‘anos POF js viewer Handbook of Combustion Volume 4: Solid Fuels Edited by Maximilian Lackner, Franz Winter, and Avinash K. Agarwal ® WILEY- VCH WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA tos: tesearchgate nelplcaion239752514 Handbook Combustion 4‘anos a 1a 112 113 1a 12 124 122 123 124 13 434 132 133 134 133 14 14d 142 143 14a 143 POF js viewer Contents Preface XIX ‘About the Editors XI List of Contributors XV List of Abbreviations XXIX List of Symbols 20011 ‘Synopsis Volume 4 XLII Overview of Solid Fuels, Characteristics and Origin { ‘Toby G. Bridgeman, Jenny M. Jones, and Alan Witiams Origin of the Solid Biomass and Fossil Fuels | Formation of Coal ! (Oxgin of Biomass Fuels 3 Peat + Derived Fuels and Waste or Opportunity Fucls 4 Avallabliy and Resource Base of the Fossil and Biomass Fuels 5 Coal 5 Biomass 6 Peat 6 ‘Waste Materials 6 ‘Methods of Chasacterizing Solid Fuels 7 Prosimate and Ultimate Analyses of Coals ot Biomass 7 Calorific Value 8 Ash Composition 9 Ash Fusibiity 9 Physical Properties 10 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Solid Fuels 10 Ultimate Analrsis and Heating Value 12 Proximate Analysis 11 Ash 2 Classification 19 Reactivity of Solid Fuels 20 ntpsutwow researc ntpicaton’293752514 Handbook of Combustion 24‘anos POF js viewer Coren ‘Handling and Prepazation of the Fuels Prior to Use 24 Coal 24 Biomass 26 References 29 ‘Overview of Solid Fuels Combustion Technologies 21 Dsspine Vainvuke Introduction 31 Coal Characteristics Affecting Combustion Processes 32 Coal Structure and Petrographic Composition 32 Organic Elements and Sulfa Conteat 33 ‘Moisture and Volatile Matter Contents 33 Caloritic Value 34 Agglomeration Properties 34 ‘Ash Content and Composition 34 Effect on Ash Softening Temperatace 34 Effect on Slag Viecosity 35, Effect on Fouling 35 Conventional Coal Combustion Technologies 36 Stokees 37 Spreader Stokers 38 Chain Grate Stokers 39 Vibrating Grate Stokers 39 Underfeed Stalkers 39 Pulverized-Coal Furnaces 40 1 Dey-Botom Fusnaces 42 23.22 Wet-Bottom Furnaces 43 Cyclone Furnaces 45 24 Advanced Clean Coal Technologies 46 241 Fluidized-Bed Combustion 46 241 AFBC Process 47 24.Lill Process and Key Issues 47 24.112 Cuszent Status and Experience 49 241.13 Purure Developments 50 2412 PFBC Process 52 2.4.12.1 Process and Key Issues 52 24.1.2.2 Cussent Status and Experience $4 241.23 Fumase Developments 35 242 Supeceritical Coal Combustion 56 2421 Process and Key Iesues 56 242.2 Cunrent Stamus and Experience 57 2423 Future Developments 58 243 In Sit Eanissions Content Techiaolagies 58 2431 SO, Control Technologie: 2432 NO, Contuol Technologies 59 ntpsutwow researc ntpicaton’293752514 Handbook of Combustion ana‘anos POF js viewer NearZeto CO, Emissions Technologies 62 Biomass Characteristics Affecting Combustion Processes 63 Moismse Content 63 Ash Content and Composition 63 Particle Size 6¢ Industrial Biomass Combustion Systems 6¢ Fixed Bed Systems 65 Grate Furnaces 65 Undesfeed Stolkees 69 Fluidized Bed Systems 71 ‘Bubbling Fhuidized Bed 71 Circulating Fluidized Bed 72 ‘Dust Combustion Systems 74 Outlook 75 Suummazy 76 References 78 3 Solid Biomass Combustion 85 Amit Suri andl Masayuki Horio a4 Tnwodvetion 85 Solid Biomass Fuels 99 1 Variety of Biomass Fuels 88 2 Characterization of Biomass Fuels 92 21 Chemical Analysis 92 22. Ash Characterization 95 2 3. Ash Behavior 99 4 Bulk Density and Energy Density 102 5 Hardness 103 Peinciple of Solid Biomass Combustion 108 Daying and Pyrolysis of Wood 105 Effect of Heating Rate and Temperature an Produets of Pyralysis 107 Ignition, Combustion, and Extinetion 108 4 Kinetics 110 41 Volatiles Combustion 110 42 Char Combustion 112 43 Eifect of Shape Factor during Combustion 113 Gaseous Emissions 114 Nitsogen Oxides (NO) 114 Nitsous Oxide (NO) 17 Sulfur Oxides ($0,5 118 Hydrogen Chloride (HC1) 118 Heavy Metals and Dionias 115 Combustion and Conversion Technologies 120 1 Large-Scale Boilers 120 1 Fixed Bed Combustion Systems 122 ntpsutwow researc ntpicaton’293752514 Handbook of Combustion a‘anos POF js viewer 34.1.1 Grate Furnaces 122 3.1.2 Stoker Furnaces 123, 34.1.2. Fluidized Bed Combustion 124 341.21 Cisoulating Fluidized Bed 125 34.1,22 Bubbling Fluidized Bed 125 3413 Entesined Bed Fucnace 127 342 Small-Scale Boilers 128 3421 Classical Cooking Stoves 123 3422 Fireplace Heaters 128 3423. Pellet Burners 128 34.24 — Charcoal Combustion 129 35 Ash Behavior in Different Conibustion Systems £3! 351 Ach Behavior in Grate Furnaces 11 352 Ash Behavior in FBCs 122 36 Outloole 135 37 Summary 136 References 136 4 Small-Scale Biomass Combustion 147 Matias Gaderer, Flonan Volz, and Robert Kunde 4a Introduction and Sammary 147 42 Biomass Fuels 142 4 Biomass Combustion Techaiques 143 431 Combustion Process 143 432 Manually Operated Systems 144 4321 Log Wood Combustor Systems 14d 43.2.1,4 Updraft Combustion with Complete Combustion 144 452.12 Updiaft Combustion with Top-Burout 145 432.13 Downdraft Combustion with Bottom or Lateral Burnout 146 4322 Lag Wood Fired Heating Systems 147 43.221 Fireplace 47 43222 Stoves 149 43.22. Tule Stove, Heat-Storing Stoves 150 43.224 Central Heating Boilers 151 433 Automatieally Fed Combustors 153 433.1 Combustion Concepts for Automatically Fed Fising Systems 156 433.11 Underfed Firing 156 433.12 Horizontally Fed Fumace Systems or So-called Stokers 157 433.13 Drop-Shaft Firing 158 4532 Automatically Operated Wood Chip and Pellet Heating Systems 158 433.21 Staves for the Combustion of Wood Peller 158 433.22 Central Heating Boilers for Wood Pellet and Wood Chips 160 44 Emissions 165 45 Electricity Production and Combined Heat and Power 167 References 168 ntpsutwow researc ntpicaton’293752514 Handbook of Combustion sr‘anos POF js viewer contents 0 Coal Combustion 177 Monika Kosawska-Celachowska Introduction 71 Description of Combustion of a Single Coal Particle 172 Heating and Drying 172 Ignition of Volatiles 174 Devolatilization and Volatile Combustion 175 Char Combustion 179 1 Mechanisms of Combustion of Nou-Porovs Char 180 2 Mechanisms of Combustion of Porous Chat 181 3 Burning Rate 182 4 Time of Char Combustion 162 Fragmentation of a Coal Particle 252 Experimental Reseaseh into Combustion of # Single Coal Pasticle 184 ‘Test Apparatus 185 Test Procedure 156 Coals Tested 186 Thermal Fragmentation of Coal 186 Esfeet of Coal Type 197 Effect of Particle Diameter 191 Tafluence of Bed Temperature 197 Evolution of Coal Structure dusing Combustion 192 ‘Mathematical Model of Primary Fragmentation 198 Coal Heating 199 Volatile Release 20! ‘Volatile Tranepoct 202 ‘Psimary Fragmentation 202 Results of Numevieal Sianulations 203 ‘Vesification of the Model 206 Applications of Coal Combustion in Industry 209 Ovtlook 217 Summary 212 References 213) 6 Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers 217 Hai Zhang andJunfu Lu 61 Introduction 217 611 PC Combustion and PC Fised Biles 217 6.1.2 Physical Properties of PC Pasticles 220 61.3 Conventional Layout of a PC Boiler 22] G14 Heating Sucfaces and Water-Vapor Path in a PC Boiler 229 61.5 Hear Transfer Calculation Proceduce of a PC Boiler 224 62 Some Theories 226 62.1 Theosetieal Ais and Coefficient of Excess Ale 226 Heat Balance and Efficiency of a PC Boiler 227 ntpsutwow researc ntpicaton’293752514 Handbook of Combustion a4‘anos >< Contents 6341 63.42 6343 63.44 64 AL 642 643 644 644d 6442 6443 64a 64.85 64.46 64.47 65 6 ” 7d 72 743 714 724 7244 7212 7213 722 POF js viewer Ignition of PC Particles 229 (Char Combustion 232 NO, Formation Mechanisms 232 Thermal NO 233 Fuel NO 24 PC Fired Furnace 235 Furnace Layout and Fising Type 235 (Cross-Section Hest Release Rates Selection 297 Volumersic Heat Release Rates Selection 238 Enmpizical Heat Tsansfer Calculation in the Fumace 235 Genecal Tateaduetion 239 Heat Input to the Fumace 239 Emissivity of the Flame and the Furnace 240 Empisical Heat Transfer Calculation in the Furnace 247 PC Fized Bumers 243 General Introduction 243 Anrangement of Bumers 244 Low NO, bumers (LNB) 247 Examples of LNBs 248 Bost-Shaped Blut Double PA Channel Busnes 248 DRB Burner 249 WR Burase 250 PM Bumer and Vertical Ricl/Lean 260 Louves Damper Busnes and Bias Combustion 251 In-Fumace HTAC Bumer 251 Outloas 253 Summary 254 References 254 Modeling Moving and Fixed Bed Combustion 257 Bernhard Peters and Harald Raupenstrauch Introduction 257 Combustion Characteristics of an Individual Particle 25) Combustion Charactesistics of a Fixed or Moving Bed 258 Convection Regimes 259 Classification of Model Approaches 260 Modeling Approach 252 Conversion 262 Deying 263 Pyrolysis and Devolatilization 263 Grification and Combustion 2 ‘Teanspost of Fuel Particles 266 Gas Flow 267 ntpsutwow researc ntpicaton’293752514 Handbook of Combustion m4‘anos 731 TBA 7312 7313 POF js viewer Applications 268 Conversion 268 Deying 268 Pyiolysis and Devolatlzation 269 Gasification and Combustion 271 73.131 Grate: Optinal Conditions for Fuel Tgaition and Optimal 8 82 53 84 85 851 85.2 553 531 8332 8533 Primary Air Load 272 ‘Transport an a Grate and in a Rotary Kiln 277 Grate Rotary Kila 279 Outlook 279 Summary 280 References 250 Waste Combustion, MSW, Sewage Sludge, Hazardous, Grate and Rotary Kiln 255 Helmut Seifert and Jirgen Vehlow Introduction 255 Objectives of Thesmal Waste Treatment 285, Basic Processes for Thesmal Waste Treatment 286 ‘Waste Incineration Processes 287 Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste 285 Genezation and Quality of Municipal Solid Waste 255 Management of Municipal Solid Waste 289 Grare-Based Waste Incinerators 259 Elements and Desiga of Grate Fneaaces 200 Grate Types 292 ‘Travelling Grates 292 85.3.3 Roller Grates 292 85.332 Reciprocating Grates 293 8534 Fundamentals of Fuel Technology 295 85.3.4.1 Waste Characteristics 293 5.3.4.2 Specific Combustion Parameters 297 85.343 Design of a Grate Fired Furnace 299 86 8) Material Partitioning Inside the Furnace 300 Air Pollution Coateol 30] Flue Gas Quality 307 Air Emission Regulations 202 Process Stages 304 Particle Removal 304 Chemical Gas Cleaning 305 ‘Wer Scrubbing 306 Day Semubbing 307 NO, Abatement 308 Control of Dioxins 308 ntpsutwow researc ntpicaton’293752514 Handbook of Combustion ana‘anos sll Contents 876 88 sal Ba2 8821 38.22 38.23 89 391 39.2 810 aul 82 3.13 932 933 94 941 9411 9412 942 9421 94.22 9423 943 943 9432 9433 9434 9435 9.4.3.6 944 9441 9442 POF js viewer Quality of Emissions 309 Solid Residues 3/0 ‘Mass Flows in a Waste Incinerator 310 ‘Management of Bottom Ashes 31! Characterization #1/ Pretreatment for Utilization 311 Uslization and Envixonmental Compatibility 317 Management of Boiler and Filter Ashes and APC Residues 313 Boiley and Filter Ashes 313 APC Residues 315 “Hazardous Waste Combustion in Rotary Kiln Famaces 3/5 Sewage Sludge Incinerstion in Fluidized Bed Furnaces 316 Alternative Processes for Thermal Waste Treatment 317 Summary 319 References 319 Gasification and Pyrolysis of Coal 3. Adam Luckos, Mohammed N. Shaik, and Johan C. van Dyk Introduction 325 Fondamentals of Coal Gasification Technology 326 Pyrolysis and Gasification Chemistry 328, Pyzolpsis 229 Stoichiometry and Thermodynamics of Gasifeation 331 Kinetics of Gasification Reactions 333, Coal Gasification Technologies 334 Fixed-Bed Gasifiers 335, Fixed-Bed Dry Bottom (FBDB) Process 336 British Gas/Lurgi Process 338 Fluidized-Bed Gasitiers 339 High Temperature Winkler Process 340 Kellogg Rust Westinghouse Process 342 Kellogg Brown Root Tzanapost Gasifier 243 Entenined- Flow Gasifiers 545 Shell Coal Gasification Process 345 Peendlo Gasification Process 345 General Electric Coal Gasification Process 350 Conoco-Phillips E-Gas Gasification Process 351 Uteubishi Heavy Industries Coal Gasification Peocess 3 Siemens Fuel Gasification Technology 355 Other Gasification Technologies 356 (Opposed Multi-Burner (OMB) Gasification Technology 356 Pratt and Whitney Rocketdyne PWR) Gasification Techaclogy ntpsutwow researc ntpicaton’293752514 Handbook of Combustion ana‘anos POF js viewer contents Haan 9443 Plasma Gasification 357 9444 Underground Coal Gasification 357 95 Outlook 358 96 Summary 359 References 359 10 Gasification of Biomass and Waste 365 Alberto Gormez-Barea and Bo Lecknar Introduction 365, Biomass as a Fue! for Gasification 366 Inipact of Biomass Characteristics an Gasifier Pecfocmance 366 ‘Biomass Classification and Standardization 368 Biomass Reliability 369 Thermochemistry of Biomass Gasification 370 Gasifcation Technologies 373 ‘Types of Gasidiess 373 Fixed-Bed Gasifiers 374 Fluidized-Bed Gasifiers 375 104.13 Entrained-Flow Gasifiers 376 1042 Direct and Indixeet Gasification 376 1043 Pressuced Gasification 378 103 Gas Requirements for Utilization 978 106 Gas Cleaning 380 106.1 Dust Removal 380 1062 Removal of Contaminants 381 1062.1 Nitrogen 381 10622 Chlorine 381 106.23 Allealis 381 10.624 Sulfix 382 1053 Tar Removal aad Convession 382 106.31 Secondary Methods 382 1063.2 Primary Methods 384 106.4 State of the Art of Gas Cleaning Technology 386 107 Applications 387 1071 _ Dixect Firing 387 107.1. Direct Fising for Thermal Applications 987 10,712 Dizect Fising ip Stand-Alone Gas Boiles for Electricity Production 388 1072 Co-Fixing 389 1073 Power Production in Engines 391 107.4 Biomass Gasification Integrated in Combined Cycles 392 1073 Production of Liquids by Chemical Spathesis 393, 107.6 Foci Cell Applications 394 108 Sammasy and Outloaie 395 References 396 ntpsutwow researc ntpicaton’293752514 Handbook of Combustion 104‘anos POF js viewer IV Contents ry Fluidized Beds 399 Zoigniaw Bis 11 Introduction 399 "2 Theosy 40 112.1 Average Particle Size 404 1122 Parameters of a Bed of Solids 405 1123 Critical Fluidization Velocities 407 1124 Structure of Fluidized Bed 413 1125 Heat Transfer in Fluidized Bed 418 113 Application in Industry 420 1131 Introduction 420 1132 Faadamental Rules in Designing and Opecating the Fluidized Bed Boilers 422 114 Outlook 428 MLS. Summary 437 References 432 2 Modeling of Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion 435 Wel Wang and fingho! Li Istaduetion 435 Fluid Dynamics 437 Moving Packed Bed 437 Bubbling Fluidization 435 Fast Fluidization 438 1 Asial Voidage Profile 430 2 Lateral Voidage Profle 441 3 Meso: 4 a ale Structare 441 223.4 EMMS Model and Extensions #4/ 122.3.5 Gas and Solids Mixing 445 123 Hest and Maes Teanefer 443 123.1 Pasticle—Fluid Heat/Mass Transfer 446 11 Classical Correlations 449 13.1.2 Heat/Mass Transfer with Meso-Scale Swuetures 447 Bed-to-Wall Heat Tzansfer 449 Reaction Kineties 451 Devolatilization 452 Char Combustion 453 Pollusant Emission Modeling Approaches 456 Lumped Pasameter Model 456 1D/1.5D Model 456 ‘Multi-D Model 45 (CFD Model 457 126 Multiscale CFD Modeling of Combustion 438 ntpsutwow researc ntpicaton’293752514 Handbook of Combustion aa‘anos POF js viewer 126.1 Governing Equations for Multiphase Flow and Reactions 458 126.1 Continuity Equation for Phase j j = 1, 2..N) 438 1.2 Momentum Equations for Gas Phate (g) and Solid Phase (5) 459 1.3 Mass Conservation Equations for Gas and Solid Components 462 126.14 Energy Conservation Equations 464 ‘An Example of Simulation 464 Summary and Prospects 466 References 456 B ‘Agglomeration in Fluidized Bed Combustion: Mechanisms, Detection, and Counteraction 471 J. Ruud van Ommen and bleigang Lin Introduction 471 Mechanisms of Agslomeration in a Fluidized Bed 472 Hydrodynamics 472 (Chemical Reactions and Tzansportation of Sticky Compounds 474 Fuel Ash Meseusement Methods 476 Agglomeration Detection Based on Process Measurements 477 Detection Methods Based on Pressure Measusements 477 Detection Methods Based on Acoustic Emissions 479 Detection Methods Bated on Temperanace 480 Detection Methods Based on Gas-Phase Alkali Concentrations 480 Detection Methods Based on Other Measurement Sources 481 Agglomeration Counteraetion Strategies and Technologies 42 Summary 489 References 485 ‘Ash-Forming Matter and Ash-Related Problems 403, Mania Zovonhaven, Patok Yras, and Mikko Hupa Analjels of Ash-Forming Matter 493 Release and Chemical Reactions of Ash-Forming Matter 500 Silicon 902 Aluminum 503 Iron 504 Potassium and Sodiuen 305 Caleium and Magnesium 507 Sulfur 910 Chlorine 511 Phosphorus 512 ‘Deposit Formation 513 Agglomeration and Sintering in Fleidized Bed Conversion 920 Conosion 524 Final Remarks 527 References 528 ntpsutwow researc ntpicaton’293752514 Handbook of Combustion saa‘anos XVI Content 5 16 164 162 163 164 153, 1651 1652 POF js viewer [Ach Fouling of Boiler Tubes and Thermophysical Properties of Deposits 533 Asve Ors Introduction 533 Types and Classification of Ach Deposits 534 Formation of Ah Deposits 535 Forces Acting on a Ash Particle 535 Sticking of Particles on the Surface 53 Formation of Loose Deposits 538 Formation of Bound Deposits 5 ‘Thermophysical Properties of the Ash Deposits 546 ‘Thermal Conductivity 546 ‘Thermal Radiation Eznissivity 549 Influence of Emissivity on Heat Transfer 550 Summary 553 References 553 Co-Firing Biomass with Coal in Fluidized Bed Combustion Systems 5 Nevin Sefeuk and Zuhal Gogebakan Tatroduction 557 Comparison between Coal and Biomass Characteristics 558 Compatison between Combustion Charactesisties of Coal and Biomass 561 Motivation Behind Co-ficing 563 Co-fisiag Bioanass with Coal 566 Combustion Efficiency 568 Emissions 569 1652.1 CO, and CO Emissions 569 165. 165 2 SO, Emissions 570 23 NO, and N.0 Emissions 571 165.24 Trace Element Emissions 573 v Agglomeration and Ach Deposition 573 Induetcial and Utility Seale Applications 575 Qstlook 5 Summacy 57 References ‘Co-utltzation of Biomass Plants in Europe 385, Panagiotis Grammelis, Michalis Agraniors, and Emmarmel Kakeras Introduction 585 Cussent Co-ficing Techaiques 586 Practical Considerations for Retrofitting ¢ Coal Fis Co-firing Biomass 585, Fuel Availability 388 seed Fuels in Pulverized Coal Power ed Unit 10 ntpsutwow researc ntpicaton’293752514 Handbook of Combustion saa‘anos POF js viewer Plant Modifications 591 1 Biomass Handling, Storage, and Fuel Preparation 59 2 Preparation of the Blended Fuel and Modifications in the Coal Mills 592 3 Impact of Co-firing om the Boiler Performance 594 24 Impacts of Co-firing on Emissions 595 Legislative Framework on Environmental Issues 596 Financial Evaluation 598 174 Review on Co-fising Experience at European Level 600 17S Research tends foe Biomass Co-fising in Europe 602 176 Conclusions 605 References 607 Index 609 ntpsutwow researc ntpicaton’293752514 Handbook of Combustion sana