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    Ileto R - Pasyon Revolution Popular Movements Philippines 1840-1919 P.3 PDF

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    Felipe Salvador after his capture in 1910 (photo fom Festacimionto Fin) cHaPTen The Pasyon of Felipe Salvador F regret 29800 110, a eigaptial movenet led the Sania Inlesiaourshed inthe central Luzon provinces of Bulacan, Nueva, ‘Tarac, and Pampanga. These provinces ae stated in the "ce howl of the Plippines,an immense expanse offline Jewsed othe calivaton tee nd some sigar. Inthe center ofthis region, avlcano named Mount Araya ‘rSinukuan, js out abruptly, and is visi for many ies rund. This ‘mountain, andthe swamp of Candaba wich pany surrounds ists the Base area ofthe Sata Iglesia The peasants ofthe region believe that Araya ervedfoe Arana is the highest mouotsin on earth. No one can ever climb tos top Because ofthe “power” of certain relles of Noah's Aik that have remained there sine the Deluge. Others bee tat the cloud pepetualy covering ts pea ding te !monsonn season isa ghost of Noah’ Ark sent there by the mo Laka a san” to the faithful should the word be ooded again bythe supe ned Bathala, The Ask emainsthere unite anbcr—the oat the souls con ts way to heaven—appeas! Mount Arayatialso Known by the name of Sinukuan,* which means to whom one has surrendered” The name is connected with the story of beautflandrichnaien, Marya who lordsowerthe peak that people desetbe asakindof paradise. Shelivesinalarge house of old accompany teeing ‘beautiful maidens and twenty-ive female Actas who look afer er need and her gardens. Inthese gardens, wih pleniflfrutces ad pene arinalssoven theanimals, binds fishes, and snakes are adorned with feweley ofp When Marya goes down wo the church in Candaba forthe Sutay Masa, hes deseo The Pasyon of Felipe Salvador 211 people to join the Sana Iglesia, which he aio called a *katipanan,"inonder to Prepare forthe approachingeatslyse Somehow the people who heard him {em to have known who he was and what he wood Tor According to 4% [American observer, neat fifty thousand people, all ofthe poor and densely ‘ignorant class responded ois call and many more expested sympathy for i] 210 The Pasyom of Felipe Saleador gold and her jesiels are wuly dazzling. Once, 1halang who is king of San Mateo mountains and a brother of Marya of Mount Malling, fallin ‘with Maryn of Arayat! Avates Marya tell dhetkdalango build stone that would tink the peaks of Arayat and Miking. ‘The tkbalang wa Fevershly to uid the bridge in one nigh, buthe bridge does no even reac the shores of Bac lake in guna shen dawn comes, axl the sound fe bells frightens the tkbalang sway. The unfinished statue collapses ‘kbalang fails to prove bis ove. Thus Araya also known a Snduem, ‘whom one has surrendered” Ina way the sory of the tkbalang shows how, in people’ minds, connection exits between the various sacred mountains in cea Southern Luzon. Therein facta present-day belie tht a tant co themounaias of Banahaw, Maliingand Araya allof these mousse ‘enters of pilgrimages, the hunts of religious secs and Kat ‘Societies, Associated with them ae different personalities around them | pace evensthat are usually unrelated in me and specie ezeurntances. like the legend and tunnel that connect these mosntins, something together these varied men andevents, Wecantalkabout Arayatandthe te ‘alvadors Ely Career Felipe Salvador was bom in Bala, Bulacan province, on 26 May 1870. According to an American correspondent, Felipe’ father, Pridenio, was “minor ficial ia dhe Spanish government.” Santos, however, claims that ‘Prudencioheld high pstion:nthe goverment nth Felipe himself once seas cabexa de barangay Is conan, according to recat iterviews of his Sunving kn, that the Salvadoe fry in the alnetenth and earyewentieth ‘centuries was relatively sell o-o. Evidence ofthis isthefacthat the Salvador ancestral house, which Used to be built of one, tans just blocks from theold parish church BalivagItalsoappearshat the amy had the means because the meaning of cerainevetsinthisregionpoitstoa.common made | to send Felipe to Mania for some education But me mos vot ake ioc ‘of perceiving the world, imesntha like Mabini he joined theranksoftherados seduction must ‘The pope ofthe Santa felesa—FelipeSalvador—was a deeply rei have heen minimal, judging fom the almost phoaetc sve of his atelopr ‘an who ofenwalkedlone inthe foes of Aryatto communicate with God | fy aml the absence of eros ‘Asa youngman, Salvador already strick his relatives asbeing of rebellions a wells religious nature He insted on ing barefoot for one thing. He ‘sion brought foth an image of independence inextricably tnked with Ao got into trouble with lieutenant ofthe guardiacieand wi the parish ries of Balivag. He apparently had been able to persuade the vendersat the ‘uch to discontinue paying revere to Padke Pad This at of defiance Almost caused his exile to Mindanga slit Srnec eno han nage the ain 1970 atalino este we pened ane mo pt pepo ae ear eciat eee 1 ra ert et hs pons ho mi cp i 196 (ARR 8,Apual ‘mst he ine Csaba eh Ipod wen mis. Bontno anh atrams pate sng othe et ay raion eae 0 Some is loro on Sara's at's aie ad om te eae wh TH se Sin ng ng apm Thon Ppa Grn 1980)p 1a eo ies ys Rang guns Ppt 0 3 14 yes ene nea Pippin, tn erence ad psa Siar Tr cnton ol amemay nach wr ye "3" So, ato aan. Tis tony wat cme y Reads ade,’ ‘phew es pK esha 6 “Sitemeter tone, Sem res Ne Heese 196, appease pb So ah oh atin he Pergamon Se ‘Phtpyne Panty tay an af “Pa 2 ep ot Def rep 25 Da bey se ik nig 6 ans). Dey cel own 212 The Pasjon of Flipe Saltador In 1954, Salvador became the head of cofradia type socket called “Gay risa,” named after its founder, Gablao Contes, Cortes himsel! hailed fy ‘Apa, Pampanga, and may have been relative to Salvador” Hei dese a5 man “of very small fortune” who in 187 sted preaching dos "sect on theidea that the people mt scck divine protection teug and thus artive at the enjoyment ofthe wealth ofthe lind and othe pleasures" Among the tories that circulate! about Conte is that he ‘sessed amagicbal ven o himby an old man ona mountaintop, wi ‘ne cou cause money ood, and male attendants to appeat Me lo had ower to assume many forms before his followers, he could conver Yoothplcks into soles and cause other wonderful miele Undoubvediy, the Gabinstas regarded their lear asa man of power {fom his encounter with the old man ona mountaintop which belng the ofthe universe isa channel fordivine energy Like Apotinaro dela cro Jamario Labios before him, Gabino Cates became the focus of pe _spations in the region surounding his homeowa “The Gabinistas came mainly from the towns of pal, San Simo, San Santo Tomas, Santa Ana, Candaba, Macabebe,Pullan ander neuby ‘but ‘not afew" came fom Marla tell. They boas Of "cond ‘umber of adherent, ‘allof whom belongedto the pores casi a ‘were hoping wih much anxiety for thelr tum to possea those neh {heir present condition denies them.” But akthough thelr asp tantamounttoanovertmingof the socal order, thelr means of obtaning ends mirrored the tle ofthe easly Cadi de San ose. "Te Cabin nightly reunions in the house of a member They rected Chaitanya afterwards patakingofafaternal meal Even Spanish investigator a [a er ee tite is trina Lone dip aalRtnen ae Otauel corte eee ee 16, sabe de fos Reyes, BF Matowe Apna, vl. 1 (Mail, 1859), pp. 263-64 eS 1. De lorheyes a mst scr te ent letra ac est et istteintncsatar tte Sipucheur ite eeemen enna arity luc Goren lhonnsing dace sies sae ooo ee ie Fp maternal estar areas eer emcees ironies itary Snr eee oe Zee onan ‘rows naga =) The Pasyon of Felipe Salvador that according to their doctrines one must not resort to violent methods to achieve thir goals” However, Spanish authotic and ative poe, feared disruption of pubic order, and when the principe of suthent wea bought into disrepute" with the crowning of Gabino at King in Taae, ae ‘guard civil of Bulacan, Nueva Ec, and Pampangs were summoned to disperse the organization. As Gabino was about tole shipped lfc case Joo, "2 great number” of people were on hand athe docks sce her ‘tumor erculated Inter on that che boat would not move and ther Gatang appeared.” ‘When Felipe Salvador reorganized the Cabins in 1894, he changed the society's name to Sant ges. Signin, the Kaupunan vesaing oe Jed him t “modify the mode of action needed to realize the pistons oe sc" Skin reminiscent of Apoinaro dela Crs cal formed neg after reading the “signs of the tes” Salvador Gecared tat "wil Ane ‘roteton, they would be immune to the weapons ofthe Spanish sry at 213 sustained a wound in his left am, he was forced to wrest to Bokee tore wher his forces linked up with Aguinalo's = The transfer, sometime in late 1857, of Gabino Cores to Bild prison in Marilaoccasionedanother “fury ofexcitemenintheSantslglns ches ‘quickly tapped by Salvador together withGullermotonsale snexschee of {he colonial army whose loyalty to Spain in 1896 merted frome pansh pee of Apalit a recommentation fo the post of “lcutenant of local olan Pay owing to the loss of his wealth tough gambling, Gonsales oned the Santa Ipesia in June 1857, puting his multary expertise o use, During the nesilong Apaifistain February 1998, peasants pathered screly prepare for an attack onthe town ganson, Success was guranteed by Svea on nly through immuniy from bules but alsa because the prvoner Cabin would, at the moment of stack, appear with seven archingele | On the ‘snetcenth, a scheduled, some 700 rebels armed with Hladed weapons see /psteight rearms stormed the garrison amit shouts of “Viva nus Clea” Rees Fh oe iin ses Mina “erat Tee we {jor King Gino ho Tagan Kapanpangan cs We Lave eee sad Pmt ts ts ‘inh ts PRBS Pags amotio hee pst es Mi Sn Lae mca Sano, 214 The Pasyon of Felipe Saleador ut, ike the Colorums whoatacked the Tayabus parison, the Sant ei ‘wify cut down by superior Spanish frepower A similar stack by ‘contingent on the Macabebe garson met the sume fate Rebel ex exceeded 100 dead or wounded. ‘The Spun repor. to be echone “American reports inthe following decade, emphasized ht the ony the atackers was to secure feams, “No imposiions Were trade Peaceful inhabitants" not even the stores ofthe Chinese wer touches? ‘To dampen the spints of the movement, Gabino Contes was shoaly after. Hut this dd no prevent he Santa iglesia oe hing sea the revolution against Spain was formally resumed with Aguitaldse Felipe Salvador and his forces overran the Spanish gurteon at Da ‘capturing 100 ifs. Sometime in 1898 when Pampanga had been comp erated by the revolutionanes, Salvador led the Santa Iglesa company ‘cumphant march through the srects of Candaba® He must have ps inothersvecesol operations, forby the end of 1898 Agunalda had pe him to the rank of major. Soon aftr thi, however, Salvador was bande ‘anzevolutionary” by cenain prominent generis of the republic explanation given for this unexpected tum of events sth Salvador hay tracted somany “poorand lgnocan people into the Santa feta "overthrow the goverment A 190 consabulary report ay that Sal slesened his pos at Marilao on the approach ofthe American and mas brandeda desenerby revolutionary alfcerswhotook hsasanexcasetoo his assasioation. A clarification of this incident, which cece i ate 1 oF the bewinning of January 1859, would not only pt the aims ad ac ‘ofthe Santa Iglesia in proper perspective but would help explain why similar groups, notably the Katipunan of San Crscbal sad the Guarda, the Malolos govemment Honor were, at around the same time, condemned as “anrcvatonsr| "2 8 Social Confeti the Republic 4 ‘Pocuments connected withthe altar al of Sakador and the ofcers of ‘he Santa Iglesia sn Janwary 1899 ven that Salvidor’s company indeed Spare ctenty speak o's Ponape saber, a Pease he ‘ened nie sores fhe Sn gcse Aa cota Wey oe ee ae ‘om hohe psy ema a ee aor ada Pooh oak fk cp he rhs sn toa en ee 2 lain, Pomona. 235 REC, 2 pth Dster Cnn“. 2h rian The Pasyon of Felipe Sabeador 215 ‘withdrew without authorization fom ts postion in Bulacan province. Salva orhimsef, however, argued thatthe Sata iglesia fa from bela dla oy the fevolution and to the Aguinaldo goverment, simply reacted to the ‘oppressive acts perpetate agains tbycenain prominent” prone, Repere ely blocked from secing Aguinalo in person to air rcrances of his os, Salvador decided to pull hack and allow hi mento return fo ther eves Sahar presented his sie in tem-pageadavt ened “Naraive of the Feelings and Supplicaions of dhe Accs Major Felipe Salvador Intech Points, he enumerated his grievances av well a explained the nate ofthe Sana Tplesta, ‘The fit sven points alone shater the conventional image of unity within the army and the republic, To stan with, five member of the Sans igen ‘company, including acaptainand aletenant had been ondetedklled tee Major Maxinino Hizon without proper tral and without informing thet ‘commander Sader. fterthe incident, alvadorjourneyedta Cave orice to presenta writen appeal. Not only was the appeal lgncred, bat Heng mse who came from a prominent Kspampungan fay, ws prom oy colonel. Obviowsy sil embitered, Salvador noted infis amine tee te ‘ves and chien ofthe deceased were til fering from ther los, “The nex complaint brought forh was granan nature. In Flnsblance, some of Salvador’ followers were shown “documents” presumably bad tilesand thea foribly cet from their ancestral lands withous compensa tion Ironically, the perpetrators of these crimes beloaged to proven families, some of which had supported the Santa Inlesa inthe wat agaist Spain Purthermore these same people were detaining nd punishing pes. ‘sins who joined the brotherhood, Abuses aginst the Sana Iglesia were parculary rampant inthe town of Apali, where the peincipaes feared a resurgence ofthe Gaba Paty, To Soldiers of Salvador'scompany were charged wth commtingcerain-obuses: oy municipal ficial, who took the la nto thes own ads, Brute evo soldiers, threw them inthe iver and pumped heir Noating hovies with bls, ‘Two other Santa iglesia members were Kidnapped in the tile ofthe night ‘nd murdered, What further angered Salvador was thal the perpen oie ‘a, OTST mas peta Kring og Conant ee Shad ma ‘eingaba a Mog Panag rem ng Tony Da se ‘Ppp con ote iy 1p) Nery cen, ome eee SMinpuaedy eck een onde ncapnd aan oe ra ei rosin ra 216 The Pasjon of Folie Saleador Inlet in Apt, however, were merely under the pay of corey men who appaey recs fore the put Cat" ae town. Any man fou o hae Ped the Sues ae and even ipsoned. Wes and eae rave of Sane Wao fussing hough palo vist he men on he wt wee sphere ewan forcedto wale ough te center oftown satis en ust There weteakoatempiso perder cece pensar tohcee toes rom var the reason gen war tate wa Denon oe ee line” Atte conclusion ths seventh suppcaton Sen “Why ze they doing these things when they ww tha as epee Malolos and am bound and loyal o our govern’ “ae From what hasbeen sid fa. ts clea tat Salvador yay to ‘rion snot comein qo, Alhough we fe pecled wah sae finns in whch meer of tS igs are acai eae “ces we alain the darko what tse cmereee oes smere fact of fining Sahdor's movement. iseoms at cenair eae aparpangana were iment upon subvering Svedorsfolowiee Bene ing that Sledor was “penal on the ote, an col te er ae Carol enough appyinga nora nthpejon Sane het influential pharses and town leaders and to tions Such oe berwcen“enerml anneal wasprcieywhaeadershesteneay Say found wong in histo domurted sy ‘On the suc, at east, the problem was one of aly forthe contol of manpower. Geneal Ramon Masa, who commande ie och forces in Pampas povince, had fallen unr te inence of meat ae ‘slated Kapampangans who had pied the reel cl 199 ha Cardo sedio have compassion ina TorSsvadonbateqcreuceciney | Tih these ces om prominent fais eased "he chs of he es (anuiran we covered? at his tnt in Savadontodasahe, Toeahrat however Mascando was not Bae for having hen “overcome or koa men siaceatherexonedout, en nticadanagcoledicrionsmiocae agains my ignorance ancl pore (abba) asa hana ots 4 sama at sa ain ang bamangmargan at hears eon a tnSahadorthe actions of Mascrdomeront he poducsofclinesre the predictable fcc of having bon seduced bythe pie? tee h eslcton. Mascardosloob ws too wesk susan coneterslne s Satvadorwhencontronedby sucht thatliiedieoyenctne ee ‘The Paon of Fle Salvador 217 -Mascar's subsequent ation was o ask Salvador to ist dow the names fal Sata Iglesia mernbes on the pretext that sams would Be eevee them, Asso0n asthe lit was made, Mascardo ordered the men arsed onthe ‘charge of forming another “pay Thisatempsto break up the Sats iglesia, scoring to Salvador, arose from the deste ofthe proper un eco cers of Masatdo to "become ofc (mae ofall They probably foe that thee status and wealth gave them that ight, However they could ake ‘0 headway among the thousands wo had alteady ined the Sant ges Salvador suggested tht if these notables insted on feng mien, they cage 10 “look for followers among the uncommited.” Since they were wealton, ethapsthey should concentrateon raising money tosuppon the govcrnmen ‘Tete wer othce ways in which they could fuer evo, Bar hey should not endanger the poor who ive peacefully ‘Compounding the problem was the regionalism ofthe elite Kapampangan coffcers who demanded the right to command Kapampangan toons of the aumy. Salvador was prejudiced ot ony by hisdentfcation with poor ae uneducated class but alo by his being Tagalog. In his affidavit he canned he was being persecuted because ashe pst ‘eventhough tam Tagalog Tene theft personto gather togethermany Kapempangans who helped fight athe fst war (1996). In that wat, the leaing clizens of Panpange lngey remained loyalto Spain, even supplyingthe Spanish army with money, roepe, laborers, horses anc medical aid, Only when was clea that Spaniel es (on the wane did the Kapampangan elite join the revolution in mid1058 expecting by “natural right. to lead Kapampangantroopsswellasepresent them in Congress Salvador perceived things diferenty, With sign tone of biteress at those Kapampangan “revolutionaries” whe bade him to enter thei towns, be asked: “Are Tagalog, Hokanos, Pangasnanes, and Visayans diferent from Kapampangansin‘being Filipino? Even the Kapoor [pangan eit, ofcourse, would have accepted this Mera definition ef atom, als, Afterall the Malolos republic had cen defined in these toons, But he elite thought of nationalism in terms of the uy ofthe “beter cass which represented the “inaiculate™ muses, Fr Salvador, navonaliom brouy People togcther rears of thee previous attachments to elites of pation Because Salvador and the Santa iglesia operated within fen tame Jrotk of social relationships, the Kapampangan elite could not compete with ‘tin their own terms. That why the Santa iglesia was selcgated tothe ‘henomenoa of bandit.” Any disorder or bandit atark in Papen es, 218 The Pason of Feige Saleader _ecotlngto Saar ascbd witha eidence xl the Sata gen ‘oting this uot was probably hoped that the vituous aoe ealdbetamished. Bybeingassociated wih bani. the Soren tctancedtoneie atic money, levefscdtodhade comers age {eaysnetene wilco jdonlamehearen gee trang calla bunt ane a! i cl revo the impression thatthe rt of he cof dg | SypRettion forthecontol ofthe Kapumpungan peasy isnly apes pial as et tacts plan clang pesos aon ee iets popu was someting ce: owns Ronis andapgare | eam ihe mara rears nd avors normaly ef bya peel) hy Bert was tom wth anguish but ol do noing except penkipac | (amar) in de alton even tl dest, To. nthe pas oy ne ‘Pantcipated i allof my sufferings, eventhough my only pubuna evesenen) ; ‘ssabeauifl (magand)conpasionhipani snecttekctone ee Inspresence ina group isa cont drew Salvador and the peasant Inthe above quotation the use fhe tem pubunan Gvesinendichighly Sign Inthe io of tang na lok “puna ete eof a fous actsthat inte de laos. The hand work an pete, ‘he Pasjon of Felipe Saleador 219 «consisted ony of compassion, companionship and datogue. Ne imphtans he could have used ether kinds of puhunan was he, perhaps, pontog ome, sccumltion of wealth and atainmeat of eduction whichthecicee hoes hich became increasingly oppressive asthe lic sought to ote ee ne revoltionor recover ther losses afterwards, It was also tn seronsve cg the peasantry was curly preparedtoacceptthroughthehsenrenence pisyon. For in his lowliness and unity Salvador could ave een no oes than a igure of Chri. lathe pasyon, ts damay thar binds people chee hose words bring knowledge and ginhaua (contentment) onthe bos hood ofthe "meek that wil Uiumph ‘According to Salvador, many officer in the amy accused the Sata Iglesia afdewting oo much neo prayed nt cnoughtotahting, Hevgotee

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