‘Transmssion Line REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE. Toble 872 MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS. ‘ABOUT PROJECT UHV (ld garage roan 30 om ftom 220 V heater ower cord = 02, Vem 30 6m trom ightewich wire 023 Vem 30m fem ceing lamp 003 Wem Workshop ‘30.0m trom dil cord 025 Vem 30.em trom unshielded fluorescent amp 035. Vem CCompator room ‘30 em fom plotter 01 Vem 0.6m fom telephone 01 Viem ‘30m fram ight ul 005 Wem Conference room tn projection Booth 05 View 30 om from large metal ungrounded clock 0.8 Wem Hatway '30 cm from incandescent lamp 01 Vion 80cm fiom ungrounded emergency tight 02 Vem ‘contro com ‘30 cm fam ungrounded emergency light 02 Vem oversea plug 04 Vem 30 om trom ai conditioner 003 Vem 30 6m trom TV. set of 012 vem 30 cm from TY, st on 015 vem 30 6m tom Ine eores 03° Vier ‘Midge of room 0.0005 vem Kitchen {30 cr fom incandescent lene 005 vrem ‘Next to arge 90 cup cate maker or vem Reunsor ig 03, vrem S.om above 1000 W stove col 112 gause 20 cm above 1000 W stove cai oo7e gauss Table 873 MuASUREMENTS OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS. IN SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENCE Outsge the buteng 2.0005 vem 1.00001 gauss Under eletic service op e.0000e gauss Kitchen-—center of room 0.00008 gauss 0.008 Yer 20 cm fom iron 075 Wem 20 Gm fom reigorator 07 Wem 20 cm tom mixer #1, 12 vem ior 22 04 rem 80 cm above 3 110 V cord ta mixer D4 = vrem 20cm above rotssoie ot rem above cots. reverse pug = 30 V/cm above rotisserie, power on O14 gause Living room—center of room 0.00017 vem 1.00006 gauss Bathroom center of room 001 vem 0.00006 gauss cts razor Dow gas (Over sn with gts 05 Viom \von—conter of room uncer overneas hght Us W/eR 0.00008 gauss Next tame oa Vom 0.00005 gauss Next to lamp cord o.0001 gauss 348 INTRODUCTION ‘The electric-field induction on objects in proximity to bigh- voltage conductors energized at poner frequencies may be char acterized by the following parameters + The short-circuit current 1, which isthe rms value ofthe ‘cuxreuc induced ia zero Inipedunce eunnection between object and ground + The rms value ofthe tage indaced betneen objot and ground, Vo, which depends onthe inslation between ob- ject and ground + The impedance between object and ground Zog = Veg lle (8.8.1) + Thecapacitance of object o ground, Cap + Thespark-discharge capacitance to ground, C,, which has «negligible series resistance in the spark-discharge time (of | microsecond + The maximum energy stored per half-eyele in the object Im SGV Ne? = Nog? (8.8.2) ‘TRANSMISSION-LINE INDUCED CURRENTS. ‘Tie valeuacion uf due elevifleIndustion caused by a source ot ‘electric field on an object is extremely complicated. Calcul ccan be simplified considerably, as shown in Appendix 8.4, if +The source of induction i.represented by tre induced un- perturhed electric Feld (forahjtcrertoorta ground evel) ‘or space potential (for objects high sbove ground) + Theeffector the objec’s presence on the charpe of the en cergized electrodes is ignored. ‘The current induced in objects close 1 ground is Leg jeeBS (88.3) Zyeis the current that would flow in a short-circuit connection between object and ground; w = 2 af where fis the power fre- quency; £ isthe vertical component of the unperturbed electric field at ground level; and S isthe equivalent charge-collecting area of the object ‘CURRENT INDUCED ON A SPHERE ABOVE GROUND A sphere of radius rat height h above ground ie ‘urbed field of value £ has a induced current vunper- leg JO Vig (684) ae 7 a ~jockh = jockhs: 1 7, Ohwhere's the equivalent charge-collecting area. Forh => 7,S'~ baer. ‘The important conclusion from Eq. 8.8.4 is that the caleula- tion procedure forthe sphere can be simplified to the equivalent charge-collecting area, S — Arr, multiplied by the (easily cal- culated and measured) focal unperturbed electric fel, For objects having complicated shapes, it may be convenient to estimate the radius of an equivalent sphere. For example, r= 054m fora 1.76 m (5 f9 in) tall person. This equivalence was determined from the lower asymptotic value ofthe capaci- tance to ground of @ person, C = eu pr, that 18 realized in prac- tice whea the distance of a person's fet to ground is greater than im, ‘CURRENT INDUCED ON A ROUND-TOPPED HEMISPHERE (ON A GROUND PLANE ‘The current induced on a round-topped hemisphere on & around plane is given by Eq. 8.8.5, as follows lee = foe ta? 88.5) ‘The equivalent chargo-collecting area, S, is $= ter = Yarea nf the hemisphere base (8.6) A shape factor, (equivalent area) / (projected area), is tus Aefined. The same shape factor of 3 could be use fr other ob- Jeet, such as hemispheroids and ellipsoids, which are not to di ferent froma hemisphere. (CURRENT INDUCED ON A CYLINDER ABOVE GROUND ‘The capacitance per unis of langth ofa horizontal eylinder of radius and height to ground is given by are == ar nt This expression is sufficiently accurate if & > 2 ‘The open-cireut voltage is Vg ¥p- (8.88) Jo Con where Vip is the space potential of the center of the eylinder (when the cylinder isnot present) For cases of uniform field where Vip = hE, the short- circuit current per unit of length from Bq. 8.8.7 and Eq. 88.8 Far Vag = Dis oe lg= Jobb (889) For long objects parallel to the groun; itis often convenient to se the equations for aeylinder above ground, substituting for 7 the radius of the equivalent cylinder. One procedure to deter- ‘mine ris to measure the capacitance por unit of length and use Fg, 8.8.7 to find r. End effects may be a dominant complication in using a two-dimensional derivation of capacitance. Fisun Erricts oF OveRHEAD TRAnsuission LINES AND STATIONS ‘CURRENT INDUCED ON A HALF-CYLINDER ON A. ‘GROUND PLANE ‘: ‘The current induced on a helf-cylinder on a ground plane is given by Eq. 8.8.10, as follows: Ing xr (88.10) ‘The equivalent charge-collecting area, 8, per unit of tength is sou oo. and the shape facto, previously defined for a hemisphere, is 2. ‘The same shape factor could be used for other abjects having shapes not too different from that ofa half-cylindr. End effects ‘may bea dominant cnmplicatinn for shart Iengihe METHODS FOR APPROXIMATE CALCULATION OF ‘CURRENT INDUCED ON OBJECTS CLOSE TO THE ‘GROUND Praviivel problems of predicting the short-circuit current usually involve objects having shapes thet differ from simple ‘configurations for which solutions are known, Subjective judg- ‘ment must be used to approximate the new configuration with ‘one that has known solution. The adaptation of available data ‘often requiros tho translation of ene form ito antes Usually the subjective judgment in approximating a subject's shape toa known solution isthe key to accuracy and simplicity in calculating the short-circuit current. To emphasize the impor- tance of this step, an example is presented to approximate the cauivalent chergevcallecting area af rectangular solid by av riety of different forms. Some ofthe approximations may appear to match so poorly that they may not sem worthy of consider: ation. However or real problems, experience has shown thatthe examples exhibiting poor similarity in shape have all too often ‘been reprecentativo of what had to bedone to obtain an accurate answer for complex shapes. The approximations have been se- lected to show the equivalence of shape for electrostatic induc- tion. The rectangular solid has the dimensions shown in Figure 88.1 Rectangular Solid Empirical Data: The particular example shown in Figure 8.8.1 was chosen because it hes.a knowa solution that may be used for comparison. The equivalent area of a ree- fe b= t2an >} Figure.8.1. Dimensions ofectanguler sold used as an example fer approximations 349‘Transwssion Live REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND AnovE angular colid on the ground may be obtained from the dimen- tive judgmcut could lead ty the fulloming epprunianation of sionless curves described in Figure 8.8.2. These curves were parameters: obtained from empirical dota using rectangular cages on a ‘ground plane, Shapes like automobiles have a gap between the 1.22 m, the length ofthe flat plate chassis and ground represented by C in Figure 8.8.2. This gap (061 m, the width ofthe flat plate contrite litle variation to rhe cata "The Figuen shows am ap fe oo ued begat eves pine proximate 10% reduction of S//4B) as C approaches the quanti- ty B/2. Using the object dimensions shown in Figure 8.8.1, the following dimensionless ratios are evaluated: The dimensionless ratios become H/B = 147 (8.18) AB= 2, HYB= 17 (8.12) AB = ‘The shape factor, 5//AB}, may be evaluated using Figure 8.8.2. and the shape factor S/(AB) ~ 5 SHAB)~ 6 a3) So3020m B16 The flat plate approximation leads to an equivalent area 20% S = (1.22) (0.609) (6) = 4.46 m? (8.8.14) lower than the correct value because the flat plate has no sides to ‘ sound. Approximation Using Empirical Data for a Flat Plate: The equlvaleut ares vf w Na plate parallel 10 ground may be 4” Shieta Angle Approximation: One possible approxi found from the dimensionless curves shown in Figure 8.8.3. thatthe ground level equivalent area, S, may be caleu- ‘These curves were obtained from empirical data. To approxi- lated by projecting a 45° line dow tothe ground plane from the mate the rectangular solid of Figure 8.8.1 by flat plate, subjec- top edge ofthe object. Ths is shown in Figure 88.4 forthe ree 100 -—— ; 100, c 80 80 2 = ' 5 10 — 8 C 7 6 4 4 2 2 8 8 20 2 “8 8 20 AB i AB Fgue862, Shapetactr tor ectaguar sls For af0r Wald, E Fue B&3. Shap alr oft lates, For ap fl, Eth i> ' ‘heindieod shot sre crents = SE (OX 1 ace Sort chet cet ag ™ BETO A) | i 350onlay sod boing vousidcred, Th equivalent are Is expressed (68.17) Substitution oF the dimonsions from Figure B.@-1 and Figure 8.8.4 yicls the equivalent ares Se 49m (e818) For tall abject thie appeorimatinn chowld fhe refined 36 3 function of height to attsin usable accuracy. However, refine- ‘ment of empirical Eq 88.17 is complicated, Hl-Elipsoid Approximation: The equivalent arca of a Ihomalzphere on the ground plane, given in Lg. 8.8.6, may be ox tended to an ellipsoid on the ground as shown in So 3rab (8.8.19) where ais the maja axis and ic the minor axie Toapproximate the rectangular sold by a half-ellipsoid, sub jective judgment must be used, The values chosen for aand bare ‘shown in Figure 88.5. Hence, the effective area becomes S= 34 (0.88) (0.53) = 44 m? (88.20) Half-Cylinder Approximation: The equivalent area of half-cylinder on the ground ignoring end effects was previously found to be Sari 6.8.21) where 1 isthe radius and / isthe length, End effects may be in- — + 0.6(H/B) + 0.07(H4/8)* + 0.0088 #]—a 8 (cay) / (4/8) Vertical elie, le a t= Errors ess than 6% _ for 1/r > 6 according to Reily (16) xf $= ___ ® 1) (seer yey ML) Vanes i People eee I= 54-10°RE © C= 140 pF Note: Ss the aunt ace, eis the induced c= Jack = BSG). Bin Vim Sin — Tg 17 10°RE (10) Cow " Tyg = 11S ORE ge aD = 2topr e TreEY 7 o Roof and silo conductive i Tota oo and silo area rma AS LTE : : s-@% (issm£ +10a(#)') an Rootare f (14135 +(5)') s- (ra rs# 4as(# 3 7 7 7 3) Sitomce i y 2B (sist + 117 (#) *0ss(4)’) a D D D aay s-%(is00% r0n(£)") as 4 D D oat, sto contuaive =D #H 2 fetal 16 ert al) 6 — ‘House insulated, roof conductive a (S = AB(1 + (4.7 + 0.64/(A/B))H/B) (17) ose conti, ot nla S = AB(1 + (1.92 + 4.6/(4/B))H/B) (18) — Steed oe S= ABUL + (3.94 + 5/(4/B))H/BY a9) a S = AB(L + (1.1 + 1.4/(4/B))(H/B + 0.55)) (20) 355‘TRansuission LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE. for INDUCED CURRENT FACTORS AND CAPACITANCES TO GROUND Estimated Spirk Ife Discharge Capacitance 10*A/V/m) 0 Ground supyect cormA (xvi) er Large tractor-alor os 2000-2000 Total length 15.75 m (61.7) Trater L122 m (40). W 2.4 m (@) H3.7 m (12.2) Tractor mile tantor oo - Total length 13.8 m (45.9) Taller L 10.9 m (83.8), W 20m (6.7), H2.6.m (6.5) Large shoo! bus 0.39 1800 LOR 104m, La 89, H2.8m, W246 m Farm tractor, small 2.080 = 87 m, Wi.98 mH 15 m Farm tractor puting erop wagon 0.90 - Total lngth $65 m (Crop wagon L 5.65 m, W211 m,H25m ‘combine, John Deere 0.98 - TOA 915m, W223 m, HOASS m Foskit truck - 1000 Soop wagon ont 1000 Uae em, WB mH 17m Ford F100 pickup truck 0.10 - 52m, W20m,H17 m er 300 sedan ont a mW H 1.5 m revolt Caryl 013 a (Chev Nova 0.088 00 LOA. m, W 1.78 mH 1.97 Person 0018 100 WLS m 68) Hose 0.027 180 2.03 m (80°, shoulder H 1.26 m (49.5°) belly clearance O16 m (23.57, 280 Kg (#00 fa) cow 0.028 200 2.09 m (80°) shoulder H 1.17 m (46 ‘belly clearance 0.47 m (18.5, 318 kg (700 1) 356Fie. Evrscts oF OvsnaeaD Transmission Lawes aND STATIONS tables TT KAMLES OF ELECTRIC INDUCTION CALCULATION VEHICLE SIZE LIMIT SUMMARY FROM oy - AMERICAN TRUCKING ASSOCIATIONS, INC. Automobile: The short-circuit current, [,,, may be calculat- WASHINGTON, B.C. — SANUARY 1879 ed accurately. The impedance to ground will be limited by the —— GRIPE retin sence he pode sels ope Prosinate te impearee fo ground, and thn eluate the TUCK TR, TRALER OX Gpemiout lage, Fa The exsmpencues ese step nd ay | 2 comparison wih terest of essrement According o Tale 883, the autetieshown in Figure ‘TST, TRACTOR SENITRAILER 8.8.17 has a capacitance to ground, C = 80 pF. Using Figure a= AMMA PUMP 620 calculate, with thvetico dimensions gien'a Figure 8.8.17 yields 4 = 4.6 m,and B = 1,78 m. The average height, cemenarow woo Tatar BET als d= 4 Lenath tn, inci irons) = 22) 086) + 0.83) 030 + (1.00) 094 og saceseten “in Ge Treck TST Tear Combi, Waker aes Ae Avan 90186 400 $59 NR NP Ww fase & 188 So so > wo ho ecu e e239 hie «tea 409 G20 NA GeO Geo ioe & igs 0 coo NA fo so Gaiioms & 186 23 3 soo 6S 0 Hj = 1.08/1.78 ~ 061 831) Gedo 818 G0 oe NA Geo eo Gomeciat 102188 Geo E80 NR NP NP From figured, Grane "SS 138 400 600 NA eF0 do Fone s (S8 400 S60 NA ‘Ne Seo Georgia 96 55-0 55-0 NR 55-0 55-0 S/AB) (8.8.32) iesea tte Hasotery, cee ine ceaiiioey sae io G3 Rh 720 To thoequbalentarcais fic fo eo ao geo be tra ao fs wn 60 : in wo sro Nn Geo $= 6.29(AB) = 26504 835 Feces Go ceo Ne Bet cokers oo eo hn 650 Wain 20 Se ay Ne ret a Maryland 40-0 55-0 NR 65-0 JueBS = ES/(3-10°) BS 1G eA eh) Nlacusats seo a aye sian So So eo During tne actual ts, 2 vlage gradient at ground, ee oo oe ae SS 2 = 9000, wasmeasurea before ence was mote ins aes So seo ne Seo ae Nice io so MR aso ioe io Go Me Bo Caleulated ne = (8:83:10 9)(9-10") SSRSSRRRRKAS RRR ARRAS SeesseeEsesesss: Nobraska 400 G00 NR 850 i Nevada 400 700 NR 700 = 081074 6835) Now Hampstire 350 550 NA NP eS New Jersey 350 550 NR 550 Measured fe = 0.791107? A. ‘Naw Mexico 400 650 NA 550 Naw York 350 550 NR 550 North Garona 400 550 NR NP. North Oakota 400 650 NR 950 ‘ont 400 600 460 650 Oklahoma 400 650 NR 550 oregon 400 800 350 760 PennsyWvanea 135 400 55.0 NR NP Rhode land 102 13-6 40.0 650 NR NP South Carolina 136 400 55-0 NR NP South Cakota 136 350 700 NR 700 Tennessee 186 400 550 NR NP Texas 135 450 65.0 NR 650 un 140 450 650 450 650 Vermont 138 600 600 NR NP Vesna 186 400 56-0 NR NP Wistingion 140 350 650 450 650 West Vigna 98128 40.0 55.0 NR NP vasconsin 36 188 380 S80 450 NP Wyoming 98 140 600 850 NR 85.0 NROONP. Dist of Coumbia 95 156 400 550 Figure 88.17. Dimensions of automobile for the eveltion of ls 337aud 1.5 au. The effective leu ts chew = 14 un, The seal ad imaginary components of the equivalent uniform electric field are the average of the components of the field over the 14 m: [0 row qe 634) where 7; and % correspond tothe beginning and the end of the ettective length ot the bus, respectively Equation 8.8.42 is evaluated in Table 88.5. The calculations show that the equivalent uniform field is 86% of the maximum field. Therefore, the induced short-circuit current for the bus perpendicular tothe line is 86% of the curzen allel w ee fie a6 Ue point of umeua Feld For large vehicles, such asa school bus, the mitigating effects ofthe field nonuniformity and the field phase changes are sig- nificant, and they should be included in caleulations because these vehicles wil be the critical vehicles for the $ mA short- If fence is builtin different sections or ifit is not parallel to the line, computations should be made for each section account- ing forthe phase ofthe ground electric field. As an example, con- sider a 120-m fence, | m above ground, with wire diameter d = (0.64 cm. The fence is perpendicular to the doublecircut fine (60 m each sie ofthe line) of Figure 8.3.13, case 3. The phase angles are computed in Figure 8.3.19. The fence may be seo- tioned into eight parts, each 15 m long, and then exposed to dif- ferent fields, as shown in Table 8.8.6. ‘The short-circuit induced currents must be added taking their phase into account. The total current is 0.268 mA, the ca- pacitance to ground C= 1070 pF, and the open-circuit voltage Yoo fis = 690 38.43) Table 885 EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF AN EQUIVALENT ELECTRIC FIELD FOR A BUS PERPENDICULAR TO |ATTHREE-PHASE, 500-KV POWER TRANSMISSION LINE Flv Esrects oF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES AND STATIONS Table 888 INDUCED CURRENT IN A FENCE NOT PARALLEL ‘TO A TRANSMISSION LINE ‘Average Magaltude of Ground Avorane Short-Cirult Fonco Gradient Phase Angle Induced Current ‘Section (kW/m) (degree) ma) 1 04 0 0017 2 os 135 0.035 3 27 19 0.120 5 a7 5 0.164 8 2a 25 0.107 7 os. 0 0.022 8 0.15 99 0.007 ELECTRIC INDUCTION CALCULATION WITH IMPEDANCE ‘TO GROUND ‘The induced short-cireuit current may be calculated with rl- ative accuracy. The induced open-circuit voltage is equal to the short-circuit current multiplied by the varying impedance 10 round Zap! Yow ze (8.8.44) gure 8.8.18 identifies the resistances, cpacitanoss, and in duced eurcent that characterize the 60-Fi,sendystate induc tion andthe transient discharge from a vehicle through a person. Before a spark, the vehicle ollage i Vg = Lig an the Dor aon'a vole i Vg ~ lo. The proninity ofthe vabile ond the person causes significant mutual coupling and reduction of J.cot J 23 compared with what would be calculated i a iso- lated, uniform electric field, The Zag circuit is measured by sn impedance bridge, usualy st 1000 Fz, and resoves in a parel- 1eIRC crew of equiaten ingle ren, Roy nl exe, Co This Cy greater than C, as shown ia Figure 88.18 “Spar cschanges take place in the microsecond period. The series resistances, R, and Rare suficienty grout o make the spark cscharge contribution of C,and Cy negligible. Thus, the spark discharge oltage is AV — Vor — Vosthroush Cy Rp and C;. Position Phase From Magnitude Angie eal maginary (m) Vim) (degree) (kV/m) kV). 8] Vehicle 4.78 ros 159. 449 vewour's cncur | PERSON'S CIRCUTT 7h ond 514 738 0.954 5.05 he Uv tect me onour fafo Uys 8 554 es as 889 an 8 805 939-0411 B04 St WS ~“ 10 635 981 0888 Bao a 4 ae 1m? ry 48 Ry ACCES cru 2 ari 1085 8 850 PACACY THROUGH 3 8631083 1.87 eat INCE TO! SHES “4 855 1078-198 624 ' 5 25 980 © 2.04 592 Sy 8 Sar 110.0 «2.04 581 PERSON'S 7 See 00188 30 ° 1 = SR CAPAC Tl voce 528 HOO “4.00 aes oy TanGe TO wes 48840475 450 I SPACE ftloct 7 _ Total -1502 79.98 Figure 8.8.18, Equislntcreuit of avenicle anda person for steady- ‘state electric nduction, 359‘TransamsstOn Live ReFeReNcr Boox 345 kV AND AnovE. Moscnred an computed rsulte ware compared for different vehicles. Measured short-circuit currents were 0 £0 10% lower ‘than those calculated asin the example. Thus the curves of Fig- lure 8.8.2 appear quite accurate. However, significant errors could be made ifthe dimensions of the box that simulates the ve- hieie are not nroperly chasen, ‘The largest value of Va. was measured when the vehiole was driven onto 5.cm blocks tocompare the predicted and measured open-circuit voltage and capacitance. The height increase ‘made the following changes: a 13m YB = 1.13/1.78 = 0.635 From Figure 8.8.2, SHAB) = ‘The equivalent area is S = B.40)(8.2) = 278? Csleulatd fe — 27.86 /(310") — 86107", Measured fye = 083-107 A Vag = Ine GO) (8.8.36) Caleulated Vor = 0.307 £ = 2765,V ‘Measured Vgq = 2380 V (14% less than predicted) Differences of this order in Vac and C are to be expected. It is also worthwhile to compare the tabulated 800 pF capacitance with bridge measurements, on dry gravel 92010 °F on cm insulation C= 10010" F The electric effects on people touching the automobile pre- viously described could be computed when the car is under a transmission line. For instance, the short-circuit current is evalu ated from Fy, 8834. Substituting B= 14700 V/m into the ‘equation yields 7 = 0.00136 A. A current of this value would pass through the body f «person touching the automobile ifthe ‘automobile were insulated as on dry pavement and ifthe person were grounded through low resistance such as through wet shoes ‘or grass, or through the other hand firmly touching a grounded object. ‘The human response to spark discharges that may occur when the automobile is touched can be evaluated if the values of Cand Yee are known (see Section 8.10). For instance, the threshold of perception for spark discharges between the auto- ‘mobile and the tip of person's index finger occurs for C = 800 pF and Vg_ = 310 V. The electric field necessary to create this condition can be evaluated from the value of Voc and from Eqs 8.8.34 and 8.8.36, For this example, E = 1200 Vm. Fence: Thc iumluction woluge on a fence may be evaluated by multiplying the ground electric Held by the height of the fence. ‘The open-circuit voltage Vg = Eh (8.8.37) 358 ‘The capacitauve ofthe fenveisyiven by > 8.28) ‘The current flowing toa fence grounded at a point may be ‘computed assuming the fence is parallel tothe transmission line ata constant electric field: 2ne yg faVogC ™ fuk L 6839 In Recap omie E~ 00 Ym, = 152605) 4 = Tin tre 0520 (ta) Sate Peddler eer rn Quel (2x) (8.85 - 1077) (152) a2 GOGH WDD _ siggy a2 7, Ow : % 0.0032 (64.40) c= The induced short-circuit current is caleulated with Bq, 88.39, Je iwBhC = 137701) (1000) 13101") (RRA) = J0.5 mA Practically, there will be significant 60-He leekage imped= ‘ance from dampness in the fence posts, vegetation contacting the ence wire, metal fence posts to ground, and fence wires to ground, either dangling or crossed for bracing. Therefore, the vollage will generally be so low that no sensation will be per- ceived when touching the fence. Also, the grounding ofa person tends to be poor out in a field. Consequently, even if there wwe 100 Von the wire, there would be no sensation, and the full 0.3 ‘mA short-cireut current would nt flow through « person, Electric Fences: These differ from normal fences because they have very high impedance insulation except for a path to round provided by the secondary windings uf the fence charger ‘output transformer. The 60-H1z impedance of the windings may be in the arder of 10 to 60 kf, high enough not to appreciably reduce the current flowing through the body of a person or an animal touching the fence. Therefore, electric fences should be \esigned and located to limit the induced currents below the Na- tional Electrical Safety Code SmA criteria (77). Electr fences ‘may be purchased that are compatible with 60-Hiz grounding fil- {ers to mitigate the electric induction voltage. SINGLE-PHASE VERSUS THREE-PHASE INDUCTION. ‘There are two sources of error in applying single-phase, uni: form-field data to three-phase fields. Firs, there ia larger v ation of the electric field with a three-phase field. Second, the phase ofthe field changes aver the subject of induetion. There- tore, «different procedure should be used, as illustrated by the following example. ‘Assume that a school bus 10.4 m long is ceatered under the ‘maximum electric field and is perpendicular to a three-phase line. Firs, increase the bus length by the height of each end, 2 m‘TraNsMissiOn LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE: The epark dissharge capacitance, Cy is determined furs data such as those in Tables 8.8.2 and 8,8,3 or by approximat- ing a subject into a shape with a known solution of spark dis- ‘charge capacitance. The following equations for capacitance, , provide useful approximations for the discharge capaci- tance, C A sphere of radius, ,at« eight, fi above a ground plane has capacitance of cn 8.8.45) e A horizontal cylinder of radius, , at a height, h, above & {ground plane kas & capacitance per unit length of Cc = (8.8.46) in { ht ViF = which or Hr become ee on (6347 in 24 For prastioal oylinders close to the ground with @ faite length, Z, the effective length inerease may be approximated by ‘an amount equal to about twice the cylinder radius: C=C +2 (8.8.48) vehicle may be approximated as a cylinder above a ground plane. For example, for the automobile described in Figure 88.17: L=46m it (ass) ‘ (2) 0300 2 (CThe average height of the chassis batiom above ground is as- sumed equal to 0.3 m.) (0.08 ~ 0.3) +173 ae) Ja-eum ans Secret ra wn See L) Gs)” ‘Maruvada and Hylten-Cavallius give capacitance caleula- tions for some other basic geometrical shapes, such as dives, to- (851) 360 twids, Mufte vertcs! and nortzontat eyinaers, vertical and horizontal plates, and boxes (18). ‘STATISTICAL IMPEDANCE WITH VEHICLES ‘Short-irouit currents and spark discharge cuveenteare func tions of vehicle-to-ground and person-to-ground impedances. ‘The largest currents occur when the vehicle is perfect isolated ‘rom ground and the person is perfectly grounded, ‘The impedances to ground depend on a number of variables. ‘Toovercome the difficulty of defining the effect ofeach variable. 1 series of statistical measurements were made for different types of vehicles, indifferent weather conditions, an for differ- ‘ent types of ground surfaces, ‘The experiments were conducted under the three-phese test line of Project UHY, desribed in Chapter 1, on te fat section perpendicular to tue ine atts midspan. Three different ground surfaces were prepared: dirt, blacktop, and gravel. The test vei cles were a school bus (10.4 m long, 2.44 m wide, 2.6 m high, farm tractor (3.7 m long, 1.95 m wide, 1.46 m high), and a Jeep ‘wagon (4.6m long, 1.9 m wide, 1.65 m high). Te school bus was elected busause unis peuple ct wu aud UfT schoo! buses by the side of the road than any other vehicle. The farm tractor was se- lected as « common agricultural vehicle. The Jeep wagon was a readily available vehicle representing @ worst case in the cate- gory of personal transportation, The measurements were sched inf twice wach month over the period of one year, The datse were selected in advance to cover all types of weather without bias. In total, 23 sets of statistical data were collected, and the following measurements were made: + Flectrc field (vertical component at 1 m above eround) + Vehicle open-circuit veltage + Open-circuit voltage, person-to-vehicle + Short-circuit current, person-to-person + Open-cireut voltage, person-to-ground + Short-cireuit current, person-to-ground ‘The measurements confirmed that the short-circuit eusrent, nq is proportional to the unperturbed electric field, F, at Ym above ground. The median values were + School bus 0.39. mA/ (kV/m) + Farm tractor 0.06 mA/ (XV /m) + Jeep wagon 0.11 ma/ (kV/m) ‘The deviations from these median values occurred mostly at low voltage to ground (low vehicle impedance), a situation in hich the impedance of the measuring circuit becomes signi cant and introduces a measuring errr. In addition, a Inege dis- persion was measured forthe farm tractor because the positions ofthe driver and the test operator with respect tothe tractor had ‘significant and variable effect on the induced current. The impedance to ground magnitude, Z, = Vales is the major statistical parameter of interest. Figures 8.8.19 to 88.21 show the statistical distribution of the impedance vehiele-to- ‘ground for different types of ground surfaces. The maximum theoretical value of Zy is equal to the capacitive resctance 1 /jcoC and is never reached in practice. The median value of Zy is much lower. As shown, for the three vehicles tested:Finn Erracts oF OveRieap Transuassion LINES AND STATIONS + Za nein ~ (1/10) + Zp neian ~ (1/100). Zymacon gavel + Ze ration = (1/10) Zygon blacktop on aurt Figures 8.8.22 to 8.8.24 show the induced currents on a per- son standing on the same ground as a vehicle and touching the vehicle. This current is always less than the total short-cireuit 10 m Ec Ag = 19 10 ons FOR 1400 oF op \ eater 5 | Por, on |] 3 al ioe BT Tove 2 f aie, ky i BLACK ToP bu | Eou 2 kon 5 oat a0 kom a0 ob : os - oz - [ep 4 ese a * FoR 2000 oF ] Boal |b Af Ste ; Ld ul 10 10 10 10 vee | rm 7 7 co Le 1 igre 8.8.22. p/sumnsat roby fo school bus Figo 80.19. Veh cumtie probably fr shoal bus 19) ry 10 4 oa| bas . eave a 06 Bos 2 i SLAGK 10? Eos : Boz a ‘aR 0 7 103 102 10" 10 yee Figuie 88.20. Vaz/lugcurulative probaly for frm tractor. Figu® 6.8.23. Iy/lee cumulative prababiltytortarm tractor 10 PI a m 10 7 > pad pos 5 eave. : 3 in. 5s 2” i2u om z Lac Tom aT wot and ae Eu oh oe | Eos i KeadstiPans| 3 3 ronsooye | 2 5, Boa ZF aero pL LAI 1 Lt oLit 108 108 10° 107 109 10? 104 1.0 eh «ms alle FaReO821. Ve/toomultve probabil jp wen Fre 8.24. f/m prety ep wen 361‘TRANSMISSION Live RereRENCE Boox 345 KV AND ABOVE 1.9) a caer fone) 04 CIMULATIVE PROBABILITY i Te 02 10 10? 10" 10 Vo! * Figure 88.25. Vpy/E cumulative probability for schoo! bus. 10-7 08 06 04 ‘CUMULATIVE PROBABLITY 02 | 10% Yoo! = Figure 8.8.26. Vpy/Ecumulative probabil for arm tractor 10 T oa GRAVEL ae oat —! iu HT ’ 108 10? ane Figwe 88.27. Vp,/Ecumatve probability or oop wagon. BLAGK TOP CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY 10° 10 362 current yy induced by Ue lac wx the vehicle, The median vi Us ofthe current in a person were between 1/100 and 1/25 of Tre for te school bus. Higher ratios were-measured for the smaller vehicles. i Figures 8.8.25 to 88.27 show the induced voltage between a person and 2 vehicle. Tie ie a weful parameter for evaluat the severity of spark discharges. For all thre vehicles tested, the ‘maximum induced voltage was Vy ~ 0.3E, whereas the median values were between 0.008E ard O.07E, These voltages were lower than the voltages between vehicles and ground, indicating that a person usually assumes 2 potential that fe intermediate between ground and the potential ofthe vehicle, Although the worst-case condition was never experienced during the test pro- ‘gram, it might conceivably occur in some unusual circum- stances. The seventh edition of the U.S. National Electrical Safety Code prescribes that the induced current should be less than 5 mA in the worst case. For the school bus tested, this translates into an electric field of 12.8 kV/sm, In this field, the median values of the current through a person would be be- tween 0.05 and 0.02 mA, and the median values of the induced voltages would be between 100 and 900 V, Therefore, i the line {is designed according to code, short-circuit currents to person ‘would be below minimum perception levels (see Section 8.10) inthe great majority ofthe cases. Spark discharges to person, however, may exceed perception (V =~ 450 V for C= 1000 pF, see Figure 8.10.19) and occasionally annoyance (V = 1100 V for C~ 1000 pI). Spark Wisclzes would nox be sufficient, hhowever, to eause gasoline ignition even ona dry day and in the ‘most unusual conditions (7 = 2300 V, for C = 1000 pr}. EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS Person: height = 1.75 m Tag S410? W Bg 6.8.52) Assume 2g ~ 10 kV/m. Total uavent tv ground Ing = S410"? (1.75)? 104 = 0.166 mA Assume Zag = 1078 Voc = IaZog (8.8.53) Yoo = (166mA) (107) = 1660 V Assume C, = 110 pF, the maximum stored energy is Fras = ConYe 18.854) Jans = (HFOmt0-")(,660)? = 0.3 mt Building: 3 migh, 10m wide, 20 m long. Use the house-and- roof-conductive equation in Table 88,2 4=20m,B=10m,H=3m SABO + (394+ 5/(4/8) (0/8) Tyg = J0ES 1.95: 10°F (8.8.55) 386 m? Let E = 22V/m, then 9510-6210? = 39 mA (8.8.56) ‘The rectangle formula, Eg. 6 in Table 8.8.2, may be used. In this ‘ase, the 1:8 roof slope may be approximated by adding 0.8m to hethe height. These approximations yield S = 455 m’, The 45° shield-angle Eq, 5 in Table 8.8.2 yields § = 473 m*, Rain Gutter: Modern buildings more than two stories hie are usually of stel-reinforced conerete or steel girder construe: ‘Won. Lnese structures should be considered as very well ground ced with respect to 60-Hz, electric-ield induction. One- and two- story structures are often built using wood frame construction, ‘These buildings have complex 60-Hz grounding characteristics that may be the subject of concern for rain gutter electric-field induction Because of the presence of the wood frame with piumbing, heating, and wiring, the electric space potential islower than the ‘unperturbed space potential. An example of space potential ‘modification is shown in Figure 8.8.28. Measurements have up- ported the computer oo] In yrs) 697) 363‘TRANSMISSION LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE sothat Vas teh 698) Equation 8 9.7 may be wsten v= DIZ (693) where 2-4 ware as. induetion problem may be expressed in matrix iM) = (20 9.11) ‘The selF-impedance terms of the impedance: matrix of Fa 8.9.11 must contain the ac resistance and reactance ofthe coa- ductors. The self-reactance is calculated using the geometric ‘mean radius (GMR, described in Chapter 3) instead ofthe term ‘ye For uniformly distributed curreat ina conductor of radius r, GMR = 0.7797 9.12) Often, cable data describe the self-reactance, X,, in ohms per mile at 60 Hz, The GMR in meters may be caleulated by NIK ~ 0.383 ¢- Or 89H) (9.15) All matrix clements must be considered, including those re- lated tothe objects in which magnetic induction from the power line takes place. ‘The celfimpedance of the object must inolude the grounding resistance. For a fence wire, the grounding resistance isthe pre- dominant component of the impedance Assuming Laject = 0, Bq, 8.9.11 may be used to caleulate open-circuit voltages (For instance, voltage to ground ofa fence wire open at one end aud giownded at dhe ules) aad slant circuit currents (for instance, current flowing in a fence grounded at both ends). IMPEDANCE MATRIX WITH GROUND RETURN ‘The preceding matrix may be evaluated ifthe values and po: sitions of all the currents, J, are known, including earth return currents. Ifthe earth is perfectly conductive, the earth return ceurrent for each wite may be placed at its mirror image position in the earth. Ifthe earth is not perfectly conductive, the earth currents move deeper into the earth and a phase delay occurs. ‘The depth below which half the earth current flows isthe skin ‘depth. Carson (24) corrected this phenomenon by adding two ‘correction terms, one real and the other imaginary, inthe form of infinite series. ‘A simple way to account for earth rotura current is showa ia Appendix 8.5. The earth current is humped ata depth, represent- ‘ed by a complex number, and a correction term is added. I the ‘conductor with current, J; is at a height above ground, ¥, its ‘earth return current depth is represented by yrs - where isa complex parameter cleaated by mean of Ba Hi ‘The mutual impedance betwena wc a, andthe caren s composed of two part The fis shown a 8320, 18due to 364 the current on conductor J, and the second is due tothe earth retura current fon Z- jou [5 Ph 2 (2)'] wife * (2) Tani [3 (Z)] ow where isthe (complex) distance between wire aand the (eom- plex) eat return depth of the current J ‘The use of the complex depth plus a eorrection factor as in Eq, 89.14 is proferable to Carson's series approach because it does not present series convergence problems. However, for most practical cases of magnetic induction from 60-Hz power lines, By. 8.9.15 aay be Considerably simplified, as shown in Appendit 85: aye aS e/En asus 1 = earth resistivity Assuming for u the same value as that of air, the kin depth is 1318 = 660 Ve/f ‘SHIELD WIRE CURRENTS. ‘The shield wire currents induced by the powerline currents are calculated assuming that no current flows from the shield wires to ground through the towers. This assumptions valid only {or the middle spans ofa long line with uniform earth end tower impedances. Transposition of the line, discontinuty of the {ground wires, and line terminations also invalidate this assump ion, ‘Shield wire eurrents are calculated by [ze] [z]-[A] [represents the line currents, and Iy represents the shield wire ‘currents. V, and Vs represent line and shield wire voltages, re- spectively. Zu», Zas. Zax, and 7g 2r6 impedance matrices. The shield wire carrents are calculated for V5 = 0: [u] =-[2a) [2a] [a] aan ‘Shield wire currents should be treated as lie currents in the cal ‘ulation of magneticfeld induction on wires parallel toa power line. The presence of the shicld wires slightly reduces the mag- netic field and the magnetic induction on abjects. INDUCTION IN CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS PARALLEL TO THE LINE Conductive objects that could be subject 1o magnetic induc- tion inciude fences, pipes, nd parallel conductors, This se ‘considers only objects of short length for which the induced volt- ages are proportional to the length. For long induetion eirents, istributed impedances to ground must be considered.Induced voltages per unit of length may be calculated using the matrix Ea. 8.9.11 accounting forall of the conductor and shield wire eurrents and all of the impedances caleulated with Fg. 89.14 or with the simplified Eq. 8.9.15. Induced voltages may also be calculated using the concept of -magneticpotential, 1, which isanalogous o that of space poten- tial used in Section 8.10 to calculate the electric induction on ob- Jects in nonuniform fields. The magnetic potential of an object, oy 1318 =o th ig 13 2 ‘The magnetic potential is related to the magnetic field H, as shown in Eqs. 8.9.19 and 8.9.20: (9.18) (89.19) ‘The voltage induced per unit of tength on a parallel object is giv- enby Vom jest (2.920) ‘The relation between Hf and Mf expressed by Eq, 8.9.19 is ‘complicated, and there are no simple, general transformations from magnetic field to magnetic potential for multiphase trans- mission lines. This contrasts to the simple proportionality rela- tion between space potentia! and electric field for points close to ‘ground. Although currents and voltages induced by the elect field on objects close to ground ean be characterized by the clee- ‘ric field at ground, the magnetically induced voltage in a fence parallel to the line cannot be characterized by the magnet field. It would be convenient to measure the magnetic potential directiy because this quantity, and not the magnetic field, ehar- acterizes the magnetic induction. The magnetic potential was measured during the research program at Project UHV by mea- suring the induced voltage in wires of known lenath. Because the ‘current induced by the electric field creates significant voltages across the grounding resistance, the measuring wire must be shielded, and the shield must be connected to ground at its mid point. 8.10 ELECTRIC-FIELD INDUCTION IN PEOPLE INDUCED CURRENTS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION ower frequency currents are induced in the bodies of people ‘whoarein the arca of the electric fields produced by high-voltage {transmission lines and substations. Exact knowledge of the dis- Aribation of these induced currents in the body is needed so that biological studies of possible long-term exposure effects may be related toclectric fields, Determining the distribution of the cur- ‘entsin the internal organs requires the knowledge, not yet in us- able form, of the relative resistance of the various internal parts ‘of the body. In contrast, iti relatively easy to determine experi- rmontally the amount of ourront that ontors tho ourfaoo of the body and the total current that flows in sections ofthe body. This ‘was accomplished with «special menikin used as the electrostat Fe equivalent ofa human body. TThe manikin used, shown in Figure 8.10.1, was made of insu- lating material and its surface was covered with copper foil. The ‘currents in various sections ofthe body were measured by using Finup Errucrs oF Oveanean TRAnsmission LINES AND STATIONS breaks in the copper foil. Measurements were made for various conditions, such as body grounded or insulated from ground, dif- ferent positions ofthe body, and uniform and nonuniform fields, ‘The total current to ground, when the body was at ground poten- tial, was measured in a fow impedance connection to ground, ‘Current induced in a Person Erect in 8 Uniform Field: ‘The induction by electric Feds on objects may be characterized by the unperturbed electric fc or by the space potential with- ‘out the object. The electric fed intensity approach s preferable when a uniform eletric Held ean be assumed, as in he case of sine electric Feds near the ground level with pr- son walking on the ground. A person walking along the ground produces negligible change the transmission ne charge. Over fas ground, the unpertrbed electric eld is vertieal end practi ally wif sures te inensions ofthe paso’ nly. Thee Ssorement of this field is usually made at a height of 1m. The unperturbed eletrc eld, whichis called the induction fel, is indicated in Figute 8.10.1 by the arrow pointing down at the top ofthe figure. The unperturbed fied inthe example is 5.75 XV; ‘m This correcponda oa «pace potential of 1OLVat the center of the head ata Height of 176 m above ground. ‘The presence ofthe person changes the electric field es indi- «ated by the drawing together ofthe space potential mapping of 25 KY, SV, and 10 XV in Figure 810.1. Oa the upper surfaces othe boy the cecrc eis reatlvenianced as compared 9 the uniform indetion fel ‘Total Body Current From a Person Erect and Grounded: A person standing on the ground has an electric-fied, induced, short-circuit current, fy, approximately proportional to the ‘square of a person's height, h. Ifthe person is well grounded, the current, I, isthe current flowing through the feet, The ex. pression that matches experimental results (when the person has both hands by the side of the body) is Ing = SAO PEAY /60) (6.10.1) where his the height of the persoa to the top of the head, His the unperturbed electric field, and fs the power frequency, ‘The relation between induced short-circuit eurrent to ground and height is illustrated in Figure 8.10.2 through the concept of| equivalent charge-collecting area, described in Section 8.8 Current Distribution in the Human Body Grounded in Erect Position: The current through « horizontal eross- section ofthe human body, when it is grounded through the feet, ‘ga fraction of the total short-irouitcurreatshowa in Bq 8.10.1, is the height above ground of the cross-section considered. This function varies from zero, atthe top of the head, to one, at the bottom of the feet. The current distribution in the body is thus expressed by Eq. 8.10.2 ) (6.102) o(5) ea) sao? neg L ( wsa 10g Ly, i “The function f is shown in Figure 8.10. and is listed in * Table 8.101 fora number af significant positions. 365