tuyhW

jehL muR
Kjg - 2007

FGjiyt
nkiy Kjyh ML Kidt r.Untfl
iz nguha, tuyhW Jiw
girag f,
2003 - 04 faho btlgl brid-600 030.
ghllgo, ghl nkghL FG
gJiuzf ajhf jahfglJ. nkyhths
Kidt f.#ah
iuahs (njiy) tuyha Jiw
jehL muR fhnjy kf f, (jdh)
ytr ghl tHF brid-600 002.
l btlglJ
(gidF mW)
yhaf
Uk kh.KJkh U .#g mAk
KJfiy gljh Mia (tuyhW) KJfiy cj jiyik Ma (tuyhW)
bgUjiyt fhkuh# K nkiyg
lhik xU ghtbra mud kf nkiy g, Utnf,
lhik xU bgUFw mg, brid - 600 005.
lhik kjjikaw bra brid - 600 053.

iy %.

ghlf jah : jehL muRfhf

jehL g f aff jehL.
ghl fHf
f rhiy, brid-600 006. 60 .v.v. jh mlgLsJ.
 Kfiu KDiu
2005-2006 M MoUJ mKfgLjgl nkiy
g ghl jffis uikf ntL vw nfhifia gfSfhd ghll gjh tFtiu tuyhW
bgnwhf, tYef, Maf, f Jiw Mt cs ghl r_f ma xU gFahfnt l bgWsJ. a
Clff jHf mul K itjJ. f ts vW tuyh Ka nghFfS ffS khztfSF mKf
jftd brYJ khF Kjt fiyP mtf gLjgld. khztf nk iy tFfSF tUnghJ
cldoahf ghljffis uikgjF khylFG tuyhiw Kiwahf ff ntosJ. mgo fgj _y
Jiz jiyt mtf jiyik xU tYef FGit ah gghL ghugaij mtf mJ bfhwhf.
mikjh. rka rhgw kLfS vfhy Fj Knghfhd ghit
ghljffis gWF Maf, f gfiy mtfSF ilwd.
fHf nguhaf, ghl l FG jiytf Mnahl
a tuyh mua, r_f, bghUshjhu kW
ghll, ghl jf ga fUJf bgwgld. thwhf
bgwgl fUJfis M brJ ghllf vjj gghL TWfis khztfSF vLatnj j
khWjiy brahk ghljffis nkgLJtjF nehfkhF. gbdhwh tF ghllgo j
gJiufis FG muF mjJ. vGjgLsJ. Inuha tUif tiuyhd gila kW
ilfhy a tuyhW l bgWsJ.
Fghf tuyhW ghl jffis jhf vGj ntL
vw nfhifia VW, mDgt thj eyhafis bfhL tuyhW cikfis TWnghJ ngha ftd
jf jhf vGjgLsJ. brYjgoUgJl, fthj tuyhW mPf jukhd
KaF cWJizahfUJ CFj jHf Kjt tuyhW fYs fUJf vLjhsgLsd. rga
fiyP mtfSF, khF g f mikr U. jf tuyhW jftfS ghlf lbgWsd.
bjduR, g f Jiw bray, g f aFe ekJ eho mua a jikf, gghL wf
MnahUF vf eid bjJbfhnwh. Matiw J bfhs VJthf tiuglfS, cUtglfS
g bgw miktjF gntW tif, gntW iyf bfhLfgLsd.
cj j gfiy fHf, f Maf, ghljf FG xbthU ghl WY bfhLfgLs kh
jiytf, kW M brj tYef, khy l FG kW
dhf bghJnj dhjh totyhdit. mjifa
g f Jiwia rhj mYtyf midtUF vfsJ
eid bjJ bfhnwh. dhf njF nffgL vgjh khztf ghljf
KGtij eF goJ mantL.
a ghl jfij khztf eW gW, wj Kiw
nj bt bgw vdJ thid bjnwh. iy cUthFtjF cjahf Uj FG cWdf
midtUF vdJ kdkhj eia cjhFnw.
nguha K.ehfehj
jiyt Kidt r.Untfl
ghl nkghL FG
jehL muR ghlFG jiyt
tuyhW.
nkiy Kjyh ML.

iii iv
 nkiy-Kjyh ML - tuyhW 8. bksaf - rhWf - ruFj - mnrhf
bksa MKiw - mnrhf jk - fiy,
ghll folfiy ts - bksa 10
ghlntis myF 4
myF 1
9. bksafSF ah - Rff -
1. a tuyh jhf - rhjthdf - Fhdf - fZf -
ntWik xWik 5
fhjhufiy 10
2. ffhy - giHa ffhy - a ffhy - 10. jehL tuyh rffhy - rhWf
cnyhf fhy - Augh ehff w TWf 5
muRf ga RUf - kf r_f rka
3. ntjfhy - rhWf - Ka ntjfhy bghUshjhu thif 5
(UF ntjfhy) - a ntjfhy - myF 5
fhafhy - r_fbghUshjhu gghL thif 5
11. Fjfhy ah - MKiw - r_f,
myF 2 bghUshjhu, gghL iyikf - A&z
4. .K. Mwh who ah iyik - gilbaL Fjf 10
kfj nguuR 5
12. A tjd - rhWf - r_f, rka, gghL
5. rkz, rka vG - kfhu - rkz thif 5
bfhiff - fgu ntjhgu f - myF 6
gut - bjhLf 5
13. bja muRf 15
6. j rka vG - j bfhiff,
dahd, kfhahd f - j rka gut - 1. gytf - rhWf - MKiw - r_f
bjhLf - U rkaf xWik ntWikf 5 bghUshjhu, gghL iyikf
myF 3 2. rhSaf - fiy ts
7. bksafSF K ah - ejf - 3. uhoulTlf - fiybjhL
ghuf gilbaL - mbyrhl 4. nrhHf - r_f, bghUshju gghL iyikf
gilbaL isfS 5
14. MaehLfSl ah bfhoUj
gghL bjhl 5

v vi
myF 7 bghUslf
15. mnua gilbaLnghJ ah - uhru
ed a tuyhW
muRf - mnua gilbgLf - f kh_J -
KfkJ nfh 10 ghl gf
v. v.
16. bl Rjhaf - moik, , Js,
iraJ, nyho kuf ga RUf - thf 20 1. ah a TWfS
17. bl Rjhaf M r_f, tuyh mt jhfK 1
bghUshjhu, gghL iyikf 2. tuyhWF Kija fhy
myF 8 ah Augh gghL 12

18. ilfhy ah g af - 3. ntj fhy gghL 30

uhkhD# - f - tyghrhah - 4. rkz, j rkaf 40
irja - FUehd - uhgh - N af 10
5. kfj vG,
19. #aefu gh muRf - r_f, bghUshjhu, mbyrhj gilbaL 51
gghL iyikf 10
6. bksa nguuR 63
myF 9
7. bksaUF ija fhy ah 80
20. Kfyha nguuR - Kfyha, N ku
8. rf fhy 91
muR Masfis ga RUf 15
9. Fj nguuR 103
21. Kfyha MKiw - nguuR - ika thf -
mYtyf - khy thf - mYtyf - 10. A tjd (.. 600 - 647) 121
gf 11. bja muRf - I
22. Kfyhafhy r_f, bghUshjhu, gytf 131
rka, gghL iyikf - Kfyha 10 12. bja muRf - II
myF 10 rhSaf, uhZouTlf 142

23. kuha vG - th - MKiw - 13. nguuR nrhHf 152

ngZthf 10 14. Ma ehLf a gghL guj 166
24. ahF Inuhaf tUif - ah 15. Kija ilfhy ah 175
Mnya M WtgLj. 10
16. bl Rjha 185

vii viii
17. bl Rjha ah 205

18. ilfhy ah g af 216

19. #aef, gh muRf 226

20. Kfyha nguuR 238

21. Kfyha ah 258

22. kuhoaf 269

23. Inuha tUif 279

ix x
 ghl - 1
ah a TWfS
tuyh mt jhfK

fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
1. ah a TWf
2. khya kiyfS a tuyh mt jhfK
3. fif rkbt a tuyh mj gF
4. bjfa gfg - bja tuyh mj
jhf
5. ah fhzgL ntWik xWik

bghJthf tuyhWF U ff cL vd TWt.

xW fhy. kbwhW a mik. tuyh nghif
bgUghY fhyK lK zwd vW Twyh.
Fghf, xU eho tuyhW ffis mj a TWfns
bgJ zwd. a tuyhY a jhfij
fhzyh. vdnt, ah a TWfis mJ
bfhtj_y mj tuyhiw bjthf J bfhsKo.
a Jizfl xU bjthd a mikig
bfhLsJ. khya kiyf, njh-fif rkbt
bja gfg vd mjid _W Ka gFfshf
fyh. Jiz fl ah, ghjh, tfnjr,
neghs, lh vw IJ ehLf csd. mt ahnt
bgajhF. 28 khyfis 6 a unjrfis
bfhljhf mJ sFwJ. 2001 M ML kf bjhif
fzFgo ah kf bjhif W nfhoF nkyhF.

1
khya kiyf
ah tlF gF khya kiyf mikJsd.
ah tlnkF nfhoYs gh Ko bjhlF J
Hfhf L lwJ. j s ljl 2560 nyh
lfshF. ruhr mfy 240 Kj 320 nyh lfshF.
khya f caukhd fu vbtbu vdgLwJ. fl
klUJ j cau 8869 lfshF. irahUJ
ka Mah tahf R fL FfhUJ ahit
ghJfhF aif muzhf ka kiyf fwd. jdh,
ah jgbtg ML KGtJ uhd btgJl
fhzgLwJ. Ffhy khya gF
g_olwJ, vdnt j bgUgF thtjnfwjhf
iy.
gilbaLfUJ ahit ghJfhF aif
jLghf kakiyf UJtjd vw fUJ lfhykhf
y tUwJ. Mdh, tlnkF kiyf fhzgL irg,
nghy, Fu, nfhk nghw fzthf ahit ka
Mahit izF va tjlfshf mikJsd.
JFZ, Riykh, jh kiybjhlf fzthf
csd. tuyhW fhyF KUnj fzthf _y
nghFtuJ eilbgwd. gilbaLghsfS, FonafS
fzthf tahf ahF EiHjd. njh-
Maf, njh-nuff, ghaf, rhff, Fhdf,
A]zf, JUaf nghnwh fzthf_ynk ah
tjd. gFYs th gsjhF xU Ka
tjlkhF. khnlhah mbyrhj tahfjh
ahJ gilbaLjh. gilbaLghsfis ju, rka
gughsfS, tffSTl tjlf _ykhf
ahF tjd. vdnt, ahF ka MahF
ilna ya tf bjhlF gghL bjhlF
tlnkF kiyfYs fzthf ttFjd.
fhZUF tlnf fhunfhu kiybjhl csJ. cy
ulhtJ caj fukhd k fh Mo Fjh
csJ. kakiy gFYs fzthf caukhf
Ffhy g glJ fhzgLwd. tahf
ka MahF brY fhunfhu bgUt FsJ.
Mdh jl f Fiwthd nghFtunj eilbgWwJ.
fhZ gsjhF caj kiyfsh NHgLsJ.
UD gntW fzthf _y gsjhif
brwilayh. gghoY ghugaY fhZ gsjhF
jwl fwJ. khya kiyf mothu neghs
csJ. fif rkbtUJ gntW fzthf _y
neghsij brwilayh.
Hnf m[h tiu kakiyf L lwd. gh
nfh, ehfh, Yh nghw kiybjhlf t
Fljfit. fL kiHF mlj fhLfSF it bga
bgwit. Mdh, thtjfhd NH f Fiwnt. tlHF
ah kiyfis flJ brtJ vjy. vdnt, gF
bgUghY jnj fhzgLwJ.
njh - fif rkbt
fif, J, ukuh Ma _W Ka ef gh
gFna njh-fif rkbt vW miHfgLwJ. MWf
moJ tugL fr k fguj j ygu gotjh
ts f is yf Fsd.
ka kiyfSF mgh J e cgahwJ. #&y,
dh, uh, rby{, ah Mad j Ka is efshF.
J eah f gabgWtJ grh rkbtahF. grh vw
brhYF IJ ef gh gF vW bghU. J
gsjh w J khfhz mikJsJ. J
gsjhF f tskhd yfis bfhLsJ.

2 3
 J gsjhF, fif rkbtF ilna - aKid njhM gFia ifgw, j tr itUf
jhghiytdK, Mut FWfS csd. Mut bgU ngho, nghfS eilbgwd.
FWf k m f caukhdjhF (5650 mo)
kakiyf cgahF fif e bjfhf Xo d HF nkY, gF gh efS, fhthfS
neh ghwJ. fif eF izahf nghFtuJF bgJ gagld. gil fhy rhiyf
XotU aKid e d mjDl xW mikgJ fodkhf UjJ. vdnt, gafS, tffS
fywJ. U efSF ilgl glF nghFtuij mf gagLd. My Ha
ygF njhM vW miHfgLwJ. tfFG Mfhy tiu glF nghFtuJ KaJt
nfhk, ru, fhuh, fhl nghwit bgW saJ.
fife Ka JizefshF.
bjfa gfg
jh ghiytd ah HF gF fif
rkbt ukuh rkbt tl ahit bjahit F nfhlhf
xizwd. ka kiyfSF mgh cgahF mikUgit a rhuh kiyfS, ekij, jg MWfS
ukuh e bg tahf ghJ ah tlHF nkahF. a kiyfSF bj fhzgL l jfhz
rkbtia milwJ. rk bt bks CJ brY e l vW miHfgLwJ. vkiy ghiwfshyhd J
gu f tilUgnjhL, gy fis bfhLsJ. tla kiyflUJ ntWgljhF. ghiwf
efuikaf cUthtjF njh - fif rkbt brJFtjF vjhf Ugjdh, jfhzgF Filtiu
bgUgfhsJ. Fghf, efiufY, U ef xW nfhfS, klhyafS Vuhskhf mikfgLsij
nrUlY jifa efuikaf njh tsjd. J fhzyh.
rkbt Augh gghL brnjhaJ. fif rkbt jfhz l UkUY HF bjhl kW
nkF gF ntjfhy gghL wJ saJ. gdhu, nkF bjhl kiyf csd. HF bjhl
myfhgh, Muh, bl, ghlu nghwit fir kiyfSF tfhs Flh flYF ilna nrhH kly
rkbt njh tsj Ka efufshF. fif el flfiu mikJsJ. nkF bjhl kiyfSF mu
nrh MW fyF l ghlu efu mikUjJ. flYF ilna cs ygF nfhth tiu bfhfz
gil fhy, bksaf, Rff, Fjf nghw vdgLwJ. mjfghYs gF fduh vW bjnfho gF
nguuRf jiyefuhf ghlu saJ. kygh flfiu vW miHfgLwJ.
fif rkbt nkF w mikJs f nkF bjhl kiy dh, fnA, fhnt nghw
Kakhd efu bl. a tuyh nghif zj fzthf csd. nkYs JiwKffis izF
Ka nghfshd FUnu, jbu, ghgL Ma nghf tft jlfshf it sd. tl ahF
blF f mUfhikjh eilbgwd. tsikF, bjahF il jfhz l xU ghy nghy
brtF bga bgW sa fif rkbtJ maehL braglJ. UD, a kiyfYs mlj fhLf
gilbaLghsf mf nkhf bfhl angJ iy. gFia tlUj jikgLJtjhf mikUjd.
fif rkbtia jfsJ fLgho itUf gntW vdnt, bja gfg bkh gghL beLfhykhf
muRf nghold vgJ FljfJ. Fghf, fif mt jjik khwhk fhghwgL tUwd.

4 5
 bjnfho fbgw ghyfhL fzth csJ.
fhgsjhif, kygh flfiuia izF tif
nkF bjhl kiy FWnf J mikJsJ. gil
fhy njh-nuhkha tjffhd Ka tjlkhf
ghyfhL fzth saJ. bja gfg
faj kiyfu MidKo vgjhF. nkF bjhl
kiyYs kbwhU caj fu bjhlbglh. HF
bjhl kiyf mts caukhditay. nkY, t
fhzgL ilbtf _ykhfjh gy MWf HF neh
ghJ tfhs tFlh fywJ. mfnkL, khkyu,
fhntgod nghw JiwKf efuf nrhH kly
flfiujh Ujd.
bja gfg Ka ef bgUghY
xWbfhW izahfnt ghJ brwd. gfg
HF nfho kfhe ghwJ. ekij, jg ef
HUJ nkF neh ghwd. nfhjht, UZzh,
Jfguh, fh nghw w ef nkUJ Hfhf
ghwd. j ef _y ilF ghrd trah, be
is tskhd ygFfis F fhzKowJ. buN njh
M vdgL UZzh - Jfgiu efSF ilgl
ygFia ifgWtjfhf bja muRf bjhlJ
nghol tz Ujd. U ef KfJthu
mikJs rkbt rhjthfdf muR fF
saJ. Jt rfhj KgF rkbt
gntW efufS JiwKffS brJ sd.
D bjnf, fh gsjhF
jjikbfhl a mikig bfhLsJ. nrhH
nguu miklkhf mJ saJ. gil fhyUnj
fh gsjhF bkh, gghL, ghuga nghwtWF f
bgwjhF.
bja gfg l flfiuia bfhoUgjh,
gF thj kf flrh eltoiff bgJ
<LgLtjd. gilfhy bjhnl, fl thg gF
6 7
brnjhaJ. Hnf, #hth, Rkuh, gkh, fnghoah nghw
gFfSl thf bjhl UJ tjJ. thg ju,
a fiy, rka, gghL nghwit gFfSF
guaJ. bjahF, nuf - nuhkhaUF ilna
ya tjf kW gghL bjhl tuyhW
fthjitahF.
ah - ntWik xWik fhQ ehL
gntW dkfS xW fyj fhyfl vgjdh,
gila a tuyhW gogjF gutr_Ltjhf mikJsJ.
MaUF Kgl djt, njh Maf, nuff,
iraf, A&zf, JUaf vd gntW djtU
a kiz jfsJ jhafkhf bfhld. a
gghil tsbjLgjF xbthU dK jfshyhd
gfig tHsd. gntW dfS W ah vj d
vW milahs fhzKoahj msF xW fyJld.
fhyfhykhf gntW gghLfS xW fyJld. ntj
yaf gy uhl myJ MaUF Kija fhy
brhfis fhz KowJ. mnjngh, rf ya gh
kW tlbkh brhfS csd.
gil fhyUnj ah gy rkaf
UJsd. gila ah Jrka, rkz, j rkaf
fbgUjd. Mdh, gghls it xnwhblhW
fyJoUjd. a kf gntW bkhfis ngdhY,
rkafis gdhY, r_f gHftHffSF
f cgoUjhY ehL KGtJ xU y bghJ gs thif
Kiwia fhzKowJ. vdnt, ekJ eho ntWik
fSilna xWikz nknyhsJ vW JJ
Twyh.
gHfhynyna j xWikfhd ij CwglJ.
guj a Jizfl KGtJ xnu ehL vw cz
nknyhUjJ. guj vw gHFod bgauh Jiz
fl ghuj t vnw FfgL tjJ. gila
fPfS, jJtPhfS vGjhsfS ygFia
fw milf
xWgl njrkhfnt fUtjd. bksa kW Fj
nguuRf fhyy mjifa mua xWik Vglij j ghlUJ khzt vLJiuf Kojit
a tuyhW vLJ TWwJ. 1. ah a TWf.
maehltU ygFia xnu ehlhfnt fU tjd. 2. khya kiyf ga tu kW ma
vw bga J vw e bgaUnj bgwglJ. gilbaLghsU, tfU, FonafS tlnkF
maytf Kj Kj mj gF J e gh gF fzthfis tjlfshf gagLaJ.
vgjh Jiz flij J vnw miHjd. d
mJ nuffsh ah vW miHfglJ. ghuf kW 3. njh-fif rkbt ef - tuyhW
muha bkhf vnw FfgLwJ. ff mt jhf - nghf kW
efuikaf.
bkh kW gghL xUizfhd Kaf
gil fhyUnj nkbfhsgld. .K. _wh 4. bja gfg - l flfiuf - flrh
who eho bghJ bkhahf uhUj saJ. eltoiff.
ah bgUghyhd gFf fhzgL mnrhfuJ 5. ah vgo xU gKf gghL rKjhakhf
fbtLf uhuj bkh gagLjgLsJ. gila ts bgW, Wtiu mJ vgo
fhafshd uhkhaz, kfhghuj Mad ehL KGtJ ghJfhfgLtUwJ vgJ Fj sf.
gutyhf gofgld. tlbkh yafshd ituL
gntW a bkhfY vGjgld.
a gghL GafS, fUJfS gntW
totfis bfhoUjnghY, mogil mit xU
fUijna czJtjhf UjJ.
thW ah W gntW rkafisila rKjhakhf
kyJsJ. gKf gghil nghW rKjhakhf vG
bgW fwJ. UD mogil fhzgL
xWikz, a rKjha gKfjiknk mj
xgw tikfshf fwd. tUfhy tsF mit
tfhLtjhf mikJsd.

8 9
 kh dhf V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.
1. fif e ukuhl fyFl ghlu efu
I. rahd ilia nj brf.
mikUjJ.
1. khnlhahit nrj mbyrhj ahF tj t
2. bja gfgYs l flfiuf fl thg
m. jfhz l M.fhunfhu kiybjhl tsF rhjfkhf mikjd.
. th gsjhF <. MutFWf 3. ghy fhL fzth nkF bjhl kiy csJ.
2. UefSF ilgl ygF 4. ah xU gKf gghil bgWsF
m. l M. gfg rKjhakhF.

. njhM <. c VI. W F vGJf (VnjD _W Ff)

II. nfhol lij uf. 1. khya kiyf

1. fif e cgahF l ........... 2. jfhz l

2. bja gfg caukhd kiyfu ......... 3. bja gfg ef

III. bghUJf. 4. gKfgghL rKjha

1. vbtbu fu m. Mut FWf VII. FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)

2. k m M. fhunfhu 1. njh-fif rkbt a tuyh VgLa jhf

g xU F vGJf.
3. bjhlbglh . khya kiyf
2. bjah a mikig RU vGJf.
4. fh Mo <. nkF bjhl kiy
VIII. thd il jUf (200 thijf)
IV. rahd brhbwhliu TWf. xW kLnk rahdJ.
1. a tuyh mj a VgLs jhfij
m. ekij e HUJ nkfhf ghwJ. kLf.
M. fh MW bjUJ tlfhf ghwJ. 2. ah ntWik xWik fhQ ehL - sFf.
. aKid e jg el fywJ.
<. kfhe grh gF ghwJ.

10 11
 ghl - 2
tuyhWF Kija fhy tuyhWF Kgl
fhy ah
ah Augh gghL

fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ. %gh
J fhgf
1. tuyhWF Kija fhy
bkhfnrhjhnuh
2. Augh ehff njhwK ts.
3. Augh kf r_f bghUshjhu iyikf.
4. Augh kf gghL thif.
nyhj
5. Augh ehff m.

Rghfh
ah kj Fy tuyhW, tuyhW fhyF
KUnj bjhlFwJ. tuyhWF Kija fhyij g mu fl
kh tfhs Flh
mJbfhtjF vGJ toyhd rhWf ilgiy.
UD, ah gntW gFfUJ ilJs uk md
Vuhskhd bjhbghU rhWf mogil fhy
gyhtu
tuyhiw gilf KowJ. ffUf, kghl XLf,
fiybghUf, cnyhf fUf nghw bghUf t
mlF. fhy kf thifia mJ bfhtjF
bjha ts bgJ gagLwJ.
Mr e
ahit bghWjtiu, tuyhWF Kija fhyij,
giHa ffhy, il ffhy, a ffhy, cnyhf fhy vd
tifgLjyh. UD, a Jizfl KGtjF a bgUfl
j fhytiu xnu khahf bghUJtiy. tuyhWF
Kija fhy ma JizbfhL eF tiuaWf
gLwJ. bghJthf nuonah fhg Kiwna jF ga
gLjgLwJ. xU Fl fhyF crh

12 13
bghUf vj msF fa FiwJsJ vgij yFfis ntilahLtjF bga fnfhlfis tf
mogilahf bfhL fhyij fzL Kiwna nuonah gagLUfntL. nkY, FGfshf xizJ bga
fhg KiwahF. kbwhU Kiw blnuh fhy f yFfis tf UfntL. giHa ffhy kf
vdgLwJ. ku cbtL njhw fhzgL bkh kW jft gkhwKiw FJ vJ bjaiy.
tisaf vifia bfhL fhyij fzLtnj fhyngh tfsJ thif Kiw khwf Vgl
KiwahF. bjhld. yFfis tsf, fuLKulhf kghlfis
giHa ffhy cUthf xUy jhtufis tsf tf Kafis
nkbfhld. fh nghw xUy giHa ffhy lf
a Jiz fl gntW gFf giHa tfsJ XafS fhzgLwd. giHa ffhy vgJ
ffhy kjf thj lf flagLsd. lf .K. 10,000 MLF KgljhF.
bgUghY iyfSF mUfhiknyna csd. giHa ffhy ilffhy
kf tj ghiw LFfS, FiffS Jiz fl
KGtJ gu lwd. y lf mtf iyfsh kjFy thif mLj flij il ffhy vW
ntagl FoirfY thjd. ah fhzgL giHa miHnwhk. J Rkh .K.10000 Kj .K. 6000 MLfSF
ffhy kf thj lf tUkhW : ilgl fhykhF. giHa ffhyF a ffhyF
m. tlnkF ah nrh ilna Vgl khwfis fhy tuyhW vLJiuwJ.
gsjhF kW bghth ilffhy df, F#uh yhf, ka unjr
l Mjfh, uh#jh, cu unjr, fh nghw khyf
y gFf Ma lf fblLfgLsd. ghiw
M. tlah th FWf Fiff fhzgL XafUJ ilffhy kf
. ka unjr ngfh. r_f thif kW bghUshjhu eltoiff g Xus f
KowJ. il ffhy ntWtifyhd ffUf
<. ekij gsjh Mjfh fblLfgLsd. f a ffshyhd it bgUghY
FW giHa ffhy fUf
mfgr IJ brol msitilajhF. vdnt, tiw
c. Mu unjr f EffU myJ iknuh vW miHnwh.
C. brid fUYs mughf ntilahLj, cz nrfj Mad fhyY
bjhljd. bga yFfSFg a yFfis
giHa ffhy yFfis ntilaho, cz ntilahLtY, ogY fhy kf mf ftd
Toa jhtuf kW HFfis nrfJ kf jfsJ brYd. mig ntilF gagLd. nkY, xnu
czit njo bfhld. vdnt, tfis, czit l l fhy j thG nghF tsu bjhlaJ.
nrfngh vW miHwd. yFfis ntilahLtjF Mifah, uhfis tsj, njhl gLj, bjhlffhy
ffUfisna j kf gagLd. ifas ffU kW ntshik nghw eltoiff fhy bjhld. eh,
cilj THhffns tfsJ MjfshF. ffUf, kh, g, nfh nghw yFf vYf ilJsik
bfoahd Fthir vdgL ghiwffshyhdit. MW jF rhwhF.
gLiff bga THhff iljd. cUt bga
14 15
 xU y lf EffUf kW nknyhLfSl brtjF bga kghl jhf gagLjgld. rhFgo
nrJ rt mlf bragljfhd rhWfS ilJsd. KiwfY Kndw fhglJ. gntW fhyflf,
a ffhy gntW lf, nfhJik, gh, be, id nghwit
glgld. Hah be mf glglJ.
kj ehff Fljf Kndwij a brkahLf, MLf, khLf ts gutyhf fhzglJ.
ffhyjh fhzKowJ. a ffhy Rkh .K. 6000 Kj gLtjF nghFtuJF fheilf gagld. gU
.K. 4000 MLfSF ilgljhF. ah gy kW fg Milfis a ffhy kf mjd.
gFf a ffhy cnyhf fhy
bghUf ilJsd.
fhZ gsjhF, fh a ffhyij bjhlJ tj fhy br ffhy
uh, cu unjr vdglJ. fhy br kW btfy Ma cnyhff
yh rkbt, jfhz gy gagLjgld. kj Fy tuyh, cnyhfij
lf Mad ylF. cUthF bjhEgij fLojJ cnyhfyhd
bjah gy a ffhy bghUfis cUth gagLaJ Ka ffshF.
a ffhy fUf
tlf mf th Mdh, ffUfS bjhlJ gagho UJ tjd.
nkbfhsgLsd. xU y EffUf KaJt bgW sd. fhy
fehlf kh, uk, A, nfhnlf, jeho cnyhf jhJfis njo kf beLu gaz bra
igag Muunjr c} Ma lf mt bjhld. jdh, br - ffhy gghLfSilna
Fljfit. bjhlf Vgld. ah gntW gFfY br
ntshik, yFfis tsj, ffUfis ffhy gghLf fhzgLwd.
gsgsghFj, kghl brj nghwit a ffhy bghJthf, Mwfiufnyna br - ffhy gghLf
ggho w TWfshF. jhtufis gl tsailjd. Fghf, Ahgh gghL br - ffhy
bjhlajhY, uhfis tsjikahY, Xl jthH ggho xU gFnaahF. bjah nfhjht,
Kgl a ffhy kf, uhk rKjhaf cUthf t UZzh, Jfguh, bgzhW, fh Ma ef
tFjd. fUfis cUthFtY, kjDF njitahd gsjhFf fhy Foahdt rKjhaf njh
rhjdfis gilgY bjhEg Vgl khWjfis tsjd. cnyhf fhy bjhlf tf cnyhfij
fhy bjthf fhzKowJ. ffUf eF gagLjiy vwhY, Rkh .K. 2000 MLth br
gsgsghf lgld. ntilahLtjF, kufis btfyK gF gagLjgljfhd rhWf csd.
btLtjF gsgsghd Ta fnfhlf bgJ gaDilajhf jehoYs igag btfy kW br
Ujd. yh Md FoirfSFgyhf, fk ffshyhd Matwhyhd bghUf, RLk cUtf, kghlf
Foirf mikfgld. kghlf brtjF rfu nghwit fblLfgLsd.
gagLjglJ. rikgjF, cz jhafis nrJ
itf kghlf gagld. wnjhiu mlf br - ffhyij bjhlJ tj fhy U fhykhF.
ntj yaf U g mofo FfgLwJ.

16 17
 bjah, U fhyK bgUf fhyK (bkfh)
rkfhy vd fUjgLwJ. bkfh vwh bga f vW
Augh gghL bghU. fyiwnk R mLfgl ffis J FwJ.
mjifa fyiwf bjah Vuhskhf ilJsd.
fehlfYs A, kh, Mu unjrYs
ehfhd bfhlh, jeho Mr e Ma lf
mt Fljfit. fyiw Ff fU - f
tzjhyhd ghidnahLf, Ughyhd kbto kW

y
mth, W Mjf nghwit fhzgLwd.
uh
Augh ehff
%gh
Augh
J gsjh nkF grhYs Augh J
fhgf khfhzYs bkhfrhjhnuh Ma U lfYjh
J

KjKj mfthf nkbfhsgld. uL

bkhfnrhjhnuh lfS jnghJ ghjh csd. j mfthf
rhFjhnuh gadhf xU wj ehff J bt UjJ flaglJ.
bjhlf j ehff Jbt ehff vd tHfglJ.
JbtF mghY j ehff jlf guU
jikah d J J ehff vW miHfglJ. Kj
mfth nkbfhsgl lij idTW tif Augh
nyhj ehff vW J tHfgLwJ.
mu fl Ka lf

gntW lf mfthf nkbfhsglnghY,

mt Fljfit tUkhW : JYs nfh o,
uh#jhYs fhgf, grh %gh, Aahdh
dth, F#uhYs nyhj, Rnfhlhlh, kW njhyuh.
bga efuf bgUghY W bAnl gugsit
bfhlitahF. Jbt efufnyna f bgaJ
bkhfrhjhnuh. J Rkh UW bAnl guig bfhlJ
vd klgLwJ.

18 19
njhwK ts
flj vgJ MLfshf nkbfhsgL tU
mfthf gadhf Vuhskhd bjhbghUf
fblLfgLsd. it Augh ggho tsia
mJbfhs gagLwd. jid ehF Ka iyfshf
gFJ mayh.
1. AughF Kija iy (Pre-Harappan)
2. Augh ggho bjhlf iy (Early Harappan)
3. Augh ggho Kj iy (Mature-Harappan)
4. Augh ggho W iy (Late-Harappan)
Augh gghoF Kija iyia HF
gYjhd fhzyh. bkhfrhjhnuhF tlnk 150
ik uYs bkffh vw l Augh gghoF
Kija fhy kf thjikfhd RtLf fhzgLwd.
fhy, kf jfsJ ehnlho thifia ifL
iyahd ntsh thit bjhld.
Augh ggho bjhlf iy kf rkbtf
bgU uhkfis cUth mF thjd. fhyjh
J rkbt efuf njh tsu bjhld. uhkw
thifUJ kf efuthifia nkbfhs
Mujd. M, nfh o Ma lfis j iyF
vLJfhlhf Twyh. Augh ggho crfl bga
efuf vGbgwd. fhgf mfthf mUj efu
mikfis, efw TWfis eF btgLJwd.
Augh ggho Wiy, mj ij bjhlaJ.
nyhj mfthf j iyF jf vLJfhlhf
fwd. nyhj efuK mj JiwKfK f
fhyjh Wtgld. btsbgUUJ ghJfhF
tif fbga jLRtiu ef fhzKowJ.
bkrgnlhah, ah wgFf MatWilyhd
fbga thg ikakhf nyhj fjJ.
20
Augh ggho fhy
1931 M Ml r#h kh bkhfrhjhnuh
fhyij .K.3250 - .K.2750 vd klh. d, gntW
a lf mfthf nkbfhsgld. vdnt, a
jftf mogil Augh ggho fhyK mtnghJ
mPfsh ajhf klglJ. nuonah fhg Kiw
fhyij fzbfLF Kiw mKfgLjglJ. jdh
XusF Jakhd fhyf braglJ. 1956 M ML
~ngr vgt Augh ggho fhyij .K.2000 -
.K.1500 vW klh. 1964 M ML o.. mfth j
ggho fhyij .K.2300 .K. 1750 vd Ko brjh.
UD, tUfhy j fhytiuaiu khWtjF
thL.
Augh ggho w TWf
efu mik
Augh gghL mj jw thj efu mikF
bga bgwjhF. bjUf xbthW FWF beLfhf
nenfhoY mikUjd. Augh, bkhfrhjhnuh, fhgf
nghw bga efuf nklhd gFf nfhilf
flgoUjd. nfhilf xbthW fkffshyhd
nkLfJ mikfgoUjd. nfhil gFUj
efu brffshyhd Lf Ujd. t
rhjhuzkf FoUjd. bgUghyhd folf midJ
brffshyhdit. fghiwfshyhd folf fhzgliy
vgJ FljfJ. fo mikfgoUj f
FHhf Augh ggho kbwhU w TwhF.
LfUJ bttU f FHhf midJ
bjUf fghijl izfgoUjd.
FHhf bgUghiw ffshnyh myJ brffshnyh
_lgoUjd.
21
 bkhfrhjhnuh wFa bghJ l bgU Fa gntW ifbjhf njbgw ifidPf
FskhF. J 39 mo sK, 23 mo mfyK 8 mo MHK fhy thjd. bghbfhyf, brf brnth, f
b f h l j h F . mWngh, ber bjhyhs, glF fLnth, RLk fiyP
jiuUJ FsF nghnwh Fljftf. btfy kW brghyhd
wf midJ gfY ghuf Augh gghL cnyhf bjhYF wj
gof mikfgLsd. vLJfhLfshF. jf kW btahyhd Mguzf
cilf khWtjF gntW lf fblLfgLsd. kghlf
VJthf Fs Xuf bgUghY rhjhuzkhf Ujd. xUy lf f kW
j miwf fhz fU tza kghlfS ilJsd. ma tif
gLwd. Fa Fs ffshyhd kfS cg bragld.
jiugF brf bkhfrhjhnuh - bgUFa Fs ah wgFfnshL gutyhd tjf
fshyhdJ. mUUj nkbfhsglJ. bkrgnlhah, Mfhjh, <uh nghw
bga zUJ FsF j bfhLtuglJ. gFfnshL maehL tjfK eilbgwJ. jf, br, <a
Fs xU _iy jiu btnaW FHh kW ma tif ff wFk bragld. nfhJik, gh,
mikfgLsJ. Fs rlFfnghJ FgjF gWtiff, vbz Jf nghw ntsh bghUf
trahf mikf goUj ntL. bkhfrhjhnuh VWk bragld. gUahilf, kghlf, kf,
fbga fol mj jha fsakhF. J 150 mo sK RLk fiybghUf, jj ntiyghLf nghwit
50 mo mfyK bfhlJ. Augh ef nfhil MW jha VWkf mlF. JgFF RnkahF ilna
fsafis fhzKowJ. thfbjhl yajF ngha rhWf ilJsd.
bghUshjhu thif bkrgnlhah Jbtia rhj gy Kiuf
fblLfgLsd. glkhW thfnk gutyhf eilbgwJ.
ntshik, bjh, ifbjh, thf vd nghFtuJF fhis kW vUJ oa tof
midJtif bghUshjhu eltoiffis Augh ggho gagLjgld vgij Jbt ilJs KiufS
fhzKowJ. nfhJik gh Ka RLk bghikfS cWgLJwd. MWf kW fl
isbghUfshF. v, fLF, gU nghFtuJF glFfS fgfS cjd.
nghwit glgld. ifahd
jhaf fsaf nrJ r_f thif
itfgld. btshLf, brkahLf, Augh kf r_f
vUJf nghwit Ka ts thifia mJ bfhs ngha
yFfshF. Fiu gaghL g rhWf ilJsd. M,
D bjthf tiuaWfgliy. bg UghyU Hhil, nkyhil
Augh Kiu kh cl gntW yFf vw uLj Milfis
czfhf ntilahlgld. mjd.UghyU kfshyhd Augh kf gagLa
Mguzfis mJbfhld. Mguzf

22 23
tisaf, fhf, xoahz, y, fhj, nkhu nfhztoyhd nfhLf, tlf, iyf, brof, kuf
nghwit bgfSfhd Mguzf. it, jf, bt, nghw Xaf kghlfJ tiuagLsd. y
br, btfy nghw cnyhf fshdit. matif kghlf kW k cUtfS fhzgLwd.
ffshyhd MguzfS Ujd. k ghlf, ff, XLf, vGJ
jj kW cnyhffshyhd gntW tifyhd LFj
ghuf bkhfrhnjhuh fblLfgLsd. F Augh vGJ tot D KGikahf flagl
jf, Cf, f, oKf, ff nghwit iy. 400 Kj 600 tiuyhd totf UD, mt
brghydit. fkzhyhd tof Wtf isahL 40 myJ 60 kLnk mogilahf
bghUf mlF. nfhf, gJf, jha nghwit sFwd. vait mt
isahLF gagld. oj vgJ Kiwahd bjh. khWtotfns. Augh vGJf
ntilahLjY, vUJ ril bghGJnghFfshF. gntW bghJthf tyUJ lkhfnt vGj
nghfUfS fblLfgLsd. br kW gLsd. xUy Kiuf Kjt
btfyyhd nfhlf, <of, FWthf, mf tyUJ lkhf, mLjt
nghwit ylF. lUJ tykhf khkh vGj
fiyf gLsd. fhoneahit nrj
ghnghyh kW mtuJ clgahW Augh vGJ tot
Augh gf fwj ntiyghLfis mPfS Augh kf bkh
bfhljhF. RLkzhyhd M, bg cUtf, yFf, uhlbkhna vW Ko brJsd. nrha mP yU
gwitf kW Kiuf tiuagLs brJnfhaf fUij Vwd. ntWy mPf Augh vGJfis
wikF rhW gwd. bkhfrhjhnuh uh vGJtifl bjhlgLJwd. Augh vGJ
fblLfgLs ehoa kif vw ga D mfgliy.
btfy cUt bghik wghd Augh vGJ KGtJ gojagLnghJ mggho
fiyeaF vLJ fhlhF. mj wf KGikahf bttU vg Iaiy.
tyJ if LJ, tisaf mj
lJ if bjhflgl iyY rka
mikf gLsJ. Augh uL
Kiuf, RLk cUtf kW briyf nghw
fgf fblLfgLsd. xW
rhWfUJ Augh kf rka thif FJ
kj gf thoY, kwJ ehoa
maKowJ. mtfsJ Ka M fl gRg (Kfhya
toY mikJsd. Augh efu
t). ahdto mkUF mtUF _W KffS
kghlf wj fiyeafitahF.
uL bfhfS fhzgLwd. ehF yFf (ahid,
kghlfS, FtisfS gntW
, ahid, vUJ) btntW irfisghj tz mtiu
totfY, tzfY cUthf
NJsd. mtuJ ghj uL khf csd. j cUt
gLsd. tz RlToa
RLk cUt Kiuf fhzgLwJ. mtfsJ Ka bg fl jh
bghik
kghlf jufitahF.
flshF. j RLk totf ilwd. fhy
24 25
f tghL fhzglJ. Augh kf kufis fw milf
yFfis Tl tgld. ngf, bfl Mf
nghwtJ eif bfhoUj mtf, jfis j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ
ghJfhJ bfhs jhaJfis mjd. 1. giHa ffhy, a ffhy, cnyhf fhy
wnjhiu ijj mfhy bjhbghUf - mfhy kf r_f
bghUshjhu thif.
bkhfrhjhnuh, Augh, fhgf, nyhj, %gh nghw 2. Augh ggho njhwK ts mfth
efufis R fblLfgLs fyiwf Augh kf nkbfhsgl Ka lf.
wnjhiu ijF tHf FJ ma cjwd.
bkhfrhjhnuh, wnjhiu ijF tHfK, vjd 3. Augh ehff wTWf - efu mik, r_f
vYfis ijF tHfK tHUjd. nyhj ef thif, bghUshjhu iyik.
ijFia R brff mLfgLsd. Augh ef 4. Augh ggho fhy, rka eiff kW
kujhyhd rtbgo fblLfgLsd. n#hoahf fiyf.
kghlF itJ wnjhiu ijjjfhd rhWfS
nyhj ilJsd. r vw clfilnaW tHf 5. Augh ehff m Fj ntWgl fUJf.
yajfhd bjthd rhWf iy.
Augh ggho m

Augh ggho m FJ mjfhd rhWf

FJ mPfSilna xUj fUJ iy. bghJthf
gntW fUJf KitfgLwd. bts bgUF, ef
twLnghLj, isy jdJ tsij Hj, mtnghJ
VgL yeLf nghw aif nglf Augh efuf
mF fhuzfshf UUfTL. Maf
gilbaL Augh ehffF fil kia xjJ vgJ
xU y mPf fUjhF. nfhilf gy mfglJ
FJ ntj FLwJ. nkY, bkhfrhnjhuh
fblLf gLs kj vYFa mefu mayt
gilbaLF Mshdij btgLJtjhf csJ. Mafl
tikf MjfS, ntfkhf bryToa FiufS
UjJ FljfJ. jdh, mtf J btgF
jfsJ Mfij vjhf VgLUf TL.

26 27
 kh dhf V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.
1. giHa ffhy kf ntshik brJ thjd.
I. rahd ilia nj brf.
2. iknuh vw EffUfis ilffhy kf
1. br ffhyij bjhlJ tj fhy
gagLd.
m. giHa ffhy M. a ffhy
3. J btF RnkahF ilna tf bjhl
. Ufhy <. il ffhy UjJ.
2. Augh ggho JiwKf efu 4. Augh kfSF vGJ fiy bjahJ.
m. fhgf M. nyhj VI. WF vGJf. (VnjD _W Ff)
. gdth <. %gh 1. br ffhy
II. nfhol lij uf. 2. bgUff (bkfh)
1. jehoYs f w thej bgUffhy ika ......... 3. bgU Fa Fs
2. Augh ggho Ka bg bjt ........ 4. Augh ggho fhy
III. bghUJf. VII. FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)
1. nfho m. Aahdh 1. giHa ffhy g xU F vGJf.
2. njhyuh M. uh#jh 2. Augh ggho njhw, ts g t.
3. fhgf . J 3. Augh ggho Ka lfis TWf.
4. gdth <. F#uh 4. Augh ggho mfhd fhuzfis FLf.
IV. rahd brhbwhliu bj brf. xW kLnk VIII. thd il jUf. (200 thijf)
rahdJ.
1. ah tuyhWF Kija fhy g xU fLiu
m. Augh gghL ts _W iyf cL. tiuf.
M. Augh kf bkh tlbkh vd ghnghyh TWwh. 2. Augh ehff r_f - bghUshjhu iyikfis t.
. r#h kh nuonah - fhg Kiwia gdh.
<. Augh kf ngfJ eif bfhoUjd,
mjdh, ghJfhfhf jhaJfis gagLd.

28 29
 ghl - 3
ntj fhy gghL
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhtJ
1. Maf f
2. ntj yafS mt w
3. ntj fhyK gghL
4. ija ntjfhyK gghL
Augh ggho efuf .K. 1500 M MLth
mjd. mtfsJ bghUshjhu, Maik KiwfS bks
ma bjhld. fhyjh njh-Ma bkhahd
tlbkh ngRgtf njh-<uha gFUJ tlnkF
ahF EiHjd. bjhlf tlnkF kiyfUj
fzthf tahf Fiwj vifyhd kfns
tUfTL. tlnkF rkbtfY, grh rkbtfY
mtf jf Mugfhy FoUfis mikJ bfhld.
d, mtf njh-fif rkbtF l bgajd.
fheilfis tsF Tljtfshf mtf Ujikah
gRikahd btfis mtf njo brw tz Ujd.
.K. Mwh whLth mtf tl ah KGtij
MuJ bfhld. vdnt, tlah Matj vd
miHfglJ. ntjfhyij ntj fhy myJ Kija
ntjfhy (.K.1500 - .K.1000) vW ija ntjfhy
(.K.1000 - .K.600) vW uL fshf fyh.
30
Maf f
Maf f vgJ thjJFa bghUshF.
Jg gntW fUJf ywd. gntW mPf
btntW gFfis Maf fkhf FLwd.
Mo gF, b#k, ka Mah, bjF uZah nghw gFf
mtfsJ fkhf fUjgLwd. ghyffhjhu yf
thda fzFfis Mjhukhf bfhL Maf Mo
gFUJ tjtf vd thLwh. UD, bjF
uagFna Maf Ul vw fUnj Vfjfjhf
csJ. tuyhwhaf bgUghY fUij Mjwd.
mUJ Maf Mah, Inuhgh Ma gntW gFfSF
l bgaUfTL. .K.1500 M MLth mtf
ahF EiHjd. njh-Maf vd mtfis
miHnwh. njh-Ma bkhahd tlbkhia mtf
ngtjd.
ntj yaf
vw nt brhUJ ntj vw brh wjJ.
mjF mj vW bghU. ntj vwh cathd m
vW bghU Twyh. ntjf ehF - , a#&, rhk, mjt.
j ehY ntj gHikahdJ. m 1028 ghlf csd.
gntW flis fJ j ghlf idagoU
wd. rlFfnghJ gwgLtjfhf gntW tuf
a#& ntj TwgLsJ. rlnghJ irgjfhfnt
awglJ rhk ntj. Unj a ir njhajhf
fUjgLwJ. gntW rlFfg mjt ntj FLwJ.
ehF ntjf ju, uhkzf, cgljf,
Muaff, kW fhrfshd uhkhaz, kfhghuj
nghw rka yafS csd. tghL kW ntf
Fj sff uhkzf TwgLsd. Mkh, uk,
cy njhw, aif ahj f nghw jJt
sffis TWtJ cgljf. fhL ya vd
TwgL Muaff ku, nt, gLj nghwtiw
31
TWwJ. uhkhazij th kfhghujij ntj ahrU
ad.
ntj fhy (myJ) Kija ntjfhy (.K. 1500
.K.1000)
ntj fhy, Maf bgUghY J gFnyna
thjd. ntj rj J myJ VG efgh gF
vw F tUwJ. grh gh y, dh, uh, ah, ry{
vW IJ efnshL J kW rut Ma VG efisna
J FwJ. ntj ghlfUJ ntjfhy kf
mua, r_f gghL thif Kiwfis mJ bfhsyh.
ntj fhy mua
Fy myJ FLg vgnj ntjfhy muaYF
mogilahf UjJ. gy FLgf izJ uhk
cUthW. uhk jiyt uhk vdglh. gy uhkf
izJ R vw mik njhaJ. j jiyt ag.
fbga mua xUiz #d vdglJ. ntj
fhy gujf, kaf, aJf, Uf nghw gntW mur
Fyf Ujd. mu jiyt uh#. ntj fhy
bgUghY Koah Kiwna tHUjJ. gugiu thR
Kiwna gwglJ. thf murDF cjahf
nuhjU, nrdh vw giljsg Ujd. rgh, r
vw uL fthj mitfS Ujd. rgh vgJ
Cbgnah mla mitahf, r vgJ bghJ kf
ufis bfhl mitahf sd.
r_f thif
jij tia mogilahf bfhlnj ntj fhy r_f.
r_f mogilahf saJ uA myJ FLg.
FLg jiyt uAg. bghJthf xUjhu kz
tHUjJ. mur kW ca Fodilna gyjhu kzK
eilKiw UjJ. y bghWfis ftJ tj kid
Ka rlFfY gbfLJ bfhtJ tHf. MfSF
32
izahf bgfSF Mf kW mthw ts
rk thf tHfgld. mgyh, tthuh, nfhrh, nyhgKuh
nghw bg fPfS ntj fhy thjd. bghJ
mitfY bgf gbfLJ bfhld. wh kznkh
clfilnaW r tHfnkh ntj fhy iy vgJ
FljfJ.
gU kW fgahyhd Milfis M bg UghyU
mjd. UghyU gntW tifyhd Mguzfis
mjd. nfhJik, gh, gh, j, be, fhff, ff
nghwit Ka cz bghUfshF. gR j yfhf
fUjgljh gR iw cgjF jilUjJ. njnuhl
ngho, Fiunahl, rJuf, ir, eld nghwit
mtfsJ a bghGJnghFf. a ntj fhy
Ujijnghy ntjfhy r_f f f
fLikahdjhf Ufiy.
bghUshjhu iyik
nkr y kfshf sa ntj fhykf Ka
bjh fheil tsghF. fheilfis mogilahf
bfhnl mtfsJ brt klglJ. tlah
mtf iyahf j thH bjhla d ntsh
bjhiy nkbfhld. U gaid eFzUj
mtfsh btF vjhf fhLfis U gutyhd is
yfis cUthf KojJ. kbwhU Ka bjh jRntiy.
fhLfis mFnghJ ilj Vuhskhd kufsh bjh
bgJ gabgwJ. njf, fyigf nghwtiw jrf
cg brjd. cnyhf fiyPf br, btfy kW
Ughyhd gntW bghUfis cg brjd. w
kbwhU Ka bjhyhF. gU kW fg Milf cg
bragld. bghbfhyf Mguzfis, Fatf L
cgnahffhd kghlfis cg brjd.
tf fKa bghUshjhu eltoifahF. ef
nghFtuJF bgJ cjd. glkhW Kiwnyna tf
33
eilbgwJ. fhyngh Zf vw jf ehzaf bgU FfgLsd. Matj (tl ah), kanjr (ka
tjff bryhtahf gagLjgld. ah), jzghj (bjah).
rka mua iy

y, beU, fhW, kiH, o d nghw aif ija ntj fhy bga muRf njhaij Vfdnt
rfis ntj fhy kf tgld. tiw flsuhf Fnlh. fhy gy Fyf myJ #df
cUtfgL tgld. U (), m ( beU), th xizJ #dgjf cUthd. mu gugs bgUajh
(fhW), tUz (kiH), u (od) Ma flsf mur mfhuK mfjJ. jdJ tikia bgUF
ntj fhy f bgUjd. Kija ntj fhy nehfJl mur gntW rlFfis, ntfis
u f fbgW sdh. uDF mLj brjh. uh#Na ( KoRL Hh), mtnkj (Fiu nt)
iy Uj m flsUF kjUF ilna kW th#nga (nj ngho) Mad tW mlF. uh#
cwghykhf Ujh. aif rkiyia ghJfhF flshf t#d, my tdg, Vfuj, rhuh nghw glfis
tUz sdh. M, c nghw bg flsU mur No bfhlh.
fhy tglgld. Myafnsh, iy tghnlh Kija nuhj, nrdh, uhk ju, ija ntj fhy
ntjfhy iy. egafis vghJ flsUF nkY gy a mfhf M Jiw gF tjd. fUy
tghLf bragld. be, gh, jha nghwit mfh, tjLnth, mur j MnahU ylF. uhk
gilfgld. tghonghJ gntW rlFf gwgld. rigf csh mikf mf tjd. ija ntj
ija ntjfhy (.K.1000 - .K. 600) fhy rgh, r vw mitf brthHjd.
bghUshjhu iy
ija ntjfhy Maf nkY HF neh l
bgajd. fif rkbt Maf jfsJ Ulij fhy U cgnahf mfkhf fhzglJ.
gLa tufis rjgj uhkz FLwJ. ija jdh, kf nkY gy tdfis mJ isyfis
ntj yaf gntW Ma Fyf kW muRf g bgUd. ntshik Ka bjhyhf saJ. a tif
Ff fhzgLwd. guj muRf vG bgwJ fUf ntshikF gagLjgld. gh ju, be kW
fhya w TwhF. bjhlf FU kW ghrhy nfhJik glgld. yJF cuLj xU Ka
Ma muRf fbgW sd. FU mu ff murfshf KndwkhF. gntW bjhfS tsailjd. cnyhf
gB, #dnk#a Mnah M jd. ghrhyf wj ntiyghLf, njhbghUf, jRbjh, kghlf
mur uthAd b#t vgtuhth. ytfis t nghdh. nghwit bgU tsailjd. cehL thgnjhL
FU, ghrhy muRf F wF, nfhry, fh, njf maehL thgK bgUd. fl thg ija
nghw muRf KaJt bgwd. m#hjrU fh ff ntjfhy tHUjJ. ghnyhah nghw ehLfSl
mur. iy efiu jiyefuhf bfhl njf eho mur tjf nkbfhsglJ. tha vw r_f mik
#df. aPtha vw yt tuJ mitia myfjh. fhy njhaJ. itaU thf <Lgld.
HF nfho kfj, mf, tf nghw muRf Ujd. fzf vdgl thf FGfis mtf mikJ
ija ntj yaf ah _W bgUfshf

34 35
bfhld. ntj fhyUj Zf vw ehza ju, njhd. jifa ntfSF vuhf njhanj j, rkz
rjkhd, UZzy vwiHfgl jf, bt ehzafS rkafshF. J jJt rhukhf sF cgljf
bryhtahf HfUjd. gayhj jifa ntfis Mjfiy. Phd vw
r_f thif cikahd mit bgWtj _ynk nkhrij milaKo
vd mit tWd.
ija ntj fhy r_f ehF Ka fshd
uhkzf, af, itaf, Nuf Mad eF
nt%aJ. itaUF NuUF kWfgl gntW fw milf
rYiffis uhkzfS afS mDgJ tjd. j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhlJ.
aiul uhkznu caj iy UjnghY, y
1. ehF ntjf kW ija ntj yaf.
ntisf af uhkzfisl jhf cajtf
vW Tbfhld. jhf nkbfhl bjh 2. ntj fhy mua, r_f, bghUshjhu.
mogil gntW is #hfS fhy njhd. 3. fntj fhy kf rka.
FLgij bghWjtiu, ija ntjfhy jhial
jfg brthF cau bjhlaJ. kf iy vj 4. muaY, r_fY ija ntj fhy Vgl
KndwK fhzgliy. MfSF gojtfshfnt khwf.
bgf fUjgld. mitf gbfLJ bfhSj nghw 5. ija ntj fhy mfj rlFfS
mua cikfisTl bgf Hjd. wh kz gutyhf ntfS.
tHfUjJ. mnua uhkz vw , bg FHij
FLgF Vgl nrhf vW FLwJ. mur FLg
kL bgf xUy rYiffis bgW thjd.
rka

Kija ntjfhy flsuhd uD, m ija

ntj fhy brthHjd. ija ntjfhy u#hg
(gil fl), ZQ (fhF fl), Uu (mF fl)
Ma fls KaJt bgwd. ntf nkY ukhf
gwglnjhL, gntW rlFfS mKfgLjgld.
tgho KaJt FiwJ ntfSF mf
KaJt tHfglJ. rh bjh eF
KiwgLjglnjhL gugiu bjhyhf khaJ.
ntfSfhd xGFKiwf mtfsh VgLjgld.
vdnt, ija ntj fhy W gF rhf
MfJF, ntf, kW rlFfSF gyj vf

36 37
 kh dhf V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.
1. Muaff J jJt rhu vdgLwJ.
I. rahd ilia nj brf.
2. ija ntjfhy murf mfhu bgUaJ.
1 ntjf gHikahdJ
3. ntj fhykf Uig mUfiy.
m. M. a#&
4. ntj fhy tUz mik Kiw eF nt%aJ.
. rhk <. mjt
VI. W F vGJf. (VnjD _W Ff)
2. uthAd b#t Mj muR
1. ntj fhy ya
m. njf M. fh
2. Maf f
. FU <. ghrhy
3. ntjfhy kf iy.
II. nfhol lij uf.
4. ntjfhy rka
1. uhkhaz Ma ........
VII. FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)
2. Ma f Mo gF vW Tat ..........
1. ntj fhy mua iy g FbgGJf.
III. bghUJf.
2. ij ntjfhy kf rka thifia FLf.
1. Zf m. ija ntjfhy ehza
VIII. thd il jUf. (200 thijf)
2. c M. ntj fhy ehza
1. ntj fhy Maf r_f - bghUshjhu thifia
3. mgyh . bg fl
t.
4. UZzyh <. bg yt
2. ija ntj fhy mua r_f iyikfis kLf.
IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xU brhbwhl
kLnk rahdJ.
m. uD, tUzD ija ntj fhy Ka fls.
M. ija ntjfhy kf iy Kndw flJ.
. ija ntjfhy #hKiw fLikahf iy.
<. ija ntj fhy r, rgh Mat KaJt
FiwjJ.

38 39
 ghl - 4
rkz, j rkaf
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhtJ
1. j, rkz rkaf vGfhd fhuzf.
2. kfhu thif kW nghjidf.
3. j thif kW nghjidf.
4. j rka guj.
5. ah jrka kiwtjfhd fhuzf.
tuyh .K. Mwh whL fwj whlhf
fUjgLwJ. j, kfhu, bAuhl, brhuhl,
fa, yh nr nghw wj jidahsf thJ jfsJ
fUJfis guaJ j whojh. .K. Mwh
who ah FoauR Wtdf tikahf
fjd. jdh, rlFf Mf brYa itf rkaF
vuhd rkaf vGbgw thf njhd. mt
rkzK, bgsjK bt bgwnjhL, a rKjha
Fljf jhffis VgLd.
rkz, j rkaf vGbgw fhuzf
.K. Mwh who ah ya rka rhj
mikikna rkz, j rkaf vGF Kjikahd
fhuzkhF. ija ntj fhy Fjgl fyhd
rlFKiwfS ntfS rhjhuz kfSF Vilajhf
iy. nkY, ntfhd bryfS Vuhskhf Ujd.
40
_leiffS, kufS kfilna bgU
FHgij cUthd. nt KiwfSF khwhf vGj
cgljf Twgl fUJf caj jJtfis vLJ
Td. Mdh mtiw rhjhuz kfsh vjhf Jbfhs
Koaiy. vdnt, midJ ju kfSF xU va, J
bfhsToa nkhrfhd wj t njitglJ. mjifa
t kf mJ bfhsToa bkh Uf ntL
vgJ Ka. j njitfis j, kfhu MnahUila
nghjidf iw brtjhf mikjd.
nkfl rka fhuzfju, r_f, bghUshjhu
NiyfS uL rkaf vGF ld.
ahUj fLikahd #hKiw rKjha bgU
bfhjig VgLUjJ. rhdUF kWfgl gy
rYiffis ca rhd mDgJ tjd. nuhj tf
Mfij af btWjd. j, kfhu UtUnk
a tFig nrjtf vgJ FljfJ. thf
ts gadhf itaf bghUshjhu iy caUjJ.
Mdh, tzhuk Kiw itaUF caa l
mfgliy. vdnt, mtf j, rkz rkafis
Mjfbjhld. thf tFduhd tf uL
a rkafSF kfjhd Mju mJ nghd.
rkz rka
tjkhd kfhu thif (.K.539 - .K.467)
tjkhd kfhu rkz gugiu 24tJ jfu.
itrhfUYs Fl uhk, a tFig nrj
jhjUF, riyF tjkhd kfdhf wjh.
anrhij vw bgkia kzj mt xU bg kfF
jijahdh. jdJ KgjhtJ ta Jw l tjkhd
guL MLf Raiyjh. 13 M Mo jt
gydhf nfty Phd vw caa Mf mit bgwh.
mj mt kfhu vW, d vW miHfglh.
mtuJ lf rkzf vdgld. mtuJ fUJf rkz
41
vW tHfglJ. KgJ MLf bjhlJ jkJ fUJfis
kfhu gutjh. jkJ 72 MtJ ta uh#UfF
mUYs ghth vw l mt kiwjh.
kfhu nghjidf
rkz rka _W Ka nfhghLf _W
udf vdgLwd. mit :
- ey eif
- ey m
- ey elij
ey eif vgJ, kfhu
fUJfY nguY eif
itjyhF. ey m vgJ fl iy
vw nfhghil VWbfhL, cyfij
giljt vtUiy vgij midJ
bghUfSF Mkh cL vgij
czJ bfhtjhF. ey elij vgJ
IJ Ka ujfis filogij
kfhu
FF. mit :
- cfSF F isfhik.
- bgh ciufhik
- fs brahik
- brhJfis bfhtij Lj
- xGfkw thit eljhkUj
rkz rka lfS, kfS mir nfhghil jt
whk filoj ntL. cUs, cyh midJ khehL eilbgwJ. guL mff vdgL rkz
bghUfS Mkhit bgWsd vW kfhu Tdh.
mtWF thif cL vd, fhagLJnghJ tia
czwd vW fUd. ntjf Mfij kWj
mt, ntj rka rlFfis vjh. jkhd, xGfkhd
42
thifia nkbfht wig mt tWdh. y, k
Gf, yFf nghwtWF F istjh ntshik
brtJTl ght vd mt fUdh. mnjngh, go lgJ,
Milia JwgJ, jik jhnk JW bfhtJ nghw
eilKiwfdh Jwtw thifia mj crflnf
kfhu L brwh.
rkz rka guj
jkJ fUJfis gutjF kfhu rfij mikjh.
m M, bg Ughyiu nrUtjF mDkjh. rf
Jwf kW rhjhuz lfS Ujd. rf cWdf
mauhj ciHdh rkz rka ntfkhf guaJ. Fghf nkF
ahY, fehlfY mJ guaJ. ruFj bksa,
ff ehL fhunty, bja mur Fyfshd fff,
flgf, rhSaf kW uhZouTlf Mnah rkz
rkaij ngh Mjjd.
.K. ehfh who W fif rkbt
fLgr VglJ. gughF kW ruFj bksa jiyik
gy rkz Jwf fdhlfhYs utzbgnfhyhit
tjiljd. tl ahnyna jl rkz JwfSF
yghF vw Jw jiyiknawh. JwfSfhd
Kiwfis mt khaikjh. jdh, rkz rka
ulhf jJ. xU d ntjhguf (btisil
mjtf) vW kbwhU d fguf (iriana
Milahf bfhltf) vW miHfgld.
.K. _wh who bjhlf, fguf
jiytuhd yghF ghlu KjyhtJ rkz khehil
Todh. .. Ijh who thyh ulhtJ rkz
ya W tot kheho VW bfhsglJ.
43
j rka
bfsjk j thif (.K. 567 - .K. 427)
j rkaij Wa bfsjk myJ jhj
fytJF mUYs Y njhl .K. 567 M
ML wjh. rha Fyij nrj
Rnjhjd mtuJ jij. khahnj mtuJ
jh. nrahf UFnghnj jhia Hj
jhj wid u#hg bfsj
vgtuh tsfglh. jdJ gdhwhtJ
ta anrhjiuia kzJ bfhl mt
uhFy vw kfDF jijahdh. tnahf,
nehah, z, Jw Matiw fQw
mt yf thit Jwjh. jkJ Ug
xgjh ta ilL btnaa mt
cikia njo VHhLf miyjh. gy mPfis rJ
sf nfL mtUF ngu liy. Wahf
jfahYs nghkuJfo jt brjnghJ
jhjUF ngu (thz) oaJ. mnghJ mtUF
taJ Kg IJ. mjwF, mt j myJ xbgwt
vW miHfglh. bgdhuRF mUYs rhueh vw
l j jdJ KjyhtJ ciuia fdh. mLj
ehg IJ MLf illhj urhuij mt
nkbfhlh. Fefu vwl jdJ vgjhtJ ta
mt c jh.
rl, bkhfyz, Mdj, frg, cgh Mnah
j Ka lhfsht. nfhry ehL unrd, kfj ehL
rhu kW m#hjrU Ma murf mtuJ nfhghLfis
VW lfshd. j jkJ thehnyna tlah
KGtY gaz brJ jkJ fUJfis gudh. bgdhu,
uh#UA, uht, itrh, ehsjh, ghluhk Mad mt
tUifj Ka lfshF. fl, Mkh, fkh, kWw
nghw yfSF vlhj btW jJt thjf <LgLtij
44
j jjh vgJ FljfJ. kj mwhl
vbfhS uidf Fnj mt mf ftd brYdh.
j nghjidf
j nghj ehF a cikfshtd :
- cyf Jgf iwjJ.
- JgfSF fhuz Mir.
- Mirfis Jwjh Jgfis Jilfyh.
- jF vtif tfis gWj ntL.
vtif tfshtd : edif, eKa, engR,
bfsjkj edlij, eth, eKa, ejid, eahd.
j flis Vfiy; fl Ugij kWf
iy. fkidF mt mf KaJt bfhLjh. xU
kj thifia mtdJ briffns zwd.
Mkh vw vJ iy. UD mt miria
tWdh. kj FylK w cdflK m
ghuhoanjhL f nef brjh. vjifa dF mt
lglhY mikahfnt gygh. khwhf, jdJ
mghY, fUizahY mtfis jkJ gf <J bfhS
w giljtuhf j sdh. xGfij mogilahf
bfhlJ mtuJ rka. vz, brh, bra Ma _Y
mt ikia tWdh. gFjthsuhd j,
f_ojdkhf thlhk, vjid m mogilnyna
mQdh. #hKiwia mt neuoahf rhlhlhY, r_f
ntWikfSF vuhf thlh. midJ r_fjtiu jkJ
rka nru mDkjh. vdnt, j rka vGia xU
rkau vgijl r_fu vW Twyh. eilKiwF
rhakhd xGf befis mJ nghjJ. r_f rkJt
nfhghoF mJ lJ.
45
j rka guj
jUF uL tif lf cL - Ff vw j
rka Jwf, cghff vw rhjhuz j rkaij jGa
kf. juJ nghjidfis gutjF, j rka Jwfis
bfhl rf mikfglJ. M, bg, rh ntWghLf
midtU rf cWduhf nrfgld. bgJw
fSF mtfsJ Ul kW uahz Fj fLghLf
fgoUjd. rl, bkhfyz, Mdj Mnah bkhahd ghbkh jrka bkhahf Uj iy ..
ff j rka Jwfsht. #dehaf Kiwgo rf
tfglJ. cWdfilna xGfij bragLJ
mfhu rfl UjJ. rf nkbfhl mauhj
Kaf gydhf juJ thehnyna jrka fUJf
tl ah ntfkhf guaJ. kfj, nfhry, nfhrh kW
gy tla FoauRf jrkaij VWbfhld. j
kiwJ VwjhH UW MLfSF wF bksa nguur
mnrhf jrkaij jGdh. mnrhf mDa J FGf
_ykhf, nkF Mah, yif Ma gFfSF j rka
guaJ. a rka thf njha j rka thW cyf
rkakhf khaJ.
jrka khehLf
j kiwjlndna, kfhfrg jiyik uh#UA
Kj j rka khehL TlglJ. juJ nghjidf
ikia ghJfhgnj j kheho nehfkhF. Rkh .K.
383 M ML ulhtJ jrka khehL itrh
eilbgwJ. mnrhfuJ Mju ghlu _whtJ
jrka khehL ToaJ. bkhfhj[h jF jiyik
tjh. kheho lff Wtot bgwJ. tRu mikfgld.
jiyik fhZ ehfhtJ jrka khehil fZf
Todh. mRtnfh kheho gnfwh. khehojh
kfhahd j rka vw a rka cUthW. juh
nghfglJ mnrhfuh gugglJkhd j rka
A&dahd vW miHfglJ.
46
j kiwJ VwjhH IW MLfSF wFjh
jrka f ulgL bjhFfgld. mit lff
vW miHfgLwd. mitahtd: Rjlf, dalf,
mjklf. mit gh bkh vGjgld.
ah jrka kiwa fhuzf
uhkz rka J bgwjhY, ghftj rka
vGahY jrka f kf bjhlaJ. kf
Kjyh whLF wF khaJ. fnwh bkhahd
tlbkhia jrka gw bjhlaJ. kfhahd jrka
njha wF, iy tghL irfS kjd. jdh
xGfbef Fiwa bjhld. nkY, .. 5 kW 6 M
whLf eilbgw A&zf gilbaLghY, 12 M
who nkbfhsgl JUa gilbaLf nghJ
jrka klhyaf mfgld. jifa fhuzfsh
ah jrka kiwjJ.
a gghoF j rka gf
a gghL tsF jrka mU
gahsJ.
- mir nfhghL mj Ka gfghF. fhy
ekJ eho Ka Gakhf mir bfhif saJ.
a fiy, fol fiyF j rka gF
-
FljfJ. rh, ghA&, fah Ma lfYs
f a fol fiy wF rhWfshF.
ah gy gFf irafS, j AhufS
- jry, ehsjh, ukyh Ma lfUj
jrka gfiy fHffS, w f WtdfS wj f
bjhlhsd.
47
 - gh bkh, kW w cehL bkhf tstjF
jrka urhu fhuzkhW.
kh dhf
I. rahd ilia nj brf.
Mah wgFfSF a gghil jrka
-
vLJ brwJ. 1. tjkhd kfhu wj l
m. fytJ M. ghlu
fw milf . Fluhk <. FRku
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ. 2. lff vj bkh vGjglJ?
1. j rkz rka vGfhd rka kW w fhuzf. m. tlbkh M. uhUj
2. kfhu sik fhy thif mtuJ _W . gh <.
ud nfhghLfS. II. nfhol lij uf.
3. bfsjk j sikfhyK, ehF cikf, 1. Kj rkzrka khehL ........... vwl ........ vgtuh
v tif tf vw mtuJ nghjidfS. flglJ.
4. j rkaij Mjjtf - rf Wtglik 2. rkzrka ya W tot ......... vdglJ.
jrka guaJ.
3. mnrhf nghj jrka .......... vd miHfglJ.
5. ah jrka kiwjJ - kW a
gghL tsF jrka Ma gf. III. bghUJf.
1. Kj j khehL m. itrh
2. ulh j khehL M. fhZ
3. _wh j khehL . uh#UA
4. ehfh j khehL <. ghlu
IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk
rahdJ.
m. ehF a cikfis kfhu nghjh.
M. ghbkhia gajh jrka mjJ.
. kfhahd j rkad iy tghil gd.
<. jJthjkhd thjf j <Lglh.

48 49
V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf. ghl - 5
1. j fl Ugij Vfiy, kWfiy.
kfj vG,
2. kfhu jkJ lfis IJ Ka ujfis filof
tWdh. mbyrhj gilbaL
3. Kj jrka khehL fhZ fZfuh TlglJ.
fw nehff
4. cy wgFfSF a gghL gutjF jrka
fhuzkhW. j ghlij gogjh khzt mJbfhtJ
VI. WF vGJf. (VnjD _W Ff) 1. Aafh, Rehf, ej trf kfj vG.
1. udf 2. rhu, m#hjrU Mnah rhjidf.
2. rkz rka sgLj 3. ghuf gilbaLfS mt jhfK.
3. lf 4. mbyrhj gilbaLfhd fhuzf, nghF.
4. _whtJ jrka khehL 5. mbyrhj gilbaL isf.
VII. FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)
.K. Mwh who bjhlf tlah
1. ah rkzrka guaij th.
vzw j muRf Ujd. yt KoahKiw
2. ah jrka kiwa fhuzf ahit? tHUjJ. y FoauRfshf fjd. fif rkbt
VIII. thd il jUf. (200 thijf) Koahf Ujd. tlnkF ahY, kakiyf
mothuY Foahf Ujd. rhaf, rhf,
1. kfhu thif kW nghjidfis t. kyf nghw xUy xnu Fyij nrj Foahf y
2. j thif kW nghjidfis RU vGJf. fhzgld. Foahf mu Ka Kofis bghJ mit
vLjJ. m FLg jiytf myJ kf uf
3. jrka vthW cyf rkakhW?
mf tjd. bgUghik thF mogilnyna midJ
KofS vLfgld.
gdhW kfh#dgjf vwiHfgL gdhW bgU
muRf g j yakhd mFjhu fa tufis
FLwJ. mit ahtd : mf, kfj, fh, nfhry, t{, ky,
nr, tr, FU, ghrhy, ka, Nunrd, mkf, mt,
fhjhu kW fhngh#. gdhW muRf g rkz fS
FLwd. fhy ngh, a muRf tikahd
MahsfSF mogjd; myJ mfgld. Wahf,

50 51
.K. Mwh who il gF ehF muRf kLnk rhjfkhfnt fhzglJ. tskhd isyf, uh{UfU
vUjd - mit tr, mt, nfhry, kfj vgdthF. Uj U fts, fahF mUUj U gokf
tr Mad aif mj tukhF. mfhy thf
tjl ikaY kfj mikUjJ Fl
tr vw muR aKid efiu mikUjJ. jfhy jfjhF. kfj jiyefu uh#UA, rhu, m#hjrU
myfhghJF mUYs nfhrh mj jiyefu. mj Mfnah M fhy kfj brt mj crmsit
ff mur cjaz. mt, mf, kfj Ma muRfSl voaJ.
kz cwfis itJ bfhlj_y mt jkJ tikia rhu (.K. 546 - .K. 494)
bgU bfhlh. mtuJ kiwF wF, tr mt
muRl izJ bfhsglJ. rhu Aahf trij nrjt. kzwf _y
mt jdJ tikia mt bgU bfhlh. nfhry ehL mur
FLg mt KjyhtJ kzcwit VgL bfhlh.
mt mu jiyefu c{#. j fw thj mjdh, mf tUth ju Toa fh mtUF kzgrhf
mur unaha. cjaz kfshd thrtjijia kzj iljJ. d, rhu itrhia Ml rh
tikf Mahsuhdh. t jrkaij Mjjh. FLgij nrj bryzh vw stuia kzJ bfhlh.
unahjaDF tnjh wikawtf. d j kz cwdh kfj tlF viy ghJfh
mtia kfj Mahsf izJ bfhld. cWbraglJ. nkY, neghs viy tiu kfj tila J
ttFjJ. ka grhUj kuh mur FLgij nrj nfkh
nfhry
vw stuia mt kzJ bfhlh. gntW gilbaLfis
nfhry eho jiyefu mnah - j fthj mur nkbfhl rhu jdJ nguuir nkY gLdh. mt
unrd. f wjt. kfjnjhL kzw bfhl ehnlhL ewit nkbfhlh. jdJ mu M Kiwia
mtuJ brthF nkY mfjJ. jdJ jijia rhuDF brikahf uikjh.
kzKoJ, fhia kz grhf bfhLjh. d, tjkhd kfhu, bfsjk j Ma UtUF
m#hjrUl nkhj VglJ. W, unrd, rhu rhu rkfhyjt. UD, U rkafS rhuiu
kfis kzJ bfhlh. mtuJ kiwF nfhry jj Mjuths vW nfhUwd. j rfF vzw
kfj xUgFahW. gRfis mt tHajhf bjwJ.
kfj m#hjrU (.K. 494 - .K. 462)
tla muRfnyna, kfj tikahf tsikahf m#hj rU M gilbaLfSF bga bgwjhF.
vG bgwJ. tla mua eltoiff ikakhf mJ nfhry, itrh Ma muRfSbfuhf mt nghlh.
fjJ. kfj a mik kW uhQt KaJt itrhia nrj rhf jiyikyhd khbgU
bgw mikl aif kfjF mj bfhil vdyh. Toizit vJ bgU bt flh. jdh, mtuJ fG
fif rkbt ilgl gF kfj mikUjJ bgUik mfjd. ngh gdhW MLf ojJ.

52 53
nghnghJjh, m#hjrU ghluhk (fhy ejtr tikf Mahs kfhgkej.
ghlu) vw W uhk uhQt KaJtij bgJ tlahUj a trjtfis Kaoj mt
czjh. itrhbfuhd gilbaLfSfhf, mF Vfuj vw glij No bfhlh. kfhgk ej thd
nfhilf mikJ tikia bgU bfhlh. gilbaLfg uhzf FLwd. ejf ff
j, rkz rkaf m#hjrUit jj rkajt vW ehil ifgajhf fhunty AFgh fbtL
Tbfhwd. mt bjhlf rkzuhf, d j FLwJ. jfhz bgUgF ejf fLgho
rkaij jGdh vW bghJthf eggLwJ. bfsjk UjJ vd gy tuyhW mPf fUJwd. vdnt, kfhgk
jiu mt rjh vW TwgLwJ. j fh ghA& ej xU guj nguuir cUthdh vg khW fUJF
gkhf tofgLsJ. kfhtr TWgo mt liy.
gy irafis fhufis mikjh vd mnwh. j rka rhWfgo kfhgk ej gJ MLf M
j kiwF wF, uh#UA Kj jrka khehL jh. mtiu bjhlJ mtuJ vL jtfS xUt
TlgLtjF mt Ka fhuzkhf Ujh. xUtuhf kfjij M brjd. ejtr fil mur
m#hjrUit bjhlJ MF tjt cj. fif jdej. kfj nguuir fLFiyahk mt fhghdh.
el nrh MW fyFl ghlu vw a Vuhskhd brtij, tikf gilia mt
jiyefiu mt khjh. d, bksa nguu itUjh. ejf brt br g rf yakhd
jiyefuhf ghlu fbgwJ. cjDF tnjh mfeh} kh_ydh ghosh. ejf M F
tik Fiwjtf. vdnt, kfj Rehffsh ifgwglJ. ya tskhd ntshik, bghJthd brt br muR
Aahftr KoF tJ Rehftr MF tjJ. fUyij uUUf ntL. jdej ga
fLikahd ttN Kiwia kf vjd. jid rhjfkhf
Rehf tr gagL bfhl ruFj bksaD, bfsoaU
ejf MF vuhf xU kf vGia njhWjd.
Rehff trht, fhyf bjthf iy.
fhyjh mbyrhj ahJ gilbaLjh.
mt ehL murid Kaoj Rehf mjid kfjJl
izJ bfhlh. RehfDF wF kfj nguuR Fiya ghuf kW nuf gilbaLf
bjhlaJ. bjhlJ MF tjt fhftk myJ
ghuf gilbaLf
fhynrhf vgt. tuJ Mfhy itrh
ulhtJ j rka khehL ToaJ. ejtrij Watuh iru (.K. 558 - .K. 530)
fhynrhf bfhyglh.
ejf mfnka nguu fwj btahsuhf fjt
kfh iru. ahF vuhf gilbaLj Kj gilbaLghs
ejtr M kfj f mj cF brwJ. tnuahF. ahF EiHJ fhjhu gFia
mtf bgw btf fif rkbtF mghY brwJ. ifgdh. J eF nkUj a gHFof
tlah KGtij csla xU bgU nguuir ejf midJ mtl ruziljd. fg fl xbfhld.
cUthd. mtuJ kf fhRF ahJ ftd brYj neuiy.

54 55
Kjyh nla (.K. 522 - .K. 486)
iru ngudhd Kjyh nla .K. 518 J btia
ifgdh. grh, J uL tuh izJ
bfhsgld. gF nguu UgjhtJ rhu
(khfhz)ahf fjJ. mfnka nguu kfbjhif
Fj brf khfhzkhf mJ fjJ. J e M
nkbfhtjfhf, ifyh jiyik fggilia nla
mDitjh.
br[ (.K. 465 - .K. 456)
jdJ tikia bgU bfhs a khfhzij
br[ gagL bfhlh. jdJ vfSl
nghLtjfhf, a fhyhgil, Fiugil Matiw
nufJF mD itjh. Mdh, br[ nuf MahsfS jfSilna nghL bfhoUjd. bghJ
njhia jGajh a gilf Ug bgwgld.
njhF wF mfnkaf ahJ Mu gKid vfis btbfhtJ vgJ mbyrhjUF
bfhifia gw Koaiy. UD, a khfhz
mtf fLgho bjhlJ UJ tjJ. .K. 330
mbyrhjiu vJ nghLtjfhf _wh nla a
ufis gagL bfhlh. ahJ mbyrhj
gilbaLjnghJ ghuff fLghLf jsJoUjd
vnw TwntL.
ghuf gilbaL isf
njh-<uha tjf tstjF ghuf gilbaLf
Cfkjd. nkY, mbyrhj gilbaLF J foa
TaJ. tlnkF ah <uha vGJ totkhd fnuhZ
ttot bgJ gagLjglJ. mnrhfuJ fbtLf
yt j t tot fhzgLwJ. bksa fhy fiyY
ghuf fiy jhfij fhzKowJ. Fghf, mnrhfuJ
xiw ffS gfS jF rhwhF. mnrhfuJ
fbtL Mizf <uha brthdh isjit vdyh.
njh-khnlha bjhlf VgLa jhfijl
56
njh-<uha bjhl jhf bgJ gadgjhf
mikjJ.
ah mbyrhj gilbaL (.K. 327 - .K. 325)
mbyrhj gilbaLnghJ mua iy
ghuff gilbaLJ uL whLfSF wF
khnlhahit nrj mbyrhj ahJ
gilbaLjh. mtuJ gilbaLnghJ tlnkF ah
gy W muRf Ujd. jr yJ m, mrhu ehL mur,
y, dh efSF ilgl gFia M brj nghu
nghw Kjikahd murf gF M jd. rh
nghw gy FoauR ehLfS Ujd. ah mua
xWik Fiwj gFahf tlnkF ah sanjhL,
via JtjFTl mtf xW nruiy. UD,
vjhf UjJ vW TwKoahJ.
gilbaLfhd fhuzf
.K. 334 M ML jdJ jij kiwjwF,
mbyrhj khnlhah muruhf gjnawh. .K. 330
M ML mngyh ngh _wh nlair KaoJ ghuf
KGtij ifgdh. nkY HF neh gilbaLJ
ahF EiHJ a khfhzij ifgWtJ mtuJ
nehf. bAnuhnlhl nghw vGjhsf FoUj
ah brt br mbyrhj ftdij <jJ.
a M nkbfhS Mt kW aifia M
brj nghw fhuzfshY mbyrhj ah J
gilbaLjh. ahF Hnf bjhlJ fl Ugjhf
mt edh. mJ mfhya a fUjhf UjJ. vdnt,
ahit ifgWtj_y cyf HF viyia
ifglyh vW mt fd flh.
57
 iAlhg ngh

Zfyht
.K. 327 M ML mbyrhj JFZ kiyfis
ah flJ, ljl vLkhj fhy mUj gHFofl
nghlh. .K. 326 mt glFghy mikJ J eia

ghoah
khfl
fljh. jryJ m mtiu ml tuntwh.
mUJbfhnl, nghu kdiu ruzilkhW nfhdh.
Mdh, nghu mjF clglhk, nghLtjF jahuhdh.

ouhahdh
d, mbyrhj jryUJ wgL iAlhg
(y) efiuia miljh. eF mgh nghu bgUgil
mtFUgij flh. y e bts bgUbfLJ
XobfhoUjJ. mjid flgJ vjhf Ufiy. J
ehf fhUj d, mt y eia flJ
fhrkbt nghu gilfnshL nghlh. Jnt ff
iAlhg ngh vdgLwJ. f fLikahd nghuhfnt mJ
fhzglJ. tikahd gilf UjnghY, W nghu
njhW nghdh. a mur uij jiyik gig
fL abga mbyrhj nghuir bgUjikl
ah
k

elanjhL L maiz mkdh.

ha

ah ghnyh
mn

mbyrhj tUj gHFodiu Kaojtz

gnl

mbyrhj gilbaLf

jdJ gilfSl ah etiu bjhlJ Knddh. nkY

bkr

Knd fif rkbt neh bry Udh. Mdh mtuJ

uf xJiHf kWjd. lfhykhf nghL mtf

fl

fisUjd. vdnt jhaf Utnyna Fahf

Ujd. mbyrhjuh mtfis rkhjhdgLj
fU

Koahknghdjh jhaf Ug Ko brjh. ah jh

vJ

ifga gFfis Mtjfhd VghLfis brjh. J

Kj ah tiuyhd gFfis _W khfhzfshf J

fl
khnlhah

mtWF MSefis ajh. .K. 326 mnlhg mtuJ

y
a

gilf ahUJ thf bjhld. jhaf U

ik

nuf
gaz f fLikahdjhfnt UjJ. FoauR gilf gy
mtuJ gilfis jhd. xUthW rkhJ mt J eia
fljh. jhaf brY t ghnyhah mbyrhj
nehthghL .K. 323 M ML kiwjh.

58 59
mbyrhj gilbaL isf
kh dhf
bksaf tlah mua xUikghL I. rahd ilia nj brf.
Vglnj mbyrhj gilbaL cldo isthF. W
muRf vw Kiw KoF tjJ. ah, nuf 1. kfj jiyefu
MatWilna neuo bjhl VgLtjF mbyrhj m. uh#UA M. c{#
gilbaL ttFjJ. mt VgLa a tf, fl . nfhry <. nfhrh
Mf nghwtwh ahF nkF MahF ilna
y tj tjf bjhlf nkY bgUd. mtuJ mfhy 2 ejtrF K M jtf
kuzdh, tlnkF ahit jdJ nguuRl izJ m. bksaf M. Rehff
bfhsntL vw mtuJ Ug iwntwhk nghW.
ruFj bksa nguuR tiljikah, Jbt . Aahff <. Fjf
mt VgLa Mf brhgfhynk ojJ. II. nfhol lij uf.
1. m#hj rU ........... trij nrjt.
fw milf 2. ej tr fil mur .........
j ghlUj khzt mJ bfhlJ. 3. ulh j khehL eilbgw l ........
1. kfj vG, mjid Mj gntW mur 4. mbyrhj .......... Mo ........... vw l kiwjh.
FyfS. III. bghUJf.
2. rhu, m#hjrU nghw murf rhjidf. 1. cjaz m. nfhry
3. ghuf gilbaLfS, tlnkF ah 2. unahj M. mt
mtfsJ Mu.
3. unrd . kfj
4. ghuf gilbaL isf.
4. rhu <. tr
5. ahJ mbyrhj gilbaLgjfhd
IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xU brhbwhl
fhuzf.
kLnk rahdJ.
6. mbyrhj gilbaL isf.
m. mbyrhj nghuir KaoJ mtuJ ehil izJ
bfhlh.
M. mbyrhj nghuir KaoJ mtiu bgUjikl
eldh.
. mbyrhjhu nghuir vJ btbgw Koaiy.

60 61
<. mbyrhj nghu cjbfhL jryJ mia
Kaojh.
ghl - 6
V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf. bksa nguuR
1. ahF EiHj Kj gilbaLghs brb[.
2. iAlhg ngh fhrkbt eilbgwJ.
fw nehff
3. mbyrhj jhaf UK fif rkbt y
gFfis izJ bfhlh. j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
VI. W F tiuf (VnjD _W Ff) 1. bksa tuyhWfhd rhWf.
1. gdhW kfh#d gjf 2. ruFj bksa rhjidf.
2. iAlhg ngh 3. mnrhfuJ rhjidfS, mnrhfuJ jk gujY.
3. iru 4. bksa MKiw w TWf.
4. mbyrhj gilbaL isf 5. bksafhy fiy, fol fiy.
VII. FWa il jUf. (100 thijf) 6. bksa nguu fhd fhuzf.
1. rhu rhjidfis RU vGJf.
2. ah ghuf gilbaL jhfij kLf.
bksa nguuR WtglUJ a tuyh xU
VIII. thd il jUf. (200 thijf) a maha bjhlFwJ. KjKiwahf, ah mua
1. kfj vGia, mj Mahsf rhjid xWik VglJ. tuyhWfhd rhWfS fhyf
fis t. Jakhf Ugjh tuyhW vGJtY bj wjJ.
Vuhskhd cehL, maehL ya MjhufnshL,
2. ah mbyrhj gilbaLgig t. fbtL jftfS fhya tuyhiw vGJtjF
gagLwd.
ya rhWf

bfsoa mj rhu

tlbkh yhd mj rhuij vGat bfsoa.

t ruFjbksa rk fhyjt. bfsoa a
khat vW miHfgLwh. 1904 M MLjh M.
rhkhrh vgtuh mj rhu Rtof

62 63
fblfgld. mj rhu 15 jffis 180
mahafis bfhlJ. jid _W gFfshf
fyh. Kj gF mur, murit, murhf gntW
Jiwf g TWwJ. ulh gF cika kW
Fwa rlfis, _wh gF mua btw, ngh
Matiw vLJiuwJ. bksa tuyhWF Ka
ya rhwhf j fwJ.
rhfjj Kuhuhrr
rhfjjuh awgl Kuhuhrr xU tlbkh ehlf
yhF. Fj fhy j vGjglhY, bfsoa
JiznahL ruFj ejfis KaoJ bksa Mia
vgo Wdh vgij J twJ. bksafhy r_f,
bghUshjhu iyikfis vLJ TWwJ.
bkfj vGa ofh
ruFj bksa mit nuf juhf Ujt
bkfj. mt vGa yhd ofh KGikahf
ilfiy. UD, bksa MKiw, Fghf
ghlu efuh, gilJiw thf Fj jftfis j
jUwJ. bksafhy r_f Fj mtuJ tzid
FljfJ. mt TW xU y eg ayhj jftfis Fj
vriflndna fz bfhs ntL.
w yaf
nkTa _W f ju, uhzfS, #hjf fijf
nghw j rka yafS bksa tuyhW Fj
jftfis jUwd. yif fshd kfhtr, gtr
uL yif mnrhfuJ Kaah jrka gua
tuyhiw TWdwd.
64
bjha rhWf
mnrhfuJ Mizf
1837M ML n# br vgtuh KjKj
mnrhfuJ fbtLf gojagld. ghbkhY, xUy
lf uhUj bkhYk mit vGjgLsd. u t
tot mit mikJsd. tlnkF ahYs
mnrhfuJ fbtLf fnuhZ ttot bghf
gLsd. bkhj gdhF bga ghiw fbtLf csd.
mtuh ajhf ifgwgl gF uL ff
fbtLf ilJsd. Ka efuf bga
fbtLf WtgLsd. it ju, a ghiw kW
fbtLfS fhzgLwd. mnrhfuJ Mizfshd
itaidJ mnrhf jk g, jdJ mfhfSF
mnrhf wj Mizf g TWwd. g_wh
ghiw fbtL mnrhfuJ ff nghiug FLwJ.
jdJ nguu jkij gutjfhf mnrhf nkbfhl
Kafis VHhtJ fbtL twJ. vdnt, mnrhfuJ
fbtLf mnrhfiu g, bksa nguuR FJ mJ
bfhs Ka rhWfshf gagLwd.
bksaf mua tuyhW
ruFj bksa (.K. 322 - .K. 298)
bksa nguuir Wat ruFj bksa. mt jdJ
Ug IjhtJ ta ejtr fil mur
jdejlUJ ghluij ifgdh. jF
bfsoa mtUF cWJizahf Ujh. bfsoaiu
rhza vW ZQFj vW miHg. fif rkbt
jdJ iyia tYgLj bfhl, ruFj bksa
tlnk gilbaLJ brW J e tiuyhd gFfis
ifgdh. d ka ah ekij eF
tlUj gFf midij izJ bfhlh.
65
 .K. 305 M ML tlnkF ahit Mj
mbyrhj gil jsgahd brf nflUF vuhf
gilbaLjh. mtiu Kaoj ruFj bksa, mtnuhL
clgoif xiw brJ bfhlh. mjgo, brf nfl
JeF mghUj gFfshd mah, munfhah,
bfnuhah nghwtiw bksa nguuRl izJbfhs
rkjh. jdJ kfis bksa sturDF kzKoJ
bfhLjh. ruFj bksaU brf nflUF grhf 500
ahidfis mjh. nuf eho juhf bkfj bksa
muritF mD itfglh.
ruFj bksa jdJ M fhy Ko rkz
rkaij jGdh. jdJ kf JrhuDfhf maizia
Jwj mt, gughF jiyikyhd rkzJwf ilNH
ikNUF mUYs utzbgnfhyhit tjiljh. mF
czhnehUJ c Jwjh.
Jrhu (.K. 298 - .K. 273)
nuf ehL Mafsh mufhj vW
FfgLgt Jrhu. jF vfis mgt vW
bghU. mt ikNtiu gilbaLJ brW jfhzij
ifgdh. uL flfSF ilUj gdhW
ehLfis Jrhu ifgajhf bg mP jhuehj
FLsh. rf fhyJ j yafS bksaf kW nghF g tuf iybawhY, isf g
bjfa gilbaL g FLwd. vdnt, Jrhu
M fhy bksa nguuR ikN tiu guUjJ vW
Twyh.
ah ehL mur Kjyh Monahf jdJ Jtuhf
ilkf vgtiu Jrhu mitF mDitjh.
Jrhu, Kjyh Monahfl, ghd kJ, cyj
mgH, nghwtiw xU jJt Phia mD
itFkhW nfhdh. bghUfis mDitj ah mur,
nuf ehL rlgo jJtPhia mDg ayhJ vW
bjjh. mff vw rka diu Jrhu
66
Mjjh. jdJ kf mnrhfiu c{# MSeuhf
Jrhu ajh.
kfh mnrhf (.K. 273 - .K. 232)
mnrhf sikfhy g brhg brfns csd.
jdJ jij Jrhu Mfhy c{# MSeuhf
mnrhf gahdh. jry eilbgw fyfij
xLdh. mnrhf M bghWig VwF (.K. 273)
KoNo bfhljF (.K. 269) ilna ehF MLf
il btUjJ. vdnt, Jrhu kiwF
maizF ngho UUF vgjF rhWf csd.
yif fshd kfhtrK, gtrK mnrhf jdJ _j
rnfhju Rkh cl bjhW xgJ rnfhjufis
bfhWL Mia ifgajhf TWwd. isa
rnfhju rh kL cnuhL lglh. Mdh, bg mP
jhuehj mnrhf jdJ MW rnfhjufis kLnk bfhwjhf
TWwh. mnrhfuJ rnfhjuf gy M Jiw
gahajhf mtuJ fbtLfS FLwd.
vgoUD, mnrhf MF tjnghJ maizF ngho
UjJ bjthwJ.
mnrhfuJ M f Fljf f .K. 261 M
ML mt ffngh bgw btahF. mngh fhuz
mnrhf jh btl g_wh ghiw fbto tukhf
FLsh. xU yrJ Igjhu ng bfhygld,
mijngh gklF kf Jwd nghUF mnrhf
ffij bksa nguuRl izJ bfhlh. ff
ngh kbwhU Ka is mnrhf j rkaij
jGajhF. jF cgFj mtiu kdkhw brJ
jrkaij jGt brjh.
mnrhfU j rkaK
y mPf fUJgo mnrhf cldoahf j
rkaJF khliy vW gogoahfnt j rkaij
67
 jGdh vW fUJwd. nghUF mt xU rha
cghrfuhdh (rhjhuz l). uliu MLf fJ xU j
F (Jw)thf khdh. d ntilahLjiy iflh.
jfahF jgaz nkbfhlh. j rkaij
gutjfhf JFGfis mDdh. jkij iuthf
gu bghUL jk kfhkhuf vw w mYtyfis
ajh. .K. 241 M ML j wj lkhd fytJF
mUYs Y tdF gaz nkbfhlh. nkY,
jrka j lfshd rhueh, uht, Fefu nghw
lfSF brwh. jdJ kf knfu, kf rfiu
Mnah jiyik rka guFGit yifF mD
itjh. mtf mF nghku isia eld. j
rfij tikgLJtjfhf mnrhf .K. 240 M ML
ghlu _whtJ jrka khehil Todh.
bkhfj rh mkhehLF jiyik tjh.
mnrhfuJ nguuRgu

nrhHf, ghoaf, rauf, nfus uf

Mnah viywUj bja muRf vd mnrhfuJ
fbtLf FLwd. vdnt, it bksa nguuRF
btna mikUjd vgJ bjthwJ. fhZ bksa
nguuRF cglJ vd uh#ju FLwJ. neghsK
bksa nguu xU gFahF. tlnkF viyia Vfdnt
ruFj bksa za brUjh.
mnrhfuJ jk

mnrhf j rkaij jG, mjid gutjF

Kafis vLjnghY, mtuJ jk bfhif nkY caa
fUjhF. mJ xU thif be; xGf ; midJ kfS
filoJ xGf ntoa nfhghLf vW Twyh. mnrhfuJ
jk nfhghLf mtuJ fbtLf bjthf
FfgLsd. mt bghJthd wTWfis
tUkhW bjhFJ Twyh.

68 69
1. jh, jijF gil brj, miria
filoj, cikia nej, Mafis nghWj
kW cwdiu ewhf elJj.
2. UHh Tlfis yFfis gLjiy jil
brj; bghU bryf kW bghUsw rlFfis
tHffis jj.
3. r_f eyid Fnfhshf bfhL MKiwia
brikahf wgl uikj; kfSl neuo bjhlig
vnghJ itUF bghUL jk ahiufis
nkbfhSj.
4. gahsfis v#khdfS, iffis
mfhfS kj neaJl elJj.
5. yFfJ fUizfho miria filoj;
cwdiu kj; uhkzfSF bfhilaj.
6. midJ rka fSilna r jikia
tWj.
7. ngh brtij jJ jkt bt bfhSj.
mir nfhghL, mnrhfuJ jk fUJfS j
nghjidfis xona mikJsd. Mdh, mnrhf jdJ
jknfhghLfis j nghjid fSl bjhlgLj
iy. j rka mtuJ jgl eifahF. mt Ta
jk xU bghJthd xGfbeahF. r_f midJ
juF jdJ jknfhghLf brwila ntL vd
mnrhf Udh.
mnrhf ga xU kL
mnrhf murfnyna jiywjtuhf sdh. kfh
mbyrhj, a r nghw cy jiywj
nguurfis mnrhf wh. v.. bt vgtuJ
TWgo : tuyh goa FUF Mufzfhd
murf mnrhf bga kL jdj erukhf
70
xRwJ. mnrhf jkJ nfhghLfSF cikahdtuhf
fJ mtiw filoJ xGdh. mt fd fhgtuy;
khwhf xU eilKiw nkij. mtuJ jk bfhif cyf
midF bghJthdJ. kj FykidF iwF
bghUjtyJ. fUizf MF, ngh bt bgw wF
nghiu JwJ mikbfhifia filojikF
mnrhf tuyh wj KDjhuzkhf fwh vW
Twyh. mtuJ nfhgho ikafUJ kj Fy
eyidna tWJtjhf mikUjJ.
fhy bksaf
murhf .K. 232 ML mnrhf kiwj bksa nguuR
uLgFfshf f glJ nkF gF mnrhf
jt Fzhs Mjh. HF gF mnrhfuJ
nguf xUtuhd jruj muruhf Ujh. ghoa
gilbaLf isthf nguu nkF gF FiyjJ.
jruj jt rhu vgtuJ M HF gF kL
fLnfhghf UjJ. bksa tr fil muruhd
Ufuj vgtiu mtuJ giljsg Zau Rf
gLbfhiy brjh.
bksa MKiw
ka murhf
bksa M bjhl ah Koah Kiw bgU
btbgwJ. bksaUF Kija fhy ahUj FoauR
kW WFG MKiwf Fiyjd. gila ah
Kjik mua nfhghlhsuhf sa bfsoa Koah
Kiwia MjjnghY, tugw Koahia mt Ugiy.
mur jdJ thfij brikahf elJtjF mikruit
Mnyhridia nffntL vW mt tWdh. vdnt,
murdJ MF cjahf k g vw mikruit
braglJ. m nuhj, kfhk, nrdhg, tuh# Mnah
Ujd. mwhl mYtfis iwntw mkhaf
vwiHfgl gahsf Ujd. tfis jfhy
71
ah gahW a M g mfhfnshL
xlyh. mkhafis nj br Kiw FJ bfsoa
tukhf Tsh. jk nfhghLfis gutjfhf mnrhf
jkkfhkhufis ajh. bksa M eF
uikfgl MJiw braglJ.
tUth thf
nguu midJtif tUthfis tNF Jiwahd
tUthJiw jiyt rAj vW miHfglh. yt,
ghrdt, Rft, tft, glFt, tdt, Ruft,
btfhd t, bjh t, kwf fgL Ujd. mguhj j, iwthr, cWfis ijj, kuz
jlidlhd flz vd gtif tUth muRF iljJ.
bghJthf isr M xU gF ytahf tNfglJ.
muruJ mit kW mtuJ FLgbryf, uhQt, muR
gahsf, bghJ gf, ViHfSF thuz, rka rhj
bryf vgd murhf brydf Fljfit.
uhQt
eF uikfgoUj bksa uhQtJF jiytuhf
nrdhg Ujh. ufSF Ca gzkhf tHfglJ.
uhQt gntW iy gaha mfhfSfhd Ca
j FJ bfsoa TWwh. nuf ehL mP
vgtuJ TWgo bksauJ gil MW yr fhyhgil
ufS, Kgjhu Fiugil ufS, xgjhu
ahidfS, vlhu njfS Ujd vgJ bjwJ. j
ehF fis ju, flgil kW nghFtuJ fS
uhQt Ujd. xbthU marff vw
nkghitahsf fLgho Ujd. jyh IJ
cWdfis bfhl MW FGf mla giltha
gilthfij nkbfhljhf bkfj FLsh.
thf kW bjhJiw
Jiw mYtyf marff vdgld.
bghUf yiu kW bkhj iyfis fLgLJtJ,
72
bjhlJ bghUfis kfSF ilf brtJ j
Jiw bghWghF. vilf, msf Mad
KiwgLjgld. Rf tfis gJ maehL
thfij KiwgLJtJ j Vida gfshF.
kW fht Jiw thf
cika, Fwa kwf braglij bfsoa
tJsh. jiyefUj cr kw jiyik g
jkhfh vW miHfglh. khfhz jiyefufY,
khtlfY mkhaf jiyikyhd Jiz kwf
jlid nghw gntW jlid Kiwf tHUjd.
cikia tutiHf utij br tHfK UjJ. Ka
ikaf fht iyaf mikfgoUjd. iwf, iw
mfhf g bfsoauJ Y mnrhfuJ fbtLfS
FLwd. Kiwnflhf iwgLjgLtij jLgjF
eltoif vLFgo mnrhf jkkfhkhufSF
Mizlh. jlidf FiwfglJ g mnrhfuJ
fbtLf TWwd.
kf bjhif fzbfL
bksa M fhy kf bjhif fzbfL
jtwhk gwglJ. kf vif, mtfsJ #h,
bjh nghw tufis uhk mfhf nrfjd.
xbthU oY Uj uhfS fz bfhL
tugld. efuf cehL, maehL kf elkhlij
ffhgjfhf efuh mfhf kfbjhif
fzbfLig eld. kf bjhif fzbfL tuf
xwf jU tufnshL rghfgld. bksa M
Kiw kf bjhif fzbfL xU uju Wtdkhf
Ujjhf bjwJ.
73
khfhz, csh thf f

jry, c{#, Rtz, ff vw mnrhfuh Wtgl ff bksa

jiyefufis bfhl ehF khfhzfshf bksa nguuR fhy fiyF fwj vLJ fhlhF.
fgoUjJ. khfhz MSef bgUghY mur bl, mfkjhgh, Uij, rh, rhueh
FLgUnj nj bragL afgld. rl, nghw lf bgh fSlToa mnrhf
xGif guhkj, tUth tNgJ nghwit mtfsJ ffblLfgld. f c
Ka flikfshF. uhff vW miHfgl mfhf f, ahid, vUJ nghw yFf
khtl thf UjJ. mtfsJ iy kW mfhu cUtf brJfgLsd. rhueh f
jfhy khtl M jiytfisna xUjJ vdyh. fhzgL ehF f cUtf
mtfSF cjahf jf vw Jiz mfhf Ujd. rhueh f f fiy eafit. a
uhk vw mfh uhk thf UjJ. gJ myJ murhf j dij xU y
gidJ uhkfSF ca mfhahf nfhg vw mfh khWjf brJ mur Kiuahf VW
braglh. bfhLsJ.
efu thf FJ bfsoaU, bkfjR tukhf f
FLsd. effh vw efu nkghitahs g g
mj rhu xU KG mahank csJ. rl xGif mnrhf jdJ nguuR KGtY gy fis
guhkgnj mtuJ jiyaha gahF. jyh IJ cWdfis vGUjh. Mdh,
bfhl MW FGf ghlu efu thfij elajhf mt bgUghyhdit ehF
bkfj FLsh. FGf gf tUkhW : 1. mayt gilbaLnghJ ff
bjhrhiyf 2. maehltf 3. w, w g 4. thf mfgLld. xUy
5. bghUf cg kW gid 6. gid t tN f kLnk vsd. f
ukhlkhd njhw bghl mik
bksa fhy fiy, folfiy fgLs rh mnrhfuJ
mnrhf fhyF Kgl id df midJ fSF wj vLJfhlhF.
rh
kufsh Mdjh bgUghY mit mJld. mnrhf Kj mJ brffsh cUthfgL,
fhyjh ghiwff gagLjgld. mtYTl xU mnrhfuJ fhyF gLjglJ.
y kL vsd. mtuJ mukid, klhyaf kW Fiff
f gy kiwJld. rh kLnk vsJ.
bksa fhya vs fiydfis tU mnrhf kW mtuJ jt jruj Mnahuh
jiyf fhzyh. mffSF bfhilahf mfgl Fiff bksaf
Ka ghuga dfshf fwd. mt cwRtf
fzhonghy bkUTlgLsd. Jwf j thG tif
mit mikfgoUjd. j fahF mUYs ghuhgh

74 75
FWfYs Fiff bksa fol fiyF cdj fw milf
rhWfshF. j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlit.
bksa fhd fhuzf 1. bksa tuyhWfhd ya, fbtL rhWf
2. ruFj bksa MF tUjY, mtuJ
bksa fhd fhuzf g mPfilna
rhjidfS.
thd thj eilbgw tz csJ. mnrhfuJ 3. Jrhu ngh btf.
bfhiffS mtUF tj tikaw njhwfS
4. Mizfis btL, jk kfhkhuf vw
bksa F fhuzf vw fUJ gHikahd
w mYtyfis aJ mnrhf jkJ jk
fUjhF. kbwhU fUJ, guj nguuRF <LbfhLF tif nfhghLfis guaJ.
mua, bghUshjhu Wtdf tsailaiy vgjhF. 5. f, Fiff, f vw bksa fhy fiy,
mnrhfuJ jrka Mju bfhiffdh btWw folfiy.
uhkzf ZauRf jiyik xU uia eldhf 6. bksa nguu fhd fhuzf.
vW TwglJ. Mdh, mnrhf xUnghJ uhkzfSF
vuhf bragliy. mnrhfuJ mir bfhif
giluf nghL czit ghjJ vgJ mnrhfJ
RkjgL kbwhU FwrhlhF. Mdh, mnrhf mik
bfhifia gdhnu ju nguu Js jkJ fLghil
vnghJ jsaiy. vdnt, bksa nguu F
mnrhfiu Fw RkJtJ bghUjkwjhF. mnrhfiu xU
bfhifth vgijl eilKiwth vnw Twyh.
wikaw njhwf, nguuR ulhf fglJ,
mnrhfuJ fhyJF d nej MJiw KiwnfLf
nghw gntW fhuzfshnyna bksa nguuR ijjJ.
itaidJ xW nrJjh bksa nguu Fiyit
iugLd. W bksaiu uoL Zau Rf
Rftr Mia Wdh.

76 77
 kh dhf . bkfj vGa ofh ffngh Fj
jftfis jUwJ.
I. rahd ilia nj brf.
<. bksa nguu hd fhuzfis mnrhfuJ
1. mnrhfuJ ffngh Fj tufis mgJ fbtLf TWwd.
m. ff fbtL M. 13 M ghiw fbtL V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.
. rhueh <. mj rhu 1. ruFj bksa jdJ M W gF j
2. mnrhf jkJ Mizfis btl bgJ gagLa rkaij gdh.
bkh 2. jehL bksa nguu izfgoUjJ.
m. gh M. tlbkh 3. mnrhf mffSF Fiffis bfhilahf tHdh.
. fnuhZ <. u 4. bksa MF Zau Rf Ko fodh.
II. nfhol lij uf. VI. W F vGJf. (VnjD _W Ff)
1. mnrhfuJ fbtLfis Kj gojjt ......... 1. bfsoa mj rhu.
2. fil bksa mur .......... 2. ff ngh
3. mnrhfiu j rkaF khat ......... 3. bkfj
4. a muR d .......... UJ vLfglJ. 4. Jrhu
III. bghUJf. VII. FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)
1. jk kfhkhuf m. uhk thf 1. ruFj bksa rhjidf g F vGJf.
2. nfhg M. tUth thf 2. mnrhf jrkaij gutjF nkbfhl Kafis
3. eff . jkij guj FLf.

4. rAj <. efu thf 3. bksa fiy KaJtij kLf.

IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xU brhbwhl 4. bksa nguu fhd fhuzfis Mf.
kLnk rahdJ. VII. thd il jUf. (200 thijf)
m. bfsoa mj rhu KjgF ngh kW 1. mnrhf rhjidfis mtuJ jk nfhghLfis
mua btw g TwgLsJ. sFf.
M. rhfjj Kuhuhrf ehlf to vGjgLsJ. 2. bksa MKiw w TWfis t.

78 79
 UjJ. nuff ghlu tiu tJ mj efiu
ghl - 7 yfhy MuJ bfhld. UD, Zau Rf
bksaUF ija fhy ah iuJ bragL Hj gFfis clnd lh. tl
ahJ gilbaLj ff ehL fhuntyid vJ
mt nghlh.
Zaj Rf itf uhkz rkaij Mjjh. mt
fw nehff uL mtnkj (Fiu nt) ahffis brjh. j
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ. rkajtiu mt JWajhf j rka rhWf TWwd.
Mdh, jrka fiyia Zau Mjjh vgjF
1. Rf M KaJt.
tYthd rhWf csd. mtuJ M fhy ghA&,
2. rhjthfdf M - gghoF mtfsJ rh Ma lfUj jrka df JfgL
gf. gLjgld.
3. rhffS ghoafS Zau RfDF d mtuJ jt mu
4. fZf rhjidf MF tjh. Rf tr fil mur njt. mtdJ
mikruhd thRnjt ft vgtuh njt bfhyglh.
5. fhjhufiy mj w TWfS ft tr WtglJ. mJ 45 MLf ojJ. ftf
UJ FjnguuR WtgL fhy tiu kfj
tuyhW btlkhfnt UjJ vdyh.
mnrhfuJ kiwF d, mtuJ thRfsh bksa
nguuir fo fhghw Koaiy. khfhzf jfsJ fif rkbtia mayt gilbaLUJ fhgha
Rjuij mf bjhld. tlnkF ah bksa j Rff M KaJt bgWwJ. gghL
oUj eGaJ. bjhlj mayt jhFjYF gF ahf nehdh, uhkz rkaij, Fiu ntia
MshaJ. ff jdJ Ljiyia giwrh bfhlJ. Rff Jjd. itzt rkaij tlbkhia
mjF bjnf rhjthfdf jfsJ Rju muir VgL Rff ngh tsjd. RUfkhf Tdh, Rff
bfhld. t isthf bksa M fif rkbt M tunghF Fjf bghfhy MF foa
kLnk eilbgwJ. iu mF Rf tr M TWtJnghy mikjJ.
WtglJ. rhjthfdf
Rff
bksaf FwF,
bksaf giljsgahf Uj ZauRf jfhz rhjthfdf Rju
vgtuh Rf tr WtglJ. bksa tr fil muir Wdhf. Rkh 450
muriu bfhWL mt maizia ifgdh. tlnkF MLf mtfsJ M ojJ.
rhjthfdf
ah gilbaLj tj ghoa nufflUJ tl Muf vW mtf miHf
ehzaf
ahit ghJfhgnj Rf MF mnghJ bgU rthyhf gld. uhzfS fbtLfS

80 81
rhjthfd tuyhWF Ka rhWfshf sFwd. Fatf, ber bjh brnth, vbz cgahsf
bfsj u rjf vgt M g eh kW ehdhfh nghw ifidPfS fHffis VgL bfhld.
fbtLf bjthf FLwd. rhjthfdfsh fgz vW miHfgl bt ehzaf tjfF
btlgl ehzaf mfhya bghUshjhu iyikia gagLjgld. rhjthfdf fhy maehL tjfK
vLJ TWwd. eF brjJ. jfhzUj gntW JiwKffis lhy
rhjthfd trij Wat Kf. mtiu bjhlJ FLsh. nkF jfhzUj fah rhjthfd
UZz MF tjh. nk eh tiu mt nguuir f fbga JiwKfkhF. HF flfiuUj
gLdh. _whtJ mur $rjf. nkF khstij flfnryh, fr vw JiwKffS w thjit.
uh gFia mt ifgdh. d Fiu ntfis gghL bfhil
brjh. rhjthfd tr gndHhtJ mur bga Ahyh.
mt IJ MLf kLnk MUjh. rjrh rhjthfdf uhkz rkaij j rkaij
vwiHfgL fj rj rh vw iy Ahyh adh. Mjjd. irafis fhufis fod. jrka
uhUj bkhyhd 700 ghlf csd. JwfSF yf kW uhkfis khakhf tHd.
tZluykh vw mur mkuht ia brglh.
rhjthfd ku fwj muruhf sat ehfhdbfhlhYs mtfsJ folfiy Fl
bfsju rjf. ..106 Kj 130 M ML tiu Ug jfJ. uhkz rkaij L cj rhjthfdf
ehF MLf mt M jh. mtuJ mid bfsj mRtnkj kW uh#Na ntfis eld. uhUj bkh
ghy$ btl eh fbto mtuJ rhjidf kW yaij mtf Mjjd. Ahyh vGa rjrh
FfgLsd. bfsju rjf jfhz KGtij uhUj ya nghwjf yhf sFwJ.
ifg nguuir gLdh. khst mur ehf ghziu
vJ nghL mt bgw bt kfjhdjhF. mt uhkz tlnkF ah mayt gilbaLf
rkaij Mjjh. UD j rkajtUF bfhilfis
ghoaf
tHdh.
bfsju rjfFwF mtuJ kf tZlu .K. _wh who ilgF ghoah,
ykh MF tjh. mt rhjthfd Mia UZzh e ghah uL ah nguuUJ Ljiy bgwd.
KfJthu tiu gLdh. mt btl ehzaf ghoah nuf Mahsuhd blbka Mfh jh,
fg cUtf bghfgLsd. jdh mtuJ flgil grh gFfis jh if gdh. jryUJ
tik flthf tsik btgLwJ. rhjthfdf mnghnyhnlhl, dhj vw jkJ uL giljiytfis
fil Ka mur aP$ rjf. kw gFfis ifgWgo mD itjh. mnghnyhnlhl
J gFia ifg c{#tiu Knddh. dhj
bghUshjhu iyik
kJuh tiu jkJ Mia gLaJl ghluij
rhjthfd M fhy thfK bjhY eF ifgw Kaf nkbfhlh. Mdh, Zau Rf
tsailjd. tff jfsJ thgij ngudhd tRu mtid vJ nghL jLJ Wdh.
bgUFtjfhf tf FGfis mikJ bfhld.

82 83
 dhj, jh vW miHfgLwh. mtuJ Knddh. KG cyif btw jiyt vw UJf
jiyefu rhfhyh (ahnfh). mt j rka mf Mt bghj jf ehzafis mt btlh. mt wj
bfhlh. j rka Jw ehfghzUl mt ciuahoaJ tgjdhf fjh.
jghnAh (j dhf) vw ghbkh yhf fZf (.. 78 - 120)
bjhFfgLsJ. dhj j rkaij jGdh. nuf
juhd bAnahnlhu itzt rkaij jGanjhL bg Fhz ku wf Mahs fZf. .. 78 M
ef fUliz Wdh. dhj kiwF dU ML bjhlF rhf rfhjij mt Wdh. mt xU bgU
whLfSF nkyhf nuf jhf ah ojJ. gilbaLghs kLky, rka kW fiyia nghWgtuhf
rhff fjh.
fZf gilbaLf
rhff myJ iraf ghoah, ghah
gFfis jh nuf MahsflUJ mtiw fZf MF tjnghJ mtuJ nguu Mfhjh,
ifgd. nuff tKiwia g rhffS fhjhu, J, grh Ma gFf Ujd. d, mt
jfsJ Mia tlnkF ah bky gLd. kfjij ifg ghlu, jfah
rhff uL d Ujd. jryUJ M tiu Knd brwh. fAz
brj tlF ruf. kbwhU d kfhuhZou gF TWgo, fZf fhZ J gilbaLJ
Mj nkiy ruf. mjid ifgdh vgJ bj. kJuh,
.K. Kjyh who ah rhff Mia uht, nfhrh, bgdhu nghw
Wat kht. mtUF mtuJ kf Kjyh Vr lf mtuJ ehzaf fblLf
MF tjh. mt uk rfhjij Wdh vw fUJ gLsd. vdnt, fif rkbt
cL. jryJ rufis ghaf Kaojd. bgUgF mtuJ MFgoUj
ntL.
Fhdf
dhJ gilbaLj fZf
ka Mahit fkhf bfhl gHFo xU mtflUJ y gFfis if
dnu Fhdf. mtf Kj rhffis uoL jiyaw fZf gdh. jdJ Kj gilbaLnghJ
ghoahit ifgd. d, iy d giljiyt ghnrh vgtl
gogoahf fh gsjhF tahf fZf njhailjh. ulhtJ
Knd fhjhu gFia gilbaLnghJ ghnrh jtuhd ghah vgtiu
ifgd. Fhz kuig njhW Kaojh. mj isthf, fhZf, ahf, nfhlh Ma
jt F#&yh fhr myJ Kjyh gFfis fZf jkJ nguuRl izJ bfhlh.
Fhdf fhr. fh gsjhif if fZf nguuR f guj xwhF. nk fhjhu
jf ehzaf ga mt jkJ bga bghj ehza bjhl Hnf gdhu tiuY, tl fhZ bjhl
fis btlh. mtuJ jt kh fhr myJ ulh bjnf khst tiu mtuJ nguuR guUjJ. jfhy
fhr tlnkF ah KGtij ifg kJuhtiu
84 85
bght vwiHfgL Uu vgJ mtuJ jiyef. mtuJ
nguu kbwhU wf efukhf kJuh fjJ.
fZfU j rkaK
fZf jkJ M bjhlfnyna j rkaij
jGdh. UD, mtuJ ehzaf j cUtf
kLkyhJ, J kW nuf fls cUtfS
bghfgoUjd. J fZf w rkafJ bfhoUj
rka rjikia btgLJtjhf csJ. fZfuJ
fhyjh kfhahd jrka njhWfglJ. j Wa fZf gF nghwjfjhF. a tot j
mnrhf gua rkaUJ mJ gntW jikf
ntWgoUjJ. kyf, Mguzf, thrid uaf,
gf bfhL jUF tghLf eljgld. thW,
kfhahd j rka cUt tghL rlFKiwfS
tsbgwd.
a rkaij gu nehfnjhL fZf ka Mah,
dh nghw ehLfSF rkagu FGfis mD itjh.
gntW lf j irafS AhufS flgld.
tRu, mRtnfh, ehfd nghw jrka mPfis
fZf Mjjh. j rkaY nfhghoY vGj
zFfis F bghUL fZf ehfhtJ j rka
khehil Todh. tRu jiyik, fhZ khfhz $
efUF mUUj Flytd klhya khehL
eilbgwJ. Rkh 500 Jwf gFbfhld.
lfSF mfhutkhd sfiu j kheho W
tot bgwJ. kfhahd nfhghLf KGtot bgwd.
kheho gF bgw mRtnfh xU jJtPh, fP kW
ehlfha. jrj Ma. bjahit nrj
ehfhd fZf mit l bgUjh. gila
ah ff kUJtuhd ruf vgtiu fZf
Mjjh.
86
fhjhu fiy
tlnkF ahUj bght kW
mij RUj gFna fhjhu vdglJ.
mgFna fhjhu fiy jhafkhF. fhjhu
fiy fwj gf .. KjuL
whLf cUthfgld. njh-
nuff M fhy fhjhu fiy
njhaJ vwhY, rhffS FhdfS
fhjhu fiyia ngh tsjd. fhjhu fiy
fiy, nuf-nuhkha TWfS izj
fyitna fhjhu fiyahF. jry, bght nghw tlnkF
ah gy gFf fhjhufiy gf
fblLfgld. j cUtij gntW totfY,
nfhzfY, msfY tojikna fhjhu fiy
wghF. j w, mtuJ Jw nfhy, nghjidf
nghwit gfshf tofgld. fhjhu fiy w
TWf tUkhW :
- kj totij mj jirf, irl ifkof
bjgo cUtij gilj
- joj Milf mt kof bjgo totikj
- mHfhd gf, tukhd Mguzf kW milahs
_ykhf fUij czJj.
-fhjhu fiy Ka fUbghU - a j
rkathd kfhahd jrka nfhghLf -
- j cUt gzhk tsbgwJ.
.. Kj ehF whLf gyhufzfhd
klhyaf flgld. bght, uhto Ma gFfis R
kL gidJ klyhaf ijf fblLfgLsd.
fhy vGggl jrka f nuf - nuhkha
fol fiy jhfij fhzKowJ. cau TLjyh
f, myfhu ntiyghLf FJ it mikfgld.
jdh, f mHF nkY mfjJ.
87
kJuh fiygh
kh dhf
jfhy cu unjrYs kJuh vw l njh I. rahd ilia nj brf.
tsj fiyna kJuh fiygh vW miHfgLwJ. .. Kj
who mJ fbgW saJ. bjhlf kJuh 1. Rffis bjhlJ MF tjtf
fiygh jirahf cehL fiyeaJl ts bgwJ. m. bksaf M. Fhdf
juJ cUtf, Fghf mtuJ Kf Mf bgh iwJ . ftf <. rhjthfdf
fhzglJ. jifa bgh fhjhu gf fhzgliy.
t - ght, ZQ yR cUtfS kJuh brJfgld. 2. eh fbtL tUila rhjidfis FLwJ.
af, mruf Ma cUtf kJuh fiygh m. ZauRf M. bfsj u rjf
wF vLJfhlhf sFwd.
. fZf <. dhj
fZf njhwfS Fhd M Ko
II. nfhol lij uf.
fZfUF MF tnjh Rkh agJ 1. rhjthfd kuig njhWjt ...........
MLf Mjd. fZfuJ jtuhd Zf nguuir
mgona fofhjh. mtuJ M fhy kJuh w thj 2. rjrh vw ff uhUj bkh iy vGat .........
efukhf fjJ. fZfiu nghynt, mtU jrkaij 3. uk rfhjij Wajhf fUjgLgt ........
Mjjh. Fhdf fil Ka Mahs thRnjt. mtuJ
4. rhf rfhj ......... Mo ........... vgtuh WtglJ.
fhy Fhd mugu FW nghUjJ. mtuJ
fbtLf kJuhit Rna fblLfgLsd. mt 5. bgef fUliz Wat ..........
tid tgljhf bjwJ. thRnjtUF wF, WW Fhd 6. fZf Kaoj d giljiyit ...........
sturf tlnkF ah y gFf M jd.
III. bghUJf.
fw milf 1. rhfhyh m. Kjyh Mr
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ. 2. Uh M. Zau Rf
1. Za u Rf M, Rf M w.
2. rhjthfdf M - bfsju rjf
3. ghlu . dhj
rhjidf. 4. jry <. fZf
3. rhjthfdf M fhy r_f - bghUshjhu
iyikf - gghL ts. IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xU brhbwhl
kLnk rahdJ.
4. fZf gilbaLf.
5. kfhahd j rka gutjF fZf nkbfhl m. Rff tlbkhia Mjjd.
Kaf.
M. rhjthfdf bjYF bkhia Mjjd.
6. fhjhu fiy w TWf - kJuh fiygh.
. kfhahd jrka ghbkhia VW bfhlJ.
88 89
<. kJuh fiygh njh-nuf ghia g
tsjJ.
ghl - 8
V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf. rf fhy
1. Rff uhkz rkaij Fiu ntia
cjd.
2. dhj xU ghoa Mahs. fw nehff
3. rhjthfdf Mfhy HF flfiu eh j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
Ka JiwKfkhf fjJ. 1. rf yaf kW rf fhyfhd w
4. fhjhu fiy a fiy - nuf - nuhkha rhWf.
TWfS izj fyitahF. 2. rf fhy mua tuyhW
VI. W F tiuf. (VnjD _W Ff) 3. rf fhy mua, r_f
1. bfsju rjf 4. rf fhy rka iy
5. rf fhy bghUshjhu thif.
2. dhj
3. mRtnfh
bja tuyh rf fhy xU wghd maha
4. kJuh fiygh
MF. j gHfijfgo gila jeho Krf
VII. FWa il jUf. (100 thijf) vwiHfgl _W j rff Ujd. ghoa
1. Rff M wig kLf. kdf Mju j rff jiHnjhd.
bjkJiu Uj Kjrf flsU, KtfS
2. rhjthfdf gghL gfig FLf. gnfwd vW TwgoUjhY, rfij nrj f
3. fhjhu fiy w TWfis Mf. VJ ilfiy. ulhtJ rf fghlu eilbgwJ.
bjhfha ju Vida yaf ah mJ nghd.
VIII. thd il jUf. (200 thijf)
_whtJ rfij kJiu KlUkhw vw ghoa kd
1. rhj thfdf tuyhiw bjhFJ TWf. Wdh. mf vifyhd ytf gnfwd.
2. fZf rhjidfis kLf. Vuhskhd yaf gilfgld vwhY xUynt
vsd. j j yaf rf fhy tuyhiw mJ
bfhs bgJ cjwd.
rf yaf

rf yabjhF bjhfha, vLbjhif,

gJghL, gbd fzF, ygfhu, knkfiy
90 91
Mad l bgWsd. fhyjh bjhik bgwjhd cWgLJwd. nkY, .. Kjyh whil nrj
bjhfhaij aat bjhfha. J xU yfz nuhkha nguurf btl nuhkha ehzaf jHf
vwhY, rf fhy mua, r_f bghUshjhu iyikfis gntW gFf fblLfgLsd. vdnt, ya,
ga jftfis jUwJ. vL bjhif vgJ IFWW, bjha, ehzaa Mjhufis mogilahf bfhL, rf
eiz, mfeh}W, weh}W, FWbjhif, fbjhif, yaf fhy .K. _wh whoUJ .. _wh
gghl, gWgJ vw vL f bjhFghF. whL tiu vw KoF tuyh.
gJgho UKUfhWgil, bghUeuhWgil, mua tuyhW
WghzhWgil, bgUghzhWgil, KiyghL,
beLethil, kJiufh, F ghL, godghiy, rf fhy jHf nru, nrhH, ghoa kuf M
kiygLflh vw gJ f csd. vLbjhif, gJghL jd. ya FfUJ j kuf tuyhiw
f mf, w vw uL izfshf fgLsd. Xus mJ bfhsyh.
gbdfz mwij xGfij tWJ
nruf
gbdL f csd. mt UtSt aa
UFw FljfjhF. snfh mof aa jfhya nfus gF nruf Mjd. mtfsJ
ygfhuK, jiyrhjdh aa knkfiy rf jiyefu t. Ka Jiw Kff bjho kW K. gd
fhy r_f kW mua Fj jftfis jUwd. khiyia mtf mjd. .. Kjyh whil nrj
w rhWf f fbtL nru Mahsf _W jiyKiwf g
FLwJ. nru murfis g gWgJ TWwJ.
rf yafis ju, nuf vGjhsfshd , bgUnrhW ca nruyhj, katug beLnruyhj, nru
lhy, bkfj, uhngh Mnah bjahF nkiy brFLt Mnah nru ku wj murfsht.
ehLfSF ilna ya tjf bjhlfis F
nru brFLt .. ulh whil nrjt.
Lsd. bksa nguuRF bjnfUj nru, nrhH, ghoa
mtdJ styhd snfh mof ygfhuij adh.
Mahsf g mnrhfuJ fbtLf TWwd.
brFLt gilbaLf mt nkbfhl khya
ffJ fhunty AFgh fbtL jehL
gilbaL FljfjhF. gntW tla Mahsfis
muRfis g FLwJ. mfnkL, fh, bfhLkz
mt Kaojh. jeho ffu fz myJ g
nghw lf nkbfhsgl mfthfS jHf
tghil brFLt mKfgLdh. khya
thg eltoiffis btgLJwd.
gilbaLnghJ giy togjfhd fiybfhL
rf ya fhy tjh. nfh FlKGF Hh yif mur ulh
fathF cl gy murf fyJ bfhld.
rf ya fhytiuaiw g mPfSilna
D fUbjhWik Vgliy. yif mur ulh nrhHf
fathF, nru mur brFLt UtU rkfhyjt vw
jfhya U khtlUJ bjF Mu unjr
br rf fhyij zgjF mogilahf fwJ.
tiuyhd gFna rf fhy nrhH ehL vdglJ.
bria ygfhu, gtr, kfhtr Ma f

92 93
nrhHf jiyefu Kj ciwY d fhY
UjJ. rf fhy nrhHf w thjt ffh nrhH.
mtdJ sikfhy, ngh btf FJ godghiy
twJ. nruf, ghoaf, gbdhU FWy kdf
mla bga Toiz gilfis ffhy bt ngh
Kaojh. j f rf ghlf gyt Fl nghd. nru, nrhH, ghoa MahsfSF mtf
gLsJ. mt nkbfhl kbwhU ngh thif gwjiy
nghuhF. m xgJ FWy kdfis kol brjh.
ffhy ngh btf jehL KGtij nrhHf
fLgho bfhLtjd. mtdJ M fhy thfK
brnjhaJ. fhLfis U is ykhat
ffhy. jdh eho brt br bgUaJ. fh
M FWnf fyizia ffhy mikjh. ntW gy
ghrd Vfis mt btLjh.
ghoaf
jfhya bjF jeho rffhy ghoaf
M jd. mtf jiyefu kJiu. beonah,
gahfrhiy KJFL bgUtG, KlUkhw nghnwh
Kfhya ghoa kdfsht. Magilflj
beLbra, nfhty bfhygl, fz dKW
kJiuia vf fhuzkhf Ujt. kbwhUt jiyahy
fhdJ brUbtw beLbra. eu kW khFo
kUjdh Ma ytfsh nghwglt. jfhy jir
khtlUj jiyahyfhd vw l eilbgw ngh
vfis ajh mtUF bga tHfyhW.
bt gadhf, beLbra jHfij jdJ
fLgho bfhL tjh. brghd JiwKfkhd bfhif
g, ghoa eho r_f - bghUshjhu iyikf FJ
khFo kUjdh kJiu fh tJsh. cu
bgUtG kbwhU w f ghoa mur. fsuf
gilbaL isthf rf fhyghoaf M
ailjJ.
94
FWy kdf
rf fhy FWy kdf Ka gfhd. gh,
fh, X, e, ngf, M, makh vw filbaG tsf
bfhilF bga bgwtf. j ytfis MjJ
gojtf vw nghY jj M gFf tik
fG bgW fjd.
rf fhy mua
rf fhy kut Koah Kiwna tHUjJ.
mikr, mityt, muritnah nghwtf
Mnyhridia mur nfL eljh. thdtug, thdt,
FLt, Ubghiw, yt nghw UJbgafis nru
kdf No bfhld. br, tst, vgd
nrhHf gl bgafshF. bjdt, dt vgit ghoa
kdf UJ bgafshF. xbthU rffhy mur FyK
jfSnfa mur dfis bgUjd. ghoaf
d . nrhHfSF , nrufSF , m. murit
FWy jiytfS mfhfS Ujd. M
murUF cjahf bgUushd mfhf Ujd. mtf
IJ FGfshf fgoUjd - mikrf, mjzf,
giljiytf, Jtf, xwf. rf fhy gil
thf wgl uikfgoUjJ. xbthU MahsU
uju gilia, jjkFa bfhokuij bfhoUjd.
mu Ka tUth yt. maehL thfJ
RfK tNfglJ. fh JiwKf afgoUj
Rf mfhf g godghiy FLwJ. nghnghJ
ifgwgL bfhis bghUf muR fUyF Ka
tUthahf fjJ. rhiyfS bgUtfS eF
guhkfgLtjd. bfhis kW flj Matiw
jLgjfhf u gfY mit ffhfgld.
95
rf fhy r_f
IJ tif yf g bjhfha FLwJ. -
- F, kiy kiyrhj gF
- Kiy, nkr fhLf
- kUj, ntsh yf
- bej, flfiu gF
- ghiy - twl
j yf thj kf jj flsfis
bjhfis bgUjd.
1. F - Kjik fl KUf
- bjh - ntilahLj, nj vLj
2. Kiy - Kjik fl khnah (ZQ)
- bjh - ML, khL ts, gh bghUf cg
3. kUj - Kjikfl - u
bjh - ntshik
4. bej - Kjikfl - tUz
bjh - oj, c cg
5. ghiy - Kjik fl - bfhwit
bjh - bfhisaoj
ehF tif rhf - mur, mjz, tf, ntshs -
FJ bjhfha TWwJ. MS tfd mur
vwiHfgld. rf fhy mua kW rka thif
mjz Ka gF tjd. tff tf bjh
<Lgld. ntshsf g bjh brjd. gHFo
djtfshd gujt, ghz, vd, flg, kwt, iya
nghnwhU rf fhy rKjha mf tjd. gilfhy
bjhgHFofshd njhlf, Usf, ehff, ntlf
nghnwhU fhy thjd.
96
rka
rf fhy Kjikfl KUf myJ nrnah.
jfl vd mt nghwglh. KUf tghL bjhik
thjJ. KUf bjhlghd Hhf rf ya
FlgLsd. mWgil Lf mtDnf cjhdit.
khnah (ZQ), ntj (u), tUz, bfhwit nghw
flfis rf fhy tgld. uf myJ eLf
tghL rf fhy KaJt bgW saJ.
nghfs udJ Mwiy ahfij nghW tif
mtdJ idthf uf elglJ. jeho gy gFf
kiwj uf ga Ff mla uff
fblLfgLsd. jifa njh tghL f
bjhikahdjhF.
kf iy
rf fhy kf iy FJ mJ bfhs rf
yaf Vuhskhd jftf csd. mitah,
ebrisah, fhifghoah nghw bg ytf
fhy thJ j yaF wghd gfig
tHsd. kf u FJ gntW ghlf
FlgLsd. f bgf jiyaha Gakhf
nghwglJ. fhj Ukz rhjhuzkhf tHfUjJ.
bgf jf thif Jizia bj br cikia
bgUjd. UD, ifbgf iy f gjhgkhf
UjJ. rKjha nkkl r vw clfilnaW
tHf gwglJ. murfS, caFodU ehoa kfiu
MjJ nghd.
Efiyf
fij, ir, ehoa nghw Efiyf rffhy
fbgW sd. murf, FWy kdf, caFod
nghnwh ytfSF jhuhskhf gR bghUfis tH
Mjjd. ghz, wa nghw ehnlho ghlff
97
muritfis bkhj tz Ujd. ehLw ghlfY
ehLw eldfY nj bgw fiyPf rf fhy
thjd. ir eldK eF ts bgUjJ. rf
yaf gntW tifyhd ahfS KuRfS
FlgLsd. fifa eld wJ sd. TJ nghwit w RWRWghd JiwKffshF. maehL thg
kf wj bghGJnghfhf fjJ.
rf fhy bghUshjhu
ntshik Ka bjh MF. be Ka g.
nftuF, fU, gU, sF, , kr, ytf, gntW
gHtiff nghwit glgld. gyh, sF uLF nru
ehL f bgwjhF. nrhH ehoY, ghoa ehoY be Ka
guhF.
rf fhy ifbjhf Vw bgUjd. ber,
cnyhf bjh, jRntiy, fg fLj, kf, iyaj
ff, jj Matiw gagL Mguzf brj
nghwit xUy ifbjhfshF. jifa bghUfSF
ey njitf Ujd. Vbdwh rffhy cehL kW
maehL thf RWRWghf eilbgwJ. gU kW gL
iHfis bfhL beagl Jf caj juKilajhf
Ujd. uhial, gh njhiyl bkjhd Jf
beagljhf rf yaghlf FLwd. ciw
cg bragl gUahilfSF nkiy ehLf bgU
njit fhzglJ.
cehL kW maehL tjf rf fhy eF
uikfgoUjJ. rf yaf, nuf-nuhkha f
kW bjha rhWf J Fj Vuhskhd jftfis
jUwd. tofY yFf nk Vwgl bghf
_ykhf, tff bghUfis bfhLbrW gid
brjd. cehL thf bgUghY glkhW Kiw
mogilnyna eilbgwJ.
bjahF, nuf muRfSF ilna
maehL tjf eilbgwJ. nuhkha nguuR njha wF
98
nuhkhldhd thg wgiljJ. JiwKfgodkhd fh
maehL tff tjfikakhf fjJ. iy k
f bghUfis Vtj bga fgf j JiwKfF
tJ brwd. bjho, K, bfhif, mfnkL, kufhz
FJ bgq Ma gy ma jftfis
Tsh. mfl, ila, nuh nghw nuhkha
nguurf btl jf kW btahyhd ehzaf
jHf gntW gFf Vuhskhf ilwd. rf
fhy eilbgw thf ms kW jeho
nuhkha tff braghLf Matiw it
btgLJtjhf csd. gUahilf, sF, , Vyfh,
ytf, kr nghw eWkz bghUf, jjntiyghL
iwj bghUf, KJf kW iyaj ff nghwit
rf fhy VWk bragl bghUfshF. jf,
Fiuf, ghd kJtiff Mad Ka
wFkfshF.
rf fhy Ko
.. _wh who W rffhy bky Ko
F tu bjhlaJ. Rkh uliu whLf jHfij
fsuf MuJ bfhld. fsuf MFJ
ekF brhg jftfns ilwd. fhy j rkaK,
rkz rkaK KaJt bgUjd. d fsufis
uoL tlF jeho gytfS, bjF jeho
ghoafS jj Mia Wd.
99
fw milf kh dhf
j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhlJ. I. rahd ilia bj brf.
1. rf ya cl rf fhyij g ma 1. jeho g tghil mKfgLat
cj rhWf. m. ghoa beLbra M. nru brFLt
2. rffhy Mahsfshd nru, nrhH, ghoa kW . snfh mof <. KlUkhw
mtfsJ rhjidf.
2. rf fhy tfSila gilbaLgh ghoa M
3. rf fhy mua iy, MKiw. KoF tjJ.
4. rf fhy rKjha, Itif yf, rka thif, m. rhjthfdf M. nrhHf
kf iy.
. fsuf <. gytf
5. rffhy bghUshjhuiy, rf fhy eilbgw
maehL tjf. II. nfhol lij uf.
1. bt ngh bt bgwt ............
2. rf fhya bjhikahd yfz ............
3. rf fhyij nrj uL fhaf ..........
III. bghUJf.
1. bjdt m. nruf
2. thdt M. nrhHf
3. br . gHFof
4. vd <. ghoaf
IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xU brhbwhl
kLnk rahdJ.
m. gila d murf btl ehzaf jeho gy
gFf ilJsd.
M. nuhkha nguuRF VWk bragl Ka bghU
gU Milf.

100 101
. FiufS kJtiffS jehoUJ VWk
bragld.
ghl - 9
<. rf fhy ghoaf JiwKf efu kJiu. Fj nguuR
V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.
1. rf fhy mfnkL JiwKf godkhf saJ.
fw nehff
2. rf fhy KUf fl Kjik flshf saJ.
j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhtJ.
3. ciw KJfSF bga bgwJ.
1. Fjf ga rhWf
4. rf fhya ehnlho ghlff Us vW
miHfgld. 2. rKuFj rhjidf
VI. W F vGJf (VnjD _W Ff) 3. ulh ruFj rhjidf
1. gJghL 4. ahF ghah tUif w.
2. vLbjhif 5. Fjf M, r_f, bghUshjhu.
3. filbaG tsf 6. ya, fiy, folfiy, ma Kndw.
4. rf fhya bg ytf
5. Krf Fj fhy tuyhiw vGJtjF Vuhskhd rhWf
VII. FWa il jUf (100 thijf) ilwd. ya, bghf, ehzaf mt
Fljfit. Fj murf gugiu FJ uhzf
1. nru brFLt rhjidfis kLf. FLwd. Fjf vG g rhfjj vGa rkfhy
2. ffhyidg xU kL jUf. fshd njruFj, Kuhuhrr uL TWwd.
ulh ruFj Mfhy ahF tj d
3. rffhy ghoa Mahsf g F vGJf. ga ghah L brWs Ff Fj nguu r_f,
VIII. thf il jUf (200 thijf) bghUshjhu, rka iyikfis vLJ TWwJ.
1. rf fhy ya mua MKiwia bjhFJ jifa ya rhWf ju, bkU U
vGJf. fbtL, myfhgh f fbtL nghw fbtLfS
Fj tuyhWF rhWfshf csd. bkU fbtL Kjyh
2. gil jHf r_f bghUshjhu iyikfis th.
ruFj rhjidfis FLwJ. rKu Fj
3. rfhy ya flflj thg wig kLf. Mia g mJbfhs cj Ka rhwhf sFtJ
myfhgh f fbtL. mtuJ MSik rhjidfS
mfbto FfgLsd. mnrhf Wa f

102 103
 fbtL bghfgLsJ.
ehf ttot tlbkh J
vGjgLsJ. Anrd bjhFj
fbto 33 tf
fhzgLwd. rKuFj
maiznaa Niy, tl ah
kW jfhz mt nkbfhl
myfhgh f gilbaLf, rkfhy Mahs
fbtL
fSl mt bfhoUj cwf,
xU fPuhf mPuhf mtuJ rhjidf nghwtiw
fbtL twJ.
Fj murf btl ehzaf cs cUtfS
brhbwhlfS Fj kdf glf, mtf brj
ntf nghw tufis jUwd.
Kjyh ruFj (.. 320 - 330)
Fj kuig njhWjt $Fj. mLJ gjF tjt
fnlhf#. tf UtU kfhuh#h vW miHfgld.
tfsJ Mg mf tuf ilfiy. mLj
Mahs Kjyh ruFj. kfhuh#huh#h myJ
murfSF mur vW Kj miHfglt. mtuJ guj
nghbtfis j UJ btgLJtjhf csJ.
rhfSl kzcw bfhlj_y mt jdJ tikia
bgU bfhlh. mFLgij nrj Fkhunj vw
stuia mt kzJbfhlh. jdh Fjf tik
fG mfjd. bkU U fbtL mtuJ
gutyhd ngh btf g FLwJ. .. 320 M ML
bjhlF Fj rfhjij Wat Kjyh ruFj vw
fUJ ywJ.
rKuFj (.. 330 - 380)
Fj kunyna f wj muruhf sat
rKuFj. mtuJ Mg myfhgh f fbtL
tukhf FLwJ. mtuJ gilbaL _W iyf
fbto TwgLsd.
1. tl a MahsUF vuhf nkbfhlit.
2. bja MahsfSF vuhd ff
jzghjh gilbaL.
3. tl a MahsfSF vuhd ulhtJ
gilbaL.
rKuFj jkJ KjyhtJ gilbaL mRj,
ehfghz Utiu Kaojh. mRj bgUghY xU ehf
ku muruhf Uj ntL. nkiy fif rkbtgFia
M Jtj nfhlh FLgij nrjt ehfghz. U
murfS KaofgL mtfsJ ehLfis rKuFj
izJ bfhlh. j FWa fhy gilbaLdh
rKuFj nkiy fif rkbt KGtij jkJ
fLgho bfhLtjh.
d, rKuFj bja murfSbfuhf gil
el brwh. mtuJ bja gilbaL nghJ
guL Mahsfis Kaojjhf myfhgh f
fbtL FLwJ. mtfsJ bgafS bjthf
jugLsd - nfhry ehL knfu, kfhfhjhu
ahfuh#, nfush kjuh#, juJ knfu,
nfhLuhit nrj Rthjj, bulgsh jhkd,
fhia nrj ZQnfhg, mtKj ehL yuh#,
btehL Atk, gyhfh cunrd, njtuhZouJ
Fngu, kW FjyuJ jdra.
bjahit
bghWjtiu rKuFj
bfhif ntWgoUjJ. mt
bja murfis mJ,
mgFfis nguuRl
izJ bfhs iy. rKuFj
khwhf, mtfis Kaoj jf ehzaf

104 105
d L M gFfis mtutlnk xgiljh. jdJ
nkyhikia VW bfhS khW mt tWdh.
rKuFj _whtJ gilbaL vUj tla
murfis Kaogij nehfkhf bfhoUjJ. xgJ
murfSF vuhf nghl mt mtfis mJ
MgFfis nguunrhL izJ bfhlh. mtfsJ
bgafS fbto FlgLsd Uunjt, ky,
ehfjj, rutk, fzgehf, ehfnrd, mRj, e,
ghytk. tf bgUghyhdtf ehf FLgij
nrjtf. tlah btntW gFf MJ
tjtf.
rKuFj nguuRgu

j ngh btfSF wF nkiy fif rkbt,

jfhy cu unjr bgUgF, ka ah xU
gF, tfhs bjnkF gF Ma gFfS
rKuFj MFglJ. gFf mtuJ neuo
thf eilbgwJ. bj fg brYJ muRf Ujd.
nkUj rhf kW Fhd wuRfS mtuJ MfF
fLgnl Ujd. jfhz HF flfiuUj
muRfS, gyt muR cgl, mtuJ nkyhikia VW
bfhoUjd.
rKuFj ga kL

tuyh VLf rKuFj ngh btf

FljfitahF. jgl rhjidfY mt
fftuhfnt fjh. vfis mt bgUjikld
elaik, mtuJ Ta m, yik, ir nkjik
nghwtiw myfhgh f fbtL tukhf FL
wJ. ghlfis aW wid bgUj mtiu fuh#
vW fbtL FLwJ. mtuJ ehzaf izl
mk UF fh bghfgLsJ. ir mtUF
Uj Mtij wikia J vLJfhLtjhf csJ.
Anrd cl gntW ytfis, mPfis mt

106 107
Mjjh. jdJ kunf ca gghd tlbkhia ngh
MjF gig mt bgUjh. wj itztuhf fj vW fgl Tbfhlh.
mt, w rka fis rjikl eldh. j
rkaJ gW bfhoUj mt, ff jrka mPuhd
tRgJ vgtiu Mjjh.
ulh ruFj (.. 380 - 415)
rKuFjUF mtuJ jt ulh ruFj
ukha MF tjh. Mdh, xUy tuyhW mPf
rKuFjUF mLJ uhkFj MF tjjhf
TWwd. jF tYthd rhWf iy. jdJ jijia
nghy giltik MwY bfhoUj ulh ruFj
jdJ btf_y Fj nguuir nkY gLdh.
mua btwD ngh MwY xUnf mikabgw
mtuh j rhjidia fj KojJ. Ukz cwf _y
jdJ mua tikia mt bgUbfhlh. ka
ah ehf stu Fnguehfh vgtiu mt kzJ
bfhlh. jdJ j ughtia thfhlf ku mur ulh
UunrdUF kzKoJ bfhLjh. jfhz a
KaJt thj l thflf Mjd vw ruFj Kaojh. J eia flJ brw mt
mogil j kzcw mua KaJt bgWsaJ.
ulh ruFj nkF ah rhffSF vuhf
gilbaLJ brwnghJ j kz cw thfhlf e
f gaDsjhf mikjJ.
nkF ahit btbfhs
nkF ahUJ rhf rufis vJ nghL
bgw btna ulh ruFj nghJiw rhjidf
kfjhdjhF. rhf ru ku fil Mahsuhd _wh
Uuk ngh njhfofgL bfhyglh. nkF gaahd ghah ahF tUifjh. ah
khst, fath gfg Ma gFfis csla mtuJ
M gFf Fj nguuRl izJ bfhsgld. j
kfjhd btF wF ulh ruFj mRtnkj ahf
elanjhL rhffis mjt vW bghU bfhl rhf
108
vw UJ bgaiu Nobfhlh. jik ukhj
nkF ahit btbfhl isthf, nguu
nkF viy muha fltiu lJ. jdh, nuh, nrhguh,
fhng cl JiwKff Fj nguu viyF tjd.
nkiy ehLfSldhd maehL tjf Fj nguu
fLgho tjJ. c{# xU Ka tf KaJt
thj efuhf ts bgwJ, iu mJ Fjf khW
jiyefuhf saJ. tfhs cgahd mHa gU
Milf, fh m rha, gdhu gL, khya kiyf
eWkz bghUf, rjd, bja thrid uaf
nghwit j JiwKffSF vj jil bfhL
tugld. a bghUfis thFtjfhf nkfa
tff nuhka jfij ahF bfhLtJ
Fjd. ulh ruFj btl gtif jf
ehzaf Fj nguu brt brF milahskhF.
wbtf
tf jdJ vf Toizit ulh
ghoahit ifgdh. mF Mj Fhdfis
moga brjh. jifa btfdh, Fj nguuR nkF
khst, F#uh fath tiu nk guaJ. tlnk
nguu viy J FZ kiyfgh ghoah tiu
guUjJ. Hnf tfhs HF gFtiu bjnf
ekij eia viyahf bfhL Fj nguuR saJ.
ghah tUif
ulh ruFj M fhy fthj d
mt jUj xgJ MLf Fj nguu kL MW
MLfis fjh. nfhlh, fhZf, fhjhu, grh vW
mt ytahfnt ahF tjh. bght, fh, jfah
109
cl gy lfSF mt brwh. yif, #hth tahf ulh ruFj njhwf
flgazkhf mt dh Udh. j wJ thj lij
jJ jrka Rtofis nrfJ vLJ brY ulh ruFjUF mtuJ jt Fkhu Fj
nehfJlndna ghah ahF tjh. ghlu MF tjh. mik br mt fhy yaJ. mt
_whLf j, tlbkhia fwnjhL, j ya Vuhskhd ehzafis btlh. mtuJ fbtLfis
fis gobaLjh. Fj nguu ya rka, r_f, Fj nguuR KGtJ fhzyh. mt Fiu nt
bghUshjhu iyikfis g mt gy ma jftfis nkbfhlh. fhy cyff bgwUj ehsjh
FLsh. tlnkF ah jrka eF fbgW gfiyfHfij WaJ mtuJ kfjhd brayhF. mtuJ
sajhf, Mdh fif rkbt mJ wf Mfhy W tik brtK Fj Zauf
goUjjhf mt Tsh. fif rkbtia mt vW miHfgl gHFoduh Fjgil KaofglJ.
uhkzf vW FLsh. fytJ, Fefu ka MahUJ wg A&zf JFZ kiyia flJ
nghw y jrka j lf mJbfhoUgjhf mt ahJ jhFj bjhLf Kajd.
Tsh. nguu bghUshjhu brig mt eF Mdh, mLj MF tj fj Fjjh cik
tJsh. A&zfis vbfhlt. A&zfis KaoJ nguuir
gntW nfhzf ghahdJ Ff gaDilait fhghaJ mtnu. j nghdh Fj nguu bghUshjhu
vwnghY, ulh ruFj bgaiu mt Fliy. bgJ ghFshaJ. fj Fj kiwF d,
mua tfhuf mt mf mfiw fhliy. mtuJ UFj, jFj, ghyha nghw mtuJ t
Kjik nehf rkaij ganjahF. mt vjid njhwfdh Fj nguuir A&zf jhFjfUJ
jrka nehnyna klh. r_f iyik ga mtuJ fhghw Koaiy. W, A&zf gilbaLf
TWf ifahdit. UD, eho bghJthd isthf Fj nguuR kiwjJ. d, khst anrhjk
iyikfis mJ bfhs mtuJ Ff gaDsitahf vG bgwh.
fwd. Fj MKiw
ulh ruFj ga kL
guk glhufh, kfhuh#h uh#h, gunktuh, rhuh,
Fj nguu tik fG ulh ruFj rut nghw UJ bgafis Fj nguurf No
ukhj M fhyjh mt cnf brwd. bfhljhf fbtLf TWwd. Kjyikr, nrdhg,
mfhya bghJthd gghL tsF mtuJ gf w mfhf cl mikruit murDF M Jiw
FljfJ. fhjhr nghw w j ya gilghsfis Mnyhridfis tHaJ. Fjfhy fbtLf rouf
mt Mjjh. fiyJiw eltoiffis mt CF vw ca mfh g FLwJ. maYw Jiw mfhahf
jh. mfhy Vgl gghL ts fhuzkhfjh mt UUfTL. Fkhukaf, mjf nghw
Fj fhy bghfhy vW bghJthf FlgLwJ. mfhutf _ykhf mur khfhz M JiwnahL beUa
Fjfhy gghL ts g tU gFf fhzyh. bjhlig VgL bfhlh. Fj nguu khfhzf
f vdgld. khfhz MSef cgff vW
miHfgld. mtf bgUghY sturfshfnt Ujd.

110 111
f xbthW af vwiHfgl khtlfshf MfSF bgf moik vw tHf eF nt%aJ.
fgoUjd. khtl M bghW ag vw Mdh, bgf Mfsh ghJfhfgl ntL vW
mfhlUjJ. efu thfij efu nuZof ftJ fUizl eljglntL vW tWjglJ. Ratu
tjd. khtlUj uhkf thf uhff elJ gHf iflglJ. kD bgfSF
fLgho UjJ. Wtanyna Ukz brantL vW gJiujJ.
Fj MKiw FJ ghah mF jftf rkaij bghWjtiu, Fj fhy uhkz rkank
gaDsit. Fj M fUizfjhf UjJ. kfsJ brthF bgW saJ. m itzt, irt vd uL
elkhlF vj jil Ufiy. xbthUtU f Ujd. bgUghyhd Fj murf itztfshf
jgl Rjuij mDgf KojJ. jeg thif Ujd. mtf mRtnkj ahffis brjd. cUt tghL,
mu jiypL fhzgliy. jlidfS fLikahdjhf thd rlFfSl Toa rka UHhf nghwtwh
iy. mguhj gnj bghJthd jlid KiwahF. xw U rka fS iuthf ts bgwd. uhzf
Kiw VJ iy. gafSF ghJfhf rhiyf, Ulf nghw rka yaf Fj fhyjh KG tot bgwd.
gaik nghwit Fj MKiw wikF rhW uhkz rka vGah, j rkaK, rkz rkaK wf
gftjhF. kf bghJthf tsikahd thifia fgld. fif rkbt jrka ailjjhf
elajhf, Fwf f Fiwthfnt Ujjhf ghah Tsh. Mdh, tRgJ nghw jrka mPf
ghah FLwh. fif rkbt KGtJ vj gaK Fj nguurfsh Mjfgld vgJ FljfJ.
yhk gaz bra KojJ vd mt Fj nguu M nkF kW bjah rkz rka brJ tsjJ.
wig fJ TWwh. bkhj, bksa MKiwial, fhyjh thyh rkz rka khehL TlglJ.
Fj M f Rjujikilajhfnt fhzglJ. Rntjhguf rkz f vGjgld.
r_f thif fiy gghL

ah Fjf MF K mayt gilbaLf fiy, ma, ya nghw Jiwf Fj fhy

bjhlJ eilbgwd. mjifa maehltF a rKjha wghd ts fhzglJ. jdhnyna J xU bghfhy
lkJ mtfis ahnyna jf mDkjJ. Mdh, vd miHfgLwJ. y mPf fhyij kWky
Fj fhy #hKiw f fLikahf gwglJ. fhy vW miHwd. Mdh, Fj fhyF K
uhkzf rKjha ca mf tjd. MahsfS, vjbthU UlfhyK iy vgij eh czuntL.
brtjfS mtfSF Vuhskhd bfhilfis th tHd. vdnt, Fj fhy Vgl j gghL tsia a
lhik tHf fhyjh bks tsubjhlaJ. mrh eltoiff crfl vW miHfyh.
rlhsf rKjhaUJ y itfgljhf ghah fiy, fol fiy
Tsh. jifa bfhLik g d ga tukhf
FLsh. a fiy, fol fiy tuyh Fj fhy wghd
Fj fhy kf iyik nkhrkiljJ. uhzf lij twJ. ehf, uhl fiyghf uL
nghw rkafis gogjF mtfSF mDkiy. fhy ts bgwd. Mdh, fhya fiy d
f bgUgF A&zf nghw ma gilbaLghsfsh
112 113
mfgLld. vD, vs Fj fhy ehzafS wfit. rKuFj vL
nfhf, gf, Fif Xaf Fj tif ehzafis btLsh. mt bghfgLs
fhy fiy bghF rhWfshf thrff mtuJ rhjidfis giwrhWwd. ehzaf J
sFwd. bghfgLs cUtf Fjfhy ehzaa MwYF
#hF mUYs nahfh fGF rhWfshF. ulh ruFj, jf, bt,
nfh, myfhghJF mUYs br Matwhyhd gtifgl ehzafis btLsh.
fhth Mya gf Fj fiyF ya
wj vLJ fhLfshF. fhjhu
fiy jhfij t fhzKoa tlbkh Fj fhy Vw bgwJ. u
nahfh Miya ttotUJ ehf ttot ts bgwJ. fha, fij,
iy. Mdh, kJuhYs F
toYs mHa j iy J nuf rhaiy fhzyh. ehlf, ciueil vd gntW totfyhd tlbkh
rhueh mfth fblLfgl j iy Fj fiyF yaf vGjgld. tlbkh yafnyna f
wj vLJfhL. fjFj lh xiw f wjit Fj fhyij nrjitahF.
kfjhdJ. xU wj fPuhf fj rKuFj Anrd
Fj fhy cnyhfa eF ts bgUjJ. cl gy mPfis Mjjh. ff etudf
cnyhf iyfis fis ulh ruFj mitia myfjd. mtf
thg cnyhf fiyPf wik Kjikahdt fhjhr. rhFjy vw wghd tlbkh
ftfshf fjd. jnghJ g fhaij mt giljh. mJ cy jiywj W
Ah mUfhafYs, Rjh jff xwhf fUjgLwJ. khsfhu,
f vw l Kj fblLf u_ta vw nkY uL ehlffis mt
gl brghyhd j iy VHiu mo vGsh. mt gilj U fhaf uFtr kW Fkhu
cauK, Rkh xU l vil bfhl rgt. J rAhu, nkfj vw fij fis mt
jhF. Fj fhyij nrj bl ash.
gh Fif Xa U bt, k iH nghw aif fhy thj kbwhU gilgh rhfjj.
khwfSF gy whLfshf Kuhuhrr, njruFj vw uL ehlffis mt
<LbfhLJ Wtiu JUofhk UgJ Fjfhy vGsh. mfhy f thj fP Nuf. mt vGa
cnyhf fiyF jf rhwhF. Urfof eifRitF nrhfF bgabgwJ.
Fjfhy Xafis FthaUF mUYs gh mRdDF tbgUkhDF ilna eilbgw nkhjiy
Fiff fhzyh. m#jh Rtnuhaf #hjf fijf TW fijahd Ujha vw iy giljt ghu.
TwgLsthW j thifia jwd. fhajrd, jrFkhurj Ma fis jo vGsh.
yifYs ah Xaf m#jh Xaf jhfij RgJ vGa thrtjij kbwhU Ka gilghF. Fj
ugwd. fhyjh grju fijf, ZQ rkh vgtuh
bjhFfgld. mkuA vw jrka mP mkunfhr vw

114 115
mfuhia giljh. jnghJ fhzgL uhzf Fjf
fw milf
fhy bjhFgljhF. mt Fljfit ghftj
uhz, ZQuhz, th uhz, kra uhz vgitahF. j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
jfhy magL uhkhaz, kfhghuj fSF 1. myfhgh f fbtL nghw Fj fhy
Wtot Fj fhynyna mfglJ. tuyhiw mJbfhs cj rhWf.
ma
2. rKuFj ngh btfS, jgl
fj, thda, n#hl, kUJt nghw Jiwf rhjidfS
Fjfhy bgU Kndw fhzglJ. fhy thj 3. ulh ruFj btf, kW fiy,
Magl wj fjnkij kW thd a mP. .. 499 ya utyuhf mtuJ gf.
M ML mt Maigoa vw iy vGdh. mJ fj, 4. Fjf MKiw, r_f, bghUshjhu,
thd bjhlilaJ. Na kW ru ufz VgLtij ghah tUif mtuJ tUzid.
ma mogil sFwJ. cUil
toyhdJ vW mJ jidjhnd RtUwJ vW 5. tlbkh ya ts, fhjhr, rhfjj
KjKj mjt Maglnuahth. Mdh, nghnwh gf.
fUJfis mtUF tj tuhAuU, ukFjU 6. Fj fhy fiy, fol fiy, ma ts,
uhfjd. Magl nghnwh gf.
tuhAu IJ thda mikfis TW gr
jhfh vw iy giljh. n#hl fiy wj
yikilatuhf mt fjh. mtuJ gilghd
Ufrij tlbkh ya wj yhf
nghwgLwJ. thd a, n#hl, a, fol fiy,
thiy, yFf, kzKiwf, rFdf vd gntW
jiyf l bgWsd. mt vGa Uf#hjf
vw n#hl fiyF mogilahf fUjgLwJ.
kUJtJiw wj nkijahd thgj Fj fhy
thjt. gila ah kUJt Kkf mtU
xUt. Fj fhyF K thj kw Ut rufU,
NUjU. mZlhf ruA myJ kUJt vL
f vw iy thgj vGsh.

116 117
 kh dhf IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk
rahdJ.
I. rahd ilia nj brf.
m. rKu Fj bjah ifga midJ
1. Fj rfhj bjhlF ML gFfis nguuRl izJ bfhlh.
m. .. 310 M. .. 320 M. rKuFj jrzghjh gilbaLig g ghah
. .. 330 <. .. 300 tJsh.

2. ehsjh gfiyfHfij Wat . rKuFj bja murfis KaoJ, d

mtfSF btw gFfis U bfhLjh.
m. rKuFj M. ulh ruFj
<. rKuFj tla btfdh Fj nguuR
. FkhuFj <. fj Fj tilaiy.
3. Fj fhy thj kUJt mP V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.
m. tuhAu M. thgj 1. etudf vW miHfgl mPf rKuFjuJ
. ruf <. NUj mitia myfjd.
II. nfhol lij uf. 2. A&zf gilbaLfdh Fj nguuR mjJ.
1. Fj kuig njhWjt ......... 3. Fj fhy fiy ehfu kW uhl fiyghf
uil gajhF.
2. j rka mP tRgJit Mjjt .........
4. Fjf tlbkhia Mjjd.
3. rhf vw UJ bgaiu bfhlt .........
VI. W F vGJf. (VnjD _W Ff)
4. fhjhr gilj fhaf .............
1. myfhgh f fbtL
5. Uf rij Ma .........
2. rKu Fj jzghjh gilbaL
III. bghUJf.
3. Magl
1. nkf j m. jo
4. Fj fhya cnyhf fiy
2. nj ru Fj M. Nuf
3. jr Fkhu rj . fhjhr
4. Urfof <. rhfjj

118 119
 FWa il jUf (100 thijf)
VII.
ghl - 10
1. ulh ruFj nkF ahit ifgajh
Vgl isfis kLf. A tjd (.. 600 - 647)
2. ahF ghah tUif kW mtuJ Ff g
bjhFJ vGJf.
3. Fjf MKiw w TWfis Mf. fw nehff
VIII. thd il jUf (200 thijf) j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
1. rKuFj rhjidfis bjhFJ vGJf. 1. A g ma cj rhWf.
2. Fj fhy M ya r_f - bghUshjhu iyikfis 2. A sikfhy
t. 3. A ngh eltoiff
3. Fjf gghL gfig Mf. 4. j rkaF A Ms bjhL
5. ehsjh gfiyfHf

Fj nguu F d tlah mua

FHg yaJ. .. VHh who KgFjh
tlah A tjd jdJ nguuir cUthdh.
AuJ fhyij g mtuJ tuyhiw
mJbfhs cj Ka rhWf ghz vGa ArjK,
th Rth gaz FfSkhF. .. VHh who
ahF tUif jj d ga th Rth. uL
rhWfis ju, A vGs udht, ehfej, a
jfh vw ehlffS gaDs jftfis jUwd.
kJbg glaK, nrhg fbtL AuJ fhyfF
cjwd. ghfuh fbto AuJ ifbahg csJ
FljfJ.
A sikfhy

AuJ Fyij Wat Za. Fjf gil

jiytfshf Zaf gah tjd. mtf jfis

120 121
tjdf vW miHJ bfhld. A&zf MtJlndna A rhSa MahsUbfuhf ngh
gilbaLF jf Rjuij mtf mJ bjhLjh. Mdh, ulh nf InAhny fbtLgo
bfhld. Za tr Kj Ka mur ughfu Aiu nf Kaojh vd mnwh. j btF wF
tjd. blF tlnfUj jhndZtu mtuJ jiyefu. nf gunktu vw glij Nobfhlh.
mt kfhuh#huh#h, gukglhufh nghw UJ bgafis thRth gaz FfS nf btia
No bfhlh. cWgLJwd.
ughfu tjd kiwF mtuJ _j jt Rju murhf Uj JgF J A jkJ mLj
uh{a tjd MF tjh. bjhlfUnj mt gy gilbaLig nkbfhlh. Mdh, mtuJ J gilbaL
dfis rf ntoUjJ. mtuJ jif uh{a$ bt FJ rahd jftf iy. neghs A
uAtk bksfhia kzUjh. khst mur nkyhikia VW bfhlJ. fhZU mtuJ fLgho
njtFj, tfhs Mahs rrhf JiznahL uA UjJ. fhZ Mahs jtwhJ fg brY tjh.
tkid bfhWlh. bria nfgl uh{a m[h Mahsuhd ghfuutkDl A zfkhd
tjd khst murDF vuhf gilbaLJ mtdJ gilfis cwit bfhoUjh. ffJ gilbaLJ bt
mjh. Mdh, jiyef UtjF Kngna mt bfhlnj AuJ Wahd ngh eltoifahF.
rrhf rah bfhyglh. jil fztidHj jkJ gilbaLf gadhf, A tlah
uh{a$ fhLfSF j brwh. jhndZtu Atjd KGtij jkJ fLgho bfhLtjh. jfhya
M bghWngwh. jkJ jifia fhghWtJ mtuJ Kj uh#jh, grh, cu unjr, fh, xrh Ma gFf
flikahf UjJ. d jdJ jif fztiu mtuJ neuo fLgho Ujd. Mdh, mtuJ Mf viy
bfhwtfis gthf ntoUjJ. FfUj D tilUjJ. viyw muRfshd fhZ, J,
jifia A Kj lh. thyh, fhk%g Mad mtuJ iwahikia VW
A gilbaLf bfhoUjd.
AU j rkaK
jdJ KjyhtJ gilbaL, A rrhfid
fndhUJ uoaojh. fndh{ efiu jdJ a bjhlf wj tgjuhf sa
jiyefuhf mjh. j_y A tl ah A, d dahd j rkaij
tikf jiytuhdh. mLJ, thyhia nrj ulh gw bjhldh. th Rth mtiu
JUtnrdUF vuhf nghL mtiu njhfojh. ulh kfhahd j rkaF khdh. jdJ
JUtnrd fgfL wuruhdh. muRF yh czit A jilbrjh.
nkiyrhSa muruhd ulh nfF vuhf ctij brnthiu mt jojh. jdJ
nkbfhl gilbaLng A Ka ngh eltoifahF. muR KGtJ Mufzfhd fis
th Rth gaz FfS, ulh nf gaf jFlfis mt mikjh.
fbtLfS gilbaL g tukhf TWwd. ekij jrka j lf klhyafis mt
eF bjnf jdJ muir gLj ntL vw Wdh. IjhLfSF xUKiw midJ thRth

122 123
rkaf ufis To mtfSF iyaj AuJ MKiw
gRfis bfhLJ kahij brjh. jrka Jwfis xwhf
mkubrJ, jrka nfhghLfis thjF cgL Fjf MKiwia xona AuJ MKiw
Mfis nkbfhSgo brjh. mikUjJ. mJga tufis th Rth Tsh.
mur aha czlD, neu jtwhkY jkJ gfis
fndh{ nguit nkbfhlh. jdJ M gF mofo RW gaz brJ
A jdJ M fhy Ko d ga th thf eltoiffis nkghitlh. mtUF Xneu f
Rthif bfsugjfhf fndh{ ef xU rka nguitia mjhfnt iljJ. flha Ca fhzgliy. tgS
Todh. mjF, midJ rka f ufSF iy. isr M xU gnf tahf tNfglJ.
miH Ljh. UgJ murfS, ehsjh bksa fhyij nghy FwfSF fLikahd jlidf
gfiyfHfUJ Mu mPfS, _whu dahd, tHfgld. rhuizf fhL uhojdkhf, _l
kfhahd dU, _whu rkz kW uhkz rkajtU eifahdjhf Ujd vW th Rth Fiw TWwh.
nguitF tUjd. bjhlJ Ug_W ehf nguit fhyhgil, Fiugil, njgil, ahidgil vw ehF
ff eilbgwd. kfhahd nfhgho kfis, kw tifgilfS AuJ uhQt l bgUjd. xU
nfhghLfisl mJ cajJ vgij thRth s yrF nkgl FiufS, mWgjhu ahidfS gil
Tdh. UD, tKiwfS gjYF itj ffS mf tjd. bksa gil vifial J mfnk!
nguit eltoiffis khRgLd. AuJ cUnf Tl AuJ MKiw wTW mu Mtzf ghJfhJ
MgJ VglJ. Mdh, iu iyik fLF bfhL itfgl Kiwna MF. AuJ Mtz fhghf nyhJ
tuglJ. Fwthf jofgld. nguit W vW miHfglJ. w mfhf mJ guhkfglJ.
ehsW th RthF iy kf gR bghUf mtuJ M fhy eilbgw midJ ffS g
tHfgld. bragld.
AuJ M r_f, bghUshjhu iyikf
myfhgh khehL

uahif vwiHfgL myfhgh eilbgw khehL
g th Rth jdJ gaz Ff tJsh.
IjhLfSF xUKiw A TL khehLf xwhfnt
mJ Uj ntL. midJ rka diu
nrjtfSF A jdJ Vuhskhd brtij A th
tHdh. fUy fhahd iy jdJ cilf,
mfyf midijTl A jhdkhf tHdh vW
th Rth FLsh. AJ th Rth bfhoUj
kng jifa fGiuF fhuz vW Twyh.
mfhy r_f iyik g ghz, thRth UtUnk
thf FLsd. uhkz, a, ita, Nu
vw ehF rhf tHUjd. r_f rYifbgW
satf uhkzf. mtfSF muruh yf
khafshf tHfgld. af MStfd.
itaf bgUghY tf <LgoUjd. Nuf
ntshik bjhiy nkbfhljhf thRth FLsh.
gntW is rhfS Ujd. kf iy Ufukhf iy.
jfsJ fztiu njbjLf thgF RatuKiw kiwJ
oUjJ. tujrizKiw gutyhf gwglJ. r vw
clfilnaW tHfK fhzglJ. _Wtif rt mlf g

124 125
th Rth FLsh. vj, ijj kW fho
vJLj.
AuJ M fhy thg FiyjJ. tf
ikafS, ehzafS, thf FGfS Fiwj
vifnyna Ujik jF rhW. ifbjhY, ntsh
eltoiffSTl RWRWHJ fhzgld. bghU fSF mf
njit yhknghfnt, cg Fiwthfnt UjJ. jdh
jiwbgw uha bghUshjhu vG bgwJ. Fj
fhyJl xLnghJ A fhya bghUshjhu iy
tsikFna UjJ.
gghL ts
A fhya fiy kW folfiy bgJ Fj
fhyij xona fhzglJ. ehsjh A foa
mLFkho klhya g th Rth bgUikl
FLsh. vL mo cauKs brghyhd j iy g
mt Tsh. wj fol ntiyghLf bfhl
yRkz nfh A fhyij nrjjhF.
A fnwhiu Mjj gghs. mtuJ thif
tuyhiw vGa ghz AuJ mitia myfjh.
Arj ju, fhjg vw iy mt vGsh. mtuJ
mitUj kw mPf kjf thfu kW ghA.
ghuA xU fP, jJtPh kW yfztYd.
udht, ajfh, ehfej vw _W ehlffis A
vGsh. ehsjh gfiyfHfF jhuskhf e
bfhilfis mt th tHdh. mtuJ M fhy
ehsjh gfiyfHf cyf fbgw f Wtdkhf
fUjglJ. ehsjh gfiyfHf th Rth j f
gwh vgJ FljfJ.
ehsjh gfiy fHf
gil fhy ahF tj d gaf gntW
f Wtdf g FLsd. mtW thyh Uj M Wtdkhf mJ saJ.
126
dahd gfiyfHfK, ehsjh
Uj kfhahd gfiy fHfK
Fljfit. ehsjh gfiy
fHf g th Rth tukhf
FLsh. ehsjh vw
brhYF mit mgt vW
bghU. Fj fhy Kjyh Fkhu
Fjuh J WtglJ. mtUF ehsjh gfiy
tj MahsfS, AU fHf ijf
mjid Mjjd. gfiyfHf
nguuaf gojf vW miHfgld. fehf,
jkghy, uk, ygu nghwtf xU y ff
gojf. fhuij nrj jkghy ehsjh gfiy
fHf jiytuhf UJsh.
khztf j goF cU gfiyfHfkhf ehsjh
saJ. cz, UlK ytrkhf tHfgld. W Kj
UW uhkfUJ ilj tUthia bfhL mJ
guhkfglJ. mJ xU kfhahd gfiyfHf vw nghY,
ntjf, dahd nfhghL, rha kW nahf jJtf
nghwit nghfgld. ij ju, bghJthd ghlfshd,
jf, yfz, thda, kUJt, fiy nghwit
ghll nrfgoUjd. EiH nj mogilnyna
khzt nrfgld. EiH nj f fodkhdjhf UjJ.
bkhj khzhf KgJ rjjngnu m bt bgw KojJ.
iufis ju, thjfS eilbgwd. tlbkhna
gWbkhahf saJ.
ehsjh gfiyfHf oghLf rg
nkbfhsgl mfthf_y fblLfgLsd. d
gaf tJs mj Wtd bghid mit
cWgLJtjhf csd. Vuhskhd tFgiwfS, khzt
L UJsd. d gaahd vgtuJ TWgo
mF _whu khzt jgojd. nfhsuf kW
fbga yf _W folf bragld. cy gntW
gFfUJ khztf mF f gtjF uld
vgUnj mj bgUik sFwJ. caf Wtdkhf
127
fw milf kh dhf
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ I. rahd ilia nj brf.
1. Arj, th Rth gaz Ff nghw 1. Atjd Kj jiyefu
AuJ tuyhiw mJ bfhs cj rhWf. m. ghlu M. bght
2. AuJ sikfhy kW gilbaLf. . jhndZtu <. bl
3. j rkaF A Ma gf - fndh{ kW 2. ghfuh fbto l bgWs ifbahg
myfhgh nguitf.
m. th Rth M. ghz
4. AuJ M fhy r_f - bghUshjhu
iyikf gghL ts. . Ah <. ulh nf
5. ehsjh gfiyfHfK mj fG. II. nfhol lij uf.
1. A Wa a jiyef ..........
2. A fhya Mtz fhgf .......... vd miHfglJ.
3. .......... eho Mahs ulh JUtnrd.
III. bghUJf.
1. ghz m. _W ehlff Ma
2. jkghy M. fP kW jJt Ph
3. ghuA . AuJ thif tuyhiw vGat
4. A <. ehsjh gfiyfHf jiyt
IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk
rahdJ.
m. th RthF kahij brtjfhf A fndh{
nguitia Todh.
M. kfhahd j rkad kLnk fndh{ nguitF
miHfgld.

128 129
. fndh{ nguit A IjhLfSF xUKiw TL
khehlhF.
<. vj rka nkhjY fndh{ nguit elnjaJ.
V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.
1. ghfutk fhZ Mahs.
2. A&dahd j rkait A Mjjh.
3. AuJ fhy midJ iyfY bghUshjhu
brUjJ.
VI. W F tiuf (VnjD _W Ff)
1. A g mJ bfhs cj rhWf.
2. th Rth gaz Ff
3. fndh{ nguit
4. myfhgh khehL
VII. FWa il jUf (100 thijf)
1. A M fhy gghL tsia t.
2. ehsjh gfiyfHf g RU vGJf.

VIII. thd il jUf. (200 thijf)

1. A tjd thif kW rhjidfis bjhFJ
vGJf.
2. j rkaF A Ma gfig kLf.
3. A fhya r_f kW M g th Rth
Tiw t.

130
 ghl - 11
bja muRf - I
gytf

fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
1. gytf njhw
2. Kjyh knfutk, Kjyh euktk,
uh#k Mnah rhjidf.
3. gyt MKiw
4. gyt fhy f, ya
5. gyt fhy fiy, fol fiy.

jeho rf fhy Koj wF, fsuf M

Rkh 250 MLf ojJ. d fhuij jiyefuhf
bfhL bjhil kly gytf jfsJ muir
Wd. .. gjh who nguuR nrhHf bjhil
klyij ifgW tiu mtfsJ M bjhljJ.
gytf njhw

gytf njhw g gntW fUJf ywd.

nkahit Mbrj maytfshd ghafnshL
mtfis xU y xLwd. jfhz Mj
thfhlff vw uhkz mur Fy xU dnu gytf
vw fUJ ywJ. kgyt stuahd ehf
fifF nrhH stur xUtDF wjtf t
njhwfns gytf vgJ _whtJ fUJ. Mdh,
nkTa fUJfis MjF rhWf f Fiw.

131
 vdnt, gytf bjhil klyij nrjtf vw Kjyh knfutk bjhlf rkz rkaij
fUnj mPfsh gutyhf VW bfhsgLwJ. mnrhfuJ nrjtdhf Ujh. mg vW miHfgL Uehfur
fbto fhzgL jfnshL mtfis bjhl vw irt bgahuh mt irt rkaF khwglh.
gLJwd. bjhil klyij rhjthfdf ifga Ut vw l xU thyaij fodh. Fzgu,
nghJ gytf mtfl giljiytfshf gahd. .. rarj, nrjfh (nfhfis fLgt), ufhu ,
_wh who rhjthfdf F gytf uj, kjyhr nghw UJ bgafis mt
Rju bgwd. rhjthfdfl gytf bfhoUj bjhl No bfhlh.
fhuzkhfnt Kj uhUj bkhY, tlbkhY fbtL Filtiu nfhf mikgY mt wJ
fis btld. uhkz rkaij Mjjd vW Twyh. sdh. klfgL vw l fhzgL fbtL
mua tuyhW mtid uj vW ftnjhL, brf, ku, Rzh,
cnyhf nghwtiw gagLjhk ukh, ZQ, t
.. 250 Kj 350 tiuyhd Kfhy gytf uhUj MnahUF nfh mikjt vW mtdJ rhjidia
bkh glafis btld. tfjtk, FLwJ. ty, knfutho, jsth}, gyhtu,
#afjtk Mnah ku Fljftf. mLjjhf klfgL, Uuhg Ma lf mtdJ Filtiu
MF tj gytf .. 350 Kj 550 tiu M jd. nfhfis fhzyh. kjyhr ufhrd vw tlbkh
mtf tlbkh glafis btld. m Ka iy mt adh. ufhu vw UJ bga
Mahs ZQnfhg. rKuFj bja gilbaL Xafiy mtdJ Mtij btgLJtjhf csJ.
nghJ mt Kaofglh. _whtjhf MF tj gyt irY mt nj bgUjh. FLahkiy irf
kud .. 575 Kj xgjh who mtf ail btL mtdJ fhyaJ vW fUjgLwJ.
tiu M jd. mtf tlbkh, j uL bkhfY
glafis btld. Kj Mahs k ZQ. Kjyh euktk (.. 630 - 668)
mt fsufis KaoJ bjhil kly gyt Mia Kjyh euktk khky vW miHfglh.
iyahf VgLdh. nrhHfis Kaoj mt fh efiu mjF kngh tyt vW bghU. rhSa mur
tiu gyt Mia gLdh. mtiu bjhlJ MF ulh nfl jdJ jij milj njhF gthf
tjtf Kjyh knfutk, Kjyh euktk, ulh mt cWlh. fhF mUYs kkfy vw
euktk Mnah Fljftf. l eilbgw ngh ulh nfF vuhf mt bgw
Kjyh knfutk (.. 600 - 630) btia Tu brngLf TWwd. gunrhia
giljiytdhf bfhl gytgil rhSa gilia
lfhy bjhlj gyt - rhSa nghf mtuJ uo brwJ. ulh nf njhfofgL bfhy
fhy bjhld. ulh nf gytfSF vuhf glh. thjhefu mfglJ. Kjyh euktk thjh
gilbaLJ mtfsJ mu tlF gFia ifgdh. bfhlh vw Uij No bfhlh. jij Hj
Kjyh knfutk s vw l btbgwjhf gFia lh. Kjyh euktk kbwhU
gyt fbtL Fl nghY, Hj gFia mtdh f Fljf rhjid mt yifJ flgil el
Koaiy.

132 133
brwjhF. jdJ egD, yif sturDkhd
khdtkDF yif maizia L bfhLjh.
mtdJ M fhy dga th Rth jiyef
fhuF tUif jh. fh ga mtuJ tUzid
FljfJ. fbga, mHa efuhd mJ MW ikf
Rws bfhlJ vd Tsh. mF W jrka
klhyaf Ujd. gjhu j rkaJwf mt
thjd. fF bga bgwJ fh khef. mUj foif
f fbgw f TlkhF. khkyuij Wat Kjyh
euktk. mtuJ Mfhyjh mF xiwf
ujf mikfgld.
ulh euktk (myJ) uh#k (.. 695 722)
Kjyh euktkid bjhlJ
knfutkD, Kjyh gunktutkD MF tjd.
mtfsJ M fhyY gyt - rhSa nkhjf
bjhljd. d, ulh euktk M bghW
ngwh. mt uh#k vW miHfglh. mtdJ
Mfhy nghfsw mik fhykhf saJ. fiy, fol
fiy mtdJ ftd UaJ. khkyuYs flfiu
nfh, fh ifyhrehj Mya Mad mtdJ M
fhy flglit. fiy, yaij mt MjJ
nghdh. ff tlbkh mPuhd jo mtdJ
mitia myfjjhf TwgLwJ. dhF mt J
FGfis mD itjh. fl thg mtdJ M
fhy brjJ. rfugj, thaahju, Mfka
nghw UJfis uh#k No bfhlh.
mLJ, ulh gunktutk, ulh etk
Mnah MF tjd. gytfsJ M .. xgjh
who Wtiu ojJ. nrhH mur Kjyh Mj
fil gyt mur mguhjid KaoJ fh gFia
ifgdh. mJl gyt ku KoF tjJ.
134
gyt M Kiw
gytf eF uikfgl M Kiwia
bfhoUjd. gyt muR gy nfhlfshf fgoUjJ.
muruh afgl mfhf nfhl thfij eld.
M ika bghW mur Ujh. mtUF cjahf
wikf mikrf Ujd. CWfzhf mur
braglh. eF gWfgl gilia mt bgUjh.
MyafSF mt mj ybfhil njtjhd vdglJ.
uhkzfSF tHa ybfhil uknjakhF. yfSF
ghrd tr brJbfhLf ntoaJ murdJ flikahF.
gyt murf gy ghrd Vfis btLjd. Kjyh
knfutk M fhy knfutho, khk^ Ma
lf Vf btlgld. gytf fbtLfUJ
ulh muR tNj tf Fj tufis bjJ bfhnwh.
mu Ka tUth ht_ykhfnt iljJ. uknja
kW njtjhd yfSF tyF mfglJ.
tffS ifidPfS muRF tbrYd. jr,
bghbfhy, ryit bjhyhs, vbz tf, berths
nghnwh brYa tf fbtLf FlgLsd.
rig kW rig FGf nghw uhk thf mikf FJ
gytfhy fbtLf FlgLsd. uhk yf,
nfh thf, csh nghw mYtfis uhk rigf
ftJ tjd.
gyt fhy rKjha
gyt fhy j rKjha bgU khwfis
rjJ. #hKiw fLikahf glJ. uhkzf
rKjha f caj l Ujd. mtfSF
murfS, caFodU y bfhilfis tHd.
nfhfis guhkF bghW mtfSF tHfglJ. gyt
fhy itztK irtK jiHjd. khwhf, jrkaK, rkz
rkaK ailjd. irt ehakhfS, itzt
135
MthfS, irt, itzt rkaf tsF ghLgld. nfhf vd xUj gzhk tsia gytfhy fiy
jF g af vW bga. jbkh mtf g fhnwh. gytfhy nfh fol fiy ehF
ghlfis a ghod. g wig ghlf iyfis fhzyh.
btgLd. gyt murfsh flgl MyafS U Kjyh knfutk Filtiu nfhfis
rkaf tsF nkY Cfkjd. mKfgLdh. jifa Filtiu nfhfis jeho
f, ya klfgL, knfutho, khk^, jsth}, Uuhg,
ty, akfy, UfGFw nghw lf fhzyh.
gytf fnwhiu ngh Mjjd. mtfsJ
jiyefuhd fh xU f efukhF. fh foif f w gyt fol fiy ulhtJ iy, khky u
thj f TlkhF. ah w gFfUJ, tofgLs xiw f ujfis, klgfis Twyh.
maehLfUJ khztf fh foifF tJ f j mjkhd fiy dfis
gwd. flg Fy Wtduhd kurk fhF tJ cUtha bgUik Kjyh eukt
ntjfis fwh. fehf vw j mP f kidna rhU. grghlt ujf vW
gYtjfhf fh tjh. ehsjh gfiyfHf miHfgL IJ btntW nfh
jiytuhf bghW tj jkghy fh efuij nrjt. mikfis bfhl ujf midtiu
wj tlbkh ytuhd ghu kZQ M fhy ftu Toait. klgf
thjt. kbwhU tlbkh Mauhd jo ulh Rtf mHfhd gf brJ
khkyu
euktk M fhy thjt. Kjyh knfutk nfhafshf mikf gLsd. cs ujf
kjyhr ufhrd vw tlbkh ehlfij adh. j klgf wghdit khRu
yaK fhy tsailjJ. ehakhfS, k klg, U_ klg, tuhA klg.
MthfS g ghlfis a jnyna a irjd. mLjgoahf fLkhd nfhf vGggld.
ehakhf aa njthuK, Mthf aa ehyhu a bjhlf it kz ghiw
ugjK gytfhy g aafshF. ulh ffis bfhL flgld. fh
etkdh Mjfgl bgUnjtdh kfhghuij ghuj ifyhrehj Mya, khkyu
btgh vw bga j bkhahf brjh. e fygf flfiu nfh bjhlfhy
kbwhU Ka j ya. Mdh, jid aat bga fLkhd nfhfSF wj
bjaiy. ir eldK Tl fhy brJ tsjJ. vLJ fhLfshF. gyt
gyt fhy fiy, fol fiy f i y
w F
ifyhrehj nfh
gyt fhybjhL nfh fLg Fj fhu fukhf
MuthuJl bjhlaJ. ghiwfis FilJ nfh fUjgLtJ
mikF fiyia gytf bjhlitjd. uhl fh ifyhrehj MyakhF.
fiygh gytfhy Kj bfhnl tsu bjhlaJ. gytfhy fol fiy W
Filtiu nfhf bjhl, xiw f ujf, fLkhd iyF vLJ fhlhf fhy flfiu nfh

136 137
gytf mikj fLkhd nfhfis Twyh.
fw milf
fhuYs itFj bgUkh Mya, Ktu Mya,
kjtu Mya Mad Fljfit. j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
g fiy tsF gytf mUbjhL 1. gyt njhw ga gntW fUJf
Msd. nfhf fhzgL mHfhd gf ju, 2. gytf mua tuyhW, ngh btfS
khkyu tofgLs wj
bt fiy Tl mjkhd 3. gyt MKiw
gfis bfhLsJ. fif 4. gghLF gf
j myJ mRd jt vw
5. gytfhy fol fiy
mj g fh f tofgl
Xaf vW fHgLwd.
gf btgLJ Ea
fUJf aFait. ng fif j
ghF FuF, ahidgf,
jtaW id nghwit wikF rhW gfwd.
Efiyf

ir, eld, Xa nghw Efiyfis gytf

Mjjd. khk^ fbtL ir g FJ sFwJ.
FLah kiy irfbtL ir gfis, ir
fUfis g FLwJ. Mthf, ehakhf aa
ghlf gnzhL irfgLtjfhfnt cUthfgld.
eldK, ehlfK fhy tsailjd. fhy gf
eld fiy gntW totfis btgLJwd.
jdthr Xaf gytfhyij nrjit. Kjyh
knfutk fhy jz u vw Xafiy
sf bjhFfglJ. mtDF ufhu vw
UJ bgaU UjJ FljfJ.

138 139
 kh dhf . knfutk fLkhd nfhf fL Kiwia
mKfgLdh.
I. rahd ilia nj brf.
<. itztK, irtK gyt fhy jiHnjhd.
1. fsufis mj gyt mur
V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.
m. ZQnfhg M. kZQ
1. rf fhyij bjhlJ gyt fhy bjhlaJ.
. Kjyh knfutk <. uh#k
2. Kjyh knfutk bjhlf rkz rkaij
2. th Rth fhF tUif j nghJ MUj gdh.
mur
3. fhu xiwf ujfis Kjyh euktk
m. Kjyh knfutk M. Kjyh euktk tojh.
. uh#k <. ulh etk VI. W F vGJf (VnjD _W Ff)
II. nfhol lij uf. 1. gytf njhw
1. Kjyh knfutkid irt rkaF kha irt 2. fh foif
bgah ..........
3. gyt - rhSa nkhjf
2. thjhia mjnghJ gyt gil jsg .........
4. g af
3. khky vw Uij No bfhl mur .........
5. gytf Efiyf
III. bghUJf.
VII. FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)
1. bgUnjtdh m. ehyhua ugj
1. Kjyh knfutk M FJ vGJf.
2. Mthf M. njthu
2. Kjyh euk tk nghbtfis RU vGJf.
3. ehakhf . kjyhr ufhrd
3. gytf MKiwia Mf.
4. Kjyh knfutk <. ghujbtgh
4. gytfhy r_f thif g F vGJf.
IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk
VIII. thd il jUf (200 thijf)
rahdJ.
1. gytf mua tuyhiw bjhFJ vGJf.
m. gyt fhy tlbkh ailjJ.
2. gytf gghL gfig kLf.
M. uh#k thjhia mJ thjh bfhlh vw
Uij No bfhlh. 3. gyt fiy w TWfis FLf.

140 141
 ghl - 12 ulh nf (.. 608 - 642)

rhSa ku Ka Mahs ulh nf.

bja muRf - II
rhSaf, uhZouTlf
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
1. rhSa mur ulh nf rhjidf.
2. rhSa M, r_f, fiy, folfiy
3. uhZouTlf mua tuyhW
4. uhZouTlf M r_fK
5. uhZouTlf fiy, fol fiy
gytf ju, jfhz Mj nkiy
rhSaU, uhZouTlfS mua KaJt
thjtf. UtfSF bjnf uL mua
nghoahsf Ujd - gytfS nrhHfS. nkY
mtfsJ gghL gf a tuyh Fl
jfjhF.
#nAhny fbtL mtuJ M fhyij ga tufis
TWwJ. gdth flgfis ikN fffis vJ
nghL jdJ Mfij mt iyWdh. ff mur
Jj mtuJ nkyhikia VWbfhL jdJ kfis
ulh nfF kzKoJ bfhLjh.
ekijahwfiu Atjdiu KaojJ ulh
nf kbwhU kfjhd rhjidahF. bjahit
ifgw ntL vw A vzij ijjt
ulh nf. gytfSbfuhd jdJ Kj gilbaL
mt btbgwh. Mdh, fhfU Kjyh
euktkl gLnjhia jGdh. d, rhSa
jiyefu thjh gytfsh ifgwgL mfglJ.
ulh nf M fhy dga thRth
mtdJ ehoF tUif jh vgJ FljfJ.
ulh nfF MF tjt ukhj.
mt rhSa ehil L iygL gytfis
KaojnjhL, fhia ifgdh. gytfl jdJ
jij milj njhF ukhj gJ bfhlh.
rhSa ku fil mur ulh tk. mtid
KaoJ uhZouTl muir Wat j Jf.
rhSa MKiw, r_f thif

rhSaf (.. 543 - 755) gytf, nrhHf M KiwF khwhf, rhSa

MKiw mfhu ikagLjgnl UjJ.
Rkh uL whLf jfhz bgUgFia rhSa uhk Rah vw ngRnf liy.
M brjtf rhSaf. d, uhZouTlf rhSaf wj flgilia bfhoUjd. ulh
tik bgUaJ. nkiy rhSa ttjtf bt nf flgil W fgf Ujd. nkY, ujukhd
iH rhSafS, fah rhSafS. W gilia mtf itUjd.
nkiyrhSa kuig njhWjt Kjyh nf. thjh
myJ jfhya ghjhia jiyefuhf bfhL mt xU ghjh rhSaf uhka Jf, UD
a muir njhWjh. mtf w rkajtiu kJ eljd. ntj rka rlFfSF

142 143
KaJt mfglJ. rhSa kuig njhWj Kjyh 3. A&k Fo nfh
nf Fiuntia brjh. ZQ, t nghw 4. bkF vw lYs rkz nfh
flsUF Vuhskhd nfhf mtfsJ fhy flgld.
nkF jfhz j rka ailJ tjJ vW th ghjh cs nfhf, Ktu nfhY, nkyFo
Rth jkJ gazF Tsh. Mdh, gF rkz t nfhY mt fol fiyF mHF bga
rka iyahd tsia bgW tjJ. ulh nf bgwit. xnulYs ehF Filtiu nfhf mt
mit ytU, InAhny fbtil bjhFjtUkhd u fiyeaKs ntiyghoF
xU rkz. vLJfhL. mt RtfS,
f jhF klgfS
fiy, fol fiy
fls kW kjf mHfhd
rhSaf fiy tsF bgJ gfhsd. gfis bfhL mHTl
fLkhd nfhfis fLtjF mtf ntru fiyghia gLsd.
gd. UD, uhZou ulhtJ iy, glhlf
Tl kW nAhrs M ghjh Fifnfh vw l fhzgL nfhf.
fhyjh ntru fiygh F gJ nfhf csd -
mj cr flij voaJ. I ehF tla fiygh mikJsd. va MW uhl
nAhny, ghjh, glhlf Ma fiyghyhdit. tl a
lf rhSa fLkhd fiygh mikfgLs
nfhfis fhzyh. rhSa ghgehj nfh FljfJ.
fhy Filtiu nfhfS uhl fiy gh mikj
w bgUjd. m#jh, m#jh Fifnfh rfnktu nfh kW
vnyhuh, eh Ma lf Ughr Mya uL f
rhSa Filtiu nfhfis fhzyh. ghjh Fif bgwit. fh ifyhrehj
nfh kW m#jh Fiff rhSa fhy Xafis Myaij nghnw Ughr glhlf Ughr nfh
fhzKowJ. ulh nf xU ghufJ FGF Mya flgLsJ. ulh
tunt mgJ nghW m#jh Xa jfgLsJ. ukhj muf xUtuh J fLfglJ.
rhSa fhy nfhfis uL iyfshf fyh. fhUJ f tutiHfgL nfh flglJ
InAhny, ghjh Ma lfYs nfhf Kjiy. vW fUjgLwJ.
InAhny cs vGgJ nfhf ehF kL wghf uhZouTlf (.. 755 - 975)
Ffgl ntoait -
fdl dij nrj uhZouTlf jhbkh
1. yfh nfh - rkjs Tiul Toa nfh fdlbkhahF. uhZouTl kuig njhWjt j
fisila klg csJ. Jf. T#ufis KaoJ mtflUJ khstij j
2. xU j iraij nghy njhwkF Jif nfh Jf ifgdh. d, ulh tkid KaoJ

144 145
rhSa ehil mt ifgdh. thW, uhZou Tlf
jfhz Kjik muir cUthd.
mLJ MF tj Kjyh UZz xU bgU bt
u. fffis bt rhSaiu mt Kaojh.
vnyhuh bga ghiwia FilJ xnu fyhyhd ifyhr
Myaij mt mikjh. uhZouhTlf mLj wj
mur _wh nfhj. tla muRfSbfuhf mt gy
btfis bgwh.
d gjF tj Kjyh mnkhft (.. 815 - 880)
mWg ehF MLfhy M jh. mtuJ fhy
khstK, fftho Rju muRfshd. UD, gghL
tsF mtuJ Mfhy w bgwJ. mt rkz rkaij
gdh. dnrd mtuJ rkaFU. fnwhiu MjF
gilatuhf mt fjh. fuh# khf vw
fthj fdl iy Kjyh mnkhft giljh.
uhZouTlf jiyefuhd khbf myJ khanfj vw
efiu mt khjh.
mnkhft t njhwf Fljft
_wh UZz (.. 936 - 968). mtuJ nghbtf
Fljfit. nrhHfSbfuhf mt gilbaLJ
jnfhy vw l nrhHgilfis Kaojh. nkY bjF
neh Knda mt jrhiu ifgdh. uhnktu
tiu brw mt mjid J fhy j fLgho
itUjh. jh ifga gFf gy nfhfis mt
fLjh. uhnktu UZnztu Mya mtuh
flglJ. fh cl bjhil kly mt M fhy
KGtJ uhZouTlf fLgho UjJ. mtuJ
kiwF wF uhZouTlf ailjd.
MKiw
uhZouTl nguuR, uhZou vw khyfshf
fgoUjJ. tiw uhZougf tjd. uhZou
xbthW gy afshf (khtlfshf) fgld.
146
khtl thfF ag bghWghth. mLj M
vdglJ. 50 Kj 70 uhkf Ujd.
Mahs nghfg vdglh. j mfhf neuoahf ka
murh afgld. uhk thf uhk jiytuh
eljglJ. uhk thf uhk rigf bgUgF tjd.
r_f bghUshjhu iyikf
J rka fshd irtK itztK uhZou
Tlf M brJ tsjd. UD, rkz rkaK
mur kW ca mfhf Mjuit bgW ts flJ.
jfhz kf - bjhif _ xU gFd rkzf.
fnA, nhyh, jhth nghw xU y lf jrka
FoUfS jiHUjd. gntW rkafSilna
ezf yaJ FljfJ. jfhy #
khtlYs rhynlh vw l xU f
fhy braglJ. j f Tlij g xU fbtL
thd jftfis jUwJ. brtjf mj bfhil kW
Hhf nghJ UHhfnghJ uhk kf tHa
bfhil Mat cjnahL f Wtd eljglJ.
uhZouhTl M fhy bghUshjhuK
jiHUjJ. jfhzF muhafSF ilna thg
brUjJ. mtfnshL ew bfhl uhZouTl murf
thg tsF Cfkjd.
gghL gf
uhZouTlf tlbkhia bgJ Mjjd.
uhZouTl murit gy mPf Ujd. er vw
iy Uuk vGdh. _wh UZzuJ M fhy
Asjh vgt fuAa vw iy giljh.
uhZouTlf mutizdh rkzrka yafS
ts bgwd. rkzuhd Kjyh mnkhft gy rkz
mPfis Mjjh. mtuJ Mauhd dnrd
ghRtehj thif tuyhiw br eil ghrtjah
vw jiy vGdh. gntW rkz Ktf thif
147
tuyhWfis bjhFJ Muhz vw jiy Fzgu mjF vghlh vw bgaL miHjd. mF uhZou
vgt vGdh. mnkhf U vw yfz iy rhfjhadh Tlf fiy mj cr flij voaJ vdyh. vnyhuh,
vgt giljh. uhrhah vw mfhy fjnkij vghlh gfSilna xWikia fhzKowJ. mtiw
fjrhu vw iy vGdh. uhZouTlf xnu FGit nrj f cUthUf ntL.
Mfhy fdl yaK ts flJ. mnkhft fUtiwF EiHK cs Jthughyf iy ukhl
aa fuh#khf fdlbkh vGjgl Kj fij toyhdJ. RW Rtf eluh#, ffhju, mj ehtu,
yhF. ggh vgt fdlbkh fPf jiywjt. nrhkfj vW t gy totf lgLsd. U_
mtuJ fbgw uknrd#a. bghdh vw kbwhU cUt fbgaJ. MW l cauKilaJ. gilj, fhj,
fdl fP rhuzh vw iy vGdh. mj vw _W bjhfis br tid mJ
fiy, fol fiy uggjhf TwgLwJ.

uhZouRlf fiy, fol fiyia vnyhuh kW

vghlh fhzyh. vnyhuh cs fbgw nfh fw milf
ifyhr nfhyhF. Kjyh UZz fhy nfh
tofglJ. UW mo sK, W mo mfy, cau bfhl j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhtJ
ukhlkhd f J tofgLsJ. nfh ehF 1. ghjh rhSaf mua tuyhW.
gFf csd - _ynfh, EiHth, eklg,
2. rhSa fiy, fol fiy
Kfklg. 25 mo cauKila nkilJ
nfh fukhf wJ. nkil 3. uhZouTl Mahsf rhjidf
Kf ahidfS, ffS nkilia 4. uhZouTlf gghL gf
jhFtJ nghy brJfgLsd.
_WLF fu khkyu ujfis 5. uhZouTl M ya ts
idgLJwJ. nfhYF gdhW
rJu f bfhl klg csJ.
mHa gfis bfhl ifyhr nfh
cik folfiy ukhl
vdyh. Jif vUJKf mufid bfhtJ
nghw g kfjhdJ. uhtz ifyhr vnyhuh ifyhr
kiyia f KagJ nghw g nfh
FljfJ. Rtf uhkaz
fhf brJfgLsd. ifyhr nfh bghJ g
uhlfiy ghia rhjJ.
gghF mUYs vghlh. Kj mJ $ vW
miHfglJ. bga ahid gij fl nghRaf

148 149
 kh dhf V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.
1. Kjyh mnkhft M fhy jfhzF th
I. rahd ilia nj brf.
Rth tUif jh.
1. InAhny fbtil btlJ
2. uhZouTlf Mfhy fdl ya
m. Kjyh mnkhft M. ulh nf bjhlaJ.
. _wh nfhj <. jJf 3. rhSaku fil mur jJf.
2. jnfhy nrhHfis Kaojt ah? VI. WF vGJf. (VnjD _W Ff)
m. ulh nf M. Kjyh mnkhft 1. InAhny fbtL
. Kjyh ukha <. _wh UZz 2. glhlf
II. nfhol lij uf. 3. vnyhuh
1. uhZou Tlf jiyefu .......... 4. vghlh
2. uhZou Tl kuig njhWjt .......... VII. FWa il jUf (100 thijf)
3. $F vghlh vW bgaltf ......... 1. ulh nf rhjidfis RU vGJf.
III. bghUJf. 2. Kjyh mnkhf t g kL jUf.
1. u m. uk nrd#a VIII. thd il jUf. (200 thijf)
2. Kjyh mnkhft M. fjrhu 1. ghjh rhSa fiy, fol fiy tsia
3. ggh . InAhny fbtL bjhFJ TWf.

4. uhrhah <. fuh#khf 2. uhZouTlf gghL gfig kLf.

IV. rahd brhbwhliu bj brf - xW kLnk

rahdJ.
m. vnyhuh gghF mUYs .
M. ifyhr nfh vnyhuh csJ.
. vnyhuh nfh rhSa M flglJ.
<. vnyhuh ifyhr nfh ulh nfah
flglJ.

150 151
 ghl - 13 ngh uhZouTlfl mt njhia jGdh. Kjyh
guhjf gy nfhfis fLjh. jgu eluh#
nguuR nrhHf Mya TiuF bghTiu ntjt Kjyh guhjf.
mtuJ fhyij nrj cunk% fbtLf uL nrhH
fhy ya uhk MKiw g sffis TWwJ.
KgjhL fhy ilbtF wF Kjyh uh#uh# fhy
fw nehff L nrhHf fHiljd.
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ. Kjyh uh#uh# (.. 985 - 1014)

1. Kfhy nrhHf tuyhW. Kjyh uh#uh#, mtuJ jt Kjyh

2. Kjyh uh#uh# gilbaLfS w rhjidfS. uhn#u Ma Ut M fhyfY
nrhH nguuR f cia voaJ. Kjyh
3. Kjyh uhn#u gilbaLf, w rhjidf. uh#uh# ngh btf tUkhW.
4. nrhH MKiw w TWf. 1. fhjq rhiy vw l nru kd
5. nrhH fhy ya, fiy, fol fiy. ghfuutkDila flgilfis
Kaojh.
2. ghoa mur mku#f njhfof
rf fhy F wF nrhHf ciw
glh. ghoa eho nrhH M
wurfshf thJ tjd. xgjh who L Kjyh
VgLjglJ.
mtf wgila bjhld. bjah bgUgFia uh#uh#
csla xU nguuir Wd. mtfsJ jiyefu 3. ikN gFUj fftho, Esggho, iy
jrh. yifY knya gfgYTl mtf jfsJ joifgho nghw gFf ifgwgld.
Mfij VgLd. vdnt, mtfis nguuR nrhHf 4. yif gilbaLig mtuJ jt Kjyh uhn#u
vW miHnwh. nrhH fhya MKiw, rKjha, nkbfhlh. yif mur Ijh kj
bghUshjhu, gghL Fj jftfis nfhf fhzgL ehilL Xodh. tlF yifia nrhHf
Mufzfhd fbtLfUJ bjJ bfhnwh. izJ bfhld. jiyef mDuhjuUJ
nguuR nrhH kuig njhWjt #ahya nrhH. .. bghyeUth vw lF khwgL mF thya xW
815 M ML mt KjiuaiuaflUJ jiria vGgglJ.
ifgdh. mF Jif nfhiy fLjh. mtuJ 5. vG bgWtj fah rhSaiu Kjyh uh# uh#
jtuhd Ma nrhH mguhj gytid KaoJ gyt vJ nghL bt bgwh. rhSa mur ra$a
MF Ko foL bjhilklyij nrhH Kaofglh. Kjyh uh#uh# buN njhM,
nguunrhL izJ bfhlh. Kjyh guhjf nrhH Kfhy gdth nghw lfis ifgdh. nrhH nguuR
nrhH murf Fljft. ghoafis yif Jfguh efiu tiu guaJ.
Mahsiu mt Kaojh. Mdh, ff jnfhy
152 153
6. bjYF nrhlfis KaoJ, bt maizia mj
Mahsfshd r tkDF kyhjDF Kjyh
uh#uh# L bfhLjh. jdJ kf stu
Fjitia kyhjDF kzKoJ bfhLjh.
7. khyfSF vuhf nkbfhl flgilbaLng
Kjyh uh#uh# WgilbaLghF. khyf
ifgwgld.
Kjyh uh#uh# jifa nghbtfdh,
nrhHnguuR, jeho nru, ghoa, bjhil kly
gFfis, jfhz ffgho, Esggho, bjYF
nrhlf MgF, tlF yif, khyf nghw
gFfis cslajhf UjJ. KKonrhH,
b#abfhlh, tghj nrfu nghw UJ bgafis
Kjyh uh#uh# No bfhlh. wj tgjdhf mt
sdh. .. 1010 jir uftu vwiHfgL
jir bga nfhiy foKojh. ehfgod j
klhya fLtjF mt cjfis tHdh.
Kjyh uhn#u (.. 1012 - 1044)
jdJ jij nkbfhl gilbaLf fyJbfhL
giltyikia uhn#unrhH btgLdh. MF
tjwF jij bfhiffisna g nguuir
gLJ gf <Lglh. mtuJ wFa nghfshtd: flij voUjJ. Jfgiu tlF viyahf UjJ.
1. nrhHflUJ tlF yifia ifgw yif
mur Ijh kj Ka brjh. uhn#u L cslajhf nrhH nguuR
mtid KaoJ bjF yifia ifg
bfhlh. jdh yif KGtJnk nrhH nguu
izfglJ.
2. nru, ghoa M gFf L nrhH Mfij
cWgLdh.
3. nkiy rhSa mur b#akid L Kaojh.
nrhH-rhSa viyahf Jfgiu e mff
glJ.
154
4. Kjyh uhn#u f thj gilbaL mt
tlahJ nkbfhljhF. t gy
Mahsfis Kaoj nrhH gil fif eia flJ
brwJ. tfhs mur Kjyh kghyid Kjyh
uhn#u Kaojh. jkJ tla gilbaL
btia bfhlhL j fifbfhl nrhHu
vw efiu khJ mF fthj uhn#tu
Myaij mt vGdh. mef nkFw
nrhHff vw ghrd Via btLjh.
5. $#a vdgL fluhJ Kjyh uhn#u
nkbfhl gilbaL f w thjjhF.
mgilbaL cikahd nehf g TWtJ fod.
nehf vJthf UD, mj flgilbaL khbgU
btahf KojJ. nrhHgilf gntW lfis
Mujd. Mdh, mit jfhfkhd Mufns.
ifgwgl lfis nguuRl izJ bfhS
vz mtUiy. j gilbaLF Kjyh
uhn#u flhu bfhlh vw glij No
bfhlh.
6. gntW fyffis xL, nrhH nguuR FiyahjthW
mt ghJ bfhlh.
Kjyh uhn#u kiwjnghJ nrhH nguuR mj cr
ghoa, nfus, ikN gFf, yif Matiw
UjJ. jdJ j
mkfhnjia bt rhSa sturDF kzKoJ
bfhLj Kjyh uhn#u jdJ jij VgL brw
kzcwfis bjhlJ filojh. Kobfhlh, fif
bfhlh, flhubfhlh, gojnrhH vd gntW UJ
bgafis Kjyh uhn#u No bfhlh. jijia
nghynt wj tgjdhf mt fjh. a jiyefuhd
fifbfhl nrhHu thya xiw vGdh. mj
MyaJF jhuhskhf khafis mjh. jgu eluh#
155
 MyaF bfhilfis tHdh. itzt, j rka
nrhHf
flK mt r jikl elJ bfhlh.
Kjyh uhn#uDF wF, Kjyh Fnyhjf,
_wh FnyhJf nghw Mahsf fhyY nrhH
nguuR f bgW saJ. Kjyh uhn#u kf
mkfhnj thrhf cjtnd Kjyh FnyhJf.
mt nrhH nguurdhf gjnawjh bt ehL nrhH
ahjtf nguuRl izjJ. Mdh, mtuJ M fhy yif
Ljiy bgwJ. d, bt ikNU nkiy rhSauh
rfunfhl ifgwgld. Kjyh FnyhJf 72 tff mla
nk.rhSaf J FGit dhF mD itjh.
fah
f $#a muRl eYwit mt nkbfhoUjh.
khbf a
f uh#K _wh FnyhJf M fhy nrhH nguuR etila
fh
bjhlaJ. fhltuhaf nghw FWy jiytf vG
fjgf bgwd. nrhH nkyhikF ghoa vG bga
tfhs Flh rtyhW. W nrhH nguuR ailjJ. fil nrhH
tdth mur _wh uhn#uid ulh #lhtk Rjughoa
be Kaojh. nrhH ehL ghoa nguuRl izJ
bfhsglJ.
fftho jnfhy
mu fl fh nrhH M Kiw
cunk%
ka murhf
fifbfhl nrhHu
ciw jrh nrhHf wj MKiwia bgUjd. MF
kJiu
nguur jiyik tjh. nrhH nguu gu, brtK mtuJ
mfhuij, kig cad. jir, fif
bfhif
bfhlnrhHu nghw bga jiyefufS, ukhlkhd
muritfS, MyafSF m tHa y bfhilfS
a bgUfl nrhH mur mfhuij btgLJtjhf csd. M
tyikia czJtjfhf nrhH murf mtnghJ mur
gazfis nkbfhld. bgUjd, Wjd vW
miHfgl mfhu tf MF bghW tjd.

156 157
tUth thf khfhz M

nrhHfhy y tUthJiw eF uikfgoUjJ. mJ nrhH nguuR klyfshf, kly gy

utizfs vW miHfglJ. midJ yfS tsehLfshf, tsehL, gy ehLfshf fgoUjd. ehL
Kiwahf msfgL, tifgLjgL, t kLf vw gF gy jdh bgw uhkf Ujd.
bragld. uhk FoU gFf C ej vdglJ. klyf thfij mur Fyij nrj MSef
gF, MyafSF jhdkhf tHfgl ygF ftJ tjd. tsehil bga ehlhU, ehL gFia
tyF bgUjd. y tiaju, XlUJ kbwhU ehlhU tjd. efu thfij efujh vw mit
lF bghUfis bfhL brtjfhd RfK nkbfhlJ.
tNfglJ. gntW bjhfSF tfgld. uhk rigf
Ukz, rlFf nghw ff nghJ t
tNfglJ. kwf fgl mguhjfS rigfS, rigFGfS bfhl uhk jdhKiw
kbwhU tUthahF. lf fhyf tyF fhyfhykhf jeho gzhk ts bgW tjJ. nrhH
mfglJ. Kjyh FnyhJf tyF mjh M fhy mJ Vw bgW saJ. Kjyh guhjf
vgjfhf Rf jj nrhH vw UJ bgaiu nrhH M fhyij nrj cunk% fblLfgl
Nobfhlh. mur, murit, uhQt, fggil, rhiy uL fbtLf uhk rigf eltoiff g
guhk, ghrd Vf, fhthf mikj nghwit twd. mj uhk KgJ FL myJ thLfshf
mu brydfshf Ujd. fgoUjJ. xbthU thoUJ uhk rigfhd
uhQt thf u bj braglh. uhk rig cWduhtjfd
jFfS zfgoUjd. mit ahtd :
ahidgil, Fiugil, fhyhgil, fggil vw m. Fiwjgr fhnt ykhtJ brhjkhf
fis bfhl iyahd gilia nrhHf bgUjd. itUf ntL.
fbtLf Rkh vgJ gilf FlgLsd.
mur jgil ifnfhs bgUgil vW miHfglJ. M. brhj y FoUf ntL.
mjFnsna muriughJfhF wfht uf . KgJ taJF nkY vGgJ taJFS
ntisfhu vdgld. uhQtF Kiwahd g UfntL.
msfglJ. uhQt Kfhf flff vW miHfgld.
nrhHf flgil guhk jftd brYd. <. ntjf Fj mit bgUf ntL.
jHf flgil Mw nrhHf fhy fF UD, ah ah jFawtf vgJ mf
saJ. kygh, nrhH kly flfiu Mad mtfsJ btLf bjthf FlgLsJ. mit -
fLgho Ujd. tfhs Flh nrhH Vahfnt yfhy m. flj _W MLf bjhlJ uhk rig
UjJ. cWduhf gahatf.
M. uhk rigFG cWduhf gah rtu
fzFfis mfhjtf.
158 159
 . grkh ghjffis brjtf
<. w bghUfis fsthoatf.
thW bj bragltf bgafis gid
Xiyf vG xU FlF L Wt myJ W
xUtiu L vLf brt. jF Flnthiy Kiw vW bga.
thW KgJ thLf cWdfS bj bragLt.
d, KgJ ng bfhl uhkrig MW tha FGfshf
J bragL. rtru tha, Vtha, njhl tha,
grthu tha, bgh tha, ut tha vgnj mj MW
thaf. MWj bghWfis mit iwntW. j
cWdf tha bgUkf vdgld. nfh myJ
kuH To khdf iwntwgld. tha cWdf
vif FGf vif uhkF uhk
ntWgoUjJ.
r_f, bghUshjhu thif
nrhH fhy #hKiw gutyhf gwglJ.
uhkzfS, aU gntW rYiffis bgUjd.
nrhH fhy gFia nrj fbtLf tyif,
lif rh f g Ff fhzgLwd. UD, y bfhilf tHfgoUjd.
gntW #hdUilna xWik fhzglJ. gntW is
#hfS Ujd. kf iy Kndw VJiy. mur
FLgjhilna r vw clfilnaW tHf UjJ.
nfhfSl izfgoUj ehoa kf mla njtjh
Kiw nrhH fhyjh njh tsjJ.
nrhH fhy itztK, irtK
jiHjd. nrhH murf, muf
Mjudh Vuhskhd nfhf
vGggld. nrhH fhy nfhf
bghUshjhu eltoiff ikafshf
fjd. klfS brthF bgUjd.
ntshik bjhY wJ sd. uh#uh# jf
fhLf UjgL isyfshf ehza
160
khwgljhY, ghrd Vf btlgL Kiwahf
guhkfgljhY ntsh bjh ts bgwJ. ber
bjh, Fghf fh gL ber fbgW saJ.
nfhfY, L cgnahfF bgU njit Ujjh
cnyhf bjh eF tsailjJ. thg RWRWl
eilbgwJ. thf FGf bragld. thf bgUtf
eF guhkfgld. jf, bt, br Matwhyhd
btntW kyhd ehzaf HfUjd. nrhH nguuR
fhy dh, Rkuh, #hth, mnuah nghw ehLfnshL thg
cwf brjd. Fiu gilF njitahd mu ehL
Fiuf bgUks wFk bragld.
f, ya
nrhH fhy fF KaJt mfglJ.
nfhf, klf ju gntW f TlfS fia gu
tjd. vzhu, UKTl, Utid Ma lf
cs nrhHfhy fbtLf mF bragLtj ff
ga tufis vLJiuwd. ntjf, fhrf ju,
fj, kUJt nghwit j f Tlf
gWfgld. j Wtdfis elJtjF Vuhskhd
j ya ts nrhH fhy mj crnf
brwJ vdyh. Ujfnjt vGa tfjhk kW
Flynf vw f .. gjh whil nrjit.
fg vGa bga uhz myJ Ubjhluhz nrhH
fhy gilfgl wj yhF. Kjyh FnyhJf
ff gilbaLig tgJ b#abfhlh vGa
ffJgu. xlTj _tUyh _W nrhH kdfis
gajhF. fnH yt esbtghit giljh. j
yfz fshd fyhldh fyhl vw Y, rkz
Ktuhd mjrhfu gilj ahbgUfyK, gte Kt
e}Y, ju gilj unrha vw Y nrhH
fhyij nrjitna!
161
fiy, fol fiy
fw milf
uhlgh fiy, fol fiy j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
nrhH fhy Vw bgwJ. nrhHf
Vuhskhd nfhfis vGsd. 1. nguuR nrhHf vG.
nrhHfhy nfh jw mj 2. Kjyh uh#uh# MSik kW ngh btf.
khdkhF. Kfhy nrhHf
Myafis Jnfhil khtl, ehjh jir uftu 3. Kjyh uhn#u nrhH rhjidf.
kiy, bfhLghq kW Uuhg nfh 4. nrhH fhya uhk MKiw mj w.
khtl thre Ma lf 5. nguuR nrhHf gghL w.
fhzyh. Kjyh uh#uh#dh jir vGggl jir bga
nfh bja folfiyF kKo nghwjhF.
mnfh khd, mj klg, kfh
klg, e
kg vw Ka
gFf csd.
fif bfhl
nrhHu ,
Kjyh uhn#u
nrhHdh vGg
gl thya
nrhHfhy nfh jhuhRu gf
nrhHfhy eluh#
folfiy
btfy iy wF kbwhU Ka
rhwhF.jir
khtlYs jhuhRu Iuhtnj tu
Mya, Utd fhgAtu Mya Ma
Myaf fhy nrhHf fol
fiyF vLJfhlhf Twyh.
g fiy tsF nrhHf
kfjhd gfig brJsd. jir,
fif bfhl nrhHu Mya Rtf
fhzgL Vuhskhd gfS, bga
cUtfS wj ntiyghLf iwjit.
nrhH fhya br Unkf cyf f
bgwit. eluhr iy mt F
ljfJ. jir, ehjhkiy nfh
Rtf nrhH fhy Xafis fhzyh. fifbfhl
nrhHu nfh

162 163
 . bjF yifia Kjyh uh#uh# jkJ nguuRl
kh dhf izJ bfhlh.
I. rahd ilia nj brf. <. Kjyh uhn#u M fhyJF yif
1. jnfhy ngh njhailj nrhH mur Rjuij mJ bfhlJ.
m. Kjyh Mj M. ulh uh#uh# V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.
. #ahya <. Kjyh guhjf 1. jir jklhya fLtjF Kjyh uh#uh#
2. u nrha vw Ma cjf brjh.
m. gte M. ju 2. Kjyh uhn#unrhH $#aij ifgdh.
. fnH <. xl Tj 3. Kjyh FnyhJf ff gilbaL FJ
b#abfhlh ffJgu twJ.
II. nfhol lij uf.
VI. W F vGJf (VnjD _W Ff)
1. fhjq rhiy flngh .......... M fhy
eilbgwJ. 1. Uftu
2. nrhH ff vw ghrd Via ............. vw l 2. fif bfhl nrhHu
............ M btLfglJ. 3. Flnthiy Kiw
3. Flnthiy Kiwga tuf bfhl fbtL .......... 4. nrhH fhy f Tlf ts
vw l csJ.
VII. FWa il jUf (100 thijf)
III. bghUJf.
1. nguuR nrhHf fhy r_f - bghUshjhu iyikfis
1. cunk% fbtLf m. Kjyh uh#uh# t.
2. Rf jj nrhH M. Kjyh uhn#u 2. nrhHf fhy j ya tsia g vGJf.
3. Kobfhlh . Kjyh FnyhJf VIII. thd ila (200 thijf)
4. b#abfhlh <. Kjyh guhjf 1. Kjyh uh#uh# rhjidfis Mf.
IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk 2. Kjyh uhn#u ngh btfis kLf.
rahdJ.
3. nrhH M Kiw w TWfis t.
m. Kjyh uh#uh# $#aJ gilbaLjh.
M. Kjyh uh#uh# fifbfhl nrhHuF jkJ
jiyefiu khdh.

164 165
 ghl - 14
Ma ehLf a gghL guj
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
1. ka Mah a gghL guj.
2. dh, bg, yif Ma ehLf a
ggho jhf.
3. bj HF Mah a gghL.
4. ah - ahk ilna gghL bjhl.
5. bjHF Ma ehLf fiy, fol fiy.
a ehffK, gghL Mah w gFfSF
gua tuyhW wfjhF. gHfhy ah w
ehLfnshL thf bjhlfis nkbfhoUjJ. jdh,
a bkhf, rkaf, fiy, fol fiy, jJtf,
eiff, gHf tHff mehLf gud. J
jfKoahj fthF. bjHF Mah xUy
gFf gila a mua Mtyf J muRfis
Tl mikjd. UD, jfhyij nghy fhy Mfnkh,
Vfhga nghnfh fhzgliy. khwhf, a gFf
jheho fLghoUJ Rjukhfnt bragld. Mdh,
mt gghL TWf jhf kL fhzglJ.
ka Mah
Jt rfhj bjhlf whLf ka Ma
gF a ggho ikakhf fjJ. Mfh
jhd HF gF Vuhskhd gghL df
166
fblLfgLsd. nfhlh, fhZf nghw lf a
ggho ikafshF. mF, gy tlbkh fS, jrka
klhyafS fblLfgld. mgF vlh
whLtiu a ggho jhf bjhlJ fhzglJ.
ka Mah tahf dh, bg nghw ehLfSF a
gghL guaJ.
ah dh
ka Mah tahf ytjlK, gkh tahf fl
tjlK a gghL dhF bry ngUjahf
Ujd. .. Kjyh who j rka dh guaJ.
ghah, th Rth cl gntW d gaf
ahF tjd. kWw, Fzgu, t{ungh, jknjt,
jkFj cl Wfzfhd j rka Jwf
ahUJ dhF brwd. d nguurf
ntLnfhSF zf, a mPf tlbkh fis
bkh bgajd. knfhaf dh jfsJ nguuir
VgLa g_wh whoTl dhldhd j
bjhl ojJ. d fiyY a fiy jhfij
fhzyh.
ah bgJ
VHh whoUJ bgJl ah gghL cw
bfhlJ. fhngh vw jrka mur yhrh efiu W mF
j rkaij mKfgLdh. a mPf JiznahL
bga vGJf totikfgld. d, bg yhkh
nfhghL WtgLtjF a mPf cjd. gndhuh
who tfhs Mahsfshd ghyf bgJl
beUa cw bfhoUjd. tfhs K gilbaLF
MshdnghJ, gy j rka Jwf bg jr Fjd.
ah yif
ntWgl mua tuyhiw yif bfhoUjhY
a ggho jhf mF btgLtij fhzyh. j
167
rka J FGd jfsJ rka fUJfis gfg Matiw cslajhf fhngh# nguuR xU
kL mF gugiy; khwhf gghL fhyfl fjJ. mF Mj murfg vzw
TWfis vLJ brwd. fny gfis tlbkh fbtLf tufis jUwd. ntjf,
toF Kiw ahUJ yifF uhkhaz, kfhghuj, gh yfz, J jJt
brwJ. .. Ijh who jnfh sfiuf nghw J ya gilfis fnghoa
yifF brW A&dahd j rka it kf mUjd.
mF iy Wdh. mFs ah ah Xa gyt murfisnghy, fnghoa murfS jfis `tk
Xaf m#jh Xaf jhfij vW miHJ bfhld. anrhtk, ulh Na tk
fhzKowJ. Ma UtU ff murf. bja gh nfhf
flgld. vzw tlbkh fbtLf mt
bjHfhah a gghL fhzgLwd. m nfhf f f bgwJ jiyefuhd
mfh vw l ulh Natk vGa ZQ Mya
njh-dh, knyah csla bjHfha gF khF. J mfh th (th
a gghL bgU jhfij VgLsJ. tfhs vwh nfh vW bghU) vW
FlhF mgh it mikJsd. ytsK ftsK, gutyhf miHfgLwJ. js
iwj gF afis f ftjJ. nkY, ah nkTiu mnfh vGg
HF flfiu vzw JiwKff mikUjd. gLsJ. xbthU jsY
vdnt, af ygFfSF mofo gazfis vzw fgf fhz
nkbfhld. jf vw bghUgL RtzF mfhth nfh gLwd. uhl fiygh
tff gaz nkbfhljhf a gugiu fijf flgLs nfh uhkhahz,
TWwd. Rtz vw brh bghJthf iHehLfis kfhghuj fhf gfshf jfgLsd. gidjh
FF brhyhF. Fjf M fhy Hfhah whojh fhngh# muR ailjJ.
af Fonaw bjhld. gytf fhy mJ nkY rgh
Cf bgwJ. a Fonaf mF bgU muRfis
cUthd. mt xUy muRf Mu MLfSF rgh myJ bjF mdh fnghoahF Hnf
nkyhf M brYd. gy gFf, a bgafisila mikJsJ. .. ulh who $khw vgtuh
mur Fyf M jd. gidjh who yh mF KjyhtJ J murFy WtglJ. Vuhskhd tlbkh
tUif jj fhy tiu a gghL gF nfhnyhaJ. fbtLf rgh tuyhiw TWwd. guL a
muR Fyf rgh Mjd. g_wh who
fnghoah (fhngh#) rgh, fnghoahl izJ bfhsglJ. J murf
M fhy, rgh J rka, gghL, gHf tHff
.. Kjyh who fnghoah af mKfgLjgld. irtK itztK jiHnjhd. j
Fonad. bfkf vwiHfgl mk ikjfJ rkaK tsailjJ. J jJt, yfz, Efiyf,
gghL jhfij VgLd. mtfsJ murFy n#hl Fj gntW f vGjgld.
fhngh#f vW, ehL fhngh# myJ jfhy fnghoah
vW miHfglJ. bjhlf mF itztK irtK
jiH njhd. yhnth, ah, gkh xU gF, knyah
168 169
ah myJ jhyhJ
ah gF gntW muRf a gghL
gwglJ. a mPf cjl jh ttot csd. jiy c k
cUthfglJ. jk rhuf mogil meho
giHa rlf vGjgoUjd. ghfh ef cs nfhf
uhkhaz, kfhghuj fijfis ugF gf
fhzgLwd.
Rkuh kW #hth
ahF u HF MahF xU iz gf csd. f
ghykhf knyah gfg saJ. mF .. IJ Kj
gidjh whLtiu gy J muRf M jd. Rkuh
Uj f wghd J muR $#a vgjhF. VHh
who mJ xU thf, fyhrhu ikakhf fjJ.
d, $#a xU fl rh thg rahf cUbtLJ
irnyu nguurhf f vaJ. mUUj fshd #hth,
gh, nghnah kW fnghoahJ mJ Mf brYaJ.
irnyu Mahsf kfhahd j rkajtf. jeho
nrhHfSlD, tfhs ghyfSlD mtf eYwit
nkbfhoUjd. irnyu mur khw #nahJf tk
ehfgod j klhya mikgjF nrhH mur uh#uh#
nrhH cjfis tHdh. Mdh, mtuJ kf uhn#u
nrhH irnyu muir J fhy ifg itUjh.
d, mtf Ljiy bgwd. .. gbdhwh
whLtiu irnyu nguuR oUjJ.
.. ehfh whonyna #hth xU J muR
WtglJ. kah #hth gF vG bgw klhu vw muR
J rka, fyhrhu ikakhf fjJ. irnyuf d
mjid ifgdh. xgjh whLtiu #hth irnyu
nguuRl izUjJ. d LjiyailjJ. irnyu
M #hth fiyJiw fG bgh bgW
saJ.
170
.. 750 - 850 MLfSilna irnyufsh flgl
nghnuh njh-#hth fiyia btgLJ dkhf
fwJ. xU FJ mJ mikJsJ. m xgJ jsf
totyhd cUthf
gLsJ. mYs gofLf 2000
a fgf csd. j
thif rgtfis mit
jwd. gF myfhu
ntiyghLfSlD, nkgF
nghnuh
idd
tofgl fha vW nghnuh
gf nghwgLwd. cy fwj mjkhd j
mJthF.
gulh who HF #hth gF fh
efiu jiyefuhf bfhL #hth muR vG bgwJ. #hth
ggho bghfhy vW fUjgL g_W, gdhfh
whLf #hth nguu jiyefuhf k#hgh saJ.
a fiy yaK ntbwY fhzKoahj msF
mF ts bgwd. Wfzfhd nfhf ijfS,
tlbkh Xiy RtofS W #hth fhzgLwd.
uhkhazK, kfhghujK W kfilna brthF bgW
fwd. bghkyhl fiy ika fUjhf sFwd.
k#hgh nahL #hth fiyJiw eltoiff
KoF tjd.
gh
Mwh who gh J muR Fyf fLgho
tjJ. VHh who mF j rka guUjJ vd
FLsh. mFs fbtLf kW brngLf
af mF brW Fonaaij FLwd. d,
gh #hth mu fLgho tjJ. WTl gh kf
J fshfnt fwd. #hKiw gw gLtUwJ.
171
ahk
kh dhf
jnghJ ahk vwiHfgL gkhF I. rahd ilia nj brf.
ahF ilyhd cw mnrhf fhyUnj
bjhlFwJ. j rkaij gutjfhf mnrhf gkhF 1. ehfgod irnyuf klhya mikf cja
FGfis mDitjh. gkh gy J muRf M nrhH mur
Jsd. g_wh whL tiu gh tlbkh m. #ahya M. uh#uh#
gkh bkhfshf Ujd. ga kf kfhahd, A&dahd . FnyhJf <. uhn#u
j rka fis gd.
2. Rkuh Uj J muR
knya gfg, njhdh Ma gFf ljl
1500 MLf J murf MJsd. a m. fhngh# M. $#a
rkafS gghL mF thj kfilna gu ehff . rgh <. mdh
cF mtfis L brwd.
II. nfhol lij uf.
1. yhrh efiu Wat .........
fw milf
2. HF #hth jiyef .........
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
III. bghUJf.
1. ka Mah ah jhf.
1. mfh th nfh m. irnyuf
2. ahF dhF ilna gghL
bjhlf. 2. nghnuh M. yif
3. ah yif 3. ah . bjF mdh
4. bj Hfha ehLfY njhdhY 4. rgh <. ulh Natk
a gghL guj. IV. rahd brhbwhliu bj brf. xW kLnk
5. bjHfhah J nfhf - fol fiy. rahdJ.
m. njh-#hth fiy wj d nghnuh.
M. nghnuh xU itzt Mya.
. irnyuf irtf.
<. uhkhaz fhf nghnuh tofgLsd.

172 173
V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf. ghl - 15
1. rgh Kj J muir Wat $khw.
Kija ilfhy ah
2. gh muR j rka jhfij bgwJ.
VI. W F tiuf (VnjD _W Ff)
1. mfhth
fw nehff
2. nghnuh
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
3. ah-ahk gghL cwf
1. u#f ga RUfkhd tuyhW.
4. ah gh
2. Jit muha ifgajfhd fhuzfS
VII. FWa il jUf (100 thijf) isfS.
1. ah - dh ilna ya gghL bjhlfis 3. f KfkJ gilbaLf.
t.
4. nfh KfkJ gilbaLf.
2. njh - #hth fiy g F tiuf.
5. J muRf njhfhd fhuzf.
VIII. thd il jUf (200 thijf)
1. bjHfhah a gghL guaij t.
AuJ kiwF, Rkh IJ whLf tl
2. Ma gFf a ggho jhfij kLf. ah mua xWik Vgliy. ehL gntW muRfshf
jWL ljnjhL, xUtUbfhUt nghl tz
Ujd. fhZ, fhjhu, J, F#uh, fndh{, M{,
khst, tfhs, m[h Mad tl ahUj Ka
muRf. vlh who KgF fhZ Mf
brYaJ. d, tl ah uAhuf Mf
VgLtiu tfhs ghyf M J tjd. Mdh,
gjh who jfhzij nrj uhZouTlf tl
ah jfsJ nkyhfij gLj KaW njh
fld.
u#u muRf

VG kW vlh whLf vG bgw u#uf

gulh who K gilbaL tiu tikl
fjd. mjF dU, gy u#u muRf l fhy

174 175
iyUjd. K MunghJ, J rkaij Jit muha ifgWj (.. 712)
gghil fhJ wtf u#ufnsaht.
mnuahYs bkfh ef wjJ yh. Wat
u#uf njhw FJ gy fUJf ywd. KfkJ e. Mdh, bkfh efiu nrj brtjf mtuJ
ma gilbaLghsf kW a uf Mnah nghjidfis vjd. vdnt, mt .. 622 M ML
ttjtf vW fUjgLwJ. ma gilbaLghsf bkdhF brwh. mj MoUJjh K
a kakhfgL a rKjha ulw fyjd. rfhjkhd uh bjhlFwJ. K ehfho
u#uf ga gy gHfijf fUij Mjgjhf csd. bjhlFwJ. vL MLfSF wF KfkJ e jdJ
Mfnt, u#u Fy gntW TWf fyng vW TWyh. fy lfSl bkfhF Udh. .. 632 mt kiwjh.
kzf _ykhf, bghJthd gHf tHffis g
tjjhY mtf xnu Fykhf cUbtLjd. ngh bjhiy KfkJ e lf fhf nguuir VgLd.
mtf gw bjhld. UD, tfK cikaJfS, mghJfS fhf vd miHfgld.
ntshikTl brjd. efuf eilbgw tf kW mtf gilbaLf _y jfsJ M gFia gL,
brt ts g muha gaf FLsd. gy thj yha rkaij gu tjd. .. 712 M ML cikaJf
nfhilfis mtf fo bfhld. mu giljiytuhd KfkJ fh J gFJ
gilbaLjh. J mu Mahsuhd jh vgtUl
u#u muRf fhyjh KijaJ T#u ufhu fL nghL mtiu njhfoJ bfhwh. J jiyefu
murhF. A ru mj Ka jiyt. uh#jd guj mnuh ifgwglJ. nkY Knda fh Kjhid
y gFfis ifga mt kh efiu jiyefuhf ifgdh. J MKiwia fh uikjh. J
bfhL M brjh. T#uf gy d Ujd. xU thj JfSF f vwiHfgL ghJfhfgL
F#uhY, kwJ mtY M jd. tfhs kf vw ulhju mjJ tHfglJ. UD,
ghyfSlD, jfhz uhZouTlfSlD mtf mkf mwhl thif vj jiypL iy.
nghld. u#u dnyna uftfshd brsff brhJf VJ gKj bragliy. d, fh
M{ M jd. mtf jiywj mur fhdh UaiHfglh.
uAuh#. mt blia ifgdh. vdnt, nfh
KfkJ Kf gilbaLJ tjnghJ brsff UD, J muha fLghonyna bjhlJ
mtfis vbfhs ntoajhW. fhya kbwhU UjJ. nkah tikahd uAhu muR M brJ
Ka u#u d gukhuf. mtfsJ wj mur tjikah, Kfdh ahF jfsJ Mfij
ngh#. mtuJ nghbtfS gghL gf u#u gLjKoaiy. muha Jit ifgaij
tuyh wl bgWsd. bjhlJ, cldoahf K gilbaLf VJ eilbgwiy.
vD a gghL nkiy ehLf gutjF mJ t
bjhlj nghf fhuzkhf u#uf tFjJ. gy muha gaf JF tUif jd.
tikHjd. nkY, mtf bghJ vF vuhf xUnghJ mtf _ykhf a v Kiw InuhghF brwJ.
mtFJ fiy. mua bjhiynehF mtfl muhanguu xU gFahf J sajh, ah
fhzgliy. cgif nknyhUjikah, mtf K m bjhF btehLfSF ntfkhf guaJ.
gilbaLghsfSF vuhf xW nrJ nghl jtd.

176 177
f KfkJ gilbaLf
.. xgjh who Ko
mghJf muR ailjJ. JUa
Mahsf Rju muRfis VgL
bfhld. fh bgausnf Mf
brYdh. mjifa Mahsf
xUtjh fia jiyefuh bfhL
Mj myo. mLJ MF tj
mtuJ kUkf ro tlnkF tahf,
ahit ifgw Udh. b#aghyl
UJ bghtiu mt ifgdh. Mdh
f KfkJ
mtuJ gilbaLf oj isfis
VgLjiy. mLJ MF tjt KfkJ.
f KfkJ (.. 997 - 1030)
f KfkJ ahJ gndG Kiw gilbaLJ
tjh vd TwgLwJ. mfhy tl ah gy J
muRf MUjd. ah viyw, grh Kj
fh tiuyhd gF J rh muR UjJ. fndh{,
F#uh, fhZ, neghs, khst, gnlf nghwit
tlahUj Ka muRf. KfkJ bjhlf
gilbaLig J rh mur b#aghy vbfhlh. 1001
b#aghy Kaofglh. njhailj b#aghy FJ
ciu khJ bfhlh. mLJ MF tj mdjghy
KfkJit vJ nghlh. Mdh, 1008 M ML
bghtUF mUUj J rh mu jiyefuhd it
vw l eilbgw ngh mt njhW nghdh. ngh
mdjghyUF Mjuthf fndh{, uh#jh Mahsf
Ujd. it btF wF KfkJ grh bgU
gFia jkJ M bfhL tjh.
mjF KfkJ ah J nkbfhl gilbaLf
ah brt iwj efufis nfhfis jh
bfhisaogijna nehfkhf bfhoUjd. 1018 M ML
178
KfkJ kJuh efiu Niwahodh. fndh{ J jhFj
bjhLjh. fndhi# L Xoa mj mur uh{a ghy iu
wjh. bgUj bfhis bghUSl frh tahf KfkJ
U brwh. mtuJ mLj gilbaL F#uhF
vuhdjhF. 1024 M ML KjhUJ wgl KfkJ
uh#jdij flJ, nrhy mur Kjyh knjtid
Kaojh. mth NiwahlglJ. d,
nrhkehju ff Mya jhfglJ. Jghiytd
tahf, KfkJ ehL Udh. Jnt, mtuJ fil
gilbaLghF. .. 1030 M ML KfkJ wjh.
f KfkJ btW bfhisfhudhf Ufiy.
Hnf grh Kj nknf fha fl tiu, tlnf
rhkf Kj bjnf F#uh tiu guUj xU bgU
nguuir mt cUthUjh. fnguuR, ghuf,
ouhrhahdh, Mfhjh, grh Ma gFfis
cslajhf UjJ. jiyikgig, Xyhj
ciHig bfhoUj fhuzjh mtuh jifa
rhjidfis bra KojJ. KfkJit yh ehaf vW
ilfhy tuyhwhaf nghsd. fiy,
yaij mt Mjjh. mtuJ mitia myfj
mbgU ff jh-- vw ah ga iy
vGdh. KfkJ, Kjhid grhig ifgajh
ah mua iyik khwf Vgld.
JUafS, MfhafS ahJ bjhlJ
gilbaLf, vj neuY fif rkbttiu brY
thig KfkJ gilbaLf ttFjd. nkY, mtuJ
bjhlj gilbaLfdh, ah bghUshjhu tik
kj ts MwY t nghd. ah vfhy
muaYF J fhf KojJ. magilbaLghfSF
vuhf ah th muzhf wJ J rh murhF.
KfkJ mjid mjh. a viyw ghJfhgW
lglJ. f nguu grh MfhjhD l
bgUjjh mLJ tj K gilbaLghsf g
vjhW.
179
nfh KfkJ ulhtJ jbu ngh xU
bjthd Koit bfhLj nghuhF.
f muRF goUj nfhf, f KfkJ u#ufSF mJ khbgU njhia
kiwF wF Rjukiljd. f nguu F bfhLjJ. mtfsJ mua brthF
, KfkJ nfh vW miHfgl bkhR KfkJ fia rjJ. brsff muR
jkJ fLgho bfhL tjh. f jdJ ghJfhig gilbaLghs fhyo ljJ. thW
cWgLbfhl KfkJ nfh ahJ jdJ ah Kj K muR M{
ftdij brYdh. f KfkJitngh myhk, nfh WtglJ. ah xU a rfhj
ahit ifg mF nguuir gLj Udh. bjhlaJ. jbu ngh bgw khbgU
1175 M ML KfkJ nfh Kjhid ifgdh. mLj btia RkJ, KfkJ nfh fF uh{ brsfh
gilbaLnghJ J gF KGtij jkJ fLgho Udh. ah btbfhl
bfhL tjh. 1186 grhig jh FUkh vgtlUJ gFfis giljsg F Igtr L brwh. bl, u
grhig ifgdh. grhig mt izJ bfhljh nghw gFfis MuJ bfhl Ig jdJ iyia
ry{ e tiu mtuJ nguuR Hnf tiljJ. mLJ tYgL bfhlh. 1193 M ML nfh KfkJ mLj
brsff J ngh bjhLgjF J ttFjJ. gilbaL fhd Majfis brJ bfhLjh. gilbaL
fhjthyh mu Mahs b#aruDF vuhdjhF. KfkJ,
jbu ngh (1191 - 1192)
b#a ru gilfis jLbghoahdh. rjht nghUF
mrij vbfhoUj tlah J murf wF Kf fndh{ ehil ifgd. jbu nghU,
Uuh{ brsf jiyik xU Toizit VgLd. rjht nghU ah JUa M WtgLtjF
.. 1191 M ML eilbgw Kjyh jbu ngh Uuh{ ttFjd.
brsf KfkJ nfhia Kaojh. njhdh, KfkJ J muRf njhfhd fhuzf
nfh jkF jiyF Vgljhf fUdh. vdnt, jFj
gyo bfhLF nehfJl xU yrJ Ugjhu u J muRf njhfhd fhuzfis tuyhW ahf
bfhl bgUgilia uodh. mgill KfkJ nfh M brj ntL. mtfSilna xwikyhjnj
bght, Kjh tahf yhTiuailjh. jkJ nkyhikia njhF mogil fhuzkhF. gy mfshf mtf J
VW bfhSgo yha rkaF khLgo ljd. jfSilna nghL bfhoUj u#uf
Uuh#DF J mDdh. Mdh, j nfhifia Vf tikHJ fhzgld. ulhtjhf, gy J muRf
kWj Uuh{ brsf L gilbaLghsiu vbfhs ailJ bfhoUjd. mtfsJ uhQt Kiwf f
Ko brjh. _W yr Fiuf, _whu ahidf, gHikahdit. Kf gilfisl ju Fiwjit.
Vuhskhd fhyhgil ufis bfhl bgUgilia af ahidfisna bgJ eUjd. Mdh
uodh. gy J murfS, wurfS mtUl Kf iuthf bryToa Fiugilfis
izjd. 1192 M ML eilbgw ulhtJ jiu bfhoUjd. K uf wikY mik Y
ngh KfkJ nfh Uuh#id Wahf KaoJ, cathfnt fhzgld. mtfSUj rka cz, a
ifg bfhwh. brtJ bfhoUj Mir mtfSF bgUj crhf

180 181
mgjhf Ujd. Jfilna af vw xU
tFd kLnk nghL flikia bgUjd. nkY,
kh dhf
Jf vnghJ jfhfhfnt nghL tHfij I. rahd ilia nj brf.
bfhoUjd. J tik Fiwj iy btghlhF. 1. ulh jbu ngh eilbgw ML
m. 1190 M. 1191
fw milf
. 1192 <. 1292
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
2. jh-- vw Ma
1. tl ah u#u muRf ga tuyhW.
m. bjs M. guh
2. Jit muha ifgaJ mj isfS.
. KfkJ <. mbgU
3. ah f KfkJ gilbaLfhd
fhuzfS isfS. II. nfhol lij uf.
4. nfh KfkJ a gFfis ifgWj. 1. KfkJ fh gilbaLnghJ J mur
............
5. K gilbaLghsfSbfuhf J muRf
njhwjfhd fhuzf. 2. ah Kj K muR Wtgl l ..........
III. bghUJf.
1. T#u ufhuf m. fndh{
2. uh{aghy M. k
3. nrhyf . mnuh
4. jh <. mth
IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk
rahdJ.
m. mtfSilna xWikyhikna J muRf
njhfhd Ka fhuz.
M. KfSF vuhf af wikf
Fiugilfis bgUjd.
. K gilbaLfSF vuhf u#uf xWgL
wd.
<. f KfkJ jkJ a gFfis Ig tr xgiljh.

182 183
V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf. ghl - 16
1. nfhf bjhlf f Mahsfl
goUjh. bl Rjha
2. Kj jbu ngh Uuh{ brsf nfh KfkJit
Kaojh.
VI. W F tiuf (VnjD _W Ff) fw nehff
1. KfkJ fh j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
2. ulh jbu ngh 1. bl Rjha mua tuyhW
3. T#u uAhuf 2. moik tr - Ig, JZ, uah, ghg.
4. mbgU 3. f - myh rhjidf
VII. FWa il jUf. (100 thijf) 4. JsFf - KfkJ Js - mtuJ
eltoiff.
1. Jit muha ifgaj isfis kLf.
5. nuh Js M
2. u#u muRf fhd fhuzfis
btgLJf. 6. iraJfS nyhofS
3. K gilbaLfSF vuhf J muRf
njhailjikfhd fhuzfis Mf.
ahJ Kf ela gilbaLf
VIII. thd il jUf (200 thijf) isthf blRjha WtglJ. mJ .. 1206 Kj 1526
1. f KfkJ gilbaLfis bjhFJ vGJf. M MLtiu ojJ. IJ btntW trf- moik, ,
2. nfh KfkJ gilbaLfis Mf. Js, iraJ, nyho-bl Rjhaij M brjd. tl
ah KGtij ifganjhL fhk, mtf
jfhzY bjahY EiHjd. ah
mtfsJ M, r_f, M Jiw kW gghL
iyikf bgUj khwfis VgLd.
moik tr khY tr vW miHfgLwJ. khY
tr vw FM brhYF moik vW bghU. .. 1206 Kj
1290 M MLtiu moik tr bl MjJ.
fhy _W kuf VgLjgld. mit,
1. F Ig Wa F ku (1206 - 1211).

184 185
 2. JZ Wa Kj gh ku (1211 - 1266) mtiu Ftha jhjh gjY
3. ghg Wa ulhtJ gh ku (1266 - 1290). mkdh. 1211 JZ Mu gi
uoL Rjhdhf gjnawh.
F Ig (1206 - 1211) yhTUj jiyefiu mt blF
khdh. mtuJ M Kj gJ
nfh KfkJl moikahf Ujt F Ig. nfh
MLf jkJ maizia nghoahs
KfkJ mtiu a gFfSF MSeuhf ajh. blF
flUJ ghJfhJ bfhtnyna
mUYs uuj vw l Ig jdJ uhQt
fjJ. jil, knfhaf
iyaij mikJ bfhlh. nfh
jiytdhd brfh vW midtuhY
thehnyna Ig xU iyahd gilia FJdh
miHfgL bjK ka MahJ
uoanjhL, tl ah jkJ
gilbaLig bjhlUjh. mF
Mfij iygL bfhlh. 1206
Fthr Mahsuhd #yhY kfg vgtiu Kaojh.
M ML nfh wjl, Ig jdJ
J eia flJ ahF Xotj kfg
Rjuij mJ bfhlh. nfh
Jl fl nflh. knfhalUJ ahit
muRldhd midJ cwfis JoJ
F Ig fhghWtjfhf kfgF fl bfhLf JZ
bfhlh. thW, moik trF
kWjh. ey ntisahf, brfh ahF
bl RjhaF Ig monfhdh. Rjh vw
gilbaLJ tuhk U brwh. JZ ga
glij No bfhl mt yhTiu jiyefuhdh. mtuJ
wikahd knfha bfhifah, ah brfh
M ehF MLfns ojJ. K vGjhsf Igif
NiwF jaJ.
yh gZ vd miHwd. mtfSF jhuskhf bfhilfis
tHajh mthW miHfglh. Ar rh vw wj tfhs, fh J gilbaLj JZ mF jkJ
mPiu Ig Mjjh. N~Jw Fth#h F gah fLghil cWgL bfhlh. J,
vgt bga mt FJdhiu fl bjhldh. d Kjh gFfis bl RjhaJl
mJ JZ fhy fo KofglJ. 1210 M ML izjh. u#uf sfis
Fiu nghnyh isaho <LgoUjnghJ Ig jt GJ xLa mt, uhj, #hnyh, M{,
wjh. mLJ mtuJ kf Mu gZ M bghWngwh. Ftha nghw muRfis L
vL khjfSF wF JZ mtiu mfL bl ifgdh. khst gukhufSF
Rjhdhf gjnawh. vuhf mt nkbfhl gilbaL
gydfiy.
JZ (1211 - 1236)
JZ wj Mahs. 1229 M
gh Fyij nrjt JZ. vdnt mtuJ muR ML fhl UJ mDkguij
Fy gh Fy vdglJ. mtuJ xWl rnfhjufsh brfh bgW mt ah rl Kiwahd
Igl moikahf fglt JZ. Ig jkJ kfis Mahsuhdh. d jkJ thrhf uah vw jdJ kfis
mtUF Ukz brJitJ kUkfdh bfhlh. d, mt ajh. bl RjhaF gugiu thR Kiwia
thW JZ bjhl itjh. mtuJ M fhy
186 187
ahF tj mPfis uah ehgk FG vGF ttFjJ.
N~ Jwfis JZ mLj MW MLf gu kW kN UtU blia
Mjjh. A{-c-uh{, Mld. RjhfSF caFodUFilna rf
jh#&, rh c K KfkJ njhd. 1246 ghg J isa kfdhd eU
b#d, kh F Ar, gU KfkJit Rjhdhf ajh.
K <rh nghnwh mtuJ fhy J bt
jhfh ehza ghgdJ Mfhy (1246 - 1287)
thJ mtuJ mitia myfj
mPf. ah f caj folkhd (238 mo) cYfh vwiHfgl ghg Rjh eU
FJdhiu foKoj mt M{ mHa kN xiw KfkJ eha myJ muruahf braglh. jdJ kfis
fodh. ah muha ehza Kiwia mKfgLat RjhDF kzKoJ bfhLJ mtuJ tikia bgU
JZ. 175 uh vilbfhl bt jhfh vw mtuJ bfhlh. MJiwia ghg jkJ fLgho
ehza ilfhy ah KGtJ VfglJ. jfhya itUjh. UD murit mtUF gyj v
%ghF mtuJ bt ehzank mogil vW Twyh. tik UjJ. mtiw mt rhkakhf Kaojh. 1266 eU
thj ehgJ gil jiytf bfhl ehgkFG xiw KfkJ thR VJ wJlnt ghg maiznadh.
JZ cUthdh.
mur uahf bragl mDgt ghgDF bl
uah (1236 - 1240) Rjha uidfis Jbfhs VJthW. ehgk
FGUj caFodnu jkF vf vgij mt
JZ jdJ j uahit maizF thrhf czUjh. Rjh mfhuij, kig TLtj
aUjh. Mdh bl fh kW th UtU _ynk uirfSF fhz Ko vd mt edh. ghgdJ
UDJ nuh vgtiu maiz mkd. Kjh fUJgo mur iwtdJ H nghwt, iwtdh F
eilbgw fyfij xLFtjF UD brwh. mD itfglt. vdnt, ghg ukhd murit
mjUzij gagL bfhl uah bl mf eilKiwfis mKfgLdh. Rjh K koL tz
MjunthL maizia ifg bfhlh. ma fhiybjhL KjLj vw tHfij gw brjh.
moikahd ahT vgtiu Fiu gil jiytdhf jdh, ca Fodiul Rjh cajt vgJ
ajh. MQil jJ murit uah mkjh. czjglJ. jdJ brtij tikia caFodUF
ntilF brtJ, gilelJtJ cl brafY uah kfSF vLJfhL j enuh vw ghuf
<Lglh. jid fL JUa caFod btFld. 1240 UHhit Mlgukhf mt bfhlhodh. JUa
M ML mah vw golh MSe uahbfuhf caFod ey ehLgtuhf mt fjh. w caFodUl
sLglh. uah jhnd gilel brW sia mfhuij gJ bfhs jahuhf iy. a KfSF
eRf Kglh. Mdh, mah ahTij bfhW uahit murhf Ka gjfis mt tHfiy. caFod
iwgLdh. jil JUa caFod J eltoiffis ffhgjF xwfis ghg ajh.
kbwhU kfdhd gu vgtiu maiz mkd.
iwUj uah mah mig bgW mtuJ JUa caFod l bgUj ehgk FGit
JiznahL bl neh brwh. Mdh, uah xf mt Kobrjh. jdF gojtfis kL
njhfofgL bfhyglh.
188 189
LL wiu xJ fodh. gJth khfhz MSeuhd kd giljt. ghg kUkfdhd kh r{#& vgtiu
kh gg vgtiu mtuJ gahsfis JWdh vw fhuh MSeuhf bjhlJ Uf mt mDkjh. mtuJ
fhuzfhf bghJ l itJ rfo bfhLjh. jhuskdij r{#& jtwhf J bfhlh. r{#& fyf
mnah MSeuhd nAgfh FonghijUjtid wanghJ, fyfij xLa #yhY mtiu kf
bfhwh vw fhuzJfhf jojh. golh MSe brjh. jff ehil bfhisaoJ tjd. mtfis
bfh itJ bfhyglh. ghg jdJ muir ifga Rjh vrJ, kJ, Ljiy brjh. 1292 kh
gLJtjF g rl xGif iyehLtnyna mf r{#& ulh Kiwahf sLglnghJ mtiu L,
ftd brYdh. th m vw uhQt Jiwia VgL jdJ kUkf myh ia fhuh MSeuhf ajh.
uhQt thfij uikjh. nktho vw bfhisafsh 1296 myh njtJ gilbaLJ Vuhskhd
bl wef gFf mofo Niwahlgld. ghg brtJl fhuh Udh. mnghJ mtUF mfgl
mtfSbfuhf fL eltoif vLJ bfhisfis tunt fyJ bfhl khkdhU RjhDkhd #yhY ia
jLjh. bfhisaf <uf bfhygld. jdh rbrJ bfhWL myh bl maiza
gaz brnthUF rhiyf ghJfhfjhf fjd. ifgdh.
1279 M ML tfhs MSe Jfh ghgDF myh (1296 - 1316)
vuhf s <Lglh. ms xLfgL mtuJ jiy
JofglJ. tlnkF ah knfhaf L blF tj myh jik
gilbaLJ tjd. ghg jdJ kf stru KfkJ btWj caFodUF, bl
jiyikyhd gilfis knfhaUbfuhf mD itjh. mfSF Vuhskhd brtij th
Mdh, KfkJ ngh bfhyglh. f ghgDF bfhLJ mtfis jgf rhJ
Jauij bfhLjJ. 1287 ghg wjh. bl bfhlh. va vghsfis fLikahf
Rjha vGF ghg Ma gF kfjhdJ. jojh. caFod eltoiffis
Koah tikia mt bgUdh. UD knfha xGF gLJtjF mt Kiwfis
gilbaLfUJ ahit mtuh KGikahf fhghw tFjh. mtflUj mstw brt,
Koaiy. caFodUilna fhzgL kz
cwf, wikaw xwKiw, kJ mUJj myh
ghg kiwjl mtuJ nguf xUtuhd ifFgh nghwitna sfSF mogil
bl Rjhdhf afglh. mtdJ ehF tUlfhy fhuzf vW myh fUdh. vdnt, mt ehF
wikaw MF 1290 M ML bl maizia mtru Mizfis wjh. caFod brhJf gKj
#yhY ifgdh. bragld. xwKiwia brikahf uikjh. ca Fod
tr (1290 - 1320) ufa eltoiff midJ cldoahf Rjh ftdF
tUgo brjh. kJ gid, nghij kUJ jil bragld.
ah K nguuR mj crflij bjhlJ Rjh mDk HhfS nfiffS elJtjF
f M fhyjh. trij Wat jilfgld. jifa fL eltoiffdh mtuJ M
#yhY . MF tjnghJ mtUF taJ vGgJ. fUiz fhy sf jfgld.

190 191
 myh Ujf

myh iyahd bgUgilia itUjh.

gilufSF Ca muR fUyUJ gzkhf
brYjglJ. bgZlh TWgo myh 4,75,000
myh Fiu ufis g mkUjh. FiufSF jh
nguuR vdgL NLnghL Kiwia mt mKfgLdh. A&ah
fh
vw gil uf goaY jahfglJ. mfgr wikia
bght
cWgLJ bghUL, uhQt mik mtnghJ
UaikfglJ.
Kjh gil ufSF Ca gzkhf mfgljh
bghUf iyfis xGFgLj ntoajhW. jdh
bl mnah mfho Ujfis myh nkbfhlh. bl
mt ehF jj mfhofis Wdh - 1. jhaf
f 2. Jkf, rfiu, cyj gHf, vbz tiff
uahif
tfhs 3. Fiuf, moikf, ML khLf 4. gyjkhd bghUf.
mthuh
xbthU mfho rAhdh--ko vw ca mfh
fLgho braglJ. jhaf jFjil ilF
j muR jha lFf ngha U itfglJ.
bjsyjhgh midJ tif bghUfSF iy za brJ mf
thuf btlgld. mjbfd th ahr vw jJiw xW
mu fl VgLjglJ. eha--ahr vw mfh mJiw
tfhs Flh
braglJ. xbthU tfU mJiw g
brUfntL. j mfhof bragL j g RjhDF
ufa miffis mDtjF Kahf vw ufa
Jthu rKu Kftf Ujd. gntW bghUf iy kW vilia
rghgjF Rjh jdJ moik Wtfis mfhofSF
mD bghUfis thtu brtJ tHf. mfho
kJiu Kiwfis gwhjtfSF fLikahd jlidf
tHfgld. filfhu mf iyF whnyh, vil Fiwthf
a bgUfl Ujhnyh fLikahd jlid fglJ. gr fhyfTl
xnu iy vgJ cW braglJ. bl eilKiwUj
mfho Kiwf khfhz jiyefufY, w efufY
eilKiwgLjgljh vW bjaiy.

192 193
 mfho Ujf ju ytUth thfY
myh ftd brYdh. y msitF VghL brj
KjyhtJ bl Rjh mtnu. bgU yRthjhfS yt
brYJtUJ jg Koaiy. gilufSF Ca tHf
trahf, yt bgUghY gzkhfnt tNfglJ.
tUfhy bh, mg nghnwh nkbfhl ytUth
UjfSF mt Kndhoahf fjh.
gilbaLf
knfhaUbfuhf myh MWKiw gilfis
mD itjh. Mdh, _whtJ gilbaLnghJ
knfha jiyt Fth#h bltiu Knddh. UD
jiyefUF EiHahk jLfglh.
mLj gilbaLf _Y knfhaf
Mu fz bfhygld. tlnkF
viyw nfhilf flgld. mF
ghJfhfhd gilf W itfgld.
F#uh, nkth, jfhz Mat
J myh nkbfhl gilbaL
f Fljfit. 1299 Eufh,
cYfh Utiu F#uhij ifgWgo
mDitjh. kdU mtuJ kfS
jl nghY, mu kL ifJ uh g
bragL blF mD itfglh.
F#uh gilbaLnghJjh fh vw m ifgwgL
blF bfhL bryglh. mtDF kh eha gj
tHfglJ. 1301 myh uhjUF vuhf ngh
bjhLjh. _W khj KWifF mJ jJ. u#u
bgf #A vw tHfgo FJ khld.
myh mLj yF . uh#jh tikahd muR
mJ. uh#h ujF mtdJ ufS uJl nghld.
Mdh mogjd. uh g cl u#u kf
Fjd. g fijia gkht vw b#a mHfhf
ssh.
194
myh jfhz
gilbaL bja btfS
Fljfit. bj ehF Ka
muRf Ujd. njt ahjtf,
thuf fhfaf, Jthu rKu
nAhrsf kW kJiu ghoaf.
njt mur uhkru njtUF vuhf
kh fhiu myh mD miy jthrh
itjh. mogj mehL mur
Vuhskhd brtij iwahf brYdh. 1309 kh fh
thufJ gilbaLjh. mj mur ujhg Uunjt
Kaofglh. Vuhskhd brt ifgwglJ. kh fh
mLj yF Jthu rKu mur _wh utyhs. mtD
njhfofgL bgUj brt ifgwgL blF mD
itfglJ. kh fh d kJiuJ gilbaLjh. jiyef
kJiuiaL ughoa jnahodh. fh bgU brtij
ifg vLJ bfhL bl Udh.
1316 myh wjh. mt vGjyhjtuhf
Uj nghY, m FU, m Ahr nghw fPfis
Mjjh. a jiyef kW fthj EiHthyhd
miy jthrh vw folij mt fodh. myh
ia bjhlJ Kghu h, FUh UtU MF
tjd. g MSeuhd fh kh, FUhit
bfhWL 1320 ahR Js vw glJl bl
maiznadh.
Js tr (1320 - 1414)
ahR Js trij Wat. mt jdJ kf
dhfh vgtiu thufYbfuhf gill mD
itjh. ujhgUuid KaoJ bgU bghUSl dhfh
ehL Ual jdJ jijia r brJ bfhWL 1325
M ML KfkJ Js vw glJl maiznadh.
ahR jdJ M fhy blF mU Jsfhgh
efUF monfhdh.
195
KfkJ Js (1325 - 1351)
ilfhy a tuyh jwghd Fz
bfhltuhf KfkJ Js sdh. mtuJ nguthf
lfS a gnrhjidfS bgU njhailjd.
Vbd mit mfhyF xthUjd. rka tfhuf
r jiklndna mt elJ bfhlh. vJ, dh, <uh
nghw bjhiyu ehLfSl mt mua cwfis
itUjh. gntW ey gaF jhus Ujfis mt
mKfgLdh. Mdh, mtuJ midJ UjfS
njhnyna Kojd. mtuJ rkfhy vGjhsfshd <rh,
guh, g gjh nghwtfTl Js MSik FJ
bjthf Fliy. Mdh, wj ya, rka kW
jJt f nff nj bgUj xnu bl Rjh
KfkJ Js.
jiyef khw
KfkJ Js, njtia jdJ ulhtJ jiyefuhf
Udh. bjahJ fLghil cWgLJtnj mtuJ
nehf. 1327 M ML mjfhd thd VghLfis
nkbfhlh. murit, cnykhf, N~Jwf blUJ
l bgatjF Majf nkbfhsgld. njtF,
bjsyjhgh vW bgalglJ. a jiyefUF bry
kWjtfJ Rjh fLikahd eltoiffis vLjh.
jdh, bl kf bgU JgfSfshd. U
lfSF ilgl u 1500 nyh lfshF. nfhil
fhy nkbfhl fLikahd gaz gyiu g bfhlJ.
uL MLfSFwF Rjh bjsyhjhghij ifL,
L midtiu blF
UkhW gjh.
milahs ehza
MLf KfkJ
1329 - 30
Js milahs ehzaij KfkJ Js
br ehzaf
196
mKfgLdh. gdhfh who cyf KGtJ
btF jLghL VglJ. milahs ehza vgJ ajy.
Vfdnt dh Fshfh fhj gzij btoUjh.
mnj Kiwjh, Js bt jhfh ehzafSF g
br ehzafis btlh. Mdh, ngh ehzafis
jilbra mt eltoif vLfiy. bghbfhyf bgUj
ms ngh ehzafis cg brjd. jdh,
mfhof a ehzafis thf kWjd. Wahf, KfkJ
Js milahs ehza btLtij WL, br
ehzafis bt ehzafshf muR fUy kh
bfhsyh vd mjh. jdh fUy fhahW.
guh TWgo Jsfhgh bjUf br ehzaf
Fa Fayhf fhzgld.
njh M gF t
Rjh eilKiwgLa uL lfS
gLnjhailjd. mtuJ bfsut ghfglnjhL,
fY VglJ. vdnt, KfkJ Js njhM gF
Foahdtf ytia cadh. (njh M vgJ fif -
aKid efSF ilgl ygFahF). mnghJ, bfhoa
grK mgF jiy jhoaJ. vdnt, t Rikia
jhfkhlhj Foahdtf yfis LL Xl
bjhldhf. Mdh KfkJ Js mtfis ifg
fLikahf jojh. fytu xLfglJ.
ntsh Ujf
thuz eltoif tHFtJ, ntshikia
KndWtJnk uidF thf Uf Ko vgij Rjh
jhkjkhfnt czjh. Foahdtf ijf thf
ntshikia bgUf jfh flf tHF lij
Rjh mjh. th nfh vw ntshJiw xiw
mt VgLdh. vGgJ yr %gh muR bry 64 rJu ik
gu kh giz xiw mt cUthdh. l
nuh Js fhy nkY gLjglJ.
197
sf
KfkJ Js M gF caFodU
khfhz MSefS gntW lf sf <Lgld.
kJiu Ar h s brJ Rju kJiu Rjhaij
Wdh. 1336 #aefu nguuR njhWfglJ. 1347
gh muR WtglJ. mnah, Kjh, J Mat
MSefS sf <Lgld. F#uh j
nkbfhoUj sia mlf brw KfkJ Js
_W MLf mtid uLt brytjh. jdh,
nehthgl mt 1351 wjh. kflUJ RjhD,
RjhlUJ kfS Ljiy bgwjhf gbjs
FLsh. guh vw vGjhs mtiu Kuf bkhj
fyit vW kLsh. bl Rjha mtuJ M
fhyUJ ma bjhlaJ.
nuh Js (1351 - 1388)
1351 KfkJ Js kiwj nuh Jsif
caFod bl Rjhdhf mku itjd. bjYF uhkz
Kkhd fh--#Ah kgh vgtiu th (Kjyikr)
gjF nuh Js ajh. mtuJ Mnyhridgo Rjh
M el Rjha bgUikia ghJfhjh.
gilbaLf
bl Rjha jlhk fhghWtnj nuh
Js jiyaha flikahf UjJ. jfhzY bj
ahY Rjhaij gLJtijl, tlah mj
Mfij iyWjnt Kajh. tfhsbfuhf mt
nkbfhl uL gilbaLfS bt Koaiy. bl
Rjha oUJ tfhs eGaJ. #{ef (jfhy
xrh) J gilbaLJ brw nuh h bgU brtJl
Udh. ehf nfhJ gilbaLJ mj Mahsiu iw
brYJgo brjh. mgilbaLnghJ #htyK Mya
yfUj 1300 tlbkh Rtofis bfhL tjh. mtiw
198
ghuf bkh bkh bgaf brjh. d, J
gFUj jlh vw l eilbgw sia xLdh.
M Jiw Ujf
nuh Js M gntW M Jiw
Ujf nkbfhsgld. M elJt cnykhf
Mnyhridgo elJ bfhlh. caFodiu Mjj mt,
mtf jfsJ brhJfis gugiu thRfSF tHf
mDkjh. jh Kiw L bfhL tuglJ.
thRfSF mit brWnru ttFfglJ. yha
rlgo mt tfis jh.
K myhjtfJ ah t flha fglJ.
ghrd t j Kj Rjh mtnu. mnjrka
ghrdJfhf gy fhthfis zWfis mikJ
bfhLjh. ry{Kj Ah tiu 200 nyhl sF
mikfgl fhthna mt f skhdjhF. aKdh Kj
[h tiu kbwhU fhth btlglJ. bl mij
RUj Rkh 1200 gHnjhlfUJ muRF ey
tUth iljJ. yha rl l iy vgjh 28
bghUfJ fgoUj w tfis Rjh uJ
brjh. ffhdhf vwiHfgl mukidF
njitahd bghUfis cg br bjhrhiyfis mt
VgLdh. mt Mufzfhd moikf ntiy
brjd. mtuJ M fhy KWF nkgl efuf
Wtgld. bl brnfhilF mUnf mikfgl
nuhrhgh efu f fJ. mJ jfhy nuh h nfhyh
vdgLwJ. kh kN, FJdh nghw giHa dfis
mt brglh.
mdhijf kW ifbgf eyDfhf th ifu
vw a Jiw xW cUthfglJ. ytr kUJtkidfS,
ViH KfSF Ukz Mnyhrid ikafS
VgLjgld. guh, m nghw mPfis nuh Js
Mjjh. cnyhkhf ngir kJ elj mt ah
199
Kfis, N~ Jwfis rka r jikl
elj jtdh. Jfis ulh ju Fokfshfnt fU
ah tia flhakhdh.
jko mt tUfhy fj nyho, muf
MnahUF tfhoahf fjh. njhfofgl ufis
moikfshajh, mtuJ MnghJ moikf
vif xU yrJ vgjhuij jhoaJ. 1388
nuh wjnghJ, RjhDF caFodUFilyhd
rf L jiybaLjd. nuh Js cUtha
moikf sia mtUF tj Mahsf
vbfhs ntoajhW.
mLj y MLf bl Rjha ijjJ. khst,
F#uh nghw khfhzf Ljiyia mJ bfhld. 1398
M ML eilbgw ij_ gilbaL iyikia nkY
nkhrkhaJ. blF ij_ EiHjnghJ vgjF
vtUiy. _W ehf blia Niwahoa ij_
Mufzfhd kfis bfhW Vuhskhd brtij
bfhislh. 1399 mt ahit lfwh. ij_
gilbaL Js tr MF ngoahf mikjJ.
iraJf (1414 - 1451)
ij_ ahit L brYK, fh vgtiu
Kjh MSeuhf aUjh. 1414 fh blia
ifg iraJ kuig njhWjh. bl Rjhaij L
iygLj mt Kawh. Mdh Koaiy. 1421 mt
kiwj mtuJ jt Kghu h MF tjh. mLJ
MF tj KfkJ h jkbfuhd rfis Kaognyna
fhy fjh. mikr gY nyho Mia ojh.
nyhof (1451 - 1526)
iraJfis mLJ MF tj nyhof Mfhaf.
bl Kj Mfha Mahs gY nyho. mtUF
K M brj midtU JUaf. 1489 mt kiwj
mtuJ kf fj nyho MF tjh.
200
nyho Mahsf _t fj nyhona (1489 - 1517)
fft. fh KGtij mt jkJ fLgho
bfhLtjh. gy u#u jiytfS mtuh Kaof
gld. tfhsij jh mj Mahsiu moga brjh.
grh Kj fh tiu jkJ muir fj nyho gLdh.
mt wj MahsUTl. rhiyf gy mikfgld. ghrd
trf nkgLjgld. jifa eFzf thj mt xU
rka btauhf Ujh. JfJ gntW fLghLfis
jh. UD, nyho Rjhf tik mfhuK bgW
fjt mtnu.
fj nyhoF wF MF tj mtuJ _j kf
uh nyho Mztft. muritnyna caFodiu mt
mtkjh. fyf brjtf bfhygld. mtuJ wgh
myh fyf <Lglh. grh MSeuhf Uj
bjsyfh nyho uh nyhoah mtkfglh. kd
btWj bjsyfh nyho ahJ gilbaLJ tUgo ghgUF
miH Ljh. blF vuhf gilbaLJ tj ghg 1526 M
ML ghgL ngh uh nyhoia KaoJ bfhwh.
Mfhaf muR vGg IJ MLfns ojJ.
fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
1. 1206Kj 1526 tiu bl Rjha mua
tuyhW.
2. moik tr Rjhf - Ig, JZ, uah,
ghg - mtfsJ rhjidf.
3. ku - myh ngh btfS,
UjfS.
4. Js ku - KfkJ Js rhjidf
MJiw eltoiff.
5. nuh JsF mtuJ M.
6. iraJf, nyhof, bl Rjha M.
201
 kh dhf IV. rahd brhbwhliu bj brf. xW kLnk
rahdJ.
I. rahd ilia nj brf. m. myh th--nfh vw ntsh Jiwia
1. jhfh vw muha ehza Kiwia ah Wdh.
mKfgLat M. miy jthrh EiHthiy foat KfkJ Js.
m. myh M. JZ . mdhijfSF ifbgfSF Mjutf thfu
. KfkJ Js <. nuh Js vw a Jiwia nuh Js VgLdh.
2. myh fhy bja gilbaLF <. ca Fodiu, kfis tfgjfhf
jsgahf Ujt ghufUHhthd besu UHhit JZ
m. myh M. F Ig mKfgLdh.

. kh fh <. #yhY V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

II. nfhol lfis uf. 1. tfhs MSe Jfh ghgDF vuhf s

<Lglh.
1. uhkru njt ............ Mahs.
2. m FU nghw ytfis nuh Js Mjjh.
2. gkht vw Ma ...........
3. ghgiu ahJ gilbaLFgo bjsyfh nyho
3. #htyK Mya yfUJ tlbkh Rtofis miH Ljh.
vLJ brwt ..........
VI. W F vGJf. (VnjD _W Ff)
4. bl Rjhad fil Mahs ..........
1. uah
III. bghUJf.
2. ehgk FG
1. KfkJ Js m. mur gj Fj fUJ
3. milahs ehza
2. myh M. Ar rh
4. iraJ fh
3. ghg . mfho Ujf
5. nyhof
4. F Ig <. milahs ehza
VII. FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)
1. F Ig rhjidfis kLf.
2. myh mfho Ujfis Mf.
3. kh fh bja gilbaL g F vGJf.

202 203
VIII. thd il jUf. (200 thijf) ghl - 17
1. J rhjidf g xU kL jUf.
bl Rjha ah
2. ghg M kW mur gj Fj mtuJ fUij Mf.
3. KfkJ Js MSikia kLf.
4. nuh Js Ujf g fLiu tiuf.
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
1. bl Rjha MKiw
2. bl Rjha bghUshjhu
3. r_f thif
4. fiy, fol fiy
5. ya ts

bl Rjha WtgL, eF tiljnghJ

tik, wik f M Kiw tsu bjhlaJ. bl
Rjha mj cr fl UjnghJ mj Mf
bjnf kJiu tiu UjJ. bl Rjha ailj
wFTl, mj M Kiw TWf uha muRfY. d
Kfyha M KiwY fhzgld.
yha rkaij mogilahf bfhl xU yha
murhf bl Rjha saJ. bl Rjhf jfis
fhf ufshf fU bfhld. Fgh vw tghL
rlnghJ, ehzafY fh bga l bgwJ.
ghg jik fl H vW T bfhlhY,
ehzaf fh bgaiu bghf jtwiy. JZ,
KfkJ Js, nuh Js Mnah fhlUJ
mDk fojfis bgwd.
M Kiw Rjh gj f KaJt thjJ.
uhQt, rl kW mua eltoiff mtnu W

204 205
Kofis vLjh. mfhy bjthd thRik Kiw rl myJ hah gwglJ. JfSF mtfsJ
fhzgliy. midJ MkfS maizF j rl tHUjJ. mtfsJ tHFfis bgUghY uhk
nghold. J Z jdJ jtfis LL kf grhaJfns J itjd. d rlfis
uahit jdJ thrhf ajh. Mdh, thRfS, bghWjtiu, mtnghJ Rjhf btL MizfS,
thRfhd adfS caFod xjiy bgw KiwfS rlfshf gwgld. th h vgJ
ntoUjJ. maizF thRfis ag y rkaf nghFtuJ Jiw. MahsUF mfhfSF
cnykhfS Ka gF tjd. UD, uhQt tikna, ilyhd foj nghFtuJfis mJ ftJ tjJ.
thRik nghonghJ Ka fhuahf UjJ. csh thf
ka murhf
bl Rjha khfhzf jhf vdgld.
M Jiw RjhDF cjahf gntW JiwfS bjhlf mit caFod fLgho Ujd. Mdh,
mfhfS Ujd. eha vw gj Fj khfhz MSef Kf myJ th vW miHfgld.
mfhuKsjhF. Rjhid nghy midJ mfhufis rl, xGif guhkgJ, yt tNgJ mtfsJ Ka
bgW sa eha midJ Jiwfis jkJ bghJthd gahF. khfhzf xbthW jh vw
fLgho itUjh. mtUF mLj iy th khtlfshf, jh xbthW gy gfhdhfshf
rhu vw JiwF bghWghd th vw mfh fgoUjd. jh Mahs vdglh. gfhdh
Ujh. xbthY gy uhkf Ujd. uhk jiyt m.
uhQt Jiw th m vd miHfglJ. m-- M mogil myF uhk. uhk fzf gth
Kkh vw mfh mj jiyt. gilufis nrgJ, vgtuhth.
uhQtJiwia tgJ mtuJ bghWghF. mt gil bghUshjhu
jsg my vgij FlntL. Rjhnd gilF jsg
Mth. ghg M fhyjh gilJiw cUthfglJ. ah jfsJ Mia xUizj wF, bl
gil vif _W yrij jhoa myh Rjhf y tUth thf Ujfis bfhL
M fhy mJiw nkY gLjglJ. FiufSF tjd. yf _W tiffshf fgld.
NLnghL Kiwia, ufSfhd Caij gzkhf tHF 1. jh - mfhfSF CaF gyhf mfgl
Kiwia myh mKfgLdh. bl khaf.
Rjha Fiu gilF KaJt mfglJ.
2. fhrh - Rjh neuo thf Uj yf.
th rhy vgJ rka tfhuf Jiw. mj jiyt mUJ bgwgl tUth murit brydfSF
rj vw mfh. kNf, fyiwf kW kjurhf gagLjglJ.
fLtjF, guhkgjF mj Jiw khafis tHaJ.
3. dh - rka jiytfSF - rka WtdfSF
Jiw jiytuhf jiyik fh Ujh. Rjha
tHfgl yf.
gntW gFfY fhf myJ gf af
goUjd. cika Fj tHFf yha j eg

206 207
 bghJthf isr _ xU gif Foahdtf Rjh kW mtuJ FLgF njitahd bghUf
tahf brYd. y rka isr rghTl murUF brhjkhd ffhdhf (bjhrhiyf) cg
tNfglJ. ntW gy tfis mtf fl ntoUj bragld. jf, btahyhd iyaj bghUfS jf
jh tWik iwj thifiana mtf thH ntoajhW. MguzfS mF cgahd. Rjhfis g
mofo njha grfsh mtfsJ iyik nkY caFodU Mlgu th <Lgld. mtfSF mf
nkhrkiljJ. UD, KfkJ Js, nuh Js Ca tHfgljh, brtij Vuhskhf nrjd.
nghw Rjhf ghrd trfis brJ bfhLJ jfh bl Rjha M fhy ehza Kiw eF
flfis tH ntsh cgia bgUf Kajd. ts bgwJ. JZ gytifahd bt jhfhfis
ghF g nfhJik nghw cajuf gfis gLgo btlh. f fhy xU bt jhfh vgJ 48
mtf Foahdtfis CFjd. nuh njhl gfis lhfis bfhljhF. Js M fhy mJ 50
CFjh. KfkJ Js, th nfh vW jahf xU lhfshf UjJ. myh bja
ntsh Jiwia VgLdh. gilbaLF wF, dh vdgL jf ehzaf fbgW
Rjhaf fhy efu kakhf nkY NLojJ. sd. br ehzaf f Fiwthf, njf
Vuhskhd bgUefufS, efufS tsailjd. yhT, fhzgLwd. KfkJ Js milahs ehza Kiwia
Kjh, nuh, mthuh, ybds, bjsyjhgh, bl, gnrhjnjhL jf, bt ehzafis btlh. mit
#h vgit mt Fljfit. iH cy bl vL btntW jfrhiyf thfgld. FiwjJ 25
fbga efukhf saJ. mfhya thf ts g tifgl jf ehzaf mtuh btlgld.
rkfhy vGjhsf tJsd. ghuf tisFlh gF, r_f thif
nkF Mah, bjHF Ma ehLf nghwtWF Vuhskhd
bghUf VWk bragld. Kjhf kW Mfha bl Rjha fhy J rKjha mik xUy
Kf flflj thfij fLgLd. F#uh khWjf fhzgld. rKjha uhkzf caj l
khthfS, K nghuh tffS cehL thg tj gugiu #hKiw tHfUjJ. kf moikfshfnt
wJ sd. rhiyf mikfgL eF guhkfgljh eljgld. r tHfK eilKiwUjJ. ca tf
nghFtuJ br bjhl vikahf Ujd. Fghf, mur bgfilna gjh vw Kfiu m tHfK,
bgUtf ey Kiw Ujd. bgUt jlf gaf jUF tHfK fhzglJ. ah muhaU,
isghWtjfhf Mfhnf jF LfS JUaU gjh Kiwia mKfgLd. d,
mikfgoUjd. tlah ca#h J bgfilna mtHf guaJ.
mfhy gU kW gL Jf cg ts Rjha fhy rKjha gntW dfshf J
bgwJ. gL G ts ah mKfgLjgljh w ljJ. JUa, <uha, Mff, a Kf jj
ehLfUJ frhgL wFk brtJ FiwjJ. fhj jgl milahsfis jfitJ bfhld. mtfS
cg tsjJ. 14 kW 15 whLfUnj fhj ilna fy kz eilKiw iy. rhUJ
bgUks gagLjglJ. njh bghUf, cnyhf bghUf, Kfshf khatf rk mjJl eljgliy.
fgs f nghw w bjhfS eF tsailjd. K caFodUF mfgl ca gjf J

208 209
caFodUF kWfgld. Jf f myJ tisfS FkhlfS fyJ flgl fol
ghJfhfgl Fof vd fUjgld. mtf ah tia mikfis JsFf cUthd. iy FiwthdJ vjhf
flha brYj ntoUjJ. bjhlf ytl nrJ ilf ToaJkhd rhg y ghiw ffis mtf
ah t tNfglJ. nuh Js mij jahf J, gagLd. ahR Js fhy Jsfhgh mukid
#ah tia jahf tNf eltoif vLjh. y rkaf tshf, mjD mikJs mHa V Mad mikfgld.
uhkzfSF ah tUJ yF mfglJ. caj nkilJ ahR fyiwia KfkJ Js
fiy, folfiy mikjh. blYs nfhyh nfhil nuh Js
gilghF. nyhof fol fiyF vLJ fhlhf
bl Rjha fiy, folfiy, a blYs nyho njhlfis Twyh.
ghUJ khWgoUjJ. ir
tisf, Fkhlf, caj
nfhuf myJ dhuLf rhu, ugh nghw a ir fUf mfhy
muha vGJfshyhd myfhu mKfgLjgld. nfhuh, rhd nghw gy a uhffis
totikf nghwtiw m FU mKf brjh. J kW <uha Kiwfis
JUaf mKfgLd. xizJ Fth vw a tif bkirfis mt
a f wikfis cUthdh. jh ir fU mtuJ fLong vW
mtf eF gagL TWt. nuh Js M fhy uhfjg vw a
Fth c yh kN
bfhld. f, kr ir ghuf bkh bkh bgafglJ. nghj
wfshyhd gF ffis, kzghiwfis gagL vw N~Jw mfhya ff irnkijf xUt.
folfis mtf gy tzf mikjd. Fthaiu nrj uh#h k wj ira. k
bjhlf nfhfis w folfis cilJ fJf vw ir bjhFfgLtjF mt bgU
mtiw kNfshf khaikjd. vLJfhllhf, bl Cfkjh.
FJdhUF mUYs Fth c yh kN gntW J ya
kW rkz nfhfis mJ mj bghUfis bfhL
flgljhF. Mdh, d a folfis mtf bl Rjhf f, yaij
fl bjhld. g_wh whil nrj f ngh tsjd. mtf gy muha
uhkhlkhd fol FJdh. mJ Igfh bjhlfgL, kW ghuf bkhfis negtfshf
Jh fo KofglJ. vGgbahU l cauKs Ujd. ghufUJ gy mPf
mj nfhu N~ Jw F gah fh vgtuJ ahF tjd. Mahsf ghuf
idthf vGgglJ. folUJ rW btna lgLs bkhia bgJ CFjd. rkaa,
ghitahs khlf mfhy fol fiy wF rhwhf fij ju tuyhW vGtij mtf bgJ
fwd. d, FJdhUF myh miy jthrh Mjjd. xUy Rjhf murit
vw EiHthiy mikjh. mj Fkhl ma tkhf tuyhW mPfS l bgUjd.
cUthfgLsJ. Ar rh, A{-c-uh{, ah m FU

210 211
guh, A-uh{ m Mnah mfhya ff tuyhW
fw milf
mPf. Js tr tuyhiw guh, jh nuh h
vw bga vGdh. 1260 ML tiuyhd K mur j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
Fyf tuyhiw jghf--erh vw bga A{-c- 1. bl Rjha ka, khfhz M Kiwf.
uh{ vGdh.
2. bl Rjha M kf bghUshjhu
mFU mfhy thj wj ghuf mP. thif.
Vuhskhd ghlfis vGs mt, gntW fij totfis
gnrhJ, rgh-- vw a ghyhd ghuf 3. r_f iy a rKjha K M
fij totij cUthdh. y ghlfis mt jhfK.
vGsh. m FU myh btfis TW 4. bl Rjha fiyfol fiy.
fhbr-c-~% vw iy vGsh. mtuJ fbgw
5. ghuf kW w bkh mPfS mtfsJ
yhd Js ehkh ahR Js vGia twJ.
gf.
tlbkh, ghuf bkh bl Rjha iz
bkhfshf fjd. tlbkh fijf gytiw ghuf
bkh KjKj bkh bgajt e . JJ ehkh myJ
bkh vw fbgw JU bkhY d gntW
Inuha bkhfY bkh bgafglJ. fhZ mur
b#Dyhg M fhy fAz uh#juia
giljh. gntW kUJt kW ir bjhlghd fS
ghuf bkh bkhahf bgwd.
mg% vGa jh-c- muha bkh
gilfgl fbgw yhF. uha bkhfS mfhy
tsailjd. r guho mfhya wj fP.
tfhs yaK tsailjJ. Eu h kfhghuij
tfhs bkhbgagjF cWJizahf Ujh. F#uh
kW kuh bkhf tstjF g af ttFjJ.
#aefu nguuR bjYF kW fdl bkh yaf
tsF cjaJ.

212 213
 kh dhf V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.
1. bl Rjha Jiw th rhu vdglJ.
I. rahd ilia nj brf.
2. yhd uhfjg tlbkh bkh bgafglJ.
1. bl Rjha khfhz MSef vthW
miHfgld? 3. Jf f vW miHfglJl ah t
brYJkhW flhagLjgld.
m. jf M. Kf
VI. W F vGJf (VnjD _W Ff)
. gthf <. brsf
1. th rhu
2. blYs nfhyh nfhilia mikjt
2. bl Rjha ehzaf
m. nuh Js M. JZ
3. mkFU
. myh . <. fj nyho
4. FJdh
II. nfhol lij uf.
VII. FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)
1. bl Rjha gil Jiw .......... vd miHfglJ.
1. bl Rjha csh thf FJ vGJf.
2. nfhuh kW rd nghw a uhffis mKfgLat.
2. bl Rjha bghUshjhu iyia sFf.
III. bghUJf.
VIII. thd il jUf. (200 thijf)
1. A{-c-uh{ m. uh#ju
1. bl Rjha MKiwia Mf.
2. mFU M. jghf--ehr
2. bl Rjhf gghL gfig kLf.
3. fAz . jh-c-
4. mg% <. rgh--
IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk
rahdJ.
m. CaF <lhf mfhfSF tHfgl y jh
vdgL.
M. fhrh y uhk mfhf neuo fLgho
Ujd.
. dh vgJ ngh gFbgw ufSF mfgl
y.
<. th nfh vgJ ytUth JiwahF.

214 215
 ghl - 18 N~ af

yha rkaF njha jhuhs Uj afnk

ilfhy ah g af N~ afkhF. ghuf njha N~ af
gbdhwh who ah guaJ. yhTiu nrj
n kh vw Kj N~ Jw jdJ fUJfis gug
fw nehff bjhldh. ah N~Jwfnyna f ft
Fth#h bkhD . mt M{ j jdJ fUJfis
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ gutjh. mtuJ lf mikd vW
1. ah g af njhwK gujY. miHfgld.
2. ah N~ af ts kbwhU N~Jwahd fh Ruht vgtuJ
fUJfsh <fglt gfh rfhah. mtuJ lf
3. rfu, uhkhD# cl g afjiytf Ruht mikid VgLd. mikig nrj
4. uhkhdj, f, FUehd - mtfsJ nghjidf kbwhU N~Jw rhK mah. mt kfilna wj
5. tfhs, kfhuhZou gFf g af Mf fUJfis gu tjh. jifa N~Jwfis,
W Tl Kf kLkyhJ Vuhskhd JfS tgL
6. g af KaJt tUw. mtfsJ fyiwf U tFdU j gaz
nkbfhS lfshf fwd.
VG kW vlh whLf jeho njha g iwtid cztjF m gnk wj tf vW
tghL g Vfdnt mJbfhnlh. irt rka N~fUJf tWJwd. kj Fy J m
ehakhfS, itzt MthfS gyt, ghoa, nrhH fhLtj _ynk flJ m brYj Ko. vdnt, kj
M fhyf g czit gudhf. Mdh, FyF nrit brtj_ynk flSF nritahw Ko vd
ilfhy a g af jik N~f ed. fl g mJ bfhs Ra xGf f
ntWgljhF. ah yha rka tWjglJ. itf Kf w xGfij tWa
guajh Vgl isf gadhf vGjnj ntis, N~f mf xGf gaid vLJiujd.
ilfhy g af. xU flbfhif,
rkJt, rnfhjuJt, rlFfis rlFfis eUj itf KfSF gyhf
wfj nghwit yh N~f m gnk KF tf vd ciujd. Mf
jikfshF. jifa yha fUJf tsF FU tfhLj Ka vd N~f Td.
mfhy rka jiytfilna Mj jhfij rjik mtfsh tWjglJ. ahd,
VgLd. nkY, N~JwfS g af ebraf, ghtfSF tUJj, tghL elJj,
Ujthfshd uhkhdj, f, ehd jgazfis nkbfhSj, jhdfis brj, Jwf
Fth#h eilKiwfis g Mirfis Jwj nghw fUJfS
nghwtf jidfis jobaGd. bkhD
N~ Jwfsh vLJiufgld.

216 217
 jifa itfjikaw jhuhs ug khfij myJ fl K ru miltij nghjh.
fUJf mla N~jJt g jhjgl kfis itzt rkaij gWgo uhkhD# miH
af bgahfilna Mj jhfij Ljh.
VgLd. fhy, Kfyha nguur g_wh who fehlfhit nrj kJt thkh,
mg N~ nfhghLfis ghuhodh. gukhkhit csla itj jJtij gudh. mjgo cyf
mtuJ rka nehF kW khia my, cik. fl, Mkh, bghU xbthW wghdJ
rkabfhiffis mit cUthd. bjYfhdh gF ghf, tyghrha itzt gia
N~ af ah gu bfhoUj gud. tyghrhah tl ah brW mF UZzgia
mnj ntis Jfilna g af gudh. mt Nufis jkJ lfshf bfhoUjh.
ntfkhf gu bfhoUjJ. m kW rfu
uhgh wj UZz gijahffjh. mtuJ uhg#f
Raey fythj g Matiw uh#jh u bgwit. Jsjhr uhkgjuhf sdh.
mogilahf bfhl U affS uL tFd uhkhaz bkh totkhd uh rkd vw fbgw iy
xWikF ttFjd. Jsjhr giljh.
g af
gdhF kW gidjh whLf uhkhdj, f,
xgjh who rfu J rka kWkyF ehd Ma _tU g af fshf sd. jkF
L J rkaF xU a khfij fhodh. Kija bgnahflUJ mtf gzit bgwd.
nfushYs fhyo wjt rfu. mtuJ nfhghlhd Mdh, kfSF a tfis fhod. fhyfhykhf
mitj rhkha kj mF vlToajhf iy. gwgLtj _leiffis blhJ gbeia
nkY, mitj nfhghlhd Fz ukF vuhf filoJ K bgWkhW mtf rhkha kfis nfL
rFzuk vw fUJ njhaJ. (Fz uk - fl bfhld. Kija fhy Ujthfisnghy, xU Fl
Fzhrafswt. rFz uk - fl Fzhafis rkaij mtf rhUfiy. rlFfY rujhafY
cilat.) eif bfhoUfiy. gy fl bfhifia rhoa mtf,
xU fl nfhghil tWd. iy myJ cUt
gulh who, bridF mU $bgU tghil mtf fjd. g be_ykhf kLnk K
wj uhkhD#, jdJ Zlh L vW mirfKoahj eifia mtf bfhoUjd.
itj vw nfhghilgudh. mtuJ midJ rkaf mogil xWikia mtf tWd.
fUJgo fl rFzuk myJ Fzh
rfisilat. gil, gilfgl uhkhdj
bghUfS cikahdit, rfu Taij uhkhdj myfhgh wjt. bjhlf mt
nghy khia my vgJ mt thj. vdnt, uhkhD# luhffjh. d, mtuJ jit W
fl, Mkh, bghU midJ cik fns. gdhu, Muh nghw lf jkJ fUJfis gudh. mt
Mdh fl kdJf csJ. kwit uhkiu tglh. KjKj uha bkh fUJfis
midJ mtuJ Fzhraf. uhkhD# guat mtnu. vikahd tghil mt mKfgLdh.
uhkhD#

218 219
gila rh rlfis jfbjjh. uL g
afF mt mj bfhilfshF. rh Kiwia rhoa
uhkhdj jkJ lfis midJ fYUJ
njbjLjh.
mtuJ Ka lf tUkhW :
m) f - xU K berth
M) uhjhr - brUijF bjhyh
) nrdh - Ko UJgt
<) rhjdh - khr btLgt
c) jdh - #hd Foahdt
C) euA - bghbfhy
v) g - uh#u stur
f
uhkhdj lfnyna fft f. gdhu ef
xU uhkz jitF kfdhf wjh. Mdh xU K
jgduh tsfglh. mtf
berbjhiy brJ tjd. gFj
Mw f mt, J rka kW yha
rka FJ eF mJ bfhlh. J,
K jJtfis mtUF vLJiujt
uhkhdj. J Kfilna xWikia
VgLJtnj f mogil nehfkhf
UjJ. iy tghil foj mt,
fl K kj midtU rk
vWiujh. midJ rkafS xnw
vW JfS KfS xnu f
fkzh tofgl ghufns vW vLJ Tdh.
uhk, myh UtU mtUF xnw! nfhY kN xnw!
vd tWdh. flJ g brYJtnj KF wj
t vW Tdh. jF a jaij bgUgJl
220
bfhLnfhik, ehzaik, nghntl, flik jtWj
nghwtiw yf ntL vW Tdh. mtuJ lf
fgf vW miHfgld.
FUehd
ilfhy thj kbwhU rkajiyt FUehd.
mt a rkaij Wdh. bjhlf f luhf
sdh. yhTUF mUYs
jhtho vw l FUehd wjh.
#h ntWikfis rhoa mt, j
ef uhLtJ nghw rlFfis
fjh. mtuJ rka fUJf
xGfij tWJtjhf, mnj rka
eilKiwF cfjjhf Ujd.
Raey, bghik, ngh ntl nghw
FUehd tiw blhFkhW mt kfis nfL
bfhlh. cik, neik, m
Matiw bfhL thifia filoFkhW
tWdh. mRjf iwj y Rjkhf Uf
vgJ mtuJ ff thrff xwhF. J, K
xWikfhfnt mt jdJ thehis mgjh. mtuJ
lf af vW miHfgld.
tfhs UZz gia gua irja kbwhU g
be gua Ujth. Jwtw l mt ehblF R jkJ
fUJfis gud. kj rnfhjuJtij mt vLJiujh.
rka, rh mogilyhd ntWghLfis mt rhodh. mig
mikia tWa irja, JggL kfl g
fhodh. Fghf ViHflK tik FnahlK fUiz
fhodh. m, g, Ml, ghl _y flis fhzyh vd
mt edh. midJ tFdiu jkJ lfsh bfhlh.
WTl tfhs irja nghjidfis kf g
tUwd.
221
 g_wh who kfhuhZou g afij
fw milf
guat ehknjt. mtuJ fUJf kfhuhZou jk
vdglJ. gft ijF sf TW PhndZt vw iy j ghlUJ khztf mJ bfhlit
mt vGdh. ntW gy kfhfS ilfhy gbeia 1. ilfhy ah gbe njhw - ts
gu tjd. Phdnjt m beia nghjh.
iytghil nuhj Kiwia mt fojh. rh 2. N~jJt - kW Ruhtho mikf
Kiwia rhodh. gdhwh who thj Vfehj rh 3. rfu, uhkhD# nghnwh gua bjhlf fhy g
ntWghil rhoanjhL, jhjgl rhdUF fUiz be.
fhodh. Vuhskhd irghlfis vGsh. mtuJ
4. uhkhdj, f, ehd nghnwh nghjidf
g#fS jidfS fbgwit. kuhoa th rk
fhyjtuhd Jfhuh kfhuhZouij nrj kbwhU g 5. tfhs, kfhuhZou g af
beahs. kuhoa nja njhWtjFa y mtuh 6. g af w
VgLjglJ. r_f ntWghLfis mt vjh.
g af w

g af w FljfjhF. gntW
nghjidahsfS jj uha bkhfnyna vG ng
tjd. vdnt, , kuh, tfhs, fdl nghw bkhf
tsailtjF g af CfkjJ. bkhf
thyhf, mtf jfsJ fUJfis neuoahfnt kfSF
vLJ Td. rh Kiwia g af jiytf xUj
Fu rhoajh, jhjgl kf iy catjF g af
ttFjJ.
g af bgfSF rk KaJt mjikah
rKjha mtfsJ iy cau mJ ttFjJ. nkY,
fyw va rka tia g af kfSF vLJTaJ.
flJ u g brYJkhW kf mWjgld.
bfhilFj thif, kj FyF nrit nghw a
fUJf njh tsjd.

222 223
 kh dhf V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf
1. rhK mah, mikig nrjt
I. rahd ilia nj brf
2. irja kfhuhZou ff g beahs
1. uhkhdj f wj l
3. uhkhD# jJt Zlhitj vdgLwJ.
m) f M) uhkjh
VI. WF vGJf (VnjD _W Ff)
) ehknjt <) irja
1. mik
2 kJt jkJ fUJfis gua bkh
2. uhkhD#
m) j M) tfhs
3. FUehd
) fdl <) kuh
4. f
II. nfhol lfis uf
VII. FWa il jUf (100 thijf)
1. M{iu ikakhf bfhL fUJfis gua
N~Jw ..................... 1. ah N~ jJt guaij t.
2. ghfU, tyghrhahU jkJ fUJfis ......... 2. ilfhy ah g af wig TWf.
gF gud. VIII. thd il jUf (200 thijf)
3. Jfhuh.......... rkafhyjt. 1. ilfhy ah g af njh, guaij t
III. bghUJf
1. rfu m) myfhgh
2. uhkhD# M) fhyo
3. ehd ) $ bgU
4. uhkhdj <) jhtho
IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk
rahdJ.
m) tfhs g afij njhWjt Phdnjt
M) mt vGa Phndt gft ijF sfiuahF.
) mt th rkfhyjt
<) mt FUehd l

224 225
 ghl - 19
#aef, gh muRf
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
1. #a efunguuR ga rhWf.
2. #a efu nguu mua tuyhW.
3. M Kiw r_f thif.
4. bghUshjhu iy kW gghL gf.
5. gh mu tuyhW.
#a efu nguuR
rhWf
a tuyh #aefu nguu tuyhW xU Ka
lij bgWsJ. ehF kuf - rfk, rhSt, JSt, MuL
- .. 1336 Kj 1672 tiu #a efiu Mjd. ya,
bjha, ehza vd #a efu tuyhWfhd rhWf
gtifgL. UZz njtuha MKj khaj, ffhnj
vGa kJuh#a, myrh bgjzh kDrj
nghwit #aefu rkfhy fshF.
#a efu nguuRF gntW maehL gaf
tUifjd. mtfsJ FfS gaDs rhWfshF.
bkhnuhfh ehil nrj g gjh, bta ga
nfhnyh o nfho, ghufga mJ urh, nghRa
ga nlhnfh ga nghw gaf #a efu fhy r_f
bghUshjhu iyikf g jfsJ gaz Ff
tJsd.
226
ulh njtuha $uf
brngLf nghw brngLf #aefu mur
tnjhwf kW mtfsJ
rhjidfis TWwd. A oghLfS
w dfS #a efu Mahsf
gghL gfig bt gLJwd.
mtf btLs vzw ehzaf
fhzgL cUtf kW brhbwhlf
g gjh UJfis rhjidfis vLJ
TWwd.
mua tuyhW
rfk kuig nrj AAuU fU 1336M ML #a
efuij Wd. Vfdnt, mtf thuf Mahsfshd
fhfafl gahtjd. wF fhF brwd. mF
K gilbaLghsfsh iwgLjgL yha
rkaF khwgld. d, ahua vgt
Kaah J rkaF Ud. jfsJ Rjuij
mJbfhl mtf Jfgiu e bjfiu xU
a efuij Wd. bt efu vw bghUbfhl
#aefu vW mJ tHfglJ.
nAhrs mu , AAuU fU jfsJ muir
gL bfhtjfhd Kafis vjhaJ. 1346M
ML th nAhrs muRgF KGtJ mtfsJ
fLgho tjJ. #aefuF kJiu RjhaF
ilyhd r ehgjhL fhy ojJ. Fkhu fhgz
kJiugilbaL FJ kJuh#a vw tukhf
TwgLsJ. mt kJiu Rjhaij mjh. jdh,
#a efu nguuR uhnktu cl bjah KGtij
cslajhf tiljJ.
#aefu nguuRF gh muRF ilyhd rY gy
MLf ojd. UZzh, Jfguh efSilyhd
gFahd buN njhM gFia fLgLJtJ, UZzh
227
nfhjht bllh tskhd yfis ifgWtJ
nkhjYF mogil fhuzkhf mikjd. rfk ku wj
mur ulh njtuha. Mdh, mtuhTl gh
Rjhfis KGtJkhf btbfhs ayiy. mtuJ
kiwFwF rfk ku tikHjJ. mLjjhf,
rhSteuk rhSt kuig njhWjh. j ku f
FWa fhynk (1486-1509) MUjJ.
UZz njtuha (1509 - 1530)
ueukuh JSt ku njhWf glJ. #aefu
f wj nguuruhd UZz njtuha JSt kuig nrjt.
mt wj ngh Mw ft. fukhd njhw bfhl mt
mthw ftuhf fhzglh.
gilbaLJ tU gh gilfis jLJ
WJtnj mtuJ mnghija Kj flikahf
UjJ. mrka, gh muR kiwJ mF
jfhz Rjhaf WtgoUjd. th
vw l eilbgw ngh UZz
njtuha K gilfis Wahf
Kaojh. jdh, # RjhDl nkhj
VglJ. mnghJ # Rjh kh
mo h, UZz njtuha mtiu KaoJ, 1520 buN
efiu ifgdh. d, lh J gilbaLJ mij
ifgdh.
UZznjtuha xrh gilbaL bt KojJ.
f#g ku muruhd ujhgUuid mt KaoJ bjYfhdh
gF KGtij ifgdh. nghRafSl mt
ewitna nkbfhlh. UZznjtuha mitF mf
jdJ Jtfis mDitjh.
UZznjtuha jh itztuhf UjnghY, midJ
rkafis kJ eljh. fiy, ya utyuhf mt
fjh. vdnt Mungh# vW mt miHfglh.
228
mZlf#f vw vL wj mPf mtuJ mitia
myfjd. mtf Kjikahdt myrh bgjzh.
Mufjhjhkf vW mt fHglh. mtuJ Ka gilf
kDrj kW Afjhrhu vgjhF. f Nuzh, bjdh
uhkUZzh UtU wj mPfshffjd.
MKjkhaj vw bjYF bkh iy, #hgt fahz,
chgza vw tlbkh fis UZz njtuha
ash.
bjah bgUghyhd nfhfis mt
brglh. #aefu lyRth kW AruuhkRth
Myafis mt vGdh. jdJ glju ehfyhnj
idthf mt ehfyhu vdw a efiu khjh. nkY,
Vuhskhd uhanfhufis mt fLjh.
UZznjtuha kiwFwF mRjnjt, btfl
Mnah maiznad.
uhkuha Mfhy, #, mfkJef,
nfhbfhlh, lh Ma muRf TLgilf 1565 ML
jiynfhilngh mtiu Kaojd. mngh uh[jhfo
vW miHfgLwJ. uhkuha ifgwgL bfhyglh.
UZznjtuha #aefu mfglJ. #aefu nguuRF rhk moj
nghuhf J fUjgLwJ. UD, #aefu muR MuL
kud M mLj whLf iyUjJ. Ukyh,
$ufh, ulh btfl Mnahmku Ka murf.
#a efu mu fil mur ulh $uf.
M Kiw
#aefu nguu MJiw eF uikf
goUjJ. thf, , rl Ma tfhuf mur KG
mfhu bgW sdh. gugiu thRik tHfUjJ.
yrka maizia ifg bfhS f eljJ.
rhSt euk rfk kuig KoJL Mia ifgdh
vgij Vfdnt fnlh. murUF mwhl M
cjtjfhf mikruit UjJ.
229
 nguuR gy klyfshf, kly gy ehLfshf, ehL vuhskhd gahsf ga tufis ga FLsh.
gy jyfshf fgoUjd. jy vgJ gy moikf g nfhnyh o nfho jdJ Ff Tsh.
uhkfis bfhoUj thF. kly mSe eld, ir, kj, Njhl, nrt ril nghwit xU y
klnytu myJ eha vW miHfglh. #a efu bghGJnghFfshF.
Mahsf csh mikfSF M KG rfk kud irtfshffjd. Ugh
mfhufis tHUjd. mtf Fybjt. kw kuig nrjtf itztf.
yt ju, iwf, gRf Matiw wurfS uhkhD# $itzt kfilna fbgW saJ.
giljiytfS mtnghJ nguuRF mD tjd. Mdh, vyh murfS w rkaf J r jikl
JiwKff tNfgl Rf, gntW bjhyhsf jhd elJ bfhld. kf midtU rka Rju cl
tf Mait murhf tUthahf Ujd. isr midJ cikfis bgWfjd vd nghnghrh
M xU gF ytahf tNfglJ. mur jgl FLsh. thf KfS lbgUjd.
bryf, mt mF bfhilf, uhQtfhd bryf kNf fobfhL bjhGif elj mtf
nghwit mu Ka brydfshF. Jiwia mDkfgld. gntW Hhf eilbgwd. fhrfS
bghWjtiu cl cWfis ijj, ahidfhyh lWj uhzfS kfilna ugykhf Ujd.
nghw bfhLikahd jlidf FwthfSF tHfgd. kf iy Kndw fhzgliy. xU y kLnk
#a efu uhQt wikahd Kiw uikfgoUjJ. fwJ sd. Fkhu fhgz kid ffh nj
Fiugil, fhyhgil, ugil, ahidgil vd ehF kJuh#a vw iy vGdh. Adkh, Ukykh UtU
Ka fis mJ bfhoUjJ. maehL tflUJ mfhy f thj bgytf.
cauf Fiuf uhQtfhf thfgld. uhQt ca Vuhskhd bgf mukidf gbgfshf
mfhf eha myJ ghisafhu vW miHfgld. ehoa kfuhf, gyF Rkgtfshf Ujd vd
mtf MW gF <lhf yf tHfgld. yf TWwh. MyafSF nrit brj ehoa kfU
mku vW miHfglJ. gil ufSF Ca bghJthf Ujd. njtjh Kiw tHfUjjhf ga FLsh.
gzkhfnt tHfglJ. mur FLgf gy jhukz tHfUjJ. r tHf
r_f thif bgUikahf fUjglJ. mJg tukhf Tsh.
bghUshjhu iy
uhkz, a, ita, Nu vw ehF
#hf #aefu r_f Ujjhf myrh mfhy cy brtf gFf xwhf #aefu
bgjzh jkJ kDru FLsh. #aef nguuR saJ vw bria maehL gaf
thdsha folf kW Mlgu r_f thif g Ff bjwd. kf Ka bjh ntshik.
maehL gaf FLsd. ghrd trfis brj bfhLJ #aefu Mahsf
gL kW gU Milfis kf mjd. ntshik tsF nkY Cfkjd. a Vf
thridbghUf, kyf, mfyf nghwtiw kf btlgld. Jfguh nghw ef FWnf jL
gagLd. brtjf mHfhd Lf mt gj mizf flgld. fhthf mikfglij g

230 231
Tsh. gntW bjhfS wJ sd. mit #a efu W A
xbthWF fHff Ujd. cnyhfbjh brnthU oghLfshf fhajhY
w ifidPfS mfhy jiHnjhd. f, mFs nfhf #a efughF
mdj khtlf ituRuff Ujd. #aefu xU wJ vLJfhL fshF.
ff tjf ikakhf saJ. Ka jf ehza lyRth kW Aru uhkRth
tuhf vgjhF. Mdh, vilfS msitfS lJF l Myaf uL Fljfit.
khWgoUjd. cehL, maehL tjf bgUajh eho #a efu nfh folfiy
bghJthf brt br fhzglJ. ukhlJF vLJ fhlhf
kygh flfiuy gy JiwKff Ujd. mt fhuYs Vfhguehj kW
FljfJ fz} JiwKfkhF. muhah, ghuf, bj tujuh# Myafis Twyh.
Mfh, nghRf nghw nkiy ehLfSlD thfbjhl Uzhkiy kW jgu Ma
yaJ. gU kW gL Jf, eWkz bghUf, m, lfYs uha nfhuf #aefu tujuh# bgUkh
bto, rfiu nghwit Ka VWk bghUf. fhy fiH giwrhWwd. nfh
d, ehaf fhyY jifa HF nfhu
Fiuf, KJf, br, gtH, ghjur, dJgL,
btbtJf nghwit wFk bragld. fg fL fiyg bjhljJ. Ug fhzgL UZznjtuha
bjhY tsailjJ. kW mtuJ muf cnyhfgokf #a efu fhy
cnyhffiyF vLJfhlhF. #a efu murfsh
gghL gf ir eldK MjfglJ.
#a efu M nfhfL eltoiff nkY tlbkh. bjYF, fdl, j nghw bkhf
mfjJ. uhanfhuf vdgL EiHth nfhuf kW mjjgFf fbgUjd. tlbkh kW bjYF
nfh tshff gfis bfhl fahz ya #a efu fhy kfjhd ts bgwJ.
klgf Mad #aefu UZznjtuha Mfhy ya ts cr
folfiy w mrfshF. bgwJ. mtnu tlbkh kW bjYF bkhf yik
klgf tof gLs bgUjh. mtuJ mit ytuhd myrh bgjzh
gf fiyeafit. j bjYF ya tsF mUbjhlhs. vdnt,
gf bgUghY Fiu #a efu Mahsf gghL bjhL gKfjik
cUtf lbgUjd. bga bfhljhf wilajhf fjJ.
Myaf Wfh klg gh muR
fS, Mufh klgfS ahid uj - A oghLf
vGggld. UHhfhyf 1347M ML gh muir Wat myh ghkh
iwtid mF bfhLtJ itJ tgLtJ tHf. Vfdnt mt Ar fF vdW miHfglh. mj jiyefu Fgfh.
flgl Myaf RWufhu mkDF vd j gh muir bkhj gdhF Rjhf Mjd.
Myaf mfhy mikfgld. mtf, myh ghkh, Kjyh KfkJ h, nuh h
Mnah w thjtf. d mfkJ thh vgt jiy

232 233
efiu FgfhUJ lhUF khdh. _wh fhy khfhz MSef
KfkJh Mfhy gh mu fmj cF jfsJ Rjuij mJ
brwJ. muhafl bjhl tfhs Flh tiu gh muR bfhld. 1526 M ML
tiljJ. nk nfhth Kj ggh tiu oUjJ. th gh muR IJ Rju
H fhehlh Kj UZzh e KfJthu tiu Rjhafshf jWld.
guUjJ. KfkJ h btF Ka fhuz mtuJ mfkJ ef, #, uh,
nfhbfhlh, lh vw IJ
mikruhf sa KfkJ fht vgt MnyhridfS
nfhbfhlh nfhil jfhd Rjhaf vW
nritfSnkahF. miHfgld.
oghLf
KfkJ fht

KfkJ fht tfhLjyh gh muR mj f fw milf

cia voaJ. mt xU ghuf tf. jdJ ehg
ulhtJ ta ahF tj mt gh mu j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
nrit nrjh. jdJ jgl MSikdh mt gh 1. #a efu nguuR g mj bfhs cj rhWf.
Rjha Kjyikruhdh. gh muRF Rthrkhf mt
Ujh. va thifia eltj mt bgUjik 2. #a ef ehF kuf - UZz njtuha
bfhltuhf fjh. faftuhf Uj mt rhjidf.
fj nkijikl sdh. lh xU fia 3. #a efu nguu MKiw, r_f thif.
fLtjfhf mt bfhilfis tHdh. ghuf fol
fiygh mj f flglJ. 4. #a efu nguu bghUshjhu.
nghJiwY mt tytuhf sdh. #a efu, 5. #a efufhy, fiy, folfiy, ya.
xrh kW muhfl flbfhisafSF vuhf mt 6. gh muR KfkJ fht rhjidfS.
nghf bjhLJ bt bgwh. bfhfz, nfhth, UZzh,
nfhjht gsjhF nghw mtuJ btfdh gh muR
tiljJ.
KfkJ fht UjfS wghdit, ca Fod
kW khfhzfis fLgLJtnj mtuJ FnfhshF.
jfhf xbthU khfhzY mur mfhf af
gld. bgUghyhd nfhilf mtfsJ fLgho
Ujd. flikjtW caFodUF rYiff Fiwfgld.
vdnt, fhtDF vuhf jf caFod rl xiw
od. mjgo Rjhid oL fhtDF
Fjlid thbfhLjd. KfkJ fht
kiwFwF gh muR ailabjhlaJ.
KfkJhF wF wikaw Rjhf MF tjd.

234 235
 kh dhf ) gh mu jiyefu lhUJ FgfhF
khwglJ.
I. rahd ilia nj brf
<) gh mu jiyefu uhUJ FgfhF
1. rfk Mahsf Fybjt khwglJ.
m) Jif M) lyh V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.
) Ughr <) uhk 1. Fkhufhgz kJuh#a vw iy vGdh.
2. KfkJ fht vj ehL tf 2. myrh bgjzh xU fdlbkh mP.
m) mnuah M) bkhnuhnfh 3. UZznjtuha MKjkhaj vw iy bjYF
) nghRf <) ghuf bkh vGdh.

II. nfhol lij uf VI. WF vGJf (VnjD _W Ff)

1. UZz njtuha ..... kuig nrjt 1. rfk ku

2. Aruh uhk nfh ........ vw l flglJ . 2. #a efu mu khfhz thf

3. gh muir njhWjt ....... 3. Ar fF

III. bghUJf 4. #aefu nguu kf iy

1. mJ urh m) bt VII. FWa iljUf (100 thijf)

2. g gjh M) ghuf 1. #a efunguuRF tUifjj maehL gaf g

F tiuf.
3. nlhnfh ga ) bkhnuhnfh
2. #a efu mu ya tsia Mf.
4. nfhnyh o nfho <) nghRf
VIII. thd il jUf (200 thijf)
IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk
rahdJ. 1. UZznjtuha rhjidfis kLf.

m) gh mu jiyefu FgfhUJ uhUF 2. #a efu Mahs gghL gfig Mf.

khwglJ. 3. KfkJ fht g kL brf.
M) gh mu jiyefu FgfhUJ lhUF
khwglJ.

236 237
 ghl - 20
Kfyha nguuR
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
1. Kfyhanguu mua tuyhW
2. ghgU mtuJ rhjidfS
3. ckh uridf - Nku ilbt
4. mgU mtuJ rhjidfS - rkabfhif
5. #Ah, h#fh
6. muf kW mtuJ rkabfhif
7. Kfyha nguu fhd fhuzf
mua tuyhW
ghg (1526 - 1530)
ah Kfyhanguuir Wat
ghg. mtuJ abga rhU KfkJ.
jdJ jij t ij_UF, jh t
brfhDF cwd. ghg jdJ jij
ck n rh gfhdhF thrhf
bghWngwh. Mdh mtuJ uJ cwd xUtuh mJ
jogfglnt ghg jdJ M gFia Hjh. J fhy
ehnlhoahf j mt, jdJ khkf xUtlUJ fhiy
ifgdh. d, ahit ifgW Miria tsJ
bfhl ghg, 1519 Kj 1523 tiuyhd fhy ehF
gilbaLfis nkbfhlh.
238
ngh btf
ghg gilbaLjnghJ ah IJ Ka K
muRfS - bl, F#uh, khst, tfhs, jfhz, uL
Ka J muRfS - nkth uhz rfh kW #a efu
nguuR Ujd. 1525M ML, fhUJ ghg L ah
jhd gilbaLig bjhljh. yhT MSeuhf Uj
bjsyfh nyhoia v KaoJ mgFia
ifgdh. d, bl neh Knddh. 1526 M
ML Vu 21M eh eilbgw Kjyh ghgL ngh ghg
uh nyhoia Kaojh. ngh nyho bfhyglh.
ghglUj Fiu gil ugilnk mtuJ btF
ttFjd. blia ifga ghg jdJ kf ckhid
MuhitifgWtjfhf mDitjh. ghg jik
Jjhd nguur vW mJ bfhlh.
uhzh rfh kW Mfhaf J mt bfhl
btf mtiu ah cikahd Mahsuhd.
nkth uhzh rfh xU wj uh#u u. mt ghgUF
vuhf ngh bjhLjh. 1527M ML MuhF mU
eilbgw fhDth nghy ghg mtiu Kaojh. j
btF wF ghg fh vw glij No bfhlh.
1528M ML kbwhU uh#u Mahsuhd nk
uh vgtlUJ ghg rnjia ifgdh. mjfLj
Mo fh eilbgw nfhuh ngh ghg Mffis
Kaojh. j btfdh ghg ah jkJ
Mfij iygLdh. 1530 jkJ ehg VHhtJ ta
Muh ghg kiwjh.
ghg
ghg ga xU kL
ghg xU wj Mahs. iyj rhjidfis
fat. mu kW ghuf bkhf yik ft. JU
bkhna mtuJ jhbkh. JR ghg vw mtuJ
idFf JU bkh vGjgljhF. ahit
239
ga tUzidf m l bgWsd. vj cikia eilbgwJ. J fndh{ ngh vd miHfgLwJ. ngh
kiwfhk, jh bgw njhfis mt m FLsh. bfh ckhid L Kaojh. ehoHj ckh mLj
aifia uF csjtuhd mt ah jhtuf gidJ MLf ahF btna thH nejJ.
kW yFf gTl jkJ id Ff N ilbt (1540 - 1555)
tJsh.
ckh (1530 - 1540) Nkuig njhWjt bh. mtuJ abga g.
fhYs rrhu vw gF #hjhuhd Arfh vgt
ghg _j kf ckh. ckh vwh eth kf. d, g fh Mfha Mahsl gjh.
vW bghU. Mdh, Kfyha nguu g u braiy ghuhona mj Mfha Mahs
ethfis bgwhj kduhf mt Ujh. bfh vw glij mjh. bfh brsrh ngh
ckhDF fuh, mfh, lh vw ckhid njhfojh vgij Vfdnt fnlh. 1540
_W rnfhjuf. ckh nguuir jdJ bfh bh vw glnjhL bl Mahsuhdh.
rnfhjufSF gJ bfhLjh. Mdh, bh N (1540 - 1545)
mJnt mtUF bgU nrhjidahf KojJ.
fh kW fhlAh Mahsuhf fuh bh, uh#ufSl gyKiw
afglh. rhg kW Mth gFf nghL jdJ nguuir gL bfhlh.
mfhF lhYF mfgld. grh, khst, J, Kjh, gnlf
ckh
H ckh Mffis vJ nghwit mtuh ifgwgl gFf
nghL bfhoUj nghJ, F#uh gf h blneh mlF. m[h, neghs, fhZ, F#uh ju
gilbaLJ tU br mtUF oaJ. vdnt, Vida tl ah KGtij bfhljhf
Mfhaf jiytuhd bfhDl (tUfhy bh) bh nguuR saJ.
mtrukhf xU clgoifia brJ bfhl ckh F#uh bh M Kiw bh N
neh wglh.
FWa IJ MLfns MUjhY, bh xU
ckh gfhlUJ F#uhij ifg jdJ
wj MKiwia cUthUjh. ka mu gntW
rnfhju mfhia mF MSeuhf ajh. Mdh, gf
Jiwf Ujd. murUF cjahf ehF Ka mikrf
h mfhia uoL L F#uhij ifg
Ujd.
bfhlh. jil, ckh mtubfuhf L ngh
bjhLjh. 1539 M ML eilbgw brsrh ngh bfh 1. th rhu - th vW t miHfglh.
Kfhyhagilfis eRdh. ckh nghfsUJ j - tUth kW thf
MuhF brwh. mUjgona jdJ rnfhjuf
cjia ckh ehodh. 2. th m - gilJiw
Mdh, rnfhjuf xJiHf kWfnt, ckh L 3. th u[y - maYwJiw
jahfnt bfhid vbfhlh. 1540 uh ngh 4. th h - jft bjhlJiw

240 241
 bh nguuR ehgnaG rfhfshf f bh ga xU kL
goUjd. xbthU rfhY Kjik jh (rl xGF),
Kjik K ( tHFj) vw uL Ka mfhf bh xU gf Kkhffjh. bghJthf, w
Ujd. xbthU rfhU gy gfhdhfshf f rkafis rjikl eldh. JfSF
goUjd. jh (uhQt mfh), m (ytUth), Ka gjfis mjh. fiy, folfiyia mt
bghnljh ( fUy mfh), fTf (fzff) Ma Mjjh. blF mU aKid efiu bh xU a
mfhf gfhdh thfij ftJ tjd. nguu jh efuij khjh. m, jnghJ uhz yh vw giHa
vwiHfgl thffS Ujd. nfhil mjD xU kN kLnk vsd. rrhu
xU fyiw khlij mt fodh. a fol fiy
bh Mfhy ytUth thf eF mikf wjt xwhfmJ fUjgLwJ. fnwhiu
uikfgoUjJ. yf ftdkhf msfgld. bh Mjjh. mtuJ Mfhy kh KfkJ b#a
isyf midJ eyit, eLjukhdit, vgt fthj yhd gkht vw iygiljh.
nkhrkhdit vd _W tiffshf fgld. rhjhuzkhf bh kiwFwF mtuJ thRf 1555M ML
rhuhr cg _ xU gF ytahf tNfglJ. ckh L ahit ifgW tiu M bjhljd.
gzkhfnth myJ is bghUshfnth yt bgwglJ. ckh (1555 - 1556)
bh ytUth Ujfdh eho tUth
bgUaJ. jh vw a bt ehzafis bh 1540 M ML ahUJ wgl ckh JF
mKfgLdh. mit 1835M ML tiuTl brY t Ajh ghD ngf vgtiu kzjh. mtf
HfUjd. mknfh vw l xU J muruhd uhzhurh vgtuJ
ehF Ka bgUt rhiyfis mikJ nghFtuJ Mju thJ tjnghJ 1542 mg wjh. d, <uhDF
trfis bh nkgLdh. mitahtd : 1. nrhdhfh brw ckh mehL Mahsl cjnfh bgwh. fuh,
Kj J tiu 2) Muh Kj Ah tiu 3) n#h Kj mfh vw uL rnfhjufis ckh Kaojh.
tiu 4) yhT Kj Kjh tiu. gaf trfhf jil ah N kud M ntfkhf
FiyjJ.
bgUt rhiyf Mfhnf jFlfS mikfgld.
1555 M ML Mffis KaoJ ckh L
fhtJiw f wikahd uikfgoUjJ. mtuJ
Kfyha maizia ifgdh. MWkhj fhyF wF, 1556-
M fhy Fwf f Fiwthfnt fhzgld.
ckh jdJ yfgofo jL GJ cjh.
gilJiw thfK wikahd Kiw mikf ckh xU wj giljsgahfnth, ngh uuhfnth
goUjJ. myh FiufSF NLnghLj nghw iybawhY, m fUiz mtl FobfhoUjd.
eilKiwfis bh gdh. fkhdhf mt fjh. fj, thd a, n#hl
Mat yik ft. Xafiy mtUFoj xW .
ghuf bkh mt fijfis idjh.

242 243
 mg (1556-1605)

ah jiywj nguurf
mgU xUt. jdJ jij ckh
kiwFwF mt maiznadh.
MdhY, blia Mff ifg
bfhljh mtuJ iy Mgjhdjhfnt
UjJ. Mff giljiyt bAK
bliaj tr itUjh. 1556 M mg
ML eilbgw ulh ghgL ngh, bAK bt
tiu brWlh. Mdh, mtuJ f xU m
ghjjh kafkhdh. jiytyhj mtuJ gil j XoaJ.
mZl mg gf Ujjh, mtuJ bt cW
gLjglJ.
mg Kj IjhL fhy MnghJ iguhfh
mtUF muruahf braglh. Kfyha nguuir
xUizj bgUik iguhfhndna rhU. IjhL
fSFwF, murit rf isthf mg mtiu
gjUJ , bkfhF brYgo gjh. Mdh,
bkfh brY tnyna Mf xUtdh mt bfhyglh.
mguJ uhQtbtf gy. Muh Kj F#uh tiu,
d Muh Kj tfhs tiu vd tl ah KGij
mg jkJ fLgho bfhLtjh. tlnkF viy
wij mt tikgLdh. d, mtuJ ftd
jfhz gfK UaJ.
uh#ufSl bfhoUj cwf

mg uh#ubfhif FljfJ. mt
uh#u stuahd uh#h ghukAh kfis kzJ
bfhlh. Kfyha tuyh mj f xU UKidahF.
uh#uf ehF jiyKiwf KfyhafSF nrit
ahd. gy giljsg gj tiu gntW gj cafis

244 245
bgwd. mguJ M, uh#h gfthjh, uh#h k
MnahUF Ka gjf mfgld. xUt xUtuhf
uh#u muRfS mg nkyhikia VW bfhld.
Mdh, nkth uhzhf kL, gyKiw njhfis
jGa nghY, moga kWjd. 1576 M ML Ahfh
vw l eilbgw ngh k jiyikyhd Kfyha
gilf uhzh ujh if Kaojd. nkth njhF
wF, bgUghyhd uh#u Mahsf mg
nkyhikF mogjd.
mguJ uh#u bfhif mtuJ guj rka
bfhifia jGna UjJ. jgaztia, d
ah tia mt uJ brjh. mg uh#u bfhif
Kfyha nguuR, uh#uf UrhuUF rhjfkhfnt UjJ.
f wj nghuf nrit KfyhafSF iljJ.
kWw, uh#jh gF mik yaJ; Kfyha g
nrj uh#uf cagjfis miljd.
rka bfhif
tuyh VLf mg Ka lij oUgjF
fhuz mtuJ rkabfhifnaahF. mg rka
fUJfSF gntW fhuf Jizjd. bjhlf
fhy mt N~JwfSl bfhoUj cwf, mtuJ
Mrh mJ y nghjidf, uh#u bgfis mt
Ukz brJ bfhlJ, n Kghu kW mtuJ jtfshd
m bg, m gr nghw mPfSl mtuJ bjhlf,
Jjhdy xU nguuir Wt ntL vw Mir nghwit
mtuJ rka fUJfSF mogilahf mikjd.
mg bjhlf xU flik jtwhj Kkhfnt
Ujh. Mg ehL stu n#hghia kzj d mt
j gaztia uJ brjh. 1562 ah tia uJ
brjh. jdJ J kida Ugngh jfsJ flsiu
tgl mDkjh. d, mt yha rka J Iw
bfhlh.
246
1575, mg jdJ a jiyefuhd gnj ghj
fhdh vw tghL Tlij mikjh. J rka, rkz rka,
Jt rka, b[huhoa rka nghw midJ rka
mPfis mF miHJ thf brjh. mua
tfhuf K cnykhf jiyLtij mt
btWjh. 1579 mg jtWglh Mizia btL jkJ rka
mfhufis cWgLdh.
1582 mg yh myJ iweif vw jkJ
a rkaij mjh. mJ xU fl nfhghoJ
eif bfhljhF. midJ rkaf ey fUJ
fis cslajhf mJ fhzglJ. gFjnt mj
mogil. _leiffis mJ Mjfiy. gntW
rkafSilna fhzgL ntWghLfSF xU ghykhf mJ
mikjJ. UD, mguJ a rka njhna flJ.
mtuJ kiwFwF mJ ijJnghW. mguJ thehny
Tl gh cl gidJ ngfns mnfhghil
gd. mg jdJ a nfhghil VFgo vtiu
tWjiy.
ytUth thf
uh#h njhlkh, mguJ Mfhy ytUth
thf y Mfis nkbfhlh. mguJ ytUth
Kiw # myJ gnjhgJ Kiw vd miHfglJ.
uh#h njhlkh mjid nkY uikjh. mjF jhAhrhyh
Kiw vdbga. 1580 mJ iwntwglJ. mKiwgo,
njhlkh xnukhahd y msitia mKfgLdh. flj
gjhL fhy isr ruhria mogilahf bfhL
ytUth zfglJ. yf ehF tiffshf
fgld- nghy{ (ML njhW glgL y), gbus
(uL MLfSF xU Kiw Kiw glgLtJ) rrh (_W
myJ ehF MLfSF xU Kiw glgLtJ) kW grh
(IJ myJ mjF mfkhd MLfSF xU Kiw
glgLtJ). yt bghJthf gzkhfnt brYjglJ.
247
krjh Kiw FodUF kLnk tHfgLw fh--rhk gj
tHfglJ. 1612M ML Mrfh kfshd mk ghD
mguJ M Kiw krjh Kiw Ka l ngf (fhy Kjh{) vgtiu #Ah _whtJ kf
tjJ. Kiw xbthU mfhF xU jFiy stur Fu (fhya Ah#fh) kzJ bfhlh.
tHfglJ. Fiwjjgr jFiy krjh10 vgjhF
mfgr jF krjh 5000. J ca FodUF kLnk #Ah #lh vw xU Mjuths FGit mikJ
tHfglJ. murFyij nrjtfSF mjF nkyhd bfhL bragljhf, jdh Kfyha murit uL
jFiyf zfgld. kr jFiyf r kW nfhZof cUthdjhf ytuyhW mPf TWwd.
rht vd UtifgL. r vgJ xUtuJ jgl mjij #Ah KY jdJ kid #Ah fLgho
FgjhF. rht vgJ xUtitUfntoa Fiu UJ bragljhjh 1622 Ah#fh jdJ jijF vuhf
uf vif mogilyhdJ. xbthU rhtU s <Lgljhf TwgLwJ. Mdh, j fUJF
Fiwjgr uL FiuufisahtJ bgUfntL. w tuyhW mPf clgLtiy. #Ah nehthgL
kr jFiyF thRik ilahJ. akdf gj tik FW fhytiu mtnu midJ mua Kofis
caf, gjff midJ neuoahf muruh vLJ tjh vgij mtuJ Rarj btgLJwJ.
nkbfhsgld. UD, #Ah mur FLg Mf brY
#Ah (1605- 1627) tjh. ghuf gghL KiwfisbfhLtjh. murit
ghuffiy gghL mtuh CFfgld.
mg kiwFwF, 1605 M ML #AhUl beUa cwit vnghJ mt bfhoUjh.
stur r #Ah (cyif btwt) vw ntilnghJ Tl mtUlndna brtJ tHf. Ah#fh
glnjhL MFtjh. mtuJ M vG mtuJ jgl Mtyh lgljhF. jik
fhy gntW fyff eilbgwd. mtuJ fhlhAhUF brYkhW gj jijia vJ mt
kf F% fyf <Lglh. Mdh, s wdh. msah Kfyhanguu
KaofgL iwlglh. mtiu eltoiff ehfhLf
Mjjjfhf IjhtJ a FUthd FU irkhd. 1627 #Ah kiwj
m#& unrj braglh. wF, caFod kW uhQt
MjuitbgW Ah#fh Muhit
#Ah
#Ah miljh. #AhDF Xa
1611 M ML IAh bkAUrhit mfglJ. mLj gbdL
kzJ bfhlh. mt #Ah (cy MLf #Ah cthjh.
x) vW miHfglh. #Ah jij Ah#fh (1627-1658)
kbjsyh xU gghs. mtUF jiyik
#Ah th gj juglJ. #Ah fhlAh kW w f h#fh, Kjh{
FLgijnrj gyUF cagjf gFfis ifgWtjfhf Ah#fh
tHfgld. mtuJ _j rnfhjh MrfhDF ca tlnkF viygF bjhlJ gilbaLfis eldh.

248 249
1639 Kj 1647 tiu eilbgw bjhl gilbaLfdh 5000
Kfyha uhf kojd. d, Ah#fh jdJ vzij fh xsuf nguuR
ifL mF nghLtij Wdh bght

mtuJ jfhz bfhif btfis njojjJ. mfkJ

efiu KaoJ Kfyha nguuRl izJ bfhlh.
#U nfhbfhlh nguurnuhL xgj brJ bfhld. ghg
fhnjZ, fh, bjfhdh, bjsyjhgh vw ehF
bl
kfhzfis h#fh jfhz cUthdh. mtiw, jkJ #hLf
kf muf fLgho lh Muh
uhruf
thRikngh
myfhgh
ghdh
h#fh ehF jtfSilna - jhuh &nfh
(glJ stur), #h (tfhs MSe), muf ( jfhz
MSe) kW _u g (khst, F#uh MSe) - mtuJ nfhLthdh
Mfhy W gyj thRik ngh _lJ. 1657M il
ML W h#fh rW nehthgL d njdh. Kig
Mdh, sturf ehtU Kfyha maizfhf kuhaf
nghlJtd. ngh muf bt bgW Muh
nfhilF EiHJ jhuhit uoaojh. h#fhid mu fl
moga brjh. Muh nfhil mjwgF tfhs Flh
h#fhid iwitjh. Mdh, muf jkJ jijia nfhth
nkhrkhf eljiy. mLj vL MLf h#fh jdJ
kf #fdhuh mghd nrit fhyij fjh. 1666
h#fh wjh. mtuJ cl jh{kAh Kjh fyiwF
nfhnfhL
mUnyna mlf braglJ.
bfh ghisafhuf
muf (1658 - 1707)

wikf Kfyha murf muf a bgUfl

xUt. mt My myJ cyif btgt
vw glij No bfhlh. Kj
gjhLf mt nkbfhl gilbaLf
ah bt Kojd. WW sfis mt
eRdh. Mdh, mtuJ M fhy
muf

250 251
gF bgU ffis rf ntoUjJ. #hJf, gLJtjbfd Kjhf vw ca mfhu gilj mfh
rehaf kW afSTl mtUF vuhf fis bfhl xU j Jiwia muf VgLdh. kJ
sbjGjd. msfah muf fLikahd mUJtJ jilbraglJ. gh vw jhtu gLtJ
rkabfhif visfnsahF. gagLJtJ w nghij bghUfS jilbragld.
jfhz bfhif Kfyha murit ir jfglJ. jnuhfh j vw
nguur kkhl kf KnjhW rlif mt
Kfyha jfhz bfhif mg M blhjh. jruh HhF jilfglJ.
fhyUnj bjhlFwJ. fhnjZ, uh Matiw mg muritUj thda kW n#hlfiy mPf
ifgdh. mfkJ ef kh MgUl #Ah nghlh. gjf bragld.
h#fh Mfhy jfhz MSeuhf Uj muf bjhlf muf jhf J nfhf
ukhd jfhz bfhifia gdh. Kfyha nguuruhf fLtij giHa nfhf JfgLtij jilbrjh.
bghWngwl muf jkJ Mfhy Kj d J nfhfis mf Kglh. kJuh, bgdhu
UgiaJ MLf tlnkF viygF ftd nghw lfUj fbgw nfhf ijfgld. 1679
brYdh. mjUzjh kuhoa mur th tlF kW mt ah kW jgaz tfis jh. yha
bjF bfhfzgF jdbfd xU j muir rka w diuTl mt rJbfhsiy.
VgLbfhlh.
bkhAu goif bfhlhlgLtjF jilf
kuhoa gutU brthif xLF nehfJl glJ. jfhz RjhafJ mt gilbaLjikF
muf #, nfhbfhlh J gilbaLjh. # Kjikfhuz ah tFdJ mt bfhoUj
Rjh fj hit KaoJ mgFia izJ btWngahF. afis mt btWjh. xgjhtJ a
bfhlh. d nfhbfhlh J jhFj bjhLJ FJ FUthd nj{ gf mtuh lglh. jdh, a
h kuig nlhL mJ mj muir izJ rkajtf Mjnkj bjhld.
bfhlh. jfhz muRfis mjJ muf khbgW
mua jtwhF. KfyhaUF kuhoaUF ilgL ehlhf muf rka bfhifah, u#uf,
mit Ujd. kuhoaf. af KfyhanguuRF vuhf Udh.
kJuhUj #hJfS, nkthUj rehafS
muf eltoif KfyhaUF, kuhoaUF sf <Lgld. vdnt, Kfyha nguu F
ilna neuo nkhj cUthf ttFjJ. nkY mtuJ muf fhuzkhdh.
jfhzgilbaLf Kfyha fUyij fhbrjd. n#.v.
rfh TWgo jfhz Fl mufig mjJ. muf MSik kW Fzey

rkabfhif jgl thifia bghWjtiu, muf fL

ciHghs, xGfy, cz kW cil nghwt f
muf jdJ jgl thif xU itf vikia filojh. Fuhid gobaLJ mtiw W
Kkhf fjh. ahit xU yha murhf tU gz jkF ntoa bryfis brJbfhlh. kJ
khaikgnj mtuJ bfhif. xGfbefis eilKiw mUJ tHf mtUiy. fwthsuhd mt, muha kW

252 253
ghuf bkhf nj bgW sdh. jff mtUF
fw milf
ojkhdit. jdJ rkaF cikahdtuhf elJ bfhl
muf d IJntis bjhGif eljjtw khlh. urh jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
nehid flhakhf mDrgh. 1. ghg Kj muf tiu Kfyha mua tuyhW.
mua Jiwjh muf bgUFwfis 2. ghg rhjidfS, ckh lghLfS.
iHjh. kuhoa mu cikahd jikia jtwhf J
bfhl muf mtfis gifJbfhlh. 3. N ilbt - bh M Kiw
nkY, kuhoa rYF xU Koit mt 4. mguJ M - M Kiw, krjh Kiw, rka
fhzjtdh. ah tFig nrj jfhz bfhif.
RjhaflK mt jtwhd bfhifiana filojh. 5. #Ah, h#fh, thRikngh.
mtuJ rkafUJfis Kf myhj rKjhaJ
6. muf jfhz bfhif, rka bfhif
flhakhf f mt nkbfhl Ka njh KojJ.
K myhjtfis gifJbfhljh, Kf 7. Kfyha nguu
midt Mjuit mt bgwh vW TwKoahJ. khwhf,
Kfyha nguu mua vf vif bgUwJ.
Kfyha fhd fhuzf

muf kiwFwF, Kfyha nguuR ntfkhf

ailjJ. Kfyha muritUj ca FodUilna
ngho FGf kjd. 1739 M ML ehh Kfyha
nguuriu iwoJ blia NiuahoanghJjh nguu
gyd btglJ. Kfyha nguu fhd fhuzf
gytifglit. muf jfhz kW rka bfhiff
F ttFjd. wikaw tnjhwfS Kfyha
gilf xGfnfLfS mj F ld. guj
nguuir fofhgJ fodkhf UjJ. bjhlJ eilbgw
nghfdh iyik nkhrkhaJ. ah
Inuhaf Fonawfis mikf bjhlanghJjh,
Kfyhal tikahd flgil yhikia czubjhld.
ehh, mfkJ h mjh nghnwh gilbaLfS
nguu tikia Fiwjd. vdnt, Kfyha nguu
F mua, r_f, bghUshjhu TWf xL bkhj
braghLfns fhuzfshf mikjd.

254 255
 kh dhf ) muf jfhz K Rjhafis Mjjh.
<) muf K myhnjhiu gifJ bfhljh
I. rahd ilia nj brf
midJ KfS mtiu Mjjd.
1. ghg JR gh iy vGa bkh
V. tUttiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.
m) ghuf M)
1. fh eilbgw nfhuh ngh ghg u#ufis
) muha <) JU Koaojh.
2. h#fh abga 2. # Kiwia njhlkh nkY nkgLdh.
m) r M) Fu 3. h#fh xgjhtJ a FU nj{gfiu lh.
) jhuh &nfh <) g VI. WF tiuf (VnjD _W Ff)
II. nfhol lij uf. 1. JR gh
1. Mo brsrh ngh ........... F ......... F
.............. 2. N ilbt
eilbgwJ.
3. uh#h njhlkh
2. Afh ngh ......... jiyikyhd Kfyhagil ....... I
4. yh
KoaojJ.
5. #Ah
3. h#fh Wfhy mtuJ kfshd ....... mtiu
fl ftJbfhlh. VIII. FWa il jUf (100 thijf)
III. bghUJf 1. ghg rhjidfis TWf.
1. Afh ngh m) 1540 2. h#fh Mfhy W eilbgw thRik
nghiu g F vGJf.
2. ulh ghgLngh M) 1539
3. Kfyha nguu fhd fhuzfis Mf.
3. brsrh ngh ) 1576
VIII. thd il jUf (200 thijf)
4. uh ngh <) 1556
1. bh M Kiw w TWfis bjhFJ vGJf.
IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk
rahdJ. 2. mg rhjidfis kLf.
m) mg jfhz bfhif Kfyha nguu F 3. muf rka bfhifia kLf.
lJ.
M) muf rka bfhif Kfyha nguu fhd
fhuzf xW.

256 257
 ghl - 21
Kfyha ah
fw nehff
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
1. Kfyha nguu bghUshjhu kW r_f
thif
2. Kfyha ca FodU mtf thif Kiw
3. ntshik kW tf
4. gghL ts - fiy, folfiy
5. Kfyhafhy Xaf, ya
bghUhsjhu, r_f thif
Kfyha fhy eilbgw r_f, bghUshjhu tsf
Fljfit. mfhy, gy Inuha gafS
tffS ahF tjd. ah ya r_f, Mdh, ViH kf cLf cil, Fiwjgr cilnyna
bghUshjhu iyikf g mtf Vuhskhd jftfis
L brWsd. bghJthf, mtf ah brt cilf Ugiy. jfhz thj kf
brig, brtjf Mlgukhd thifia
tJsd. kWw, Foahdtf, ifidPf nghw
rhjhuz kf tWikia mtf gl Jaufis Tl
vLJ Tsd.
Kfyha caFod
Kfyha fhy caFod gy rYiff bgW thj
tfduht. mtf bgUghnyh JUa kW Mff
nghw ma ehod. Mdh, mfhy KGtJ mtfSilna
fLrf yd.
258
mtf bgUghnyh ahnyna FoakJ
ahitna jh ehlhf tJ bfhld. a r_fY
gghoY ulw fyjd. mnj rka jfsJ xU y gHf
tHffis Llhk gtjd. mg fhy
bjhl, JfS, Fghf uh#ufS, caFod
tf nrJ bfhsgld. vLJfhlhf, uh#h
k, uh#h gh, uh#h njhlkh nghnwhiu Flyh.
d. kuhoafS Kfyhal g nrJ ca Foduhf
Vw bgwd.
Kfyha caFod mf Cafis bgw nghY,
mtfsJ bryfS mfkhfnt Ujd. ca Fod
xbthUtU, Vuhskhd gahsf, Fiuf, ahidf
nghw gthufis guhkf ntL. Kfyha nguurfis
nghynt mtfS Mlgu thifia elj Kajd. caj
tif Milfis mjd. gHfTl wFk brJ
jd. iyaj mfyfis M, bg UghyU
mjd. nguurfSF iyaj gR bghUfis
mtnghJ tHd.
uhkw kf
brtkhf gL kW gU Milfis mjd.
fhy fjd. FfhyfTl mtfSF nghJkhd
fhynaJ fhzgljhf o vw maehLg
FLsh. njhbghUf cajiyna mjF
fhuzkhf UUfTL. m, id, gU tiff
nghwit rhjhzkf Ka czthF. flfiugFf
cz jhuskhf iljJ. be. vbz iy kthf,
c, rfiu iy mfkhf Ujd. uhkw kf
Vuhskhd fheilfis tsJ tjikdh, gh kW
ghbghUf jhuskhf iljd.
259
ntshik
gndHh who bjhlf ah kf
bjhif 125 adhf UUfntL vd xU kL
TWwJ. gLtjF Vuhskhd yf Ujikah
ntshik jiHUjJ. nfhJik, be, gU tiff, gh
nghw gy tifgf rhFgo bragld. gU, m, fU,
vbzJf nghw tf KaJt thj gfS
rhFgo bragld. gndHh who ifiy,
kfhnrhs vw uL a gtiffS
mKfgLjgld. cUisHF, f sfh gbdlh
whojh mKfkhd. Mdh, fhy a ntsh
bjh Egf VJ mKfgLjgliy. UD,
ahdh m, rfiu nghw cz bghUfis mil
ehLfSF Vk bra KojJ.
thg ts
ahUJ gntW tftfd ehL KGtJ
guUjd. mtf caj bjhyit bgUjnjhL
mik ahf bragLtjd. nr kW nghuh tff
bjhiyu tjf <Lgld. cgF tff gh
vdgld. grhuhf vW miHfgl kbwhU tf
d bkhj ahghu <Lgld. vUJf J
bghfis V bfhL bjhiyu brWTl mtf
tjf brjd. MWf glFf _ykhf bkhj
ahghuJfhd bghUf vLJ brygld. tff xU
Fl tFig myJ rkaij kLnk rhjtfshf
Ufiy. F#uh tff Jf, rkzf,
Kf Mnah Ujd. Mthf. knfZtf,
mfthf midtU uh#jh khthf vW
miHfgld. Kjhf, ff, Mfhf ka
MagFfSl thf bjhl itUjd.
bjah nrhH kly flfiugF broahfS
kygh flfiu gF KfS Ka tf
duhffjd.
260
tfhsUJ rfiu, m, bka k Jf
kW gL VWkahd. nrhH kly flfiu #
cgikakhf fjJ. m kW cz jhaf F#uh
tahf tl ahUJ VWk bragld. fhZ
rhitf, fgs f nghw Mlgu bghUfSF
F#uh nahf ikakhf saJ.
fha, br nghw y cnyhff, ngh Fiuf,
jj nghw Mlgu bghUf nghwit Ka wFk
bghUfshF. jf, bt Matiw wFk
brjj_y tf bryht <LflglJ. maehL
thf bgUajh, jf, bt wFk gndHh
who mfJ. mj who F#uhJF tj lR
kW Mnya tff, a tff rhkakhf,
RWRWlD fhzgljhf FLsd.
Kfyha gghL tsh
Kfyha M fhy wghd, guJgl gghL
eltoiffis fhzKowJ. fiy, fol fiy, Xa, ir,
ya nghw Jiwf mJ eF btglJ. jifa
gghL ts, aghugaK Kfyhafsh
ahF bfhLtugl JU - <uhagghL xW
fyjd.
fiy, fol fiy
ukhlkhd nfhilf,
mu kidf, bghJ folf,
kNf, fyiw khlf nghwit
Kfyha fol fiy Ka
mffshF. UWf iwj
njhl fhfis mikg
Kfyhaf f Mt
bfhoUjd. uhzyh
261
 fhZ cs gh, yhT cs hkh gh, gnj cs n#hgh mukid, IJ
grhYs gnrh njhl fh nghwit WTl mLFf bfhl gh kfh nghwit
iyUwd. Ka folfshF.
bh M fhy fh rrhu vw l blYs ckh fyiw mguJ
mikfgl fyiw khlK, blF mUYs uhzyh M fhy flglJ. mj Fif khl
flgld. ilfhy ah ajF folfshf gdh MdJ. jh{kfhYF Kndhoahf
uL dfS fUjgLwd. mjid fUjyh.
mguJ MfhyUJ M u h F
Vuhskhd folf mikFg m U Y s
gh kfh fjuh
bjhlaJ. mt fos gy
nfhilf MuhYs nfhil m g
f thjJ. mJ f kz fyiwia #Ah fo Kojh.
ghiwfshyhdJ. yhT kW Muh jdJ jij k
myfhgh mguJ w nfhilfis bjsyh fyiwia #Ahd
th fh fosh. btis gF y jthrh
fhzyh. h#fh M fhy
nfhilfis fL g mj cia bjhlJ. blYs ffsh mJ mikfgLsJ.
brnfhil, m mikJs u kfh, th M, th mj Rtf iy cahj ff gfgl ntiy ghLf
fh nghwit mtuJ gilfns. bragLsd. tif
myfhu ntiyfSF auh
mg, MuhUJ 36 nyh l bjhiyYs gnj ouh vW bga. h#fh
(bt efu) vw l foa jh{ kAh tif
mukid nfhil xiw myfhu ntiy ghLfis
vGdh. mj tshf Vuhskhf fhzyh. jh{kfh
F#uh kW tfhs fol fiy kkFl khf
ghyhd gy folf fUjgLwJ. Kfyhaf
mikJsd. F#uh gh tsbjLj midJ
folfis mg mtuJ tifahd folfiygh
jh{ kfh
u#u kidaUfhf fS m fhzgLwd.
mikUf TL. mFs jh{kfh Ka wng mj bga FkhlK ehF bka
gnj #&kh kN f ca nfhufSkhF. myfhu ntiyghL f Fiwthfnt
ukhlkhd folkhF. fhzgL wd.
mj kN EiHth y jthrh myJ caj h#fh fhy kN flgLtJ mfjd.
EiHth vdgLwJ. mj cau 176 moahF. F#uh Muh flgLs KJ kN KGtJ btisw gF
mg bgw btia bfhlhLtjfhf mJ vGgglJ.

262 263
ffsh MdhjhF. blYs #&kh kN brw #Ah M fhy Kfyha Xafiy mj
ffshdit. cia bjhlJ. mAr, jh, kJ, Md,
Kfyha folfiy bjhl gbdL kW nfhtj, cjh kN nghw Vuhskhd Xafis mt
gbjhgjh whLfY fhzglJ. khfhz muRfY gykdh. ntilahLj, ngh ff, muritf
mj jhf btglJ. mr cs bghnfh nghw fhfisju, cUtglfS, yFf glfS
Kfyha folfiy TWfis fhz KowJ. Xakhf lgld. vGJfiy, Xaf Matiw
bfhl gy brUnfLfS (Mg) Kfyha fhy
XafS ir cUthfgld. fhy Inuha Xagh jhfij
fhzKowJ.
XafiyF Kfyhaf Ms bjhL
kfjhdjhF. ckh ghuf Kfyha fhy irfiy eF tsailjJ.
jUj nghJjh Kfyhafhy Fthaiu nrj jhnr vw ghlfiu mg Mjjh.
XafiyF eybjhU bjhlf VglJ. jhnr gy uhffis cUthdh. #Ah, h#fh
mt ahF UanghJ iraJ MnahU ir <LghL bfhoUjd.
m, mJ rkJ vw uL Xafis bkh, ya
miHJ tjh. mguJ Mfhy
U XafS fbgW fjd. mguJ MfhynghJ Kfyha nguuR KGtY
gntW ya kW rka fSF ghuf bkh gutyhf tHUjJ. mfhy wj
cUtf _y sfkF gia mg mPuhf, tuhwhauhf mghr sdh. mt
Kfyha fhy bjhlitjh. eho gntW VgLa ciueilgh gy jiyKiwfhy bjhlJ
iyj f gFfUJ Vuhskhd Xaf mtuJ gwgL tjJ.
Xa mitF tutiHfgld. JfS, mfhy gy tuyhWgilf cUthfgld. m
KfS g <Lgld.gth, dh, jt mg, mg ehkh Matiw m ghr vGdh. mtuJ
Mnah mguJ muritfiyPfshf Vw bgwd. rnfhjuuhd m bg mfhya Kd fP. mtuJ
ghuf bkh vGjgoUj kfhghuj, uhkhaz nkghitjh kfhghuj ghuf bkh bkhahf
Ma fhafSfhd sfglf E xafshf braglJ. c, eh UtU kw ghuf bkh
lgld. mg Wa fiyTl gntW a fPfsht.
fijfS E Xa sfglfshf tiuagld. #Ah Rarjkhd JR #Ah mj cdj
Kfyhafhy Xaf, mg ehkh cl gntW eilF bga bgwjhF. ah bg, ehfh, akJyh
tuyhWgilfS fUJUfshf l bgUjd. mt nghw mPfis #Ah Mjjh. ghJh ehkh vw
KakhdJ Arh ehkh. m 1200 Xaf Ujd. a iy vGat mJ AJ yhnAh. h#fh ehkhit
tzfshd k fGJy, a f nghwtiw giljt dhafh. j Ut cl gy
Xaf gagLj bjhld. vGjhsfis, tuyhW mPfis h#fh ngh
Mjjh. h#fh jt jhuh&nfh gftij,

264 265
cgljf Matiw ghuf bkhahf brjh. muf
MfhyY gy tuyhw gilf cUthfgld. ghuf
kh dhf
bkh fthj mfuhf Kfyha fhyjh I. rahd ilia nj brf.
bjhFfgld. 1. gh kAh cs l
tfhs, xah, uh#jh, F#uh nghw tlhu m) bl M) Muh
bkhfS Kfyha fhy ts bgwd. uhkhaz,
kfhghuj cl gy ggilfS tlhu bkhf ) yhT <) gnj
bkhahf bragld. mg fhy bjhl fPfS 2. jhnr vgFia nrjt?
Kfyha mit lbgwd. uhkhaz totkhd
m) ghuf M) F#uh
uh rkd vw iy gilj Jsjhr xU ff
fPuhth. ) M{ <) Ftha
II. nfhol lij uf.
fw milf
1. Arh ehkh vgJ ............ mla bjhF
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
2. mg Mjj irnkij..........
1. Kfyha fhy r_f, bghUshjhu iy.
III. bghUJf.
2. caFod r_f, bghUshjhu thif - uhkw
1. m ghr m) ghJh ehkh
kf thif.
2. dhafh M) mg ehkh
3. Kfyha ntshik, tf - Ka VWk,
wFkf. 3. mJ AJ ynAh ) kfhghuhj ghuf bkhahf
4. Kfyha fhy gghL ts. 4. m bg <) h#fh ehkh
5. fiy, folfiy, mukidf, nfhil, kNf, IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk
Kfyha njhl fhf. rahdJ.
6. Kfyha fhy Xaf ts mj w. m) Kfyha fhy a ntsh Kiw mKfgLjglJ.
7. bkh kW ya ts. M) ifiy, kfhnrhs nghw a g tiff gndHh
who mKfgLjgld.
) Kfyha fhy c rfiu kthf UjJ.
<) m, gh, gU tiff Mad tf gf.

266 267
V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf ghl - 22
1. Kfyha caFodUF brhg Cank tHfglJ.
kuhoaf
2. Kfyha fhy gh, gh bghUf Vuhskhf
iljd.
VI. W F tiuf (VnjD _W Ff)
fw nehff
1. Kfyha caFod
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
2. gnj
1. kuhoa vG.
3. m ghr
2. th thif rhjidfS.
4. guh ouh
3. th M Kiw.
VII. FWa il jUf (100 thijf)
4. ngZthf vG.
1. Kfyha fhy uhkw kf bghUshjhu iyikia
TWf.
2. Kfyha fhy cehL, maehL tjf g F kuhoa vG
vGJf.
gdhW, gndHh whLf gntW TWf gadhf
VIII. thd il jUf (200 thijf) kuhoaf vG bgwd. kuhoa njr a TWf
1. Kfyha fhya gghL tsia bjhFJ vGJf. mtfSnfa xU wghd Fzij njhWjd.
2. Kfyha fiy, folfiy wTWfis Mf. kiyghfhd gFfS, mlj fhLfS mtfis
uftfshf, bfhyhngh Kiwia gWgtfshf
3. Kfyha M fhy bkh kW ya tsia
tiuf. cUthd. kfhuhZou gua g af mtfilna
xUj rka czit CoaJ. Jfhuh, uhkjh, thk go,
Veh nghw Mf jiytf r_f xWikF ld.
thah mua xWik VglJ. jfhd Rjhafshd
#, mfkJ ef nghw muRf gilJiwY, M
JiwY kuhoahf Ka bghWfis tJtjd.
nkhnuf, ghff nghw brthF Fj gy kuhoa
FLgfS Ujd. Mdh, tik thj kuhoa muir
cUtha bgUik hnghny kW mtuJ jt th
Utiunk rhU.

268 269
th (1627 - 1680) : thif gilbaLfS Kiw muf thF vuhf Mg ehL uh#h
b#if mDitjh. b# gilfis eF jah brJ
th 1627 M ML nd vw bfhL th FLgK, fUyK Uj uj
l wjh. mtuJ jij h nfhilia KWiflh. ntW tyhj iy, th,
nghny. jh gh. 1637 jdJ b#Fl ngRthijF clglh. 1665 M ML
jij #huhd dhit th bgwh. UtUF ilna uj clgoif ifbaGjhaJ.
1647 th ghJfhtyuhd jhjh ml goifgo, th jlUj 35 nfhilf 23
bfhlnj kiwj wF th jdJ nfhilfis Kfyhal xgiljh. Kfyha nguuRF
#h KG Mahsuhdh. mjF Kng, Rthrkhf Uf, nritahw ntL vw gjid
uhfh, nfhldh, njhdh Ma ng vUj 12 nfhilf thlnk lgld. #
th lfis # MahslUJ th muRF brhjkhd xU y gFfis itUF cik
ifgUjh. thF mfglJ. KfyhaUF jhnk neuoahf nrit bra
xU kuhoa jituhd rhjhuh nkhnulUJ #h ntL vw gjidia yFkhW th nfL
vw gFia mt ifgdh. jdh, khyh gF bfhljh, mtuJ WtaJ kfdhd hghF kr 5000
Mahsuhdh. 1657, th # muir jh bfhfz vw jFiy tHfglJ.
gFUJ gy nfhilfis ifg bfhlh. thia 1666 th MuhF brwnghJ, Kfyhauh
Kaogjfhf # Rjh mrfhid mDitjh. iwofglh. Mdh, iwUJ jukhf ja th
Mdh 1659 th f Jryhd tif mrfhid mLj ehF MLf jdJ gilfis tikgL
vbfhL jh bfhiybrjh. bfhlh. d, KfyhaUbfuhd nghiu L
th j ngh btSFwF kuhoa gF kf bjhldh. 1670 Nu JiwKf L thah
mtiu xU khudhf nghw bjhld. mtuJ gil nrJ NiuahlglJ. jdJ gilbaLf _y Hj
gahw gy Ktjd. th jiyik kuhoa vG gFfisbayh th lh. 1674 uhfh th
bgWtUtij Kfyha nguur muf mrJlndna KoNo bfhlJl rug vw glij
ftJ tjh. mt jfhz MSeuhf Uj bZlhfh Nobfhlh. d, mt fdhlfgF J
vgtiu thbfuhf mDitjh. Kfyha gilfsh gilbaLJ br, nt Matiw ifgdh.
njhfofgl th L xU Kiw Jryhf bragL btbgW Ua th 1680 kiwjh.
bZlfh dh uhQt KfhJ muojhFjiy el th M Kiw
mtuJ kfid bfhwJl mtiu fhagLdh.
th j Jr eltoifah bZlfh th xU wj Mahsuhf fjh. xU wj
fGF GF VglJ. muf mtiu Ug miHJ MaikF mt monfhdh. murhf ikakhf mur
bfhlh. 1664 th, Kfyha Ka JiwKfkhd Nu braglh. murUF cjahf vL mikrf bfhl
JiwKfij jh mij Niwahodh. mZlujh vw mikruit UjJ. UD xbthU
mikrU thnf neuoahf bghW thjthfshf
Ujd.

270 271
1. ngZth - kW bghJ thf. d, ngZth ujk
mikruhf braglh.
2. rh--nehg myJ nrdhg - gil jsg
bfsutgj
3. mka - fzF nkyhs
4. the - cs Jiw, mr kW mukid thf
5. r - jft bjhl
6. mkjh - rlFf
7. ahaZ - Jiw
8. gojuh - mwbfhil kW rka thf
th nkbfhl bgUghyhd MJiw Ujf
jfhz Rjha gwgLtj eilKiwfisna
mogilahf bfhoUjd. vLJ fhlhf, ngZth vgJ
ghufJ glkhF.
th ytUthKiw mfkJ ef kh Mg
Fa eilKiwia xona UjJ. fh vw msnfhiy
gagL yf msfgld. betaf, njhl yf,
kiyghfhd yf vd yf _W tiffshf
fgld. Vfdnt thf mikUj njZKFf,
Fff Ma mfhf mfhuf Fiwfgld.
fTf vW miHfgl jdJ tUthJiw mfhfis
mt ajh.
brs kW rnjZK vw tf kuhoa eho
tNfgliy. mit, KfyhaUF kW jfhz
RjhafSFgl mikgFf tNfgl
tfshF. kuhoa gilbaLfUJ jfis fhgh
bfhtjfhf yt eh xU gFia brhJ tahf
mgFkf brYd. kuhoaf jf gugiu
cikFgl lfshf fUa gFf thj kf
brYa yt gJ rjj TLj tna rnjZK MF.
272
th gilJiw thf nkjik bgWfjh.
mtuJ gilf eF uikfgoUjd. mtuJ iyahd
gil 30,000 Kj 40,000 tiuyhd Fiu uf
lbgUjd. Fiugil Ajhf nkghit
UjJ. ufSF iyahd Ca tHfglJ. kuhoa
Fiugil uL f Ujd. 1. gf-mu
nkghit neuoahf guhkfglJ. 2. yhjhf -
caFod guhk Ujit. fhyhgil khyh
fhyh gil uf Ka gF tjd. th xU fggil
itUjh.
kuhoa uhQt eltoiff nfhilf Ka
gfhd. th M fhy W Rkh 240
nfhilfis mt bgUjh. xbthU nfhil rk jF
thj _W mfhf fLgho lgld. Jnuhf
braiy jgjfhfnt rk mfhu tHfglJ.
th xU Mf tkhd nkij. kuhoaUfhd xU ehil
cUthat. #hjhuhf UJ rugahf mt Vw bgwJ
ufjfJ. kuhoaiu xizJ Kfyha nguuRF xU
bgU vahf mt sdh. mt xU Jryhd u,
MwF Mahs.
th t njhwf
th kiwF, mtuJ jtfshd
hghF uh#huhKF ilna thRikngh eilbgwJ.
hgh m btbgwh. Mdh, d mt Kfyhafsh
iwgLjgL lglh. mLJ uh#uh MF
tjh. Kfyha uLjYF ma mt br
jrFjh. rjhuh mt kiwjh. mtuJ kid
jhuhghia muruahf bfhL kf ulh th
MF tjh. mLJ MF tjt hF. mtuJ M
fhy ngZthf mfhuij ifgd.
273
ngZthf (1713 - 1818)
ghyh teh (1713 - 1720)
xU a tUthJiw mfhahf gF nrj ghyh
teh 1713 ngZth gjF gogoahf Knddh. ngZth
gj mt jdJ iyia nkY tikgL bfhlnjhL,
mgjia thRik gjahf khdh. cehL ngh
Ka gF tj mt Wahf hFit kuhoa muruhf
ajh. hFF Mjuthf midJ kuhoa jiytf
Mjuit nfhbgwh.
1719 , ghyh teh Kfyha
g%ahlUJ y cikfis nfh bgwh. Kfyha
nguur hFit kuhoa muruhf mfjh. nkY, fehlf,
ikN cl jfhzUj MW Kfyha khfhzfY
brs. rnjZK tfis tNJ bfhS cikia
nguur hFF tHdh.
Kjyh ghuh (1720 - 1740)
ghuh, ghyh teh _jkf. jkJ UgjhtJ
tanyna jij tj gjahd ngZth gj mkjh.
mtuJ fhy kuhoaf f mj cnf brwJ.
kuhoa jiytf mla Toiz xiw mt
VgLdh. mjgo, xbthU kuhoa jiytU jkF
xJfgl M gF jdh cikfis bgW
Mbra ttif braglJ. mj isthf,
kuhoajiytf y fHljd. ah btntW
gFf jfsJ Mfij VgL bfhld.
gnuhlh bf th, eh nghny, nAhf,
Ftha ah, dh ngZth vd kuhoa jiytf
mjj gFf brthFl sd.
274
ghyh ghuh (1740 - 1761)
jdJ gbjhgjh tanyna jijFwF ghyh
ghuh ngZth gjykjh.
1749 kuhoa mur hF thR VJ wjh. thrhf
afgl uhuh{ vgtiu ghyh ghuh rjhuh
iwitjh. kuhoa muR KGtJ ngZth fLgho
tjJ.
1752 ngZth Kfyha nguuRl xU xgj brJ
bfhlh. mjgo cehL, maehL vflUJ
nguur Kfyha nguuriu ghJfhgjhf ngZth cWajh.
mjFgyhf, tlnkF khfhzf brs, rnjZK
tfis, Muh kW M{ gFf bkhj tUthia
ngZth tNJ bfhs nguur mDkjh.
mjdh, mfkJ h mjh ahJ gilbaLJ
tjnghJ ahit ghJfhF bghW kuhoaUF VglJ.
1761M ML eilbgw _wh ghgL ngh mfkJ h
mjhia vJ kuhoaf uJl nghld. Mdh,
njhailjd. gy kuhoa jiytfS, Mufzfhd
ufS ngh kojd. j nrhfij fL
mailj ngZth ghyh ghuh wjh. nkY, j ngh
kuhoaUF kuz moahf mikjJ. kuhoa jiytfS
ilna Vgl crfdh kuhoa ToizY r
GjJ.
Kfyha nguu F wF, kuhoaf ah
xU bgU rahf vG bgwd. Mdh, mtfsh oZ
Mf iyehlglij jLfKoaiy.
kuhoajiytfshd nAhf, ah, nghny
nghwtfSilna ya xWikikna mtfsJ
fhd fhuzf KjikahdjhF. nkY, mtfsJ
gil, nghL KiwfS nkgL Ujjh, W
ohnu bt bgwd.
275
fw milf kh dhf
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ. I. rahd ilia nj brf
1. kuhoa vGfhd fhuzf. 1. th wjJ
2. th sikfhyK ngh btfS. m) rjhuh M) dh
3. th kuhoa MKiw w TWf. ) nd <) #
4. ngZthf vG, _wh ghgL ngh 2. uj clgoif brJ bfhsgl ML
KaJtK. m) 1660 M) 1665
) 1670 <) 1675
II. nfhol lij uf
1. th ghJfhty ......
2. thF mLJ MF tjt ......
3. _wh ghgLngh ....... Mo ..... F .... F
ilna eilbgwJ.
III. bghUJf
1. ngZth m) Ftha
2. ah M) dh
3. nAhf )
4. nghny <) eh
IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk
rahdJ
m) th tUth mik nrhHuJ mikig xoajhF
M) fh vw ms nfhyh yf msfgld.
) kuhoa fhy yf ehF tiffshf
fgld.

276 277
<) Vfdnt gjUj tUthJiw mfhfSF th
nkY mfhu tHdh.
ghl - 23
V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf. Inuha tUif
1. mfkJ h mjh gilbaLjnghJ mtiu Kfyha
nguur vbfhlh.
2. _wh ghgL ngh eh h kuhoagilfis fw nehff
Kaojh. j ghlUJ khztmJ bfhtJ.
3. nkhnufS ghffS kuhoa FLgij 1. ahF nghRa tUif.
nrjtf.
2. ah lR, uR, Mnya, nlZ
VI. WF tiuf (VnjD _W Ff) tjfikaf WtgLj.
1. uj clgoif 3. fdhlfgF Mnya - uR Mf ngho.
2. mZl ujh 4. tfhs oZ M WtgLj.
3. th fhya tf
4. _wh ghgL ngh ahF InuhghF ilyhd tjf cwf
VII. FWa il jUf (100 thijf) f gHikahdit. mit, Mr gsjhF, myJ ah
myJ vJnghw ygFf tahf VgLjglit.
1. kuhoa vGfhd fhuzfis TWf. Mdh, 1498 M ML thnfhl fhkh edif Kid
2. ghyh teh g F tiuf tahf xU a fl tia fLojh. mjwF gy
tjf Wtdf ahF tJ
VIII. thd il jUf (200 thijf)
jfsJ tjf ikafis VgLd.
1. th thif kW rhjidfis t. tffshf ahF tj mtf,
2. th MKiw fhzgL w TWfis fhyngh a mua <LgL
FLf. Wahf jfsJ Fonawfis
mikJ bfhld. InuhafS
3. ngZthf vG kW rhjidfis Mf. ilna ya tjf ngho mua
Mffhd nghoahf khaJ.
W, ah jfsJ Mia
mikj_y oh mngho
thnfhl fhkh
btbgwd.

278 279
nghRaf
1498M ML nk 17 M eh nghRa gaahd
thnfhlfhkh f nfhil JiwKfij tjiljh. f
nfhil Mahs rhk mtiu ml tuntwh. mLj
Mnl mt nghRf Udh. 1500 bgnuh mt
fhu ahF tjh. 1502 thnfhlfhkh ulhtJ
gazij nkbfhL ah tjh. fnfhil,
fz}, bfh Ma lf nghRaf jfsJ
thf iyafis W bfhld.
ah Kj nghRa MSeuhffjt
uh o mklh. d, 1509 M ML mf MSeuhf
afglh. 1510 mf # MahslUJ VgLjglJ. mjfhd gla yhJ mu vrbg
nfhthit ifg bfhlh. mjd, ahUj
nghRa gFf jiyiklkhf nfhth fjJ. mf
kyhfh kW yifia ifgdh. fnfhil xU
nfhilia mikjh. a bgfis kzJ bfhSkhW
mt jkJ ehltiu crhfgLdh. ah
nghRafis f tikahd rahf kha mf
1515 kiwjh.
mLJ MSeuhf tjtf nkF flfiu lhk,
rhr, ggh Ma lfY HF flfiu
bridfU rhnjh, tfhs A& Ma lfY
nghRa FoUfis VgLd.
UD, gdhfh who W ah
nghRa Mf ailabjhlaJ. mLj
who nfhth, il, lhk ju Vida gFf
midij mtf Hjd.
lRfhuf
1602 M ML lR Ha tfFG
VgLjglJ. lR tff ahF tJ kNgod,
fh, Nu, fhiufh, ehfgod, Ruh, fhgrh Ma
280
lf FoUfis Wd. gndHh who mtf
nghRaiu bt bfhL, Hnf Inuha tf
tik bfhL sd. ah lRfhuf Ka
ikakhf fh myJ gHntfhL UjJ. d, ehfgod
jiyiklkhW.gndHh who ilgF
Mnyaf bga Fonaw rahf vGbgwd. Mnya
- lR Mf ngho Rkh vGgJ MLf ojJ. mnghJ,
lRfhuf jfsJ Fonawfis xbthwhf ohl
Hjd.
Mnyaf
1600 M ML Mnya Ha tfFG
ifbaGlh. Nu xU Mnya tf ika mikgjF
mDk nfh 1609 M ML nfl Ah #Ah
mitF tjh.
Mdh nghRa Ljdh, Kfyha nguur
MnyaUF mDk kWjh. d 1612 M ML #Ah
MnyaUF gk myJ mDk foj tHdh. 1613
mtf Nu tf iyaij Wd.
yhJ mur Kjyh n# Jtuhf 1615M ML
r jhk nuh ahF tjh. ah gntW gFf
Mnya tf iyafis mikgjF mt #Ahl
mDk bgwh.
1619M ML th Muh, mfkjhgh, gnuhlh, nuh
Ma lf Mnyaf tf iyafis Wd.
yhJ muruhd ulh rhylUJ gghia Mnya
Ha tfFG bgwJ.
1639 MML uh nl vgt brid efiu
Wdh. mF br #h{ nfhil flglJ. 1690 M
ML #h rheh vgt Rj vw l kbwhU
Mnya tf iyaij VgLdh. d, mJnt
ffjh efukhf tsailjJ. mF a nfhil
281
flglJ. fhy, ffjh oZ ah
jiyefuhf saJ. thW, ah Mnya
Fonawf ggh, brid, ffjh vw _W khfhz
jiyefuf Wtgld.
uRfhuf
1664 M ML gdhfh kd mikruhd
fhg vgtuh uR Ha tf FG VgLjglJ.
uh nfu vgtuh Nu ef KjyhtJ uR tf
iya WtglJ. d bkfhuh vgtuh
kNgod xU tf iya mikfglJ. uhfh
kho 1673 ghonria Wdh. ru ehT, kh,
fhiufh nghwit ah Wtgl kw uR tf
iyafshF. uhfh kho ghonr KjyhtJ
MSeuhth. ah uR FonawfSF jiyiklkhf
ghonr fjJ.
nlaf
ah blkh ehL tf iyafis WaJ.
1620 jufgho nlZ tf iya VgLjglJ.
kbwhU Ka nlZ FoU tfhsUj uh.
uh ah mtfsJ jiyiklkhF. ah
mtf jfsJ iyia tYgLjiy. 1845 jfsJ
a Fonawfis ohUF Wld.
Mnya - uR Mfngho
ah jfsJ nkyhfij iyehLtjfhf
MnyaU uRfhuU gbdlh who
KgFUJ nghol bjhld.
ah Kfyha nguuR ailjij bjhlJ
ya mua FHgij gagL bfhl mtf a
cehL mua jiyld. fdhlf gFY tfhsY
Mnya - uR Mf ngho eF btglJ.
282
fehlfnghf
Kfyha nguu FwF, rh c K
jiyik jfhz jdJ Ljiyia mJ bfhlJ.
fehlfK jfhz xUgFahF. fdhlf Mahs
rh nkyhikia VW bfhoUjh. 1740 Inuhgh
Ma thRik ngh bjhlaJ.
mngh yhJ uhR
vbu m Ujd. vdnt
ahY UtUilna ngh
_lJ. 1746M ML gho
nrUj uR MSe ons
Mnya J jhFj bjhLjh.
Jnt Kj fehlfngh (1746-48)
bjhlfkhF. Mnyaf fehlf
ethghd mth%l cj
ons
nfhd. Mdh, mtuJ
nghoahsuhd rjhrhl uRfhuf clgoif
brJ bfhld. bridfU eilbgw milahW ngh
Mygilf uRfhufis njhfojd. jil
Ma thRik ngh 1748 M ML I-yh-rng
clgoifgo KoF tjJ. mjdh Kjyh fehlfnghU
KoF tjJ.
Mdh ah cehL mua MnyaU
uRfhuU vbu iyfis vLJ tjd.
mjdh ulh fdhlfngh (1749-1754) njhaJ.
iAjuhgh rh gjF tuUa K[g # vgtiu
ons Mjjh. MfhL maiziaifgw Ua rjh
rhl ons Vfdnt e bfhoUjh. _t
gilf Kjyh fdhlfngh MnyaUF gf gykhf w
mthUgilfis Kaojd.
1749 M ML eilbgw M ngh mth%
bfhyglh. mj bt isthf K[g # rhgjia
283
Vwh. rjhrh MfhL eth gj mkjh. mthU
kf KfkJ m UF jnahodh. mtUF Mjuthf
Mnyaf y JUfis mDitjd. jil
oZ giljsgahd uhg is Mfhil ifgdh.
fhntghf vw l uRgilfis Kaojh. rjh
rh ifgwgL jrh unrj braglh.
ngh dil Vgljh ons UaiHfgL
mtUFgyhf nfhlh uR MSeuhf af glh.
1754M ML ghonr clgoif go ulh fdhlf
ngh KoF tjJ.
Inuhgh VHhLngh (1756 - 1763) btojnghJ _wh
fehlf ngh (1758 - 1763) bjhlaJ.
uRgilf jiytuhf foyh vgt Ujh.
1760 M ML oZ jsg r ma T mtiu tjth
Kaojh. mLj Mo Mnya gilf ghonria
ifg mefiu mjd. 1763 M ML gh cl goifgo
VHhLnghKoF tjJ. _wh fehlfnghU KojJ.
ghonr, fhiufh, kh, Vdh gFf kL
uRfhuf jf eltoiffis kLgL bfhtjhf
xbfhld.
Mnya - uR Mf ngho Mnyaf bt
bgwd. uRfhuf njhailjd.
uRfhuf njhfhd fhuzfis tUkhW
bjhFJ Twyh.
1. Mnya thf kW flgil tik.
2. uR mu cjilfhik.
3. uRfhuf jfhz Mjuit eUjd.
Mdh, MnyaUF tfhs tYthd mojs
UjJ.
284
4. ffjh, ggh, brid Ma _W Ka Jiw
Kffis Mnya bgUjd. uRfhufl
ghonr kLnk UjJ.
5. uR jsgfl xWikiy.
6. Inuha nghf yhJ bgw bt ah
uRfhu vfhyij zgjhf mikjJ.
tfhs Mnya Mf WtgLj
ah tsf, brtf gFf xwhf tfhs
fjJ. ah Mnya M gutjF, tfhs
mthf VgLa Mfnk mogilahf
mikjJ. tfhs eth uh{ c bjsyhF
MnyaUF ilna bjhla r
1757 M ML 23 eh eilbgw
shngh KojJ. oZ JUf
jsgahd uhg is eth gilfis
KaoJ bt uuhf vG bgwh.
eth giljsgahd #hg Jnuhf
brany Mnya vjhd btF
fhuzkhf mikjJ. UD, sh ngh
uhgis Mnya bgw bt ah Mnya
M Wtglij Fgjhf mikjJ.
1764 M ML Mnyaf L xU Kiw mnah
eth, Kfyha nguur, tfhs eth Mnah TLgilfis
grh ngh Kaojd. Mnya giltik Kothf
iyWjglJ. 1765M ML tfhs MSeuhf uhg
is afglh. mnj Mo myfhgh clgo if
ifbaGlglJ. mjgo, Mnya Ha tf
FGF Kfyhanghuur th cikfis tHdh. thW,
ah Mnya Mf eF iy ehlglJ.
285
fw milf kh dhf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ I. rahd ilia nj brf
1. ah nghRaf ts .
1. ah KjyhtJ nghRa MSe
2. ah lR, uR, Mnya,nlZ
Fonawf m) thnfhlfhkh M) mbklh
3. Mnya - uR Mf ngho fdhlf )mf <) uhfh kho
nghfS. 2. shngh eilbgw ML
4. tfhs Mnya Mf WtgLjY
m) 1767 M) 1757
sh nghU.
) 1764 <) 1747
II. nfhol lij uf
1. nfl Ah ..... mitF tUif jh.
2. uh ..... tf ika.
3. gh clgoif ..... fdhlfnghiuKoF
bfhLtjJ.
III. bghUJf
1. #h rhdh m) jufgho
2. nlaf M) ffjh
3. uh nl ) ghonr
4. uhfh kho <) brid
IV. rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk
rahdJ
m) Ma thRik ngh _wh fdhlf nghUF
ttFjJ.
M) VHL ngh ulh fdhlf nghUF ttFjJ.
) uhg is shngh bt bgwh.
<) fdhlf nghf isthf tfhsUJ
uRfhuf btnad.
286 287
V. tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf fhynfhL
1. rjhk nuh ulh rhy Jtuhf ahF
.. 1500 Kj .. 1600 tiu
tjh.
1 myF = 10 MLf
2. onsFwF nfhl uR MSeuhdh. 1500

VI. WF tiuf (VnjD _W Ff)

1. thnfhlfhkh
2. mf
3. ah lR Fonawf
4. sh ngh
VII. FWa il jUf (100 thijf)
1. ah nghRa vG kW ia t. 1510 - nghRaf nfhthit ifgaJ

2. tfhs oZ Mf vG g F tiuf.
VIII. thd il jUf (200 thijf)
1. ah Mnya - uR Mf nghoia bjhFJ
vGJf.

1520

1526 - Kj ghgL ngh

1530 - ghg w

288 289
 1575 - ghj fhdhit mikj

1540 - fndh ngh 1580

1582 - yh

1550 1590

1555 - ckh kiw

1556 - ulh ghgL ngh

1560 1600

1565 - jiynfhil ngh

1570

290 291
 fhynfhL
.. 1600 Kj .. 1700 tiu
1myF = 10 MLf
1639 - uh nl kjuh efuij cUthFj
1600 Mnya Ha tf FG WtgLj 1640

1605 - #Ah maiznaWj

1608 - nfl Ah ah tUif

1650
1610

1615 - r jhk nuh ah tUif

1660

1620

1665 - uj clgoif

1627 - th w
1670

1630

292 293
1674 - th KoNobfhs

1680

1690

1700

294