:
0,01 3 102 3

1) 0, 01
3
v 1000

. Ta c:
10 2 3 ; 1000 103
0, 01
3
1000
2 3 3
2 2 3 2 2 3

2) v . Ta c: 1 v 2 2 3
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
4
3) 4
3 1 v 3
3 1 . Ta c:

3 1 3 1 ;
4
3
3 1 3 1 3
4 3 1 3
3 1
0 3 1 1; 1 1

4 3
4) log3 2 v log 2 3 . Ta c: log 3 2 log3 3 1 log 2 2 log 2 3 log3 2 log 2 3
5) log 2 3 v log3 11 . Ta c: log 2 3 log 2 4 2 log3 9 log3 11 log 2 3 log 2 11
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5
5 5
5

2 0
5

2 5
0

6) v 1 . Ta c: 2 1
7 0 5 1 7 7
7
5 2 5 4 1 2 5 1
5 1
6 36 36 3 5 1
7) 0, 7 6 v 0, 7 3
. Ta c: 6 3 0, 7 6 0, 7 3

0 0, 7 1
3
2 3
23 8 3 3
8) 2 3
v 3 2
. Ta c:
3 3
3
2 3 2
2 3
3
2

2
3 6
32 9

0 0, 4 1; 2 1 log 0,4 2 0
9) log 0,4 2 v log 0,2 0,34 . Ta c: log 0,4 2 log0,2 0,34
0 0, 2 1; 0 1 0,34 log 0,2 0,34 0

2log 2 5 log 1 9
2 v 626
10) 2
9
2log 2 5 log 1 9 25 2log 2 5 log 1 9
2 log 2 25log 2 9 log 2
9 25 625 626 2
626
Ta c: 2 2 2 2
9 9 9 9

log6 1,1
log 1,1 0 3 30 1
11) 3log 6 1,1 v 7 log 6 0,99 . Ta c: 6 log 6 0,99 0
3log6 1,1 7 log 6 0,99
log 6 0,99 0 7 7 1
1 1
12) log 1 v log 1
3
80 2 15 2
1 1
log 1 80 log 31 80 log 3 80 log 3 81 4
1 1
Ta c: 3 log 1 log 1
1 1
3 80 2 15 2
log
1
2 15 2

log 21 15 2 log 2 15 2 log 2 16 4
13) log 2011 2012 v log 2012 2013
Ta lun c : log n n 1 log n 1 n 2 vi n 1 (*) . Tht vy :
2 2
+) Ta c : n 1 n n 2 1 n n 2 1 log n1 n 1 log n1 n n 2
hay 2 log n1 n log n1 n 2 (1)

+) p dng BT Cauchy ta c : log n1 n log n1 n 2 2 log n1 n.log n1 n 2 (2)

( (2) khng xy ra du '' " v log n 1 n log n1 n 2 )

+) T (1) v (2) 2 2 log n1 n.log n1 n 2 1 log n 1 n.log n1 n 2

1
log n 1 n 2 log n n 1 log n 1 n 2 (pcm)
log n 1 n
p dng (*) vi n 2011 log 2011 2012 log 2012 2013
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14) log13 150 v log17 290 . Ta c: log13 150 log13 169 2 log17 289 log17 290 log13 150 log17 290
15) log 3 4 v log10 11
Ta lun c : log a ( a 1) log a 1 ( a 2) vi 0 a 1 (*) .Tht vy :
(cc bn xem phn chng minh 13) hoc cch khc V d 4 4) )
p dng lin tip (*) ta c :
log 3 4 log 4 5 log 5 6 log 6 7 log 7 8 log 8 9 log 9 10 log10 11 hay log 3 4 log10 11 (pcm)

1
log6 2 log 5
log 5 3.log15 4 1 2 6 31
V d 2: Xc nh du ca cc biu thc sau: A B= 3
14 7 6 2
log 1 .log 0,3
3
5 2

Gii:
5 1; 3 1 log 5 3 0
15 1; 4 1 log 4 0
15

log 5 3.log15 4 1 14 14 log 5 3.log15 4

A Ta c: 0 1; 1 log 1 0 A 0
14 7 3 5 5 14 7
log 1 .log 0,3 3 log 1 .log 0,3
3
5 2 7 7 3
5 2
0 0, 3 1; 1 log 0,3 0
2 2
1
log6 2 log 5
1 2 6 31 1 2
B= 3 Ta c: log 6 2 log 6 5 log 6 2 log 6 5 log 6
6 2 2 5
1 2
log6 2 log 5 log6 2 5 3
1 2 6 1 5 log6 log6 5 3 5 125 31 3 124
61 5 6 2 3 . Mt khc: 3
6 6 2 2 8 2 8
1 1
log6 2 log 5 log6 2 log 5
125 3 124 1 2 6 31 1 2 6 31
M: 3 3 B= 3 0
8 8 6 2 6 2

V d 3: Sp xp cc s sau theo th t gim dn:

5
log 64 log9 2 4 1
1) 2 ; 23 4 ; 2 6 ; 23 2) 2 log 4 5 ; log 3 ; log 2
; log 9
4 3 4
Gii:
5 log9 2
log64
1) 2 ; 23 4 ; 2 6 ; 23
1 1
1 5 5 1 5 5 log3 2
log 3log 6 log log 2 5 5 2 log9 2 2 log3 2
Ta c: 22 ; 2
23 64 4 2 2 4 22 2 4 2 4
; 23
4 4
23 23 2 2

1
1 2
log9 2
M: 2 2 2 6 2 2 23 26 2 (1)
6 2
1 1
5
5 5 2 log64
Mt khc: 2 2 2
4
hay
4

2 23 4 (2)

log 2 5 log 2 5
3 9 3 log64 4 3 9 3 log64 4
T (1) v (2) : 2 26 2 2 th t gim dn l: 2 ; 2 6
; 2 ; 2
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4 1
2) 2 log 4 5 ; log 3 ; log 2
; log 9
4 3 4
2
4 4 16 1 1 1
Ta c: 2 log 4 5 log 2 5 ; log 2
2log 2 log 2 ; log 9 log 2 log 3
3 4 3
3 3 2 2
1 1
2 4 log3 2 log 3 4

1 16
M: log 3 0 log 2 5 log 3 log 3 log 2 5 log 2
4 2 4 3
16 16
5 3 log 2 5 log 2 3

1 4 4 1
hay log 9 log3 2 log 4 5 log 2 th t gim dn l: log 2
; 2 log 4 5 ; log 3 ; log 9
4 4 3 3 4 4

V d 4: Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:

ln a ln b ab
1) ln vi a 1 ; b 1 . 2) log a b log a c b vi a, b 1 v c 0
2 2
3) log a b log a c (b c) vi 1 a b v c 0 4) log a (a 1) log a 1 (a 2) vi 0 a 1
logb c logc a loga b 3
5) a b c 3 abc vi a, b, c dng v khc 1.

ln a ln b ab
Gii: 1) ln vi a 1 ; b 1 .
2 2
ab
V a 1 ; b 1 nn ln a , ln b v ln khng m. Ta c :
2
ab ab ab 1
+) ab ln ln ab ln ln a ln b (1)
2 2 2 2
+) ln a ln b 2 ln a ln b (p dng BT Cauchy)
2 1 2
2 ln a ln b ln a ln b 2 ln a ln b ln a ln b hay ln a ln b
2
ln a ln b (2)

ab 1 2 ln a ln b ab
T (1) v (2) ln
2

4
ln a ln b hay
2
ln
2
(pcm)

2) log a b log a c b vi a, b 1 v c 0
1 1
V a, b 1 v c 0 0 log b a log b a c log a b log a c b (pcm)
logb a logb a c
Du " " xy ra khi : c 0
3) log a b log a c (b c) vi 1 a b v c 0
b bc
Ta c : log a b log a c (b c) log a b 1 log a c (b c ) 1 log a log a c
a ac
b bc b bc
Vi 1 a b v c 0 1 nn log a log a (*)
a ac a ac
bc bc
Mt khc p dng kt qu 2) ta c : log a log a c (2*)
ac ac
T (*) v (2*) log a b log a c (b c) (pcm) . Du " " xy ra khi : c 0 hoc a b .
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4) log a ( a 1) log a 1 ( a 2) vi 0 a 1
Theo kt qu 3) ta c : log a b log a c (b c) vi 1 a b v c 0
p dng vi b a 1 v c 1 ta c : log a ( a 1) log a 1 ( a 2) (pcm)
logb c
5) a b logc a c log a b 3 3 abc vi a, b, c 1
log c log a log c log a log a log a log a b
Ta c : a b c b a b cloga b c b c loga b 2 c b .cloga b 2 c b (1)
V a, b 1 nn p dng BT Cauchy cho 2 s khng m logb a v log a b ta c :
log a b log b a 2 log a b.log b a 2 (2)
logb c logb c
T (1) v (2) a cloga b 2 c 2 2c hay a cloga b 2c
logb c
Chng minh tng t ta c : a blogc a 2a
blogc a c loga b 2b
2 a logb c

blogc a cloga b 2 a b c hay a
logb c
blogc a clog a b a b c (*)

Mt khc theo BT Cauchy ta c : a b c 3 3 abc (2*)

logb c logc a log a b 3
T (*) v (2*) a b c 3 abc (pcm)

V d 5: Khng s dng my tnh hy chng minh rng:

5 1
1) 2 log 2 3 log 3 2 2) log 1 3 log 3 2
2 2 2

Gii:
5
1) 2 log 2 3 log 3 2
2
p dng BT Cauchy ta c : log 2 3 log 3 2 2 log 2 3.log 3 2 2 (1)
( (1) khng c du " " v log 2 3 log 3 2 )
5 1 5
Ta c : log 2 3 log 3 2 log 2 3 0
2 log 2 3 2
2 log 22 3 5 log 2 3 2 0 2 log 2 3 1 log 2 3 2 0 (*)
2 log 2 3 1 0 5
Mt khc : (*) ng log 2 3 log 3 2 (2)
log
2 3 2 0 2
5
T (1) v (2) 2 log 2 3 log 3 2 (pcm)
2

1
2) log 1 3 log 3 2
2 2
1
Ta c : log 1 3 log 3 log 2 3 log 3 2 (1)
2 2
Chng minh nh 1) ta c : log 2 3 log3 2 2 log 2 3 log 3 2 2 (2)
1
T (1) v (2) log 1 3 log 3 2 (pcm)
2
2
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V d 6: Chng minh rng cc hm s:

2x 2 x
1) y f ( x)
2
ng bin trn
2) y f ( x) 3x x x 2 1 nghch bin trn

Gii:
2x 2 x
1) y f ( x)
2
2x ln 2 2 x ln 2 2x 2 x
Ta c: f '( x) 0 vi x y f ( x) ng bin trn (pcm)
2 2

2) y f ( x) 3x x x 2 1
x x 1


Ta c: f '( x) 3x ln 3 x x 2 1 3x 1
2
2

3 x x 1 ln 3 2
x 1

x 1

x2 1 x2 x x x x2 1 0

M : 1 1 f '( x) 0 vi x
ln 3 1 ln 3 0
x2 1 x2 1

Vy hm s y f ( x) 3x x x 2 1 nghch bin trn (pcm)

V d 7: Gii cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh sau:

1
1) f '( x ) f ( x ) 0 vi f ( x ) x3 ln x 2) f '( x) 0 bit f ( x ) e 2 x 1 2e1 2 x 7 x 5
x
3) f '( x) g '( x) bit f ( x ) x ln( x 5) ; g ( x) ln( x 1)
1
4) f '( x) g '( x ) bit f ( x ) .52 x 1 ; g ( x) 5 x 4 x ln 5
2

Gii:
1
1) f '( x) f ( x) 0 vi f ( x ) x3 ln x
x
1
iu kin : x 0 Ta c: f ( x) x3 ln x f '( x) 3 x 2 ln x x3 . x 2 3ln x 1
x
1 1
f '( x ) f ( x ) 0 x 2 3 ln x 1 .x 3 ln x 0 x 2 4 ln x 1 0
x x
1 1
1 1 1
x 0 (loi) hoc ln x ln e 4
x e 4 4 . Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: x 4
4 e e
2) f '( x) 0 bit f ( x ) e 2 x 1 2e1 2 x 7 x 5
Ta c: f ( x) e2 x 1 2e1 2 x 7 x 5 f '( x) 2e 2 x 1 4e1 2 x 7
4 2
f '( x) 0 2e 2 x 1 4e1 2 x 7 0 2e2 x 1 2 x 1
7 0 2 e2 x 1 7e 2 x 1 4 0
e
2 x 1 1
e 1 1 1 e 1 e
2 e 2 x 1 2 x 1 ln x ln . Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: x ln
2 x 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
e 4
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3) f '( x) g '( x) bit f ( x ) x ln( x 5) ; g ( x) ln( x 1)

1 x4 1
iu kin : x 5 Ta c: f ( x) x ln( x 5) f '( x) 1 ; g ( x) ln( x 1) g '( x)
x 5 x 5 x 1
x4 1 2
Vi x 5 : f '( x ) g '( x ) x 4 x 1 x 5 x 2 6 x 9 0 x 3 0 (*)
x 5 x 1
Do (*) ng vi x 5 .Nn nghim ca bt phng trnh l: x 5
1
4) f '( x) g '( x) bit f ( x ) .52 x 1 ; g ( x) 5x 4 x ln 5
2
1
Ta c: f ( x ) .52 x 1 f '( x ) 52 x 1 ln 5 ; g ( x) 5 x 4 x ln 5 g '( x) 5 x ln 5 4 ln 5 5 x 4 ln 5
2
2 4
f '( x) g '( x) 52 x 1 ln 5 5 x 4 ln 5 52 x 1 5 x 4 5. 5 x 5 x 4 0 5 x 1 50 x 0
5
Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh l: x 0

V d 8: Tm tp xc nh ca cc hm s sau:
1
1) y ( x 2 4) 2 2) y (6 x x 2 ) 3 3) y 3 1 x 4) y (3x 9) 2
5) y log 3 ( x 2 3 x ) 6) y log x2 4 x 4 2012 7) y log 1 ( x 3) 1
3

log 0,5 ( x 1) x2 1
8) y log 3 2
x 3x 2 4 x 9) y 2
x 3 8 x

x2 2x 8
10) y log 1 log 5
5
x3

Gii:

x 2
1) y ( x 2 4) 2 . iu kin : x 2 4 0 TX: D ( ; 2) (2; )
x 2
1
2) y (6 x x 2 ) 3 . iu kin : 6 x x 2 0 x 2 x 6 0 3 x 2 TX: D 3; 2
3) y 3 1 x TX: x
4) y (3x 9)2 . iu kin : 3x 9 0 3x 32 x 2 TX: D \ 2
x 0
5) y log 3 ( x 2 3 x ) . iu kin : x 2 3 x 0 TX: D ( ; 0) (3; )
x 3
2 x 2
x 2 4 x 4 0 x 2 0
6) y log x2 4 x 4 2013 . iu kin : 2 x 1 TX: D \ 1; 2;3
2
x 4 x 4 1 x 4 x 3 0 x 3

7) y log 1 ( x 3) 1
3

1 1 10 10
iu kin : log 1 ( x 3) 1 0 log 1 ( x 3) 1 log 1 0 x3 3 x TX: D 3;
3 3 3 3 3 3 3

8) y log 3 x 2 3x 2 4 x
iu kin : log 3
x 2 3x 2 4 x 0 x 2 3x 2 4 x 1 x 2 3x 2 x 3

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x 3
x 3 0
2 x 1 x 1
x 3 x 2 0 x 2 x 1
2 x 3 TX: D ;1 2;
x 3 0 x 2
x 3 x 3

x 2 3 x 2 x 3 2
x 7

3
x 3 8 x 0
x 3 8 x log 0,5 ( x 1)
9) y 2 iu kin : log 0,5 ( x 1)
x2 2x 8 0
2
x 2x 8
11
2 2 x 2
x 3 8 x x 3 8 x
2 x 2 11 11
x 2x 8 0 x2 2x 8 0 x TX: x
log x 1 0 x 1 1 x 4 2 2
0,5 x 2


x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1
10) y log 1 log 5 . kin : log 1 log 5 0 0 log 5 1 log 5 1 log 5 log 5 5
5
x3 5 x3 x3 x3

x2 x 2 3 x 1
x 3 0
x2 1 x 2 2 x 1
1 5 2 TX: D 2; 1 2; 7
x3 x 5 x 14 0 x 3 2 x 7
x3 2 x 7

V d 9: Tm GTLN, GTNN (nu c) ca cc hm s sau:

sin 2 x 2 2
1) f ( x) 3 x x
2) f ( x) 0,5 3) f ( x) 2 x 1 23 x 4) f ( x ) 5sin x 5cos x

2
x x 1 1 1 1 1
Gii: 1) f ( x) 3 Cch 1: Ta c: x x x x x
4 4 2 4 4
1
1
f ( x) 3 x x
3 4 4 3 max f ( x) 4 3 khi x
4
1 x x 1 2 x x x 1
Cch 2: k: x 0 Ta c: f '( x) 1 3 ln 3 .3 ln 3 0 1 2 x 0 x
2 x 2 x 4
1
Ta c : lim f ( x) lim 3 x x lim x x 0 bng bin thin:
x x x
3

1
T bng bin thin ta c: max f ( x) 4 3 khi x
4
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sin 2 x
2) f ( x) 0,5
max f ( x) 1 khi x k
0 sin 2 x 1 1
2
Cch 1: 0 sin x 1 0,5 0, 5 0,5 1 f ( x) 1 ( k )
2 min f ( x) khi x k
2 2
Cch 2: t t sin 2 x vi t 0;1 f ( x) 0,5t g (t ) vi t 0;1
Ta c: g '(t ) 0,5t ln 0,5 0,5t ln 2 0 vi t 0;1 hm s nghch bin vi t 0;1
max f ( x) 1 khi x k
1
0 t 1 g (0) g (t ) g (1) 1 g (t ) 1 (k )
2 min f ( x) 2 khi x 2 k
3) f ( x) 2 x 1 23 x
Cch 1: Ta c: f '( x) 2 x 1 ln 2 23 x ln 2 2 x 1 23 x ln 2 0 2 x 1 23 x x 1 3 x x 2
M: lim f ( x) lim 2 x 1 23 x ; lim f ( x) lim 2 x 1 23 x bng bin thin:
x x x x

min f ( x) 4 khi x 2
Cch 2: Ta c: f ( x) 2 x 1 23 x 2 2 x 1.23 x 4 . Du = xy ra khi: 2 x 1 23 x x 1 3 x x 2
min f ( x) 4 khi x 2
2 2
4) f ( x ) 5sin x 5cos x

cos 2 x 1 t
Cch 1: t t sin 2 x f ( x) 5t 51t g (t ) vi t 0;1
t 0;1
1
Ta c: g '(t ) 5t ln 5 51t ln 5 5t 51t ln 5 0 5t 51t t 1 t t
2
M: lim g (t ) lim 5t 51t ; lim g (t ) lim 5t 51t bng bin thin:
x x x x

1 1 1 cos 2 x 1 k
min f ( x ) 2 5 khi t sin 2 x cos 2 x 0 x ( k )
2 2 2 2 4 2
2 2 2 2 2
x cos 2 x
Cch 2: Ta c: f ( x) 5sin x 5cos x 2 5sin x.5cos x
2 5sin 2 5
2 2 1 cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x k
Du = xy ra khi: 5sin x 5cos x sin 2 x cos 2 x cos 2 x 0 x
2 2 4 2
k
min f ( x ) 2 5 khi x ( k )
4 2

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V d 10: Tm GTLN, GTNN (nu c) ca cc hm s sau:

3
1) f ( x) e23x trn on [0; 2] . 2) f ( x) e x 3x 3 trn on [0; 2] .
2
3) f ( x) e 1 x trn on [ 1;1] . 4) f ( x) ln( x 2 x 1) trn on [1;3] .
5) f ( x) e x ( x 2 x 1) trn on [0;3] . 6) f ( x ) x e2 x trn on [ 1; 0] .
x2
7) f ( x) 4ln(3 x) trn on [ 2;1] . 8) f ( x) x 2 ln(1 2 x) trn on [ 2; 0] (TN 2009)
2
ln 2 x 1
9) f ( x) trn on 1;e3 . 10) f ( x ) x 2 ln x trn on ;e 2 .
x e
1
11) f ( x) trn on [e; e2 ] . 12) f ( x) 27 x 9 x 8.3x 1 trn on [0;1] .
ln x
13) f ( x) log 2 x 4 log x 3 trn [10;1000] . 14) y x 2 3 x ln x trn on [1; 2] (TN 2013)

Gii:
1) f ( x) e2 3 x trn on [0; 2] . Ta c f '( x) 3e 23 x 0 vi x hm s nghch bin trn on [0; 2]
max f ( x) e 2 khi x 0
1 x 0;2
Vi 0 x 2 f (0) f ( x) f (2) e 2 f ( x) 4
e 1
min f ( x) 4 khi x 2
x 0;2 e
3 3 x 1 0; 2
2) f ( x) e x 3x 3 trn on [0; 2] . . Ta c: f '( x) 3 x 2 3 e x 3 x 3 0 3 x 2 3 0
x 1 0; 2
f (0) e3 max f ( x) e5 khi x 1
x 0;2
M : f (1) e
f (2) e5 xmin f ( x) e khi x 2
0;2
1 x 2 x 1 x 2
3) f ( x) e trn on [ 1;1] . Ta c : f '( x) e 0 x 0 1;1
1 x2
f (1) 1 max f ( x) e khi x 0
x 1;1
M : f (0) e
f (1) 1 xmin f ( x) 1 khi x 1
1;1

4) f ( x) ln( x 2 x 1) trn on [1;3] .

2 x 1 1
Cch 1 : Ta c : f '( x ) 2
0 x 1;3
x x 1 2
max f ( x) ln 7 khi x 3
f (1) 0 x1;3
M :
f (3) ln 7 xmin f ( x) 0 khi x 1
1;3
2x 1
Cch 2: Ta c : f '( x ) 2
0 vi x 1;3 hm s ng bin vi x 1;3 .
x x 1
max f ( x) ln 7 khi x 3
x1;3
Vi 1 x 3 f (1) f ( x) f (3) 0 f ( x) ln 7
xmin f ( x) 0 khi x 1
1;3

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5) f ( x) e x ( x 2 x 1) trn on [0;3] .
x 2 0;3
Ta c: f '( x) e x ( x 2 x 1) e x (2 x 1) e x ( x 2 x 2) 0 x 2 x 2 0
x 1 0;3
f (0) 1 max f ( x) 6e3 khi x 3
x0;3
M : f (1) e
f (3) 6e3 xmin f ( x) e khi x 1
0;3
6) f ( x ) x e2 x trn on [ 1; 0] .
1
1 ln 1 ln 2
Ta c: f '( x) 1 2e2 x 0 e 2 x e2 x e 2 2 x ln ln 2 x 1; 0
2 2 2
1 e2 1
f (1) 1 e2 e 2 1 ln 2 ln 2

xmax f ( x) khi x
ln 2 ln 2 ln 2 ln 2 1 1 ln 2 1;0 2 2
M : f e 2
2 2 2 2 2 min f ( x) e 1 khi x 1
f (0) 1 x 1;0 e2


x2 4 x 2 3x 4
7) f ( x) 4ln(3 x) trn on [ 2;1] . Ta c : f '( x) x 0 x 2 3x 4 0
2 3 x 3 x

f (2) 2 4 ln 5 1 8ln 2
x 1 2;1 max f ( x) khi x 1
1 1 16ln 2 x 2;1 2
. M : f (1) 8ln 2
x 4 2;1 2 2 min f ( x) 1 16 ln 2 khi x 1
1 1 8ln 2 x 2;1 2
f (1) 2 4 ln 2 2
8) f ( x) x 2 ln(1 2 x) trn on [ 2; 0] (TN 2009)
1
2 4 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2; 0
Ta c : f '( x) 2 x 0 4 x 2 x 2 0 2
1 2x 1 2x
x 1 2;0
f (2) 4 ln 5
max f ( x) 4 ln 5 khi x 2
1 1 1 4ln 2 x 2;0
M : f ln 2 1 4ln 2 1
2 4 4 min f ( x) khi x
f (0) 0 x 2;0 4 2

1
2 ln x. .x ln 2 x
ln 2 x x 2 ln x ln 2 x
9) f ( x) trn on 1;e3 . Ta c : f '( x) 2
2
0 2ln x ln 2 x 0
x x x

f (1) 0 4
max f ( x) 2 khi x e 2
ln x 0 x 1 4 x1;e 3 e
2
M : f (e2 ) 2
ln x 2 x e e min3 f ( x) 0 khi x 1
3 9 x1;e
f ( e ) 3
e

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x 0
1
2
10) f ( x) x ln x trn on ;e 2 . . Ta c : f '( x) 2 x ln x x x 2 ln x 1 0
e ln x 1 ln e
2
1 1
f 2 max f ( x) 2e4 khi x e2
1 2 e e
x 0 e ;e x 1e ;e2
e

1 2
. M : f e
2
1 1
min f ( x) 2 khi x
x e ;e x 1e ;e2 e e
e f

e 2e 4
2


1
11) f ( x) trn on [e; e2 ] .
ln x
1
x
1
Ta c : f '( x) 2 ln x 0 vi x e; e2 hm s nghch bin vi x e; e2
ln x 2 x ln x ln x
1 1 3 1 1

(C th tnh f '( x) bng cch : f ( x) ln x 2 f '( x) ln x 2 . )
2 x 2 x ln x ln x
max f ( x) 1 khi x e
xe;e2
2
Cch 1 : Vi e x e2 f (e ) f ( x ) f (e 2 ) 1 f ( x )
2 2
min f ( x) khi x e2
2
xe;e 2

max f ( x) 1 khi x e
f ( e) 1 xe;e2

Cch 2 : Ta c : 2 2 2
f (e ) min f ( x) khi x e2
2 2
xe;e 2

12) f ( x) 27 x 9 x 8.3x 1 trn on [0;1] .

t t 3 x vi x 0;1 t 1;3 f ( x) t 3 t 2 8t 1 g (t ) vi t 1;3
t 2 1;3
Ta c : g '(t ) 3t 2t 8 0
2
t 4 (loai)
3
g (1) 9 max f ( x) 7 khi x 1
x0;1
M : g (2) 13
g (3) 7 xmin f ( x) 13 khi x log 3 2
0;1

13) f ( x) log 2 x 4 log x 3 trn [10;1000] .
t t log x vi x 10;1000 t 1;3 f ( x) t 2 4t 3 g (t ) vi t 1;3
Ta c : g '(t ) 2t 4 0 t 2 1;3

g (1) 0 x 10
xmax f ( x) 0 khi x 1000
M : g (2) 1 10;1000

g (3) 0 min f ( x) 0 khi x 100
x10;1000
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14) y x 2 3 x ln x trn on [1; 2] (TN 2013)

x x x x2 3
Ta c: y ' (ln x 1) 1 ln x ln x
x2 3 x2 3 x2 3
2 2 x x2 3
x x 3 x x x x 0 0
M x2 3 y ' 0 vi x [1; 2]

ln x 0 x [1; 2]
max y y (1) 2 khi x 1
x1;2
Suy ra hm s nghch bin trn on [1; 2]
xmin y y (2) 7 2 ln 2 khi x 2
1;2

V d 11: Tm m bt phng trnh sau c nghim: 1) 3x 3 5 3x m 2) 4 x m.2 x m 3 0

Gii:
1) 3x 3 5 3x m (*)
Xt hm s : f ( x) 3x 3 5 3x vi x log 3 5 (*) c nghim khi : min f ( x) m

x ;log3 5

Ta c : f '( x)
3x ln 3

3x ln 3

3x ln 3 5 3x 3 x 3 0 5 3x 3x 3 3 x 1 x 0
2 3 3 x
2 53 x
2 3 x
3 5 3 x

Ta c : lim f ( x) lim
x x

3x 3 5 3x 3 5 bng bin thin :

min f ( x) 2 2 . Vy bt phng trnh c nghim khi : m 2 2

x ;log3 5

2) 4 x m.2 x m 3 0 4 x 3 m 2 x 1 (2*)
TH1 : x 0 bt phng trnh c dng : 4 0 (v l)
4x 3
TH2 : x 0 2 x 1 0 . Khi bt phng trnh c dng: m (2*1)
2x 1
4x 3
TH3: x 0 2 x 1 0 . Khi bt phng trnh c dng: x m (2*2)
2 1
4x 3 t2 3 4
Xt hm s: f ( x ) x . t t 2 x f ( x) t 1 g (t )
2 1 t 1 t 1
4 2 t 3
g '(t ) 1 2
0 t 1 4
t 1 t 1

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t2 3
+) Vi x 0 t 1 v lim g (t ) lim ta c bng bin thin:
t 1 t 1 t 1

(2*1) m min f ( x) min g (t ) 6 . Vy (2*1) m 6 (1)

x 0; t1;

t2 3
+) Vi x 0 0 t 1 v lim g (t ) lim ta c bng bin thin:
t 1 t 1 t 1

T bng bin thin ta c: (2*2) m 3 (2)

m 3
T (1) v (2), suy ra bt phng trnh (2*) c nghim khi:
m 6

V d 12: Tm m bt phng trnh:

1) 3x 3 5 3x m c nghim vi x (; log3 5]
2) ( m 1).4 x 2 x 1 m 1 0 c nghim vi x
3) m.9 x (2m 1).6 x m.4 x 0 c nghim vi x [0;1]

Gii:
1) 3x 3 5 3x m vi x (; log3 5] (*)
Xt hm s : f ( x) 3x 3 5 3x vi x log3 5 (*) ng vi x (; log3 5] : m ax f ( x) m

x ;log3 5

Ta c : f '( x)
3x ln 3

3x ln 3

3x ln 3 5 3x 3 x 3 0 5 3x 3x 3 3 x 1 x 0
2 3 3 x
2 53 x
2 3 x
3 5 3 x

Ta c : lim f ( x) lim
x x

3x 3 5 3x 3 5 bng bin thin :

m m ax f ( x) 4 . Vy bt phng trnh ng vi x (; log3 5] : m 4

x ;log3 5

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2) ( m 1).4 x 2 x 1 m 1 0 vi x (2*)
t t 2 x vi t 0 . Khi (2*) c dng: m 1 t 2 2t m 1 0 vi t 0
t 2 2t 1
m t 2 1 t 2 2t 1 vi t 0 m g (t ) vi t 0 (2**)
t2 1
2t 2 4t 2 t 1 2
g '(t ) 2
0 t 2 2t 1 0
t 2
1 t 1 2

t 2 2t 1
v lim g (t ) lim 1 bng bin thin:
t t t2 1

Da vo bng bin thin: (2**) m 1 . Vy bt phng trnh ng vi x khi: m 1

3) m.9 x (2m 1).6 x m.4 x 0 vi x [0;1] (3*)

x x
9 3
(3*) m 2m 1 m 0 vi x [0;1]
4 2
x
3 3
t t vi x 0;1 t 1;
2 2
3
Khi (3*) tr thnh: mt 2 2m 1 t m 0 vi t 1;
2
3
m t 2 2t 1 t vi t 1;
2
2 3
m t 1 t vi t 1; (3*1)
2
+) Vi t 1 bt phng trnh c dng: 0 1 (lun ng)
t 3
+) Vi t 1: (3*1) m 2
g (t ) vi t 1; (3*2)
t 1 2
t 1 3 t
Ta c: g '(t ) 3
0 vi t 1; v lim g (t ) lim 2

t 1 2 t 1 t 1 t 1

Ta c: (3*2) m m ax g (t ) 6 . Vy vi m 6 th bt phng trnh c nghim vi x [0;1]

3
t1;
2

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V d 13: Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:

x2 xn
1) e x 1 x vi x 0 2) e x 1 x ... vi x 0 ; n 3) e x x 1 vi x .
2 n!
2 n

4) a x 1 x ln a
x ln a ... x ln a vi x 0 ; a 1 ; n 5) ln(1 x) x vi x 0
2! n!
x2 xn x2
6) ln 1 x ... x vi x 0 7) e x cos x 2 x x
2 n! 2
ln x 1 x
8) vi x 0; x 1 9) ln( x 1) x 1 vi x 1 10) ln 1 x x vi x 0
x 1 x 1 x
2x 1
11) ln( x 1)
x2
vi x 0 x

12) ln 1 1 x 2 ln x vi x 0
x 1
x 1

13) x ln x 1 x 2 1 1 x 2 vi x 14) x x
2
vi x 1 15) a b b a vi 0 a b 1
b a
1 1 y x
16) 2 a a 2b b vi a b 0 (D 2007) 17) 2 x 3x 2 y 3 y vi x y 0
2 2
b c b a b c
ac a
18) vi a, b, c 0 v a b . 19) a ab bc c abc 3
vi a, b, c 0
bc b
x y 2y
20) 3 a.2 a b.2b c.2 c a b c 2a 2b 2c vi a, b, c 21) ln vi x, y 0
x 2x y
ba b ba 1
22) ln vi 0 a b 23) x n . 1 x vi x (0;1)
b a a 2ne

Gii:

1) e x 1 x vi x 0 (1*)
(1*) e x 1 x 0 vi x 0
Cch 1 Xt hm s: f ( x) e x 1 x vi x 0 . Ta c: f '( x) e x 1 0 x 0

T bng bin thin ta c: f ( x) 0 vi x 0 hay e x 1 x 0 vi x 0 (pcm)

Cch 2 (thc cht l cch trnh by khc ca Cch 1)

Xt hm s: f ( x) e x 1 x vi x 0
Ta c: f '( x) e x 1 0 vi x 0 v f '( x) 0 x 0
f ( x) ng bin vi x 0 nn vi x 0 f ( x) f (0) 0
hay e x 1 x 0 vi x 0 (pcm)

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x2 xn
2) e x 1 x ... vi x 0 ; n
2 n!
x2 xn
Xt hm s: f n ( x) e x 1 x ... .
2 n!
Ta s i chng minh: f n ( x) 0 (*) vi x 0 ; n

+) Vi n 1 : f1 ( x) e x 1 x f1 '( x) e x 1 0 vi x 0 v f '( x) 0 khi x 0

hm s f1 ( x) ng bin vi x 0 f1 ( x) f1 (0) 0 . Vy (*) ng vi n 1
+) Gi s (*) ng vi n k hay f k ( x) 0
x2 xk x k 1
+) Ta cn chng minh (*) ng vi n k 1 hay f k 1 ( x) e x 1 x ... 0 . Tht vy:
2 k ! k 1 !
x2 xk
f k'1 ( x) e x 1 x
... f k ( x) 0 (theo gi thit quy np) v f k'1 ( x) 0 khi x 0
2 k!
hm s f k 1 ( x) ng bin vi x 0 f k 1 ( x) f k 1 (0) 0 . Vy (*) ng vi n k 1
x2 xn
Theo phng php quy np e x 1 x ... vi x 0 ; n N (pcm)
2 n!

3) e x x 1 vi x . (3*)
(3*) e x 1 0 vi x
x

Xt hm s: f ( x) e x x 1 vi x . Ta c: f '( x) e x 1 0 x 0
v lim f ( x) lim e x x 1 ; lim f ( x) lim e x x 1
x x x x

T bng bin thin ta c: f ( x) 0 vi x

hay e x x 1 0 vi x (pcm)

2 n

4) a x
1 x ln a
x ln a ...
x ln a
vi x 0 ; a 1 ; n
2! n!
t t x ln a a x e x ln a et vi t 0
t2 tn
Khi bi ton c pht biu li l: Chng minh et 1 t ... vi t 0 ; n (quay v 2))
2 n!

5) ln(1 x) x vi x 0
Xt hm s: f ( x) ln 1 x x vi x 0 .
1 x
Ta c: f '( x ) 1 0 vi x 0
1 x 1 x
hm s f ( x ) nghch bin vi x 0 f ( x) f (0) 0
hay ln 1 x x 0 vi x 0 (pcm)
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x2 xn
6) ln 1 x ... x vi x 0
2 n!
x2 xn
Xt hm s: f ( x) ln 1 x ... x vi x 0
2 n!
x n 1 xn
1 x ...
n 1! n!
Ta c: f '( x) 2
1 0 vi x 0
x xn x2 xn
1 x ... 1 x ...
2 n! 2 n!
x2 xn
f ( x ) nghch bin vi x 0 f ( x) f (0) 0 hay: ln 1 x ... x vi x 0 (pcm)
2 n!
x2
7) e x cos x 2 x vi x
2
x2
Xt hm s: f ( x) e x cos x 2 x vi x
2
Ta c: f '( x) e x sin x 1 x v f ''( x) e x cos x 1 0 vi x
x 0 f '( x) f '(0) 0
f '( x ) ng bin vi x . Do :
x 0 f '( x) f '(0) 0
x2
v ta c: lim f ( x) lim e x cos x 2 x
x x
2

x2
T bng bin thin ta c: f ( x) 0 vi x hay e x cos x 2 x vi x (pcm)
2

ln x 1
8) vi x 0; x 1
x 1 x
x 1
Xt hm s: f ( x) ln x vi x 0 v x 1
x
1 2
x x 1 .
1
Ta c: f '( x) 2 x 1 x 1 x 1
0 vi x 0; x 1
x x x 2x x 2x x
f ( x ) nghch bin vi x 0; x 1 .Do :
x 1 x 1
ln x 1
+) Vi 0 x 1 f ( x) f (1) 0 hay ln x 0 ln x (v x 1 0 ) (1)
x x x 1 x
x 1 x 1 ln x 1
+) Vi x 1 f ( x) f (1) 0 hay ln x 0 ln x (v x 1 0 ) (2)
x x x 1 x
ln x 1
T (1) v (2) vi x 0; x 1 (pcm)
x 1 x

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9) ln( x 1) x 1 vi x 1
Xt hm s f ( x ) ln( x 1) x 1 vi x 1
1 1 2 x 1
Ta c: f '( x) 0 x 1 2 x 5
x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1
v lim f ( x) lim ln( x 1) x 1 ; lim f ( x) lim ln( x 1) x 1
x x x 1 x 1

T bng bin thin ta c: f ( x) 2 ln 2 2 0

hay ln( x 1) x 1 vi x 1 (pcm)

x
10) ln 1 x x vi x 0
1 x
+) Xt hm s: f ( x) ln 1 x x vi x 0
1 x
Ta c: f '( x ) 1 0 vi x 0
1 x 1 x
hm s f ( x ) nghch bin vi x 0 f ( x) f (0) 0
hay ln 1 x x 0 vi x 0 (1)
x
+) Xt hm s: g ( x) ln 1 x vi x 0
1 x
1 1 x
Ta c: g '( x) 0 vi x 0
1 x 1 x 2 1 x
2

hm s g ( x ) ng bin vi x 0 g ( x) g (0) 0
x
hay ln 1 x 0 vi x 0 (2)
1 x
x
T (1) v (2) ln 1 x x vi x 0 (pcm).
1 x

2x
11) ln( x 1) vi x 0
x2
2x
Xt hm s: f ( x) ln( x 1) vi x 0
x2
1 4 x2
Ta c: f '( x) 0 vi x 0
1 x x 2 2 1 x x 2 2
f ( x ) ng bin vi x 0 f ( x) f (0) 0
2x
hay ln( x 1) vi x 0 (pcm)
x2

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1 1

12) ln 1 1 x 2 x
ln x vi x 0 .Xt hm s: f ( x ) ln 1 1 x 2 x
ln x vi x 0

Ta c: f '( x)
x 1 1
2
x
2
3 2
1 x x 1 x 1 x 1 x
2


1 x2 1 1 x2 x x 1 x2 1 1 x2 x
1 x2 1 1 x2 x2

1 x2 1 x2 x 1 x2 x


1 x2 x 1 1 x2 1 x2 x
0 vi x 0

1 x2 1 1 x2 x2
1 x2 1 1 x2 x2 x2 1 x2

hm s ng bin trn 0; (1)

1 1 1 x2 1
x x x x

Mt khc: lim f ( x) lim ln 1 1 x 2 ln x lim ln
x
0
x

(2)

1
T (1) v (2) f ( x) 0 vi x 0 hay ln 1 1 x 2 x
ln x vi x 0 (pcm)

13) x ln x 1 x 2 1 1 x 2 vi x . Xt hm s: f ( x) x ln x 1 x 2 1 1 x 2 vi x
x
x 1
1 x2 x
Ta c: f '( x) ln x 1 x 2
x 1 x2

1 x 2
ln x 1 x 2

Khi : f '( x) 0 ln x 1 x 2 0 x 1 x 2 1 1 x 2 1 x

1 x 0 x 1
2
1 x 1 2 x x
2

x 0
x 0 v lim f ( x) lim x ln x 1 x 2 1 1 x 2
x x

T bng bin thin ta c: f ( x) 0 vi x R hay x ln x 1 x 2 1 1 x 2 vi x R (pcm)

x 1
x x 1
14) x vi x 1
2
x 1 x 1
x 1
x x 1 x x 1 x 1
Ta c: x ln x ln x ln x x 1 ln x ln x x 1 ln 0
2 2 2 2
x 1
Xt hm s: f ( x ) x ln x x 1 ln vi x 1
2
x 1 x 1 2x
Ta c: f '( x ) ln x 1 ln 1 ln x ln ln (1)
2 2 x 1
2x 2x
M: x 1 2 x x 1 0 1 ln 0 (2)
x 1 x 1
T (1) v (2) f '( x) 0 vi x 1 v f '( x) 0 khi x 1 hm s f ( x ) ng bin vi x 1
x 1
f ( x) f (1) 0 hay x ln x x 1 ln 0 (pcm)
2

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15) a b b a vi 0 a b 1
ln a ln b
Ta c BT cn chng minh: a b b a ln a b ln b a b ln a a ln b vi 0 a b 1
a b
ln x 1 ln x
Xt hm s: f ( x) vi x 0;1 . Ta c: f '( x) 0 vi x 0;1
x x2
ln a ln b
f ( x ) ng bin vi x 0;1 . Vy vi 0 a b 1 f ( a ) f (b) hay (pcm).
a b

b a
1 1
16) 2 a a 2b b vi a b 0 (D 2007)
2 2
b a
b
a 1 b 1
a

Ta c: 2 a 2 b
4a 1

4b 1 b a b
4a 1 4b 1 ln 4a 1 ln 4b 1
a
ab ab
2 2 2 2
ln 4 a 1 ln 4b 1
b ln 4 a 1 a ln 4b 1 vi a b 0
a b
ln 4t 1
Xt hm s: f (t ) vi t 0
t
4t ln 4
t
ln 4t 1 4t ln 4 4t 1 ln 4t 1
Ta c: f '(t ) 4 1 0 vi t 0
t2 4t 1 t 2
hm s nghch bin vi t 0
ln 4 a 1 ln 4b 1
Vi a b 0 f (a ) f (b) (pcm)
a b

y x
17) 2 x 3x 2 y 3 y vi x y 0
y x y x
x y
x y y x 3 3 3 x 3 y
Ta c: 2 3
x
2 y
3 2 x 1 2 y 1 2 xy 1 2 xy 1
2 2 2 2
y x y x
3 x 3 y 3 x 3 y 3 x 3 y
1 1 ln 1 ln 1 y ln 1 x ln 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 x 3 y
ln 1 ln 1
2 2 ln 1 a x ln 1 a y 3
vi a (*)
x y x y 2
ln 1 a t
Xt hm s f (t ) vi t 0
t
a t ln a
t
.t ln 1 a t a t ln a t 1 a t ln 1 a t
Ta c: f '(t ) 1 a 0 vi t 0
t2 1 a t t 2
Vy f (t ) nghch bin vi t 0 . Nn vi x y 0 f ( x) f ( y ) hay (*) ng (pcm).

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b c b xb
ac a xa
18) vi a, b, c 0 v a b . Xt hm s: f ( x) (*) vi x, a, b 0
bc b xb
x b
xa xa
T (*) ln f ( x) ln x b ln
xb xb
ba
x b 2
f '( x) xa x b xa ba xa ba
ln ln f '( x) ln f ( x) (1)
f ( x) xb xa xb xa x b x a
xb
2
xa ba
t g ( x) ln g '( x)
ba

ba

b a 0 vi x, a, b 0
2 2
xb xa x a x b x a x a x b
hm s g ( x ) nghch bin vi x 0;
xa ba
M lim g ( x) lim ln 0 g ( x) 0 vi x 0 (2)
x x
xb x a
T (1) v (2) f '( x) 0 vi x, a, b 0
hm s f ( x ) ng bin vi x 0;
b c b
ac a
Vy vi c 0 f ( c) f (0) hay (pcm)
bc b
a b c
19) a ab bc c abc 3 vi a, b, c 0

a b c a b c

a a bb cc abc ln a abbc c ln abc 3 3 a ln a b ln b c ln c a b c ln a ln b ln c
3

Xt hm s: f ( x ) ln x lun ng bin vi x 0
a b ln a ln b 0 a ln a b ln b a ln b b ln a

Khi vi a, b, c 0 ta lun c: b c ln b ln c 0 b ln b c ln c b ln c c ln b
c ln c a ln a c ln a a ln c
c a ln c ln a 0
2 a ln a b ln b c ln c a ln b ln c b(ln c ln a ) c(ln a ln b) (*)
Cng 2 v ca (*) vi a ln a b ln b c ln c ta c:
3 a ln a b ln b c ln c a b c ln a ln b ln c (pcm)
20) 3 a.2 a b.2b c.2 c a b c 2a 2b 2c vi a, b, c
Xt hm s: f ( x) 2 x lun ng bin vi x
a b 2 a 2b 0 a.2 a b.2b a.2b b.2 a
b

b c 2 2 0 b.2 c.2 b.2 c.2
b c c c b
Khi vi a, b, c R ta lun c:
c.2c a.2 a c.2 a a.2c
c a 2 2 0
c a

2 a.2a b.2b c.2c a 2b 2c b(2c 2a ) c (2 a 2b ) (*)
Cng 2 v ca (*) vi a.2a b.2b c.2c ta c: 3 a.2 a b.2b c.2 c a b c 2a 2b 2c (pcm)

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x y 2y
21) ln vi x, y 0
x 2x y
x y 2y 2 x(t 1) 2(t 1)
t t vi t 1 tx x y y x(t 1)
x 2 x y 2 x x(t 1) t 1
2 t 1
Khi bi ton tr thnh chng minh: ln t vi t 1
t 1
2 t 1
Xt hm s f (t ) ln t vi t 1
t 1
1 4 (t 1)2
Ta c: f '(t ) 0 vi t 1 hm s ng bin vi t 1
t t 12 t t 1 2
2 t 1 2 t 1
Vi t 1 f (t ) f (1) 0 ln t 0 hay ln t vi t 1 (pcm)
t 1 t 1
ba b ba
22) ln vi 0 a b
b a a
ba b ba 1 ln b ln a 1
Ta c: ln
b a a b ba a
1
Xt hm s: f ( x ) ln x vi x a; b ta c: f '( x ) v f ( x ) lin tc trn a; b
x
f (b ) f ( a ) ln b ln a 1
p dng nh l La g rng c a; b : f '(c ) (1)
ba ba c
1 1 1
Mt khc: 0 a c b (2)
b c a
1 ln b ln a 1
T (1) v (2) (pcm)
b ba a
1
23) x n . 1 x vi x (0;1)
2ne
1 1 1
Ta c: x n . 1 x x 2 n 1 x 2n 1 x x 2 n
2ne 2 ne e
2 n 1 2 n 1
2n 2nx 2nx 2n
p dng BT Cauchy ta c: 2n 1 x x 2 n 2n 2nx .
x.x...x
2n 2n 1 2n 1
2 n 1 2 n 1
2n 1 2n 1
Ta cn chng minh: ln ln
2n 1 e 2n 1 e
1
2n 1 ln 2n ln 2 n 1 1 hay ln 2 n 1 ln 2n
2n 1
1
Xt hm s: f ( x ) ln x vi x 2n; 2n 1 ta c: f '( x ) v f ( x ) lin tc trn 2n; 2n 1
x
f (2n 1) f (2n) 1
p dng nh l La g rng c 2n; 2n 1 : f '(c ) ln 2n 1 ln 2n (1)
2n 1 2n c
1 1
Mt khc: c 2n 1 (2)
c 2n 1
1
T (1) v (2) ln 2n 1 ln 2n (pcm)
2n 1

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V d 14 .Chng minh rng:

1) a 2 ln b b 2 ln a ln a ln b vi 0 a b 1 v a , b . (C 2009):
x x x
12 15 20
2) 3x 4 x 5 x vi x . Khi no ng thc xy ra. (B 2005)
5 4 3

Gii:
ln a ln b
1) a 2 ln b b 2 ln a ln a ln b ( a 2 1) ln b (b 2 1) ln a 2
2
a 1 b 1
1 2
(t 1) 2t ln t
ln t
Xt hm s f (t ) 2 vi t (0;1) . Ta c f '(t ) t 0 vi t (0;1) .
t 1 (t 2 1)2
Suy ra f (t ) ng bin trn khong (0;1) . Khi 0 a b 1 f ( a ) f (b )
ln a ln b
hay 2 2 (pcm).
a 1 b 1
x x x x
12 15 12 15
2) p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 2 s dng ta c: 2 . 2.3x
5 4 5 4
15 x 20 x x
x x 2.5 (2)
12 15 4
3
hay 2.3x (1) . Tng t ta c: x x
5 4 20 12 x
3 5 2.4
(3)

12 x 15 x 20 x
Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c: 2 2 3x 4 x 5 x
5 4 3
x x x
12 15 20
hay 3x 4 x 5 x (pcm)
5 4 3
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi du = (1), (2) v (3) xy ra x 0

4x 1 2 2012
V d 15: Cho f ( x ) x
. Tnh tng: S f f ... f
4 2 2013 2013 2013

Gii:
Nu a b 1 ta c :
4a 4b 4a 4b 2 4b 4 a 2 2.4 a b 2 4 a 4b 8 2 4 a 4b
f (a ) f (b ) a b 1 (*)
4 a 2 4b 2 4a 2 4b 2 4 2 4a 4b 4 8 2 4 a 4b
p dng (*) ta c :
1 2012 2 2011 1003 1004
S f f f f ... f f
2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013
1 1 ... 1 1003
Vy S 1003
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3
V d 16: Cho a, b, c 1 tha mn: a b b c c a a b c 2 . Chng minh rng:
3
log a b a log b c b log c a c
2

Gii:.
Vi hai s x, y 1 v z 0 ta lun c: log x y log x z y z v du " " xy ra khi : z 0 hoc x y (*)
Tht vy: (cc bn xem li cch chng minh V d 4 3)
p dng (*) ta c: log a a b log a c a b c 0 log a b a log a b c a c
Tng t ta c: logb c b log ab c a b
log c a c log a b c c b
3
3
log a b a log b c b log c a c log a b c a b b c c a log a b c a b c 2
2
3
Vy log a b a log b c b log c a c (pcm)
2

B. BI LUYN

Bi 1: Khng dng bng s v my tnh hy so snh cc cp s sau:

3 2
3 3 5 4 3 1 1
1) 3 v 4 2) 30 v 20 3) 5 v 7 4) v
3 3
5 7 5 1 3 2
5) 4 v 4 6) log 2 5 v log 2 7) log 3 4 v log 4 8) log 5 v log 3
2 3 3
4 4
5
8
log 3 2 log 1 1
9 log 6
9) 9 9
v 5 10) 2log6 3 v 3 2
11) log3 2 v log 7
4
12) log0,1 3 2 v log 0,2 0,34 13) log9 80 v log 2 5 14) log 3 16 v log16 729

1 14 7 3
Bi 2: Xc nh du ca cc biu thc sau: A log 4 .log 1 5 B log 6 .log 4 .log 0,7
3 2 5 9 7 2 7

Bi 3: Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:

3
1) log b c a log c a b log a b c vi a, b, c
4
2; 2
2) log 4 1 4 log 9 2 9 vi a 0
a a a

1 1 1 1
3) log a b log b c log c a 6 vi a, b, c ;1
4 4 4 4

Bi 4: Khng s dng my tnh hy chng minh rng

3
1) log 3 29 2 log 2 7 2) log 3 7 log 7 3 2
2

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Bi 5: Tm tp xc nh ca cc hm s sau:
3
1) y ( x 2 x 2) e 2) y (3 x 2 x 2 ) 2 3) y 3 1 x 2 4) y (2 x 16) 3
x 1 x 1 x 3 x 1
5) y log 4 x2 6) y log 1 7) y log 2 8) y log
x 1 2 x5 x 1 2x 3
x2 2 x 1 1
9) y log 0,3 log3 10) y log 1 log 2 x 2 x 6 11) y lg x 2 3 x 4
x5 2 x 1 2
x x6

Bi 6: Tm GTLN, GTNN (nu c) ca cc hm s sau:

2
1) f ( x) e x 2 x trn on [0;3] . 2) f ( x) ln( x e) trn [0; e] .
3) f ( x) log 1 ( x 1) trn on [1;3] . 4) f ( x) xe x trn on [0; 2] .
2
2 x
5) f ( x) x e trn on [ 1; 2] . 6) f ( x) e x ( x 2 2 x 2) trn on [1; 4]
1
7) f ( x) ( x 1)e x trn on [ 1;1] . 8) f ( x) x ln x trn on ; e .
2
x
9) f ( x) trn khong (0; ) . 10) f ( x) e2 x 4e x 3 trn on [0; ln 4] .
ln x
1 1
11) f ( x) log 31 x log 21 x 3 log 1 x 1 trn ; 4 .
3 2 2 2 4

Bi 7 : Tm m bt phng trnh :
1) 4 x 3.2 x 1 m 0 c nghim vi x
2) (3m 1).12 x (2 m).6 x 3x 0 c nghim vi x 0 .
3) 4 x 2 x m 0 c nghim vi x (0;1)

Bi 8 : Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:

x2
1) e x 1 x vi x 0
2
2
x
2) ln 1 x x vi x 0
2
1 a b
3) ln ln 4 vi 1 a b
a b a 1 b 1

Mi kin v ng gp cc bn gi v theo email: giaidaptoancap3@yahoo.com

CM N CC BN C TI LIU !

PHN 2: PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH,

H PHNG TRNH M V LGARIT
(cc bn theo di bn tip theo)

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