(O-Net)

..
..

1.
1.
1.1 {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
1.2 {x | x 10 }
x A x A
x A x A
2.
2.1 {3,1, 0, 2}
A n(A) n ({3,1, 0, 2}) = 4
2.2 {1, 2, 3, }
3.
3.1 { }
3.2
U

2.
1.
A B A B AB

2.
A=B 1. A B
2. B A
A=B AB B A
2

A
1. A

2. A A

3. A U

4. A A A
5. A n(A) = m A 2m

3.
A P (A)
P (A) = {B | B A}

A = {1, 2, 3} P (A)

P (A) = {, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3},{2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}

A
1. P (A) A
2. A n(P (A)) = 2n(A)
3. P (A) A P (A)

4. AB P (A) P (B )

5. P (A) P (B ) P (A B )

6. P (A) P (B ) = P (A B )

4.
1. A B = {x | x A x B}

2. A B = {x | x A x B}

3. A = {x | x A}

4. A B = {x | x A x B}
 3

A, B C
1. AA= A AA= A

2. AB = B A AB = B A

3. (A B ) C = A (B C ) (A B ) C = A (B C )

4. A (B C ) = (A B ) (A C ) A (B C ) = (A B ) (A C )

5. (A B ) = A B (A B ) = A B

6. (A) = A
7. = U U =

A = A A =
8.
A = A A =
U A =U U A= A
9.
U A = A A U =

10. A A = U A A =

11. A B = A B

12. AB B A
4

1.
( )

( ) ( )

(I) (I)

(I ) ({0}) (I +)
( )

2.
1. a < b b < c a < c
2. a < b a + c < b + c
3. a < b c > 0 ac < bc
4. a < b c < 0 ac > bc
5. a < b c < d a + c < b + d
6. 0 <a <b 0 <c <d 0 < ac < bd
1 1
7. 0 <a <b 0< <
b a
 5

3.

a a 0
a =


a a < 0

a
1. a2 = a

2. a 0

3. a = a

4. ab = a b
a a
5. =
b b

6. a 2 = a 2

7. a + b a + b

8. a > 0
8.1 x < a a < x < a

8.2 x a a x a

8.3 x > a x < a x >a

8.4 x a x a x a

4.
1.

2. 0

3.

3.1
3.2

1.
A B (Cartesian product) A B
A B = {(a, b) | a A b B}
AB B A n(A B ) = n(B A) = n(A) n(B )
2.
A B AB

n (A ) n (B )
1. A B A B 2

2.
3.
1. (Domain)
r Dr = {x A | y B (x, y ) r }
2. (Range)
r Rr = {y B | x A (x , y ) r }

1. Dr r Rr
r
2. Dr y = f (x ) x
3. Rr x = g(y ) y
4.
r

5.
y = a x 0 <a <1 a > 1
y y
4 4

3 3

y = ax
2 2 y = ax

a >1 1 1
0 <a <1

x x
-2 -1 1 2 -2 -1 1 2

1. (0,1)
11 + +
2. exp : Dexp = Rexp =
onto

3. a x > 0 ( a > 0 )
4. a > 1 a x a x 1
< a x2 x1 < x 2

5. 0 <a <1 a x a x 1
< a x2 x1 > x 2
8

1.

n a1, a2 , a3 , , an

2.
an n
n an
S 1 = a1
S 2 = a1 + a 2
S 3 = a1 + a 2 + a 3

S n = a1 + a 2 + + an

an S = a1 + a2 + + an +
an = S n S n 1

3.
an +1 an n
d = an +1 an
n an = a1 + (n 1) d
n n
n Sn = [2a1 + (n 1)d ] = [a1 + an ]
2 2
3,1, 5, 9, n n
d = 1 (3) = 4 an = a1 + (n 1) d = 3 + (n 1) (4) = 4n 7
n n
n Sn = [2a1 + (n 1)d ] = [2(3) + (n 1)4] = n (2n 5)
2 2
 9

4.
an +1
n
an

r = an +1
an

n an = a1r n 1

a1 (1 r n )
n Sn = r 1
1r
10

1.
1.
k n1, n2 , , nk
n1n2n 3 nk
2.
k n1, n2 , , nk
n1 + n2 + + nk

2. (Factorial)
0! = 1 n ! = n(n 1)(n 2) 21 n 1
(n + m )!
n(n + 1)(n + 2) (n + m ) =
n!

3.
1.

2. (sample space)
3. (event)
S
n(E )
E P (E ) =
n(S )
 11

1. 0 P (E ) 1 E
2. P () = 0 P (S ) = 1

3. P (A B ) = P (A) + P (B ) P (A B )
A B P (A B ) = P (A) + P (B )

4. A B P (A B ) = P (A)P (B )


5. A A P (A) = 1 P (A)
12

1.

N
1. x
i =1
i = Nx
N

N
2. (x i x) = 0
1 i =1
1. (arithmetic mean) x = x N

(x
i
N i =1 3. a )2 a = x
x i =1
i

4. yi = ax i + b y = ax + b
5. x min x x max
Me =
N
2. (median)
a = Me x i a
i =1
Me
1.
(mode) Mo =
3.
Mo
2.
1. x 1, x 2 , , x N
N x x x N
1 2
N
4. (geometric mean) G .M . = N x 1x 2 xN 1
2. log G .M . =
N
log x i
G.M. i =1

xi > 0

N
H .M . = N
H.M. =
5. (harmonic mean) 1

i =1 x i

H.M.
x min + x max
6. M .R. =
(mid range) 2
M.R.
 13

d1
Mo = L + I
d1 + d2

L =
I =
d1 =
d2 =
x G .M . H .M .

2.
1.
(position)
2.


3.

4.

5.

6. (qualitative data)

14

7. x , Me, Mo

x = Me = Mo x Mo < Me < x x < Me < Mo

3.
L =
I =
f L =
fi =

N
Me
Me 2
N
2 N +1 fL
(Median) 2
2 Med = L + I
fi

Qk kN
Qk 4
kN
4 (N + 1)k fL
(Quartile) 4
4 Qk = L + I
fi

kN
Dk
Dk 10
kN
10 (N + 1)k fL

(Decile)
10 Dk = L + I 10
fi

Pk kN
Pk 100
kN
100 (N + 1)k fL

(Percentile)
100 Pk = L + I 100
fi

 15

4.
1.
1.1 (Range) = x max x min
Q3 Q1
1.2 (Q.D.) =
2
N

x i x
1.3 (M.D.) = i =1

N
N

(x i x )2
1.4 (s) = i =1

N
2
(variance) =s

1. m x1 = x 2 = = xm
2 N s + N s + + N msm2
2 2
s = 1 1 2 2

N1 + N 2 + + Nm

2. yi = ax i + b y = ax + b sy = a sx

2.
x max x min
1. =
x max + x min
Q3 Q1
2. =
Q3 + Q1
M .D.
3. =
x
s
4. =
x
16 2 ( 2548)

2 ( 2548)
1 1-5 2 6-10 3

1. A = {, 0,1, {1} , {1, 2} , {3}} P (A) A

P (A) A

2. f (x ) = x 2 2x + 1 (g f )(x ) = x 2 2x + 6 (f g )(6)

3. l1 (2, 3) (1, 7) l2 (3, 2)

l1 l1 l2

x 2 1 x 1 x
4. A = B =
x


1 x x 1

det (2A) = 28 det (AB )
1

10 10
5. x 1, x 2 , , x 10 x i = 30 x i 2 = 340 x5
i =1 i =1

0.40 x5

6. P x 2 + y 2 4x + 6y 12 = 0 l1
P (1,1) l2 l1 (5, 6)
l2 3x + by + c = 0 b + c

7. f (x ) = (x 2 4x 5)2 A f (x ) < 0
A [5,10]

8. A B 2 < 3 2x 1 x +4
<0
4 x 5
AB

9. {a, b } 22x +2 9 (2x ) = 2 a < b log2 a 2 + 4b 2

10. 12 8
3 1 6 3 7 12

 2 ( 2548) 17

2 3

1. 4 400
225 240
50

1. 110 2. 115 3. 120 4. 125

2. {
A = {4, 3, 2, 1, 0,1, 2, 3} , r = (x , y ) A A | y = x 2 + 1 }
{
s = (x , y ) A A | y = x } R s Dr
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4

3. f (x ) = 1 x g(x ) = 32 x 2 Rf Dg

1. 4 2. 5 3. 6 4. 7

4. a b a > 0 ax + b < 9



10 8
, a + b

3 3
1. 3 2. 4 3. 5 4. 6

5. U x [8(4x ) 16x ]
1. U = [20, 0) 2. U = [15, 5) 3. U = [10,10) 4. U = [5,15)

6.
. [A (X Y )] X
(A Y ) X
. (1, 0) x x 2 > x

1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .

7. S tan x + 2 sin x = 0 0 x 2
S
1. 3 2. 4 3. 5 4. 6
18 2 ( 2548)

8. x 0, 2 sin 2x cot 2x cosec 2x = 0

2
sin2 4x + cos2 x
1 3 4 3
1. 2. 3. 4.
2 4 3 2

9. ABC ABC ACB
6
D BC AD:AC=3:4
ADC
cos2
1 2 4 5
1. 2. 3. 4.
3 3 9 9

10. 4x 2 + 9y 2 = 36 (s, t ) s < 0

2 2
x + kx + y + my = 4 (s, t )

1. 2 2. 3 3. 2 5 4. 3 5

11. kx 2 ly 2 12 = 0 (5, 0) (5, 0)

6 3k + 4l
1. 7 2. 8 3. 9 4. 10

12. x 2 (34x ) (32x )(22x ) 3 (24x ) = 0

log2 (2x + 7)
1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 5

13. S (log2 x )2 log2 (x 2 ) a b

S 2b a
1. 5 2. 6 3. 7 4. 8

14. A 2 2 2 det(A) + 3 det(3(A1 )t ) 55 = 0

det(A)
1. det(A) 10 2. 10 < det(A) 20
3. 20 < det(A) 30 4. det(A) > 30
 2 ( 2548) 19

9 8 3x 5

15. x y 6 4 2y = 3

y 2 2x
1. 5 2. 6 3. 7 4. 8

16 x 2
, x>4
16. f f (x ) = x 4
2
kx + x 2, x 4
f x = 4 ( f f ) (5)
1. 1.50 2. 1.75 3. 2.00 4. 2.25

x2 + 1
17. f (x ) = f (0) = 2 ( f + f ) (1)
ax 1
1. 0 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3

1
18. f (x ) = 2x + x
2
dx g(x ) = xf (x ) f (1) = 2

g (3)
1. 20 2. 25 3. 30 4. 35

19. f (x ) = x 3 + ax 2 + bx + 13 f (1) = 3 f x = 2
f
1. 32 2. 33 3. 36 4. 37

20. 7 4
3
1. 60 2. 120 3. 150 4. 180

21. 6 3

21 41 11 31
1. 2. 3. 4.
32 64 32 64
20 2 ( 2548)

22. x1, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 x6 3, 4, 6,13, 8 2

6
. (x i a )2 a = 6
i =1
6
. x i b b = 5
i =1

1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .

23.
3 : 2 43

5

1. 6 : 5 2. 7 : 6 3. 8 : 7 4. 9 : 8

10
24. x 1, x 2 , x 3 , , x 10 x i = x 3 + 165
i =1

25 13.5 x1 = 8 x 2 = 12

1. 18.1 2. 18.0 3. 17.9 4. 17.8

25. 20 35
60 19
2.5
1. 4 2. 6 3. 8 4. 10


(A-Net)

..
..

1.
1.
1.1 {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
1.2 {x | x 10 }
x A x A
x A x A
2.
2.1 {3,1, 0, 2}
A n(A) n ({3,1, 0, 2}) = 4
2.2 {1, 2, 3, }
3.
3.1 { }
3.2
U

2.
1.
A B A B AB

2.
A=B 1. A B
2. B A
A=B AB B A
2

A
1. A

2. A A

3. A U

4. A A A
5. A n(A) = m A 2m

3.
A P (A)
P (A) = {B | B A}

A = {1, 2, 3} P (A)

P (A) = {, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3},{2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}

A
1. P (A) A
2. A n(P (A)) = 2n(A)
3. P (A) A P (A)

4. AB P (A) P (B )

5. P (A) P (B ) P (A B )

6. P (A) P (B ) = P (A B )

4.
1. A B = {x | x A x B}

2. A B = {x | x A x B}

3. A = {x | x A}

4. A B = {x | x A x B}
 3

A, B C
1. AA= A AA= A

2. AB = B A AB = B A

3. (A B ) C = A (B C ) (A B ) C = A (B C )

4. A (B C ) = (A B ) (A C ) A (B C ) = (A B ) (A C )

5. (A B ) = A B (A B ) = A B

6. (A) = A
7. = U U =

A = A A =
8.
A = A A =
U A =U U A= A
9.
U A = A A U =

10. A A = U A A =

11. A B = A B

12. AB B A

5.
A, B, C
1. n (A B ) = n (A) + n (B ) n (A B )
2. n(A B C ) = n(A) + n(B ) + n(C ) n(A B ) n(A C ) n(B C ) + n(A B C )

U
U B
A B A

C
4

1.

2.


p p
T F
F T

4
1.

2.
3. ...
4.

p q p q p q p q p q
T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T F T T F
F F F F T T

1. T T F
2. F F T
3. ... F T F T
4. T F
 5

3.

n 2n
(p q ) r

p q r p q (p q ) r
T T T T T
T T F T F
T F T F F
T F F F F
F T T T T
F T F T F
F F T T T
F F F T F

4.

p q p q

1.
p q q q
p q q p
p q q p

2.
(p q ) r p (q r )
(p q ) r p (q r )

3.
p (q r ) (p q ) (p r )
p (q r ) (p q ) (p r )
6

4.
pp p
pp p
pT p
pF p

5. ...
p q p q q p

6.
( p) p

7.
(p q ) p q
(p q ) p q
(p q ) p q

8.
p q (p q ) (q p)

5.

6.

2
(for all, ) (for some, )

x x
x [P (x )]
P (x ) P(x )
x x
x [P (x )]
P(x ) P(x )
 7

P (x, y )
x + y = 5 Q(x, y, z ) x + y + z = 1

x y [P (x , y )] x y x y
P(x, y ) P(x, y )
x y [P (x , y )] x y x y
P(x, y ) P(x, y )
x y [P (x , y )] x y x y
P (x , y ) P (x, y )
x y x y
x y [P (x , y )]
P (x , y ) P (x, y )

7.
1. x [P (x )] x [ P (x )]

2. x [P (x )] x [ P (x )]

3. x y [P (x , y )] x y [ P (x , y )]

4. x y [P (x , y )] x y [ P (x , y )]

5. x y [P (x , y )] x y [ P (x , y )]

6. x y [P (x , y )] x y [ P (x , y )]

8.
p1, p2 , , pn q
(p1 p2 pn ) q
(p1 p2 pn ) q
(valid) (invalid)
8

1.
( )

( ) ( )

(I) (I)

(I ) ({0}) (I +)
( )

2.
1.
p(x ) = an x n + an 1x n 1 + + a1x + a 0 = 0 an , an1, , a 0
p
an 0 p a0 q an
q

2.
p(x ) = an x n + an 1x n 1 + + a1x + a 0 an , an 1, , a 0 an 0

p(x ) x c p(c)

3.
1. a < b b < c a < c
2. a < b a + c < b + c
3. a < b c > 0 ac < bc
4. a < b c < 0 ac > bc
5. a < b c < d a + c < b + d
6. 0 <a <b 0 <c <d 0 < ac < bd
1 1
7. 0 <a <b 0< <
b a
 9

4.
a a 0
a =
a a < 0

a
1. a2 = a

2. a 0

3. a = a

4. ab = a b
a a
5. =
b b

6. a 2 = a 2

7. a + b a + b

8. a > 0
8.1 x < a a < x < a

8.2 x a a x a

8.3 x > a x < a x >a

8.4 x a x a x a

5.
1.

2. 0

3.

3.1
3.2

10

1.
1. m n c mc = n m |n

2. p 2 p {1, p}

3. n > 1 n = p1m p2m 1 2

pkmk p1, p2 , , pk

2.
1. a | b b | c a | c
2. a b a |b a b
3. a | b a | c a | bx + cy x y
4. p p | mn p |m p |n

3. (...) (...)
1. g (...) m n m2 + n2 0
(1) g m n g |m g |n

(2) m n g
... m n (m, n )

2. c (...) m n m2 + n2 0
(1) c m n m |c n |c

(2) m n c
... m n [m, n ]
3. m n ... 1 m n
4. x y (m, n ) = mx + ny

5. (m, n ) = 1 x y mx + ny = 1
m n
6. g = (m, n ) ( , )=1
g g

7. ... ...
(m, n )[m, n ] = mn
 11

1. a11 a12 a1n 1

a21 a22 a 2n 2
1. A =


1.1 a amn
m 1 am 2
m


1 2 n
1.2 A m n
A m n
1.3 aij i j A
1.4 A = aij mn A aij m n
2.
2.1
2.2
A n n a11 a12 a1n

a21 a22 a 2n
A A =

a11, a22 , , ann
a an 2 ann
n 1

2.3 1 0 0


1 I 33 = 0 1 0

I nn n n 0 0 1

2.
1.
A=B
2.
A = aij mn B = bij mn A + B = aij + bij mn A B = aij bij mn
12

3.
A = aij mn k () kA = kaij mn
4.
A = aij mn B = bij mp AB = cij mp
cij = ai 1b1 j + ai 2b2 j + + ainbnj

cij i A j B
AB BA

5.

A = aij mn A At At = bij nm bij = a ji

3.
A, B m n [0] m n
1. A + B = B + A ()

2. (A + B ) + C = A + (B + C ) ()

3. A + [0] = [0] + A = A ()

4. A + (A) = (A) + A = [0] A = (1)A ()

A, B AB
5. (AB )C = A(BC ) ()

6. A(B + C ) = AB + AC (B + C )A = BA + CA ()

7. AI = IA = A A I ()
A, B
8. (At )t = A

9. (A + B )t = At + B t (A B)t = At B t

10. (kA)t = kAt k

11. (AB )t = B t At
 13

4.
A det(A) A A
1. A = [a11 ]11 det(A) = a11
a11 a12
2. A 22 det(A) det(A) = a a22 = a11a22 a12a21
21

+
3. A 33 det(A)

a11 a12 a13 a11 a12
a11a22a33 +a12a23a31 +a13a21a32
det(A) = a21 a22 a23 a21 a22 =
a13a22a31 a11a23a32 a12a21a33
a31 a32 a33 a31 a32
+ + +

5.
A n n B n n AB = BA = I I
n n B A B = A1
1. A A (singular matrix)
A A (nonsingular matrix)
2. (A1 )1 = A

3. (AB )1 = B 1A1
1 1
4. (kA)1 = A k k 0
k
5. (A1 )t = (At )1

6.
1. det(AB ) = det(A) det(B )

2. det(At ) = det(A)
1
3. A det(A) 0 det(A1 ) =
det(A)

4. A n n k det(kA) = k n det(A)

5. det(I ) = 1
n
6. det(An ) = (det(A)) An A n
14

7.
A
7.1 (Minor)
aij A M ij (A)
i j A
a
11 a12 a13 a12 a13
A = a21 a22 a23 M 21 (A) = a a 33 = a12a 33 a13a 32
32
a a a 33
31 32
7.2 (Cofactor)
aij A C ij (A)
C ij (A) = (1)i + j M ij (A)

(1)i + j 1 ij 1 i + j
7.3 (Adjoint Matrix)
A adj(A)
t
adj(A) = C ij (A)
7.4
A n n
1. det(A)
det(A) = ai 1C i 1 + ai 2C i 2 + + ainC in ( i)

det(A) = a1 jC 1 j + a2 jC 2 j + + anjC nj ( j)

2. A (adj(A)) = adj(A)A = det(A)I

3. det(A) 0 A
adj(A)
A1 =
det(A)

a b 1 d b
A =
det(A) = ad bc 0 A1 =
c a

c d ad bc
n 1
4. det (adj(A)) = (det(A))
 15

8.

a11x 1 + a12x 2 + + a1n x n = b1



a x + a22x 2 + + a2n x n = b2
m n 21 1






a x + a m 2x 2 + + amn x n = bm
m1 1


a11 a12 a1n x 1 b1

a21 a22 a2n x 2 b2
= AX = B


a a amn x n b
m 1 m 2 n

m = n A A
1. X = A1B

2. (Cramers Rule)
det(A1 ) det(A2 ) det(An )
x1 = , x2 = , , x n =
det(A) det(A) det(A)

Ai B i A
3.
1. ( Rij )
2. ( kRi )
3. ( Ri + kRj )

9.
A I I A1

A I I
A1

16

1.
A B (Cartesian product) A B
A B = {(a, b) | a A b B}
AB B A n(A B ) = n(B A) = n(A) n(B )
2.
A B AB

n (A ) n (B )
1. A B A B 2

2.
3.
1. (Domain)
r Dr = {x A | y B (x , y ) r }
2. (Range)
r Rr = {y B | x A (x , y ) r }

1. Dr r Rr
r
2. Dr y = f (x ) x
3. Rr x = g(y ) y
4.
r r
r 1 = {(y, x ) | (x , y ) r } = {(x , y ) | (y, x ) r }

Dr 1 = Rr Rr 1 = Dr
 17

5.
1.
r
f A B ( f : A B ) Df = A Rf B
2.
onto
f A B f :AB
f : A B Rf = B

3.
11
f (1-1) f : AB
x 1, x 2 D f f (x 1 ) = f (x 2 ) x1 = x 2

f 1-1 f
6.
f g Rf Dg f g
(g f )(x ) = g ( f (x )) x f (x ) Dg

7.
f g D f Dg
1. ( f + g )(x ) = f (x ) + g(x ) x Df Dg

2. ( f g )(x ) = f (x ) g(x ) x D f Dg

3. ( fg )(x ) = f (x )g(x ) x D f Dg

f f (x )
4. ( )(x ) = x D f Dg {x | g(x ) = 0}
g g(x )

8.
1. f (a ) < f (b) a < b a b Df f
2. f (a ) > f (b ) a < b a b Df f
3. f (a ) f (b) a < b a b Df f
4. f (a ) f (b) a < b a b Df f
18

1.
1.
P1 (x 1, y1 ) P2 (x 2 , y2 ) P1P2 = (x 2 x 1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2

P2 (x 2 , y2 )

P1 (x 1, y1 )

2.
P2 (x 2 , y 2 )

P (x , y )
r2

r1
P1 (x 1 , y1 )

r2x 1 + r1x 2 r2y1 + r1y2

P P1P : P2P = r1 : r2 ( , )
r1 + r2 r1 + r2
x 1 + x 2 y1 + y 2
P P1P2 P ( , )
2 2

3.
x 1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3
ABC ( , )
3 3

A(x 1, y1 )

B(x 2 , y2 ) C (x 3 , y 3 )
 19

2.
1.
P1 (x 1, y1 ) P2 (x 2 , y2 )
y 2 y1
m= x1 x 2
x 2 x1

1.1 L x m = tan

1.2 L1 L2 m1 m2
L1 // L2 m1 = m 2

L1 L2 m1m2 = 1

2.
2.1 (x 1, y1 ) m y y1 = m(x x 1 )

2.2 y (0, c) m y = mx + c
A
2.3 Ax + By + C = 0 m =
B

3.
3.1 (x 1, y1 ) Ax + By + C = 0
Ax 1 + By1 + C
d=
A2 + B 2

3.2 Ax + By + C 1 = 0 Ax + By + C 2 = 0
C1 C2
d=
A2 + B 2

Ax + By + C = 0 Ax + By + C 1 = 0

Ax + By + C 2 = 0
d
d

(x 1, y1 )
20

3. (Circle)
()( )

(h, k )

(h, k ) r
(x h )2 + (y k )2 = r 2

4. (Parabola)
()
()
( F) ( V)

c>0 c<0

y = k c
F (h, k + c)
V (h, k )
(x h )2 = 4c(y k )

V (h, k )
F (h, k + c)
y = k c

x = h c x = h c

(y k )2 = 4c(x h ) F (h + c, k )
F (h + c, k )
V (h, k ) V (h, k )

4c
 21

5. (Ellipse)

()

2a 2c a > c
b
a 2 = b2 + c2

(x h )2 (y k )2 (x h )2 (y k )2
+ =1 + =1
a2 b2 b2 a2
a > b > 0 a > b > 0
V

a
b
V V
(h, k ) (h, k )
a b

(h, k )


V V

a, b, c
a () a

b b

c
22

6. (Hyperbola)

()

2a 2c a < c
b
c2 = a 2 + b2

2
(x h )2 (y k )2 (y k )2 (x h )2
=1 =1
a2 b2 a2 b2

L2 L1
F
L1
V
b c a
F V V F
a b
c V
L2
F

V V
VV
AA
L1 L2
a, b, c
a ()
b
c

a = b
xy = k k k0
 23

1.
y = a x 0 <a <1 a > 1
y y
4 4

3 3

y = ax
2 2 y = ax

a >1 1 1
0 <a <1

x x
-2 -1 1 2 -2 -1 1 2

1. (0,1)
11 + +
2. exp : Dexp = Rexp =
onto

3. a x > 0 ( a > 0 )
4. a > 1 a x a x 1
< a x2 x1 < x 2

5. 0 <a <1 a x a x 1
< a x2 x1 > x 2

2.

a 0 <a <1 a > 1
y = ax loga y = x

y y
2 2
loga y = x loga y = x
1 a >1 1 0 <a <1

x x
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

-1 -1

-2 -2
24

1. (1, 0)
+ 11 +
2. log : Dexp = Rexp =
onto

3. a > 1 loga x loga x 1 < loga x 2 x1 < x 2

4. 0 <a <1 loga x loga x 1 < loga x 2 x1 > x 2

3.
1. loga 1 = 0 loga a = 1

2. loga a x = x

3. loga (xy ) = loga x + loga y

x
4. loga = loga x loga y
y

5. loga x y = y loga x
y
6. loga p x y = loga x
p
loga x
7. logy x =
loga y
1
8. logy x =
logx y

9. a loga x = x

4.
e e = 2.7182818
e ln x ln x = loge x

5. a 2 b
2
( x + y ) = (x + y ) + 2 xy

a 2 b x y x + y = a xy = b
a + 2 b = x + y a 2 b = x y x >y

5+2 6 = 3 + 2 52 6 = 3 2
 25

1. y

x 2 + y2 = 1 (0,1)

x
(1, 0) (1, 0)
x
x (0, 1)
1. + 2n n
a
2. a r =
r
3. = 180

2.
(x , y )
cos = x sin = y
1 1 sin y
sec = = x 0 tan = = x 0
cos x cos x
1 1 cos x
cosec = = y 0 cot = = y0
sin y sin y

3.
sin2 + cos2 = 1 1 + tan2 = sec2 1 + cot2 = cosec2
sin() = sin cos() = cos tan() = tan

sin( ) = cos cos( ) = sin tan( ) = cot
2 2 2
sin( ) = sin cos( ) = cos tan( ) = tan
sin(n ) = (1)n +1 sin cos(n ) = (1)n cos
2n + 1 2n + 1
sin( ) = (1)n cos cos( ) = (1)n sin
2 2

4.
sin(A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B sin(A B ) = sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos(A + B ) = cos A cos B sin A sin B cos(A B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B tan A tan B
tan(A + B ) = tan(A B ) =
1 tan A tan B 1 + tan A tan B
26

5.
1 tan2 A
cos 2A = cos2 A sin2 A = 2 cos2 A 1 = 1 2 sin2 A =
1 + tan2 A
2 tan A 2 tan A
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = tan 2A =
1 + tan2 A 1 tan2 A

6.
sin 3A = 3 sin A 4 sin 3 A cos 3A = 4 cos3 A 3 cos A
3 tan A tan 3 A
tan 3A =
1 3 tan2 A

7.
A 1 cos A A 1 + cos A
sin2 = cos2 =
2 2 2 2
A sin A 1 cos A
tan = =
2 1 + cos A sin A

8.
2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B ) + sin(A B ) A + B A B
sin A + sin B = 2 sin cos
2 2
2 cos A sin B = sin(A + B ) sin(A B ) A + B A B
sin A sin B = 2 cos sin
2 2
2 cos A cos B = cos(A + B ) + cos(A B ) A + B A B
cos A + cos B = 2 cos cos
2 2
2 sin A sin B = cos(A B ) cos(A + B ) A + B A B
cos A cos B = 2 sin sin
2 2

A
9.
c b
1. (Law of Sine)
a b c
= = = 2R B C
sin A sin B sin C a

R
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A
2. (Law of Cosine) b 2 = a 2 + c 2 2ac cos B
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C

a, b, c cos A, cos B, cos C

 27

3.
1 1 1
= ab sin C = ac sin B = bc sin A
2 2 2

= s(s a )(s b)(s c) s = a + b + c

2

10.
1. sin = sin = n + (1)n = 2n + , (2n + 1)

2. cos = cos = 2n

3. tan = tan = n +

11.

1. y = arcsin x sin y = x x [ , ]
2 2
2. y = arccos x cos y = x x [0, ]

3. y = arctan x tan y = x x ( , )
2 2


arcsin [1,1] [ , ]
2 2
arccos [1,1] [0, ]

arctan ( , )
2 2

1. sin(arcsin x ) = x arcsin(sin x ) x x
2. sin(arccos x ) = 1 x 2 cos(arcsin x ) = 1 x 2

3. arcsin(x ) = arcsin x , arccos(x ) = arccos x arctan(x ) = arctan x

x + y
4. arctan x + arctan y = arctan < arctan x + arctan y <
1 xy 2 2
28

1. u
v

u u

u = v u v v

0 0 u
u +v

2.
1. u u +v +w

v w
2.
v
u +v
u
u v
1. v v v
2. u + v u v u v
3.
u + v u v u = v

3.
k u ku k u
1. u k > 0
2. u k < 0

1. u = (1)u

2. u, v 0 k u = kv u v
 29

4.
u, v , w a, b
1. u + v = v + u

2. (u + v ) + w = u + (v + w )

3. u + 0 = 0 + u = u

4. u + (u ) = (u ) + u = 0

5. a(bu ) = (ab)u

6. (a + b)u = au + bu

7. a(u + v ) = au + av

8. u, v 0 u v au + bv = 0 a = 0 b = 0
y
5. u = ai + bj
(a, b)
i x b

j y
u bj
u (a, b)
a
u = ai + bj =
b x
0 a
ai
u u = ai + bj = a 2 + b 2

B(x 2 , y2 )
u A(x 1, y1 ) B(x 2 , y2 ) u
A(x1, y1 )
x 1 x 2 x 2 x 1
u = AB = AO + OB = y + y = y y
1 2 2 1

x
O
30

6.
1.
u = ai + bj u 0 u u = a 2 + b2

u ai + bj
u =
u a 2 + b2

ai + bj
u u =
u a 2 + b2

2.
u = ai + bj u 0 u u = a 2 + b2

bi aj
u
a 2 + b2

7. (Dot Product)
u = ai + bj v = ci + dj

u v u v = ab + cd
u, v , w
1. u v = v u

2. u (v + w ) = u v + u w

3. a (u v ) = (au ) v = u (av ) v

4. u v = u v cos u v
u
u, v 0
u v
cos =
u v

5. u, v 0 u v u v = 0
6. u u = u 2
2 2 2
7. u + v = (u + v ) (u + v ) = u + 2 (u v ) + v
2 2 2
u v = (u v ) (u v ) = u 2 (u v ) + v
 31

8. (Projection)
u, v 0 projection u v u v
u v u v
uv u v uv = u cos = u =
u v v

u v v u v

uv =
v = 2 v
v v u
u v
v u vu = 2 u
u
uv v
9.
i
x, j y k
z u (a, b, c)
u = ai + bj + ck

10.
u1 = a1i + b1 j + c1k u2 = a2i + b2 j + c2k
1. (Scalar Product Dot Product)
u1 u2 = a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = u1 u2 cos

u1 u2
2. (Vector Product Cross Product)
i j k
u1 u2 = a1 b1 c1 = (b1c2 b2c1 ) i + (c1a2 c2a1 ) j + (a1b2 a2b1 ) k
a2 b2 c2

u1 u2 u1 u2 = u1 u2 sin
u1 u2 u1 u2 u1 u2

11.
(parallelepiped) u, v , w
V = u (v w )
32

1.
1.
a + bi
a b i 2 = 1
a (real part) b (imaginary part)
z = a + bi Re(z ) = a Im(z ) = b
2.
z = a + bi z z z = a 2 + b2

3. (conjugate)
z = a + bi z z z = a bi

2.
z 1 = a1 + b1i z 2 = a2 + b2i
1.
z1 = z 2 a1 = b1 a2 = b2
2.
z 1 + z 2 = (a1 + a2 ) + (b1 + b2 ) i
z 1 z 2 = (a1 a 2 ) + (b1 b2 ) i

3.
z 1z 2 = (a1 + b1i )(a2 + b2i ) = a1a2 + a1b2i + a2b1i + b1b2i 2

i 2 = 1 z 1z 2 = (a1a2 b1b2 ) + (a1b2 + a2b1 ) i

1. i 2 = 1, i 3 = i, i 4 = 1, i 5 = i, i 6 = i,

2. i 4n = 1, i 4n +1 = i, i 4n +2 = i 2 = 1, i 4n +3 = i 3 = i n
3. z = a + bi zz = (a + bi )(a bi ) = a 2 b 2i 2 = a 2 + b 2 = z 2
 33

4.
z1 z z zz
z2 0 = 1 2 = 1 22
z2 z2 z2 z2

z1 a + b1i a + b1i a2 b2i (a1a2 + b1b2 ) + (a2b1 a1b2 ) i

= 1 = 1 =
z2 a2 + b2i a2 + b2i a2 b2i a22 + b22
1 i
= 2 = i
i i

3.
z , z 1, z 2
1. (z ) = z

2. z 1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2 z1 z 2 = z1 z 2

3. z 1z 2 = z 1z 2 z1 = z1 z2 0
z2 z2

4. zz = z 2
z +z z z
5. Re(z ) = Im(z ) =
2 2i
6. z = z

z1 z
7. z1z 2 = z 1 z 2 = 1 z2 0
z2 z2

8. z n = z n n z 0 n
9. z1 + z 2 z1 + z 2
2
10. z1 + z 2 = (z 1 + z 2 )(z1 + z 2 ) = z 1z 1 + z1z 2 + z 2z 1 + z 2z 2 = z12 + 2 Re (z1z 2 ) + z 22
2
z1 z 2 = (z 1 z 2 )(z 1 z 2 ) = z 1z1 z 1z 2 z 2z 1 + z 2z 2 = z 12 2 Re (z1z 2 ) + z 22

z16i 17
z 1 = 4 3i z2 = 1 + i
625z 25

z1 = 4 3i = 42 + (3)2 = 5 z 2 = 1 + i = 12 + 12 = 2
6 6
z16i 17 z16 i 17 z 1 i 17 z1 i 17 56 117 25
i =1 = = = = 5 =
625 ( 2 )
5 5 5 5
625z 2 625 z 2 625 z 2 625 z 2 4 2
34

4.
y

r = a 2 + b2


z = (a, b ) b
b
tan =


a
r
a = r cos



b = r sin

x
0 a

z = a + bi (a, b)
x y
r (modulus) (argument) z
z = a + bi = r cos + r sin i = r (cos + i sin )

z = r (cos + i sin ) r 0

1. cos + i sin = 1 r (cos + i sin ) = r

2. cos i sin = cos ( ) + i sin ( )

y

2i
1. 1 + i = 2 cos + i sin
4 4
1+i

2. 1 3i = 2 cos + i sin
3 3
x
1
3. 2i = 2 cos + i sin
2 2
4. 1 = 1 (cos() + i sin())
1 3i

1. z i = 2 cos + 2k + i sin + 2k k I
2 2

2.
 35

5.
z 1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ) z 2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )
z 1z 2 = r1r2 (cos(1 + 2 ) + i sin(1 + 2 ))
z1 r
= 1 (cos(1 2 ) + i sin(1 2 ))
z2 r2

z = r (cos + i sin ) n
z = r n (cos(n ) + i sin(n ))
n

6. n
z = r (cos + i sin ) n
1
+ 2k
1

z = r cos
n n + i sin + 2k k = 0,1, 2, , n 1
n n

2
n
n
4 16i
16i = 16 cos + i sin
2 cos + i sin

2 2 8 8
2
3
4
5 5 9 9 13 13
2 cos + i sin , 2 cos + i sin , 2 cos + i sin
8 8 8 8 8 8

7.
an z n + an 1z n 1 + + a1z + a 0 = 0 an 0

1. n ()
2. a0 , a1, , an z1 z1
3. z 1 , z 2 , , z n n ()
a n a0
z 1 + z 2 + + z n = n 1 z 1z 2 z n = (1)
an an

az 2 + bz + c = 0 a 0
b c
z 1, z 2 z1 + z 2 = z 1z 2 =
a a
36

1. (Linear Programming Problem)

2.
1.

2. (feasible region)
3.

P = 5x + 4y
2x + y 8, x + y 6, x 0, y 0

8
2x + y = 8
6

(2, 4)

x +y = 6

x
0 4 6

4 (0, 0), (0, 6), (2, 4), (4, 0)

P (0, 0) = 0, P (0, 6) = 24, P (2, 4) = 26, P (4, 0) = 20
P 26 x = 2, y = 4 P 0 x = 0, y = 0
 37

1.
1.
k n1, n2 , , nk
n1n2n 3 nk
2.
k n1, n2 , , nk
n1 + n2 + + nk

2. (Factorial)
0! = 1 n ! = n(n 1)(n 2) 21 n 1
(n + m )!
n(n + 1)(n + 2) (n + m ) =
n!

3.
1.
1. n n !
n n!
2. n k Pk =
(n k )!

3.
n k n1, n2 , , nk
n!

n1 ! n 2 ! n k !

n n! n n!
Pn = =n! P0 = =1
0! n!
2.
n (n 1)!
(n 1)!

2
38

4.
n k
n n!
n
C k = =
k
k !(n k )!

n n n n
1. = 2. = n = 1
k n k 0

n n(n 1)(n 2) (n k + 1) n
3. = 4. n Pk = k !
k k! k

5.
n k n1, n2 , , nk
n!

n1 ! n 2 ! n k !

6. (Binomial Theorem)
n n n n n n 1 n n
(a + b)n = a n + a n 1b + a n 2b 2 + + a n kb k + + ab + b
0 1 2 k n 1 n

1. (a + b)n n + 1 1
n 1 1
2. k + 1 Tk +1 = k a n kb k
1 2 1

3. 1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
n n n + 1

4. k + k + 1 = k + 1

n n n n
5. a = b = 1 0 + 1 + + + = 2n
n 1 n
n n n n
6. a = 1, b = 1 0 1 + 2 + (1)n n = 0


 39

7.
1.

2. (sample space)
3. (event)
S
n(E )
E P (E ) =
n(S )

1. 0 P (E ) 1 E
2. P () = 0 P (S ) = 1

3. P (A B ) = P (A) + P (B ) P (A B )
A B P (A B ) = P (A) + P (B )

4. A B P (A B ) = P (A)P (B )


5. A A P (A) = 1 P (A)

8.
A B
P (A | B )
P (A B )
P (A | B ) =
P (B )

1. P (A B ) = P (B )P (A | B ) = P (A)P (B | A)

2. A B
P (A | B ) = P (A) P (B | A) = P (B )

P (A B ) = P (A)P (B )
40

1.
1.

n a1, a2 , a3 , , an
a1, a2 , a3 ,
2.
an n
n an
S 1 = a1
S 2 = a1 + a 2
S 3 = a1 + a 2 + a 3

S n = a1 + a 2 + + an

an S = a1 + a2 + + an +
an = S n S n 1

3.
an +1 an n
d = an +1 an
n an = a1 + (n 1) d
n n
n Sn = [2a1 + (n 1)d ] = [a1 + an ]
2 2
3,1, 5, 9, n n
d = 1 (3) = 4 an = a1 + (n 1) d = 3 + (n 1) (4) = 4n 7
n n
n Sn = [2a1 + (n 1)d ] = [2(3) + (n 1)4] = n (2n 5)
2 2
 41

4.
an +1
n
an

r = an +1
an

n an = a1r n 1

a1 (1 r n )
n Sn = r 1
1r
a
r <1 S =
1r

2.
1.

an A n
an n A lim an = A
n

n 1 2 3 4 n
1. an = , , , , 1 lim an = lim =1
n +1 2 3 4 5 n n n +1
n n
1 3 3 3 3 1
2. an = 3 , , , , 0 lim an = lim 3 = 0
2 2 4 8 16 n n 2

2.
an
lim an
n
an (convergent sequence)
an (divergent sequence)

1
1. an = 1 1 n lim an = 1
n2 n

2. an = (1)n 1,1, 1,1,

42

3.
lim an = A lim bn = B
n n

1. lim (can ) = cA c
n

2. lim (an + bn ) = A + B lim (an bn ) = A B

n n

a A
3. lim (anbn ) = AB lim n = B0
n n b
n
B

4. lim an = A
n

5. lim anc = Ac c
n

6. lim c = c c
n

0 r < 1
7. lim r n = lim r n r = 1 r >1
n 1

r = 1 n

0 p<0
8. lim n p = lim n p p>0
n
1 p=0 n

a p p =q
a p n p + a p 1n p1 + + a1n + a 0
9. lim = bq p >q
n bq n q + bq 1n q 1 + + b1n + b0
0 p <q

4.
Sn n an
lim S n
n
a1 + a2 + a 3 +


1. a1 = d = 0 0, 0,

2. r <1

r 1 a1 0
 43

3.

3.1 0
nlim S n lim an = 0
n

3.2

3.3
3.4

3. (Summation)
n
an ai = a1 + a 2 + + an
i =1

1.
n n
1. (ca ) = c a c
i =1
i
i =1
i

n n n
2. (a
i =1
i + bi ) = ai + bi
i =1 i =1

n n n
3. (a
i =1
i bi ) = ai bi
i =1 i =1

2.
n
1. c = c +c +
i =1
+ c = nc

n
n (n + 1)
2. i = 1+ 2 +
i =1
+n =
2
n
n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
3. i
i =1
2
= 12 + 22 + + n2 =
6
2
n
n(n + 1)
4. i 3 = 13 + 23 +
i =1
+ n3 =
2


44

1.
1.
lim f (x ) = L f (x ) L x a
x a

lim f (x ) lim g(x )

x a x a

1. lim c f (x ) = c lim f (x ) c
x a x a

2. lim [ f (x ) + g(x )] = lim f (x ) + lim g(x ) lim [ f (x ) g(x )] = lim f (x ) lim g(x )
x a x a x a x a x a x a

(
3. lim [ f (x )g(x )] = lim f (x ) lim g(x )
x a x a
)( x a
)
f (x ) lim f (x )
4. lim = x a lim g(x ) 0
x a g (x ) lim g(x ) x a
x a

5. f (x ) lim f (x ) = f (a )
x a

6. lim n f (x ) = n lim f (x )
x a x a

2.
lim f (x ) = L f (x ) L x a
x a

lim f (x ) = L f (x ) L x a
x a +

lim f (x ) = lim+ f (x ) = L lim f (x ) = L
x a x a x a

2.
f x =a
1. f (a )
2. lim f (x )
x a

3. lim f (x ) = f (a )
x a
 45

3.
y = f (x )
x x +h x x = (x + h ) x = h

y y = f (x + h ) f (x )

y x x x +h
y f (x + h ) f (x )
=
x h

4.
dy df (x )
y = f (x ) y x , y , f (x ),
dx dx
dy y f (x + h ) f (x )
= lim = lim
dx x 0 x h 0 h

dc
1. =0 c
dx
dx
2. =1
dx
dx n
3. = nx n 1 n
dx
u v x
d (cu ) du
4. =c c
dx dx
d (u + v ) du dv
5. = +
dx dx dx
d (uv ) dv du
6. =u +v
dx dx dx
du dv
v u
d u dx dx
7. =
dx v

v2

z y y x
dz dz dy
8. =
dx dy dx
46

5.
y = f (x )

y
y f (a ) = f (a )(x a )

(a, f (a ))
y = f (x )

6.
dy
y = f (x ) = f (x )
dx
d 2y d dy
= f (x ) =
dx dx
2

dx

7.

y y
y = f (x )
y = f (x )

x x

f [a, b ]
x 1, x 2 [a, b ]

1. f (x 1 ) < f (x 2 ) x1 < x 2 f [a, b ]

2. f (x 1 ) > f (x 2 ) x1 < x 2 f [a, b ]
f (x ) (a, b) f
 47

1. f (x ) > 0 x (a, b) f [a, b ]

2. f (x ) < 0 x (a, b) f [a, b ]

8.

y = f (x ) f
1. f (x )

2. f (x ) = 0 ( f (x ) )
3.
x = x 0
3.1
- f (x 0 ) > 0 x0
- f (x 0 ) < 0 x0
- f (x 0 ) = 0
3.2
f (x ) x 0 x
x 0 x 0
- f (x )

- f (x )

48

- f (x )

9.
dF (x )
F = f (x ) F (x ) f (x )
dx
F (x ) = f (x ) dx

F (x ) f (x ) F (x ) + c c
f (x )

n +1
1. dx = x + c x ndx = x n 1
n +1

2. a f (x )dx = a f (x )dx a
3. [ f (x ) + g(x )]dx = f (x )dx + g(x )dx
10.
b b
F (x ) f (x ) a f (x ) dx = F (x ) a = F (b) F (a )
b
f (x ) 0 x (a, b) a f (x )dx
y = f (x ) x = a x = b
b
f (x ) 0 x (a, b) a f (x ) dx
y = f (x ) x x = a x = b
 49

1.

N
1. x
i =1
i = Nx
N

N
2. (x i x) = 0
1 i =1
1. (arithmetic mean) x = x N

(x
i
N i =1 3. a )2 a = x
x i =1
i

4. yi = ax i + b y = ax + b
5. x min x x max
Me =
N
2. (median)
a = Me x i a
i =1
Me
1.
(mode) Mo =
3.
Mo
2.
1. x 1, x 2 , , x N
N x x x N
1 2
N
4. (geometric mean) G .M . = N x 1x 2 xN 1
2. log G .M . =
N
log x i
G.M. i =1

xi > 0

N
H .M . = N
H.M. =
5. (harmonic mean) 1

i =1 x i

H.M.
x min + x max
6. M .R. =
(mid range) 2
M.R.
50

d1
Mo = L + I
d1 + d2

L =
I =
d1 =
d2 =
x G .M . H .M .

2.
1.
(position)
2.


3.

4.

5.

6. (qualitative data)

 51

7. x , Me, Mo

x = Me = Mo x Mo < Me < x x < Me < Mo

3.
L =
I =
f L =
fi =

N
Me
Me 2
N
2 N +1 fL
(Median) 2
2 Med = L + I
fi

Qk kN
Qk 4
kN
4 (N + 1)k fL
(Quartile) 4
4 Qk = L + I
fi

kN
Dk
Dk 10
kN
10 (N + 1)k fL

(Decile)
10 Dk = L + I 10
fi

Pk kN
Pk 100
kN
100 (N + 1)k fL

(Percentile)
100 Pk = L + I 100
fi

52

4.
1.
1.1 (Range) = x max x min
Q3 Q1
1.2 (Q.D.) =
2
N

x i x
1.3 (M.D.) = i =1

N
N

(x i x )2
1.4 (s) = i =1

N
2
(variance) =s

1. m x1 = x 2 = = xm
2 N s + N s + + N msm2
2 2
s = 1 1 2 2

N1 + N 2 + + Nm

2. yi = ax i + b y = ax + b sy = a sx

2.
x max x min
1. =
x max + x min
Q3 Q1
2. =
Q3 + Q1
M .D.
3. =
x
s
4. =
x

5.
x x
(Z-score) Z =
s

1. Z 0
2. Z 1
 53

Z
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

Z
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

Z = 0 A 0 Z

6.
1.
y = mx + c
N N
yi = m x i + Nc
i =1 i =1
N
N N
i i
2
x y = m x i + c xi
i =1 i =1 i =1

y = mx + c

2.
1. y = ax 2 + bx + c

N N N
yi = a x i2 + b x i + Nc
i =1 i =1 i =1
N N N N

i i
3 2
x y = a x + b x + c xi
i =1 i =1
i
i =1
i
i =1
N N N N

i i
2 4 3
x y = a x i + b x i + c x i2
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1

2. y = ab x log y = log a + x log b

N N


log y i = N log a + (log b ) xi

N
i =1 i =1

N N


i =1
x i log y i = (log a ) x i + (log b ) x i2
i =1 i =1
54 1 ( 2548)

1 ( 2548)
1 1-5 2 6-10 3

1. 12x 2 (3x ) 9 (4x ) + 18 = 0

2. (tan x 2 cot x )8

3. 10

4. 100 5
2

5. u, v, w u + 5v 2w = 0 u = 3i + 4 j
u v u w w cos

6. x 1, x 2 , x 13 xn = 5 n n = 1, 2, ,13 a
13
x n a
n =1

(x 1)2 (y 1)2
7. x =y + = 1 A B F1 F2
9 4
AF1 + AF2 + BF1 + BF2

8. y 2 4y 16 12 = 0 l
3x 2y + 5 = 0 y l

2
9. z1 = 4(cos 145 + i sin 145 ) z 2 = 3(cos 115 + i sin 115 ) z1 z 2

10. n
100 n 1000
45 75 n
7 n 3
n
 1 ( 2548) 55

2 3

1. A B
1. A B = A B B A
2. A (A B ) = A B
3. (A B ) A = B
4. (A B) = A AB

2.
1. y = 3x + 2 3x y 4 = 0
2. y + 5x + 8 = 0 5y = x + 3
3. (0, 0) 3x + 4y 10 = 0 2
4. x 2y + 5 = 0 x 2y 5 = 0 2

3. 9x 3 + 12x 2 + x 2 = 0
1 3 2 1 1 2 2 1
1. {2, , } 2. {1, , } 3. {1, , } 4. {1, , }
3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3

4.
f (x + h ) f (x ) f (x + h ) f (x )
. f g lim+ = lim = g (x )
h 0 h h 0 h
g(x ) = f (x )
. f f (x ) > 0 x f (a ) 0
1 1
y = a
f (x ) f (a )

1. 2.
3. 4.

2
5. 2 4 x 2 dx
1. (3.1, 3.2) 2. (3.2, 3.3) 3. (6.1, 6.2) 4. (6.2, 6.3)

6. [(p q ) r ] (q s )
p, q, r , s
(p s ) r
1. p q 2. q r 3. r s 4. s p
56 1 ( 2548)

7.
. mn [5m + 7n = 1]
. x y (x 2 2x y 2) (y sin x )
x y (x 2 2x < y 2) (y < sin x )

1. 2.
3. 4.

sin2 3A cos2 3A
8. =2 cos 2A
sin2 A cos2 A
1 1 1 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
4 2 2 3

9. tan (arccos x ) = 3 x sin(2 arccos x )

3 1 1 3
1. 2. 3. 4.
4 2 2 4

10.
. x 4 2x 3 + x 2 + 4x 6 = 0 { 2, 2, 1 + 2i, 2 + i}
6 6
1 + 3i 1 3i
. + 2
2 2

1. 2.
3. 4.

11. S log (log x ) + log(9 log x 2 ) 1 a b

S ab
7 9 11 13
1. 10 2 2. 10 2 3. 10 2 4. 10 2

x
1 1 0 1

12. B = 0 1 2 , C = 0 , X = y I

3 0 1 2 z

A 3 3 2AB = I AX = C
x + y + z
1. 20 2. 24 3. 26 4. 30
 1 ( 2548) 57
4 12 9


13. A = 7 10 5 B, C , D 33 A B C D

1 0 0

4
B A R1 R2
3
C
B 5R1
D C R23
det(D)
1. 3,750 2. 150 3. 150 4. 3,750

14. an
n
a
1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, , n, n, n, n lim n
n n
1 1 2
1. 0 2. 3. 4.
2 3 3

1
1
15. f (x ) = det 1 x x 1
1 1

1
1
1
1. f 1-1 f (x ) = det 1 x
1
x 0, x 1
1 1

1 1

2. f 1-1 f (x ) = det 1
1
x 1
1
1 + x
1
1
3. f 1-1 x det 1 x =0
1 1

2
1
1
4. f 1-1 (f f )(x ) = det 1 x x 1
1 1

1, x 0

16. f (x ) =


0, x > 0

lim(
. x 0
f f )(x ) = 0 . lim( f f )(x ) = 1
x 0+

1. 2.
3. 4.
58 1 ( 2548)

17. y = f (x ) (x, y ) 2x 4 f
10 y = f (x ) X x = 0
x = 3
1. 33 2. 36 3. 39 4. 42

18. A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} f A B f (1) = 2

f (2) = m m f
1. 75 2. 150 3. 425 4. 500

19. 4 6 3

1. 0.78 2. 0.80 3. 0.82 4. 0.84

20. 3 100
8 1 9
1 1 2 2
1. 2. 3. 4.
8 9 8 9

21. z = ax + by a > 0, b > 0

x 2y 0
x +y 3
2x + y 4
x 0
y0
z=0 ax + by = 0 3 z (x 0 , y0 )
2
x 0 y0
1. 4 2. 1 3. 1 4. 3

22. z = 0 z = 1 0.3413
20,000

1. 3,413 2. 6,348 3. 6,826 4. 13,652
 1 ( 2548) 59

23. 80

0.375

0.350

0.075
0.050
0.025
39.5 59.5 79.5 99.5

29.5 49.5 69.5 89.5

1. 50-79 90
50
2. 90 10
3. 60-69
4. 80-89

24. x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0 Y 2 X

1. a 2 > c b 2 > c
2. a 2 > c b 2 < c
3. a 2 < c b 2 > c
4. a 2 < c b 2 < c

25. S m
50 m 100
7 m 3 6
S
1. 7 2. 14 3. 21 4. 28