Gii thiu v S Tay Thit B Y T

1/ Gii thiu chung

Hin nay, trong cc c s y t vic chn on v iu tr bnh ngy cng ph thuc vo vo
Trang Thit B Y T. Vi s pht trin nhanh ca khoa hc cng ngh, cc thit b y t ngy cng gip
cc bc s chn on v iu tr bnh chnh xc hn, hiu qu hn. Tuy nhin, do Thit b y t l
nhng sn phm t tin v thng l thit b cng ngh cao. Nn vic u t, s dng gp nhiu kh
khn. Nht l khi hu ht thit b phi nhp khu, trnh khoa hc trong nc cn hn ch th Bi
ton u t v s dng hiu qu l mt trong nhng vn rt cp bch hin nay.

mt n v la chn ng cu hnh, thng hiu ph hp vi kh nng u t v mc ch

s dng l vn kh khn vi hu ht c s Y t. Bi, Thit b Y t l sn phm c th, him ph
bin v nht l rt t thng tin, ti liu chnh thng mt cch khi qut v vn ny. Bn cnh ,
thng cc hng sn xut ch c 1 i din c quyn nhp khu v phn phi th trng Vit Nam.
Nn vic thiu cng khai, thiu minh bch v gi, thng tin sn phm Gia n v i din v cc
Cng ty thng mi trong lnh vc ny l nguyn nhn khin ngi dng gp kh khn. Ngoi ra cng
phi k n vic cc ch ti, vn bn hng dn ca BYT v lnh vc ny. Vic qun l lng lo cng
khin cc cc thng tin c phn ln xn, nht l trn mng Internet thng tin kh ln xn
Trong khun kh ca ca cun S tay ny, chng ti cng khng th cp ht tt c nhng
tn m ch khi qut nhng c im c bn gip cc nh u t, c s Y t, nh qun l c
thm thng tin. gp phn thc y tnh hiu qu trong u t mua sm cng nh vn hnh cc
Trng thit b y t. Ti liu c bin son da trn cc ti liu chng ti su tm t nhiu ngun khc
nhau, kt hp vi kinh nghim t cc Y bc s, k s Y sinh ca Cng ty An Sinh v mt s chuyn gia
nhiu kinh nghim trong lnh vc Thit B Vt T Y T Vit Nam. y cng l ti liu c lu hnh
ni b o to cho cn b nhn vin ca Cng ty An Sinh
D rt c gng, k cng bin tp nhng do tnh phc tp ca lnh vc ny nn lng thng
tin chng ti chun b c th cn thiu st. Rt mong nhn c s quan tm v ng gp kin ca
khch hng v cc chuyn gia.

2/ Ni dung chnh "S tay thit b y t"

V c bn, cun "S tay thit b y t" c chia lm cc phn chnh nh sau :
2.1 Khi qut chung
Trnh by khi qut tnh hnh mua bn, s dng thc t ang din ra trn th trng Thit b vt t y t
Phn loi cc loi, nhm thit b vt t y t trn th trng
Quan im hng c th khng c th vi Thit b, vt t y t
2.2 Hng dn mua sm thit b y t
Mt s tiu xo ca cc cng ty cung cp
Tnh hnh u thu mua sm trang thit b hin nay
Cch hn ch ci cm cu hnh, thao tng gi ca n v cung cp.
2.3 C cu trang thit b y t theo khoa phng trong bnh vin
Trnh by danh mc thit b theo khoa phng, trong chia lm cc phn
Danh mc trang thit b theo khoa phng
Tng hp cc trang thit b, vt t quy chun thng dng trong tng khoa phng theo quy nh ca BYT
c im, cch chn thit b theo nhu cu s dng v kh nng u t
S lc v ng dng, cu hnh, thit b v ph kin i km. Cch la chn cu hnh theo nhu cu s dng v kh
nng u t.
Cc Model ph bin trn th trng
Lit k danh sch cc model ph bin trn th trng, c im, cu hnh v thng tin c bn ca cc model.
Cc li hay gp, khuyn co s dng, vn hnh
Nu cc li thng gp, lu khi vn hnh v cch bo qun thit b. Cc thit b, iu kin cn thit bo qun
thit b

3/ Mc lc "S tay thit b y t"

Li ni u - Gii thiu "S tay thit b y t"
A. KHI QUT CHUNG
I- C IM CA TH TRNG THIT B, VT T Y T
II- PHN LOI CC THIT B, VT T Y T
III- HIN TRNG S DNG CC THIT B, VT T TRN TH TRNG
B. DANH MC TRANG THIT B Y T THEO KHOA PHNG
I. KHOA CHN ON HNH NH
1.1 My chp cng hng t (MRI)
1.2 My chp ct lp vi tnh (CT Scanner)
1.3 My siu m
1.4 My X-quang
1.5 My ni soi
II. KHOA XT NGHIM
2.1 My xt nghim sinh ha
2.2 My xt nghim huyt hc
2.3 My xt nghim nc tiu
2.4 My xt nghim in gii
2.5 My xt nghim min dch
2.6 Knh hin vi
III. KHOA THM D CHC NNG
3.1 My in tim
3.2 My in no
3.3 My o long xng
IV. KHOA NGOI PHNG M - HI SC CP CU
4.1 Bn m
4.2 n m
4.3 Dao m in
4.4 My monitor theo di bnh nhn
4.5 My th
4.6 My gy m km th
4.7 H thng phu thut ni soi
4.8 H thng ra tay
4.9 Bm tim in
4.10 My truyn dch t ng
V. KHOA SN NHI
5.1 My soi c t cung
5.2 Monitor sn khoa
5.3 Lng p s sinh
VI. KHOA KIM SOT NHIM KHUN
6.1 Ni hp
6.2 T sy
6.3 My git cng nghip
VII. CC THIT B CHUYN KHOA KHC
S tay TBYT (Phn 2) : c im th trng thit b y t hin nay

1. Tnh hnh sn xut trong nc

Nu nh trc y, sn sut trong nc ch tp trung vo cc loi Ha cht, tiu hao, vt dng
v dng c n gin theo cch th cng nh: vt dng inox, vt t tiu hao nha, Bng gc Th
trong nhng nm gn y, dn c nhiu cc sn phm cng ngh cao c sn sut trong nc. Tuy
nhin hu ht l cc nh my ca cc thng hiu quc t, hoc cc lin doanh. Cc sn phm thun
trong nc c rt t v cng ngh cng n gin nh: Dao in, my Laser, ni hp, my sc thuc

2. Cht lng Dch v k thut

Dch v k thut thit b Y t ( k thut Y sinh ) nc ta hin nay cn thp, cht lng o
to khng p ng c nhu cu s dng. a s sinh vin ra trng khng th lm vic ngay m phi
thng qua o to li. Vi lng trang thit b, vt t Y t ln hin nay th i hi Nghnh K thut Y
sinh phi pht trin cao hm, chuyn nghip hn na.
Bn cnh do hu ht cc sn phm, linh kin phi thng qua nhp khu v gi thnh rt cao. Ngoi
ra vic khng ch ng c cng ngh, trnh trong nc cn km nn lnh vc ny cn gp rt
nhiu kh khn.

Dch v k thut thit b y t

3.H thng phn phi Vit Nam

K c sn phm c sn xut trong nc hay nhp khu, thng thng qua nh phn phi
chnh ( c th c quyn ) n cc i l. Vi cc sn phm nhp khu, nht l cc thng hiu ln
thng c Vn phng i din ( thng khng bn trc tip ) hoc nh phn phi c quyn ti Vit
Nam. H c th trc tip bn hng hoc thng qua cc i l phn phi sn phm

4. Trn th trng hin vn tn ti song song v dng nh c chp nhn bi 2 ngun

hng chnh : Hng chnh nghch, tiu nghch, hng nhi

4.1 Hng chnh nghch

Hay cn gi l hng chnh hng. Cc sn phm c nhp khu hp php, c y giy t

ca cc c quan hu quan theo quy nh. Hng chnh nghch thng l cc hng thng hiu, c vn
phng i din, nh phn phi chnh thc v c h thng phn phi tt Vit Nam. V d cc tn tui
ln nh: GE, Philipp, Toshiba, Hitachi, Aloka

4.2 Hng tiu ngch

Cn gi l hng lu, cc sn phm ny c th l hng ca chnh hng ( c knh chnh nghch

nhng vn b nhp tiu ngch ). Tuy nhin a s cc hng tiu ngch l cc thng hiu nh, nh nh
d vn chuyn v ch yu xut x Trung Quc. Thi k trc, khi BYT cha sit cht qun l nhp cc
Thit b y t c th knh tiu ngch l knh chnh a sn phm v Vit Nam ( k c cc my ln ).
Hng tiu nghch cng thng l cc sn phm cht lng km, gi thnh r v rt nhiu trong s
c hng nhi, khng r ngun gc xut x.

4.3 Hng OEM gn nhn mc khc nhau

Thit b y t cng nh cc thit b cng ngh khc, ch mt s t cc Cng ty thc s sn xut

phn cng hoc phn mm. Hu nh tt c cc hng ( k c hng ni ting ) u c OEM mt phn
hoc ton b sn phm. Cc nh my ( ch yu t Trung quc ) sn xut ra cc sn phm hon chnh
theo n t hng ca cc cng ty hoc chung mu cho rt nhiu cng ty. Do vy m trn th trng
c rt nhiu sn phm trng hao hao, hoc thm ch ging y ht nhau ca cc thng hiu khc nhau.

4.4 Hng nhi

Rt nhiu ngi nghi ngi vic mua phi sn phm thng hiu b lm nhi. Tuy nhin. Do thit
b y t thng c cng ngh cao, sn xut phc tp nn hu nh trn th trng khng c sn phm
nhi cc thng hiu ln. Ch c mt s rt t Cng ty tut li cc my c ri bn di dng hng
Demo ( trng by ), hng tn v lm gi giy t la khch hng.
Trn th trng cng tn ti rt nhiu sn phm ( kh ph bin ) c lm nhi cc thng hiu ni
ting nh: my soi TMH hng Provix ( vi cc model CT-300, CCH-900 v CCU-900H ), My soi TMH
Medtech, Xerox Cng c nhiu loi my xt nghim, ha cht c nhp t Trung Quc v Vit Nam
in nhn mc khc nhau. Cc sn phm ny khng c cp php vn hot ng trn lan v cng khai
( ch yu l h thng y t t nhn nh . Thc t c rt nhiu sn phm cht lng rt tt, gi
thnh ph hp nhng do th tc xin cp php phc tp nn cc doanh nghip vn sn xut, kinh
doanh.

4.5 Hng quay u

L thut ng c dng m t cc loi hng ha ( ch yu l Ha cht, vt t tiu hao )

c tun t cc c s khm cha bnh ra ngoi th trng.
Ngun gc ca cc sn phm ny rt phong ph, nhng u thng qua s trm cp, bt xn ca
cn b nhn vin Kho v cc khoa phng s dng. Nguyn nhn chnh l s qun l lng lo, khng c
phn mm ng b theo di tt c cc khu t nhp kho n s dng. Ngoi ra k h ca BHYT khi p
nh mc tiu hao cho cc xt nghim, phu thut, th thut cng khin cc cn nhn nhn vin tm
cch tit kim, bt xn tun ra ngoi bn.
Hng quay u thng c cht lng khng n nh do c ghp, trn ( phim XQ, ha cht XN
) li vi nhau. c bit l khu bo qun thiu chuyn nghip, hng ha c bo qun iu kin
khng m bo. Ngoi ra, cc hng ha thng ly ra t cui giai on dng nn hn tri v b hao
mn ha hc vi mi trng
Cc hng ha ny ch yu c bn trc tip ti cc c s Y t t nhn, k c mt s bnh vin
t nhn. Mt s quay tr li cc ca hng nh, cc tiu thng v nhiu nht c tp trung li
Phng Mai H Ni ( thin ng ca hng quay u ). T hng quay u c hp thc ha n
v thm ch tr trn vi hng chnh hng cung cp ra th trng
y l mt vn kh nghim trng, nu cc n v khng qun l tt s tht thot ngun ti chnh
khng nh. Nguy him hn l cch lm ny c th dn ti cc sai s cn lm sng, gim hiu qa iu
tr. Ngoi ra cc Cng ty kinh doanh hng chnh nghch cng b nh hng rt nhiu bi cc loi hng
ha ny
S tay TBYT (Phn 3) : Phn loi cc thit b, vt t y t
Mt vn rt nan gii m hin nay BYT vn cha c thng t no hng dn, quy nh cch phn
loi cc Thit b, vt t, ha cht v sinh phm y t ( dc phm c phn loi rt r rng, khoa hc ).
Do tnh phc tp nh vy nn hin nay vic kinh doanh mua bn, u thu Thit b, vt t y t tn ti
rt nhiu bt cp, mi ni lm mt kiu. Trong khun kh ti liu ny, qua tham kho cc ti liu v
bng kinh nghim ca mnh chng ti c gng a ra cch phn loi ph hp nht hin nay.
Khi nim Thit b vt t y t ch l khi nim quy c, khng bao hm ht tt c cc lnh vc ny
c. Khi nim c ngm hiu l tt c cc nhm Thit b, Ha cht, vt dng c dng trong
cc c s y t ( m khng phi thuc hay thc phm chc nng ). Ngoi cc khi nim c bn nh h
tng xy dng c bn, in nc, thit b vn phng Ta s chia ra lm cc phn sau

1 H tng, thng tin y t

1.1 H tng y t
y khng phi xy dng c bn, m l cc cng trnh xy dng c th phc v cho hot
ng ca bnh vin, n khng c xp vo Thit b hay Vt t y t, nh:
- H thng x l rc thi: x l rc thi rn, cht thi lng
- H thng vn chuyn bnh nhn: xe in, xe cu thng
- H thng kh y t: cc loi kh nn, ht, bm ra
- H thng bo gi Y t
1.2 Thng tin Y t
Hay chnh h thng phn mm, Website tch hp phn mm qun l mi hot ng ca Bin
vin. y l xu hng u t v s bt buc vi cc c s Y t. cc nc pht trin h c Nguyn h
tng thng tin Y t ton quc, lu tr ton b lch s khm cha bnh thng tin ca bnh nhn. H
thng ny bao gm 2 phn chnh
H tng phn cng
Chnh l h thng gm cc my ch ( sever ), my trm ( client ) c kt ni internet v kt
ni n b ( LAN ) vi nhau. Vic u t h tng thng tin ny mun ng b v hiu qu cao phi tnh
ton ngay khi mi xy dng, vi cc n v c th xy dng s kh khn hn do vic b tr cc my
kh hp l
Phn mm qun l tng th bnh vin, Website
Mun tng hiu qu hot ng, cc n v bt buc phi ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo
qun l. Vic trang b phn mm qun l tng th ( mi th ) ca bnh vin l con ng duy nht.
Qun l bng phn mm s tit kim chi ph nhn s, ti u vic lu tr tm kim h s, qun l cht
ch mi khu trong khm cha bnh Gip nh qun l d dng phn tch, nh gi s liu v a ra
bin php thc y pht trin cho n v. Mt phn mm cao cp c th tch hp nhiu tnh nng hin
i nh: th t, bnh n in t, ly kt qu t ng t cc thit b, tch hp cng thng tin tra cu v
t lch khm trc tuyn
Kh khn nht hin nay l BYT khng c h thng mnh hoc ch ti yu cu s tng thch
gia cc loi phn mm khi cn ng b d liu vi BYT. Trn th trng c qu nhiu phn mm khc
nhau, trin khai mi ni mt kiu nn khng th to nn th vin quc gia v y t nh cc nc
pht trin.
Ngoi ra cn c cc h thng phn mm chuyn dng nh HIS, RIS, PACS...

2.Thit b y t bnh vin

C rt nhiu cch phn loi cc Thit b Y t nhng n gin nht l ta phn theo chuyn
khoa, theo c im s dng ca Thit b. C th cc loi thit b s c chng ti trnh by phn
tip theo.
- Thit b chn on hnh nh: MRI, CT-Scanner, Siu m, X-Quang
- Thit b thm d chc nng: in tim, in no, lu huyt no, h hp k, o khc x
- Thit b phng m: n m, bn m, dao in, monitor, my gy m km th
- Thit b hi sc tch cc: bm tim in, my sc tim, my th, monitor, my to Oxy
- Thit b xt nghim: c th chia ra
+ Khoa huyt hc truyn mu
+ Khoa sinh ha
+ Khoa vi sinh
+ Khoa di ng min dch
- Thit b phc hi chc nng: my ko gin, tp i, gin t
- Thit b ng y: my chm cu, ni sp thuc, laser ni mch
- Thit b sn ph khoa: my soi CTC, dao in, my p lnh
- Thit b nhi khoa: lng p, n chiu vng da, my th nhi
- Thit b lc mu: my lc my
- Cc thit b kim sot nghim khun: my git, hp, sy
- Thit b iu tr cao cp: x tr gia tc, can thip mch
- Ngoi ra cn c mt s thit b khc nh: chp mch, my to nhp, tim nhn to, phi nhn to

3. Thit b y t gia nh, c nhn

L cc thit b s dng chm sc sc khe cho c nhn, gia nh m khng cn ch nh hay t
vn ca Bc s. Cc thit b ny thng d dng, gi tr thp v sn c trn th trng
- My o huyt p in t: loi c tay, bp tay
- My o ng huyt c nhn
- My xng kh dung: loi kh dung siu m, loi Piton
- My tr thnh: loi dy eo, loi vnh tai khng dy, loi nht l tai
- Nhit k: in t, thy ngn, hng ngoi
- My massage: gh massege, massage c mp
- Cc loi khc nh: ti chm, m nc, n hng ngoi

4. Vt t y t
L khi nim quy c ch cc loi: vt t tiu hao, vt dng, dng c dng trong chn on,
iu tr v chm sc bnh nhn. Ta chia lm cc nhm sa
4.1 Vt t tiu hao dng 1 ln
- Vt t tiu hao nha, sao su: bm kim tim, dy truyn dch, dy th, gng tay
- Vt t tiu hao kim loi: li dao m, kim ( km ch khu ), inh np vt
- Vt t cm mu: bng, vi, gc, garo, bng dnh
- Vt t xt nghim: u cn, pipette, ng nghim, l ng bnh phm
- Vt t tiu hao X-Quang: phim X-Quang, nc ra phim, thuc cn quang
- Vt t tiu hao giy ( giy in nhit cho cc my ): giy in tim, sinh ha, siu m
- Vt dng, ni tht chuyn dng trong y t
- Ni tht Inox, kim loi: ging BN, t u ging, cc quyn dch, gh bnh nhn
- Vt dng Inox: khay qu u, ng cm pank, bt, chu, hp
4.2 Dng c Y t
- Dng c thm khm: ng nghe, my o huyt p, ba phn x, n phin, nhit k
- Dng c phu thut: pank, ko, kp, vam, cn dao, ca, khoan xng
- Dng c phu thut ni soi: trocar, Clip-hemlock, cn nng t cung
4.3 Ha cht, sinh phm xt nghim
Ta chia lm 3 loi theo c im s dng :
- Ha cht xt nghim c dng vi thit b
L cc ha cht thng c s dng cho cc my, ta cng chia theo c im cc loi my
nh sau
+ Ha cht xt nghim huyt hc - cng thc mu
+ Ha cht xt nghim sinh ha mu
+ Ha cht xt nghim sinh ha nc tiu ( que th )
+ Ha cht xt nghim min dch
+ Ha cht xt nghim in gii
+ Ha cht xt nghim kh mu
+ Ha cht xt nghim ng mu
+ Ha cht xt nghim HbA1C
- Ha cht thng thng
+ Ha cht xt nghim thng thng: dng dch KOH, NaOH, Acidacetic, Logul
+Ha ty ty ra, st trng: ra tay, ngm ra dng c, v sinh phng dch
- Sinh phm xt nghim
+ Thng l cc loi ha cht ng gi ring theo tng thng s, chun on nhanh
+ Cc loi test chn on nhanh ( quik test ): th thai vim gan B, HIV, ma ty
+ Cc khoanh, test lm khng sinh
+ Cc loi test th an ton thc phm
P/S : Theo ngh nh 36/2016/N-CP va c ban hnh, thit b y t s c phn loi da
trn mc ri ro (vic phn loi ny da trn tiu chun phn loi ca M v quc t) :
1. Nhm 1 gm trang thit b y t thuc loi A l trang thit b y t c mc ri ro thp.
2. Nhm 2 gm trang thit b y t thuc loi B, C v D, trong :
a) Trang thit b y t thuc loi B l trang thit b y t c mc ri ro trung bnh thp;
b) Trang thit b y t thuc loi C l trang thit b y t c mc ri ro trung bnh cao;
c) Trang thit b y t thuc loi D l trang thit b y t c mc ri ro cao.
chng ti s cp c th ti vn ny trong mt bi vit khc.
Cc loi pin thng dng trong thit b y t

Choyte.com Trong cc thit b y t cng nh cc thit b in t thng s dng km cc loi pin.

Choyte.com s gii thiu mt s loi pin thng dng nhm cung cp nhng thng tin c bn gip bn
c c th t la chn loi pin ph hp vi thit b dng trong trng hp cn thay th khi thit b c
du hin b chai pin, ht pin.

1. Pin Zinc carbon in p 1,5V :

y l loi Pin c t rt lu. Pin Carbon km c gi rt r. y l la chn tt cho cc thit b tiu

th t in nng (n pin v chi). Cc loi Pin trong bc sn xut nh Pin con th, con
thng thuc loi ny. Do c ni tr cao, bn khng s dng loi Pin ny cho cc thit b my nh
c. Pin c th duy tr cho cc thit b c dng nh nh chi, bng iu khin. Trong cc thit b y
t a s l cc sn phm c gi tr cao, do khng nn s dng pin km.
Ch rng, nu dng lu m khng kim tra, dung dch in phn trong Pin c th s chy ra ph
hng cc tip im g pin, nu chy vo mch in, c th gy chp, hng mch. Nn kim tra
thng xuyn 2 3 thng hoc thay lun khi thy c hin tng v pin m hoc phng (c th pin
vn cn cung cp c in, nhng nu dng tip, pin s chy). Mc t x ca pin trn carbon
km ti a l 4%/nm.

2. Pin Alkaline (Pin kim) in p 1,5V :

C th mua c Pin loi ny kh d dng. Nu bn dng vi my nh s th thi gian s dng s
ngn. Tuy vy vi gi r Pin Alkaline vn l la chn ca nhiu ngi. Pin Alkaline c cht lng tt
trn th trng do cc hng danh ting nh Fuji,Duracell, Toshiba, Sony, Maxcell... sn xut. Khi s
dng in p v kh nng chu ti ca Pin Alkaline gim dn dn. Nh vy ngi dng c th nhn
bit c thi im ht Pin. Pin Alkaline c ni tr nh, kh nng chu ti cao, c th bo qun trong
nhiu nm, suy yu trung bnh 2%/nm. Pin c th s dng tt cho nhng thit b tiu th dng nh
nh ng h treo tng hoc iu khin cc loi nh Tivi, iu ha Ch v Pin nh Pin Carbon
km.
Trong lnh vc thit b y t, cc loi pin Alkaline c s dng rt ph bin, c bit l trong cc thit
b y t gia nh (my o huyt p)...

3. Niken Cadimi (Ni Cd) in p 1,2V :

Ni Cd c ni tr nh do rt ph hp khi dng vi my nh s, n flash Pin ny c s ln sc li

nhiu ln, ln n 1000 ln, tuy nhin bn phi cn thn khi s dng v pin Ni Cd rt c.
Mt trong s cc yu im ca pin Ni Cd l in th gim t ngt cui chu k x. S gim t
ngt ny khng nhanh bng pin Ni MH nhng thy r so vi pin Alkaline. V vy, trnh ci cht
t ngt ny bn nn c pin d phng khi i xa hay lm nhng vic quan trng.
Mt c im NiCd l hiu ng nh (memory effect). y l hin tng suy gim tui th nhanh
chng nu khng s dng pin ng cch. Hin tng ny c gii thch nh sau : khi bn sc pin Ni
Cd vi dng sc nh hoc dng pin khng kit sc li th mt s hp cht ha hc s tch t cc
m ca pin. Nu bn tip tc sc kiu ny, cc hp cht tch t ngy cng nhiu thm v lm gim
kh nng tch ly nng lng. Cch tt nht trnh hin tng ny l dng pin cho n ht hay x
trc khi sc. Cc b sc pin NiCd tt thng c nt bm x pin ri t ng sc khi in p tt
n mc thp nht.

4. Pin NiMH (Nickel Metal Hidride) in p 1,2V :

Pin Ni MH dng AA c th dng vi hu nh tt c cc thit b ang dng pin Alkaline v NiCd. Pin
NiMH c kh nng lu tr nng lng tt v ni tr nh. y l la chn ph bin v pin NiMH c
hiu ng nh t hn NiCd v dung lng pin cao hn hai ln pin NiCd. Vi pin ny bn c th sc bt
c lc no m khng cn phi x pin. Tuy nhin nu dng lin tc trong tnh trng , pin vn b chai.
Ngoi ra n c th b hng v nhit nu sc qu lu. Bn nn s dng b sc pin cht lng cao. C
iu khin t ng trnh iu ny. Khi mua pin NiMH, bn nn mua cc loi c dung lng cao
(c 1800 mAh tr ln). Trn th trng bn c th mua pin NiMH ca cc hng nh Sanyo,
Panasonic, Sony c dung lng 2000 2500 mAh vi gi khong 14.000 25.000 /v 4 vin c
AA, mt lu na n khng nn dng sc ca pin NiCd cho pin NiMH trnh chy, n pin nht l
khi dng b sc nhanh. Sau khi sc hy b pin khi b sc trnh hao in trong pin.

5. Pin silver oxide (oxit bc) in p 1,5V :

i khi ta thy Pin ny c in p 6V hoc 12V. l do c nhiu pin nh ni tip bn trong. Pin
ny hot ng c trong mi trng nhit thp, ni tr nh v c kh nng chu ti xung.

Pin Silver c c tnh cao khng thng dng do gi rt t. Bn c th thy loi pin ny trong mt s
loi ng h, my tr thnh, v cc my nh tiu th t nng lng. Ngoi ra, do Pin khi ht khng
chy nc nn rt c a chung khi gn trc tip ln cc bo mch nh Pin CMOS trong my vi tnh.

6. Pin LithiumIon (LiIon) in p 3,7V:

Pin LiIon hin nay c s dng nhiu trong cc thit b cao cp nh in thoi di ng, PDA, my
nh t tin v my tnh xch tay n c th lu tr nhiu nng lng hn pin NiCd v NiMH trn
cng mt dung tch, nhng cng t hn nhiu do cng ngh ch to v cht liu c s dng. Trong
mi vin pin LiIon thng c mch iu khin qu trnh sc v bo v pin. Mt khi pin my tnh
xch tay c th c nhiu vin Pin (cell) ghp li c c in p v dng ln. V d pin c in
p 14,8V tc l c 4 vin Pin 3,7V ghp ni tip nhau (4 cells)
Pin LiIon suy gim cht lng theo thi gian bt k bn dng hay khng dng n. V vy khi mua pin
bn cn c m bo rng pin mi c sn xut. Bn c th sc pin bt c lc no, y hay ht
khng quan trng nhng Pin s gim cht lng sau mi ln sc. l l do ti sao cc chng trnh
kim tra pin (Battery monitoring) trn my tnh xch tay m c s ln sc pin. Thng th tui th
ca Pin khong 500 ln sc, nhng khi Pin ch cn 20 30% dung lng so vi ban u.
Cch ni cc Cell trong cc khi Pin:
Khi ta cn ngun c in p ln hn, lc ta s cn mc ni tip, song song hoc phi hp c hai
to ra mt ngun in c in p v dng cung cp ln hn. Khi mc ni tip, ta s c in p bng
in p mi vin nhn vi tng s cell. Khi ta mc song song th in p gi nguyn nhng dng cung
cp s bng dng ca 1 cell nhn vi tng s cell.
Ngi ta khng th lp cc cell cc loi hoc c in p v dng khc nhau trn mt b ngun, v khi
s to ra cc dng ni sinh gy tn hao, thm ch hng cell.

Bn trong cell (LiIon):

Di y l cu trc bn trong ca mt vin Pin (Cell) LiIon. y l loi cell ang c dng ph bin
nht trong a s cc Pin ca my tnh xch tay hin nay.

7. Pin Lithium Polymer (LiPo) in p 3,7V:

L th h pin mi v cng t tin nht nn ch xut hin trong cc thit b PDA v in thoi di ng
cao cp. Pin LiPo c cht in phn dng rn khc vi in phn lng nh hu ht cc loi pin khc
v nh sn xut c th ch to pin LiPo vi bt k hnh dng no. Nh Pin theo hnh bn l Pin cho
PDA Sony NR70V. Pin ch c chiu dy 2mm. ng trong ti Polymer v c dng cung cp ti 1200
mAh.
Pin LiPo nh v c kh nng lu tr nng lng nhiu hn bt k loi pin no k trn v vy rt c
a chung v s dng ph bin trong cc thit b cm tay hin nay. Cc ch v cch s dng cng
nh cc c tnh Pin ny cng nh Pin Li-Ion.

20 u im ca pin Li-Ion so vi NiMH:

1. t x thp (tr phi so vi cc loi pin NiMH mi nh Eneloop hoc cc loi NiMH c ghi r
t x thp LSD)
2. S ln sc nhiu hn.
3. Ph hp vi kiu s dng ca cc my quay phim, chp nh (hoc cc thit b cn sc y khi
dng cha ht)
4. t x khng i trong i pin ( t x ca pin NiMH tng dn khi dng)
5. Mt nng lng trn khi lng cao hn
6. Mt nng lng trn kch c cao hn (pin tiu AA khng tin cho cc thit b phim nh nh
gn, cn pin a AAA th khng dung lng)
7. S tm chp trn nng lng (WH) nhiu hn
8. Chp nhanh, c bit khi dng flash
9. Tin khi thay th v sc so vi pin AA (khng c nhiu khe, cc phi lu tm)
10. Hot ng tt trong mi trng lnh
11. Hot ng tt trong mi trng nhit cao
12. Thit b s dng pin Li-Ion bn hn l thit b s dng pin AA ni chung (thng c tm ci pin
ng m, chu lc)
13. Pin Li-Ion c th gi nguyn trong cc thit b t khi s dng.
14. Pin Li-Ion c mch bo v bn trong ch khng da vo sc.
15. B bo/nh dng chnh xc c gn trong hu ht cc thit b Li-Ion, cc thit b dng pin
NiMH ch bo c pin sp ht.
16. Pin Li-Ion khng nguy c/nguy him khi lp ngc cc
17. Pin Li-Ion khng b vn khi c cc/cell v dng
18. Khng cn cc cc phi khp dung lng
19. Pin sc v sc i theo thit b.
20. Sc nh v nh hn

8 u im ca pin NiMH so vi Li-Ion:

1. B Li-Ion l dng ring, bn khng th thay gia chng thay bng pin AA, bn khng c pin d
tr, v khng c ngun AC hay DC sc
2. i pin di hn
3. Sc nhanh hn (d sc nhiu gim tui th pin)
4. Pin AA lun sn c, trong khi cc c Li-Ion th khng ph bin v c th b ngng sn xut.
5. Nhiu thit b vi pin AA v AAA c th dng chung pin v sc (mc d cng c cc sc Li-Ion c
th sc nhiu loi pin khi s dng b chuyn)
6. Pin tiu NiMH (AA) c th sc t cng USB 5V, trong khi cc cc Li-Ion (7.4V) th khng th.
7. Bn c th mua pin NiMH gi tt nhiu ca hng, nhng vi Li-Ion th phc tp hn nhiu.
8. n flash v my quay c th dng chung loi pin.
 My X quang - Nguyn l, cu to v phn loi my chp X quang y
t

Choyte.com
1. My chp X quang l g?
My chp X quang l mt thit b s dng ph bin trong chn on hnh nh, phng php to nh l
s dng tia X (tia roentgen) xy dng v ti to li hnh nh v cu trc bn trong c th. Nhng
hnh nh ny cung cp thng tin c gi tr trong vic chn on v iu tr bnh. Trong lnh vc y t,
my Xquang gi vai tr quan trng, gip cho y bc s chn on bnh mt cch d dng, chnh xc
v nhanh chng.
Cc ng dng ca X quang chn on : Kho st cu trc cc b phn ca c th nh chp xng
khp, chp bng, chp s no, chp ct sng, chp phi, chp h tit niu, chp mch, d dyHin
nay, X quang c s dng rng ri v ph bin trn khp c nc, bt c bnh vin ln hay nh, t
trung ng n a phng.

C s vt l ca my chp X quang da trn tnh cht ca tia X (tia Roentgen)

Tia X l g :
Cc ch my X quang c lin quan :
Tia X c nh bc hc ngi c Roentgen Cu to v hot ng ca bng pht tia X
pht hin ra vo nm 1895, vi pht minh Cng ngh my X quang k thut s CR/DR
ny ng nhn c gii thng Nobel vo So snh cc th h my X quang
nm 1901, v cng t chng ta co Phng ti v cc thit b phng ti
c nhng bc tin di trong lnh vc Cc tiu chun xy dng phng X quang
ny... Tia X c sinh ra t s thay i qu Tm cm bin CR/DR
o ca electron khi n ang chuyn ng X quang v - Tng quan v my chp X quang v
c gia tc n gn 1 ht nhn, khi qu o X quang rng - Tng quan v my chp X quang rng
ca tia X thay i, 1 phn ng nng (l X quang can thip
nng lng ca 1 vt th c c khi chuyn ng) ca electron s b mt i v chnh nng lng ny
chuyn thnh bc x in t, pht ra tia X.
Tnh cht ca tia X :
Tnh truyn thng v m xuyn: Tia X truyn thng v c kh nng xuyn qua vt cht, qua c th
ngi. S m xuyn ny cng d dng khi cng tia cng tng. Chnh v xuyn su ca tia X
cao nn ngi ta dng chp nhng b phn cng nh: xng, rng, khng dng chp m
Tnh b hp thu: sau khi xuyn qua vt cht th cng chm tia X b gim xung do mt phn nng
lng b hp thu. y l c s ca cc phng php chn on X quang v liu php X quang.
2. Nguyn l hot ng my chp X quang.
Chm tia X sau khi truyn qua vng thm khm ca c th th suy gim do b hp th bi cc cu
trc. S suy gim ny ph thuc vo dy, mt ca cc cu trc m n i qua. Cui cng, chm
tia tc dng vi b phn thu nhn (film, detector, mn chiu) v x l hnh nh cho ra kt qu,
b phn thu nhn v x l hnh nh l im khc bit ln nht gia cc th h my X quang.
Nguyn l chp X quang

3. Cu to & phn loi my X quang.

3.1 Cu to ca my X quang :
V cu to, my X quang c s khc nhau tng i gia cc th h X quang, c bn gm cc b phn
:
- Khi pht tia X.
- Khi to cao th.
- Bn chp, gi chp, ct bng.
- Khi iu khin.
- Khi thu nhn/hin th hnh nh.
 Bng X quang

Bng iu khin - Console panel

Khi to cao th
3.2 Phn loi my X quang :
C nhiu cch phn loi my X quang ty vo hnh dng cu trc, chc nng, cng ngh x l nh
Theo cu trc : X quang c nh, x quang di ng, X quang xch tay.
Theo cng ngh x l nh : X quang c in (dng film), X quang chiu (mn chiu), X quang k
thut s gin tip (CR), X quang k thut s trc tip (DR).
Theo chc nng : X quang thng quy, X quang rng, X quang v, X quang can thip

Mt s loi my X quang s dng trong y t

Hin nay my X quang c in dng phim m bn t c s dng bi nhiu yu t : Vn an ton
bc x, v sinh mi trng, bt tin Thay vo , my X-quang k thut s ang dn thay th do
nhiu u im : An ton hn, nh thu c di dng s, lu vo my tnh v c chnh sa rt d
dng.

Qu trnh chp X quang v s khc bit c bn gia cc th

h my chp X quang
X quang c in : Dng h thng phim/ba tng quang
chp cc b phn ca c th. Phim c cha trong
cassette. Cassette c t sau vt cn chiu, tia X sau khi
xuyn qua c vt s n p vo phim. Phim sau khi
c ph x, s c a vo phng ti x l bng ha
cht hin hnh v nh hnh. Khi ra phim ngi ta dng
AgCl, nhng ni no tc dng vi tia X khi ra s khng b
mt (c mu en) cn ni no khng tc dng vi tia X (i
vi xng, tia X b cn li), khi ra s b tri (c mu
trng). Sau s c c trn 1 hp n c phim. y
l mt hnh vnh vin, khng sa i c, kh lu tr, sao
lc v truy tm.
X quang k thut s gin tip CR (Computed
Radiography): y l h thng gn ging X quang c
in, my pht tia X quang bnh thng v phim/ba tng quang c thay bng tm to nh
(Imaging plate) c trng lp Phosphor lu tr (storage) v kch thch pht sng (photostimulable
luminescence). Tm to nh khi c tia X chiu ln s to nn 1 tim nh (latent image), sau
tm to nh ny s pht quang ln 2 khi qut bi 1 tia laser trong my K thut s ha (digitizer),
nh sng ny c bt ly (capture) v cho ra hnh k thut s tc l c s chuyn i t hnh analog
ra digital. Hnh ny s c chuyn qua my tnh c x l. Tm to nh s c xa bi ngun
nh sng trng v ti s dng. S ln ti s dng ty thuc vo cng ngh, cht liu v hng sn xut
tm to nh.
X quang s trc tip DR (Direct Radiography) : K thut ny ging my chp nh k thut s, v
cng dng nguyn tc tng t l bng cm ng v cho hnh ngay sau khi chp. Nguyn tc to nh
l nh bng cm ng (Sensor panel) cu to do s kt hp ca lp nhp nhy (Scintillator) gm cc
lp cesiumiodide/thallium v tm phim mng transistor (TFT) vi silicon v nh hnh (amorphous
silicon). Bng cm ng ny thay th cp phim/ba tng quang c in, sau khi c ph x, s chuyn
hnh v hin th trn mn hnh my tnh sau khong 5 giy v c th chp tip ngay khng cn xa
nh CR.
Ngy nay, nh s pht trin ca ngnh in t v k thut s: my X quang c sn xut vi
cng ngh mi hin i nh: my Xquang cao tn, my CT scanner, my Xquang chp tuyn v,
my X quang chp mch xa nn DSA
4. Cn lm g khi c ch nh chp X quang.
Chp X quang khng chun b bao gm cc k thut chp X quang cc b phn ca c th nh chp
xng khp, chp bng, chp s no, chp ct sng, chp phi, chp h tit niu.v.v. khng s dng
c cht cn quang.
Chp X quang c chun b c dng ch nhng k thut X quang quy c c s dng dc cht
cn quang (Barysulfat, cc thuc cn quang tim tnh mch) nh chp lu thng thc qun-d dy-t
trng vi baryt, chp niu tnh mch.v.v.
5. Vn an ton trong chp X quang
Do tia X l mt bc x nn c th lm tn thng t bo, tn thng th cp, tn thng phi bo,
tn thng tc hi di truyn, ung th,... Do phi dng vt chn tia: nu khng th trnh xa c
tia phng x, phi s dng nhng mn chn tia, hoc mng hp th.
Phng chp X quang ti Bnh vin a khoa quc t VINMEC
ng kn ng ra ca tia bng vt hp th phng x ti bng n. Dng tm lc tia phi c b dy t
nht t 1 mm - 2 mm nhm t ca s u n. iu khin chng tia trnh b phn sinh dc v
dng tm chn cao su ch bo v b phn sinh dc khi chn an phn bng ca bnh nhn nam,
n v c vng ngc bnh nhn. Tng, ca ca phng X-quang phi c trng barit hoc p ch,
knh ch m bo tia X khng thot ra ngoi.
K thut vin s dng my X-quang cn mc qun o bo h, phi chun b bnh nhn tht k
trnh cho bnh nhn phi chn on ln 2, nn dng loi phim c lp nh tng bt sng cao nht
v dng ba tng sng siu nhy. S dng b thi gian t ng (Autotimer) nh l t bo quang in
bng ion gim thiu vic chp phim ln 2. Thi gian chp nh khng c lu v bnh nhn khng
c chp nh nhiu ln trong mt khong thi gian nht nh.