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TunnelINT PDF
TunnelINT PDF
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Tunnel lighting criteria
The 5 zones of tunnel lighting level in the next part of the level required in the interior 5 Exit zone
lighting the tunnel. One of the methods zone. The reduction stages must The part of the tunnel between
CIE guidance (CIE 88-1990) used by CIE to calculate visual not exceed a ratio of 1:3 as they interior zone and portal. In this
states that the amount of light adaptation is the L20 method, are linked to the capacity of the zone, during the day time, the
required within a tunnel is which considers the average human eye to adapt to the vision of a driver approaching
dependent on the level of light luminance from environment, sky environment and, thus, time- the exit is influenced by
outside and on the point inside and road in a visual cone of related. The end of the transition brightness outside the tunnel.
the tunnel at which visual 20, centred on the line of sight zone is reached when the
The human eye can adapt itself
adaptation of the user must of the driver from the beginning luminance is equal to 3 times the
almost instantly from low to high
occur. of the access zone (see below). interior level.
light levels, thus the processes
When planning the lighting of a 2 Threshold zone 4 Interior zone mentioned when entering the
tunnel, there are 5 key areas to This zone is equal in length to the This is the area between tunnel are not reversed.
consider: stopping distance. In the first transition and exit zones, often However, reinforced lighting may
part of this zone, the required the longest stretch of tunnel. be required in some cases where
1 Access zone
luminance must remain constant Lighting levels are linked to the contrast is needed in front of or
Not within the tunnel itself, this is
and is linked to the outside speed and density of traffic, as behind the driver when the exit is
the stretch of road leading to its
luminance (L20) and traffic outlined in the table below. not visible, or when the exit acts
entrance.
conditions. At the end of the Luminance to be maintained as entrance in case of emergency
From this zone, drivers must be zone, the luminance level in interior zone or maintenance works where part
able to see into the tunnel in provided can be quickly reduced Extra urban, low traffic, of a twin tunnel may be closed.
order to detect possible obstacles to 40% of the initial value. low speed (<70km/h) 1.5 to 3cd/m2 The length is a maximum 50m
and to drive into the tunnel Extra urban, high traffic and the light level 5 times the
3 Transition zone
without reducing speed. and/or speed (>70km/h) 2 to 6cd/m2 interior zone level.
Over the distance of the
Highway 4 to10cd/m2
The drivers capacity to adapt in transition zone, luminance is
Urban 4 to10cd/m2
the access zone governs the reduced progressively to reach
Visual adjustment
The visual adjustment from high
luminance to low luminance
d zone
while driving is not 2 Threshol
ne
instantaneous.This is cause of 2 1 Access zo
disability phenomena: 2. Temporal adaptation: human
L20
eyes need more time to adapt minance)
(outside lu
20 from brightness to darkness than
10
A
the reverse. During this period of Lth
adaptation, the distance travelled (threshold
is a critical factor. luminance)
Stopping distance
vel
Direction of tra
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influenced by the brightness outside the Threshold zone luminance (Lth)
tunnel. The exit zone begins at the end of The average luminance in the threshold zone
the interior zone. It ends at the tunnels exit which constitutes the background field
portal. against which objects will be visible to
drivers in the access zone between the
Interior zone luminance (Lin)
stopping point and adaptation point.
The average luminance in the interior zone
which constitutes the background field Traffic flow
against which objects will be visible to The number of vehicles passing a specific
users. point in a stated time in stated direction(s).
In tunnel design, peak hour traffic, vehicles
Parting zone
per hour per lane, will be used.
The parting zone is the first part of the open
road directly after the exit. The parting zone Transition zone luminance (Ltr)
is not a part of the tunnel but it is closely The average luminance in the transition
related to the tunnel lighting. It is advised zone which constitutes the background field
that the length of the parting zone equals against which objects will be visible to drivers.
Definitions Entrance and exit portals two times the stopping distance. A length of
Access zone luminance L20 The entrance portal of the tunnel is the part more than 200m is not necessary. Veiling luminance
The average value of the luminance in a 20 of the tunnel construction that corresponds to The overall luminance veil consisting of the
cone of the drivers visual field from the the beginning of the covered part of the Stopping point (SP) contribution of the transient adaptation and
access zone and centred on the tunnel tunnel, or - when open sun-screens are used - The position within the access zone on the stray light from optical media, from the
entrance. to the beginning of the sun-screens. The exit approach road at a distance equal to the atmosphere and from the vehicle windscreen.
portal corresponds to the end of the covered stopping distance (SD) from the tunnel
Contrast revealing coefficient qc part of the tunnel, or - when open sun- entrance.
The ratio between the luminance at the road screens are used - to the end of the sun-
surface and the vertical illuminance Ev at a Stopping distance (SD)
screens.
specific location in the tunnel qc=L/Ev. The The theoretical forward distance required by
method of tunnel lighting may be defined in Exit zone a driver at a given speed in order to stop
terms of the contrast ratio in three ways: The exit zone is the part of the tunnel where, when faced with an unexpected hazard on
symmetric lighting, counterbeam lighting and during the daytime, the vision of a driver the carriageway.
pro-beam lighting (see pages 6 - 7). approaching the exit is predominately
This takes into account perception and
reaction time as well as road surface.
5 Exit
ne zone
4 Interior zo
n zone
3 Transitio
Ltr Lex
(transition ance)
(exit lumin
luminance)
Lin
minance)
(interior lu
Portal
Parting zone
2 x SD
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Types of tunnel lighting
Symmetrical and passing through the luminaire. Other factors DIN 67524:8 1992
asymmetrical lighting No light is directed with the flow As well as the above, further Beleuchtung von Straen tunnels
Used generally for transition and of traffic. This generates negative factors must be taken into and Unterfuhrugen Teil 1:
interior zones for long tunnels, contrast and enhances visual consideration when preparing Allgemeine Gutemerk-male and
and in short tunnels, or low adaptation. tunnel lighting. These include the Richtwerte Teil 2: Berechnung
speed tunnels for all zones. shape of the portal, type and und Messung.
Pro beam lighting
density of traffic, traffic signage, SN 150915:1997
Asymmetrical lighting can also In some circumstances, positive
contribution of wall luminance, Offentliche Beleuchtung
be a means of reinforcing the contrast must be reinforced,
orientation of tunnel, and many Straentunnels, -
luminance level in one way often in the exit zone where the
others. National, European and Galereinunterfuhrungen.
tunnels. exit is visible. In these cases,
International legislation and
asymmetric light distribution is NSV 1991
Asymmetric counter beam guidance sets out minimum
used in the same way as counter Aanbevelingen voor de
lighting standards for tunnel lighting.
beam but with direction of the verlichting van lange tunnels voor
To reinforce the luminance level
traffic and is called pro beam. Relevant legislation het gemotoriseerde verkeer.
and at the same time accentuate CEN TC 169/WG 6
In dual carriage way tunnels, BS 5489-2: 2003
the negative contrast of potential Technical Report Final Draft
counter beam at entrance can Roadlighting Part 2: Code of
obstacles. Counter beam lighting 08.2001.
act as pro beam at exit. Practice for the design of road
is achieved with asymmetrical
This technique is not CETU lighting.
light distribution facing into the
recommended as the road Dossier pilote des tunnels -
traffic flow, both in the direction UNI 11095:2003
luminance is very low, creating November 2000.
of the on coming driver and in Luce e illuminazione -
too big a disparity between the
the run of the road. The beam CIE 88-1990 Illuminazione delle galerie.
exit zone and the parting zone. Guide for the lighting of roads,
stops sharply at the vertical plane
tunnels and underpasses.
When lighting a tunnel, its length, geometry and immediate environment must be taken into account as well as traffic densities.
Differing light levels are set for each project, according to the governing standards summarised below:
Is daylight penetration good or poor? - - - good good poor - - good good good poor
Is wall reflectance high (>0.4) or low (<0.2)? - - - high low - - - high high low - -
Lighting required
No day time lighting 50% of normal threshold zone lighting level normal threshold zone lighting level
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)
cent fittings
ing fluores
light ing (mainly us
metrical
nting: sym
Ceiling mou
hting
metrical lig
nting: sym
Ceiling mou
ing
etrical light
ing: asymm
Wall mount
lighting
unter beam
metrical co
iling mounting: aym
Ce
ded)
recommen
lighting (not
ymmetrical pro beam
nting: as
Ceiling mou
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Tunnel lighting must allow vehicles to
enter, pass through and exit the
enclosed section safely without
impeding the through-flow of traffic.
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Thorn expertise - creating the
best tunnel lighting and visibility
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Controlling tunnel lighting
Benefits
Benefits
Ease of installation as integrated in
requirements within. We offer systems
Cost efficient systems
control gear
Cost efficient options
Suitable for threshold and central zones
fully integrated control systems Optimisation of safety
conditions
Power line controls for HID lamps
Automated but re-programmable controls
twork
s electrical ne
PLC manage
opera tes ca mera
and
s commands
Combox issue
luminaires
ftware to individual switched
Computer so pre-set criteria Light fittings
according to med
assesses came
ra on/off or dim
s
data and issue
combox
instructions to
ra
External came
monitors light
ffic
levels and tra
e
flow in real tim
tance
Stopping dis
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Tough luminaires for tough environments
In any given tunnel environment, Clearly some of these compounds Luminaires installed in such materials that create luminaires
there may be moisture, salts, are the result of corrosion environments can get rapidly whose function and effectiveness
sulphur pollutants, exhaust fumes products. Sodium chloride and contaminated. There is no rainfall will not be compromised.
consisting of hydrocarbons and other chlorides used for road de- to wash away the deposits that
Thorns tunnel luminaire ranges
organics, fuels and oils, soot, icing can add to the chemical settle, condense or get splashed
are designed to withstand tunnel
dust and strong washing cocktail. on their surfaces. Regular
life and are made of the highest
detergents from jet cleaning. maintenance can alleviate the
Depending on the region (marine quality materials, integrating the
conditions, but, in general, this is
Furthermore, analysis of water atmospheres or long mountain latest developments in terms of
usually impractical due to the
samples identifies the following tunnels, for instance), these ingress protection, shock and
logistics of access, tunnel closure
compounds: toluene, sulphate, chemical combinations can result vibration resistance as well as a
and cost.
zinc, sulphide, molybdenum, in the presence of sulphuric or range of features to facilitate
cadmium, beryllium and mercury. nitric acid! In such hostile environments, it ease of access and maintenance.
is vital to choose designs and
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Titan Titus
1320 / 54W
1620 / 49W
135 165
1234 / 54W
370
1534 / 49W 248
179
179
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Aluminium Gothard
7823B series Continuous locking bar Counter beam optics Easily accessible gear tray and lamp
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Steel Gothard
7830 series One piece enclosure for easy front access Easily removable gear tray Secure stainless steel clips allow
tool-free operation
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Case study 1
Chiptchak Mosquee Tunnel, Turkmenistan
12m
Tunnel type Interior zone
hting layout
Day time lig
Urban underpass ne Transition zone
Thresho zo
ld
2 way traffic
One tube
3000
Technical data 2500
Length: 74m
2500
Width: 24m 2000
Speed limit 80km/h
2000
Lighting system 1500
Aluminium asymmetric Gothard 1500
Wall mounted, tilted 15 1000
1000
20x 7823B ST 400W (55klm)
500
10x 7823B ST 250W (33klm)
56x 7823B ST 100W (10klm) 500
12m
ut Interior zone
lighting layo
Night time ne
ne Transition zo
Threshold zo
1500
1000
1000
500
500
47.5m 8m 16m
Entrance
Exit
Exit
16m 8m 47.5m
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Case study 2
Katerini Tunnel, Greece
Tunnel description 28 10
Long motorway tunnel. 8
2 tubes - 3 lanes carriageway.
5
10 4
3
t. sec.
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
100km/h
0m 100m 200m 300m 400m 500m
Threshold 1 180 32 32
Transition 220 36 36
Interior right 524 88 88
Exit 180 30 30
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International references
Iceland
500 fittings
(ST 1x250W,
LS-E 1x35W) UK
Medway Tunnel
1149 fittings
(ST 1x400W,
FD 58W HF
dimmable)
France Taiwan
Gometz la Ville 2nd Freeway Part II
386 fittings 10,250 fittings
(ST 2x70W, 2x250W, (ST 1x150W, 1x400W)
2x400W)
Hong Kong
Croatia KCRC West Rail CC
Israel
Sopac 1,474 fittings
Har Hatzofim Tunnel
655 fittings (ST 2x400W, 250W,
400 fittings
(ST 150/100W, FD 58W HF2)
(ST 2x400W, 2x250W,
power reduction) Singapore
2x100W ST 1x400W,
Holland/ Farrer Road Tunnels
1x250W, 1x150W,
350 fittings
Greece 1x100W)
(FD 58W HFD)
Taxiarchis Tunnel
1,054 fittings U.A.E.
(ST 1x150W, 1x250W Kalba Tunnel (Sharjah)
1x400W) 464 fittings
(ST 2x250W, 2x400W,
150W+400W, ST 1x150W, Brunei
1x250W) Pusar Ulak radial road
740 fittings
(ST 1x400W, 2x400W
428 FD 58W HF)
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Lighting people and places
Thorn Lighting is constantly developing and improving its products. All descriptions, illustrations, drawings and specifications in this publication present only general particulars and shall not form part
of any contract. The right is reserved to change specifications without prior notification or public announcement. All goods supplied by the company are supplied subject to the company's General
Conditions of Sale, a copy of which is available on request. All measurements are in millimetres and weights in kilograms unless otherwise stated.
Publication No: 283(INT) Publication Date: 8/04