KEOAAATO8

O ME'TA>XHMATTEMO>I.API.ACE
KAI OI EOAPMOIEE TOY

:To ls?,.r!Toio ar,r{i xred},a[o ovonI1)oooupl ro FEra(tllpqrtopo

l-aplacc x(rt. [8rxEq (lxl6 r!( tqcQFoy6Ero!. trtv ]re(i]rl rvolrllc 3l-
o(rlovrc0 buo llqorxdE !6t(irllrE,'ro xdlvouv ro prraolnpqlropd
Ldplace Xeiolpo orrt F8larn btoqoelxdv Ero6o(l)!.nQdxllo! llc rn
o|![nfQrqoQalol' t,fr(oxntrcrrolror',os:Tuogltv tratxrY{r]?roI xcr rrr
lfyov('K,JlL FnoQoIFf v( ruuo?rrot)ior'uFr trid ofvdurlo4 rI< o;roioE
o pErooxrlpolroltdE Laplace rivcr lvoorog. o FlaoxlFai!o[og
louricr rcrdxe! cjri(tng o rtq lrE !b('xnrEE. (Blt[e IIaQ.4.3 ror EloI.
8.3).
:rlv fv6Tnr.' E.2 u\,(tnrriooovr.lr rfxvrxrE yr.r r1! uvrLorQo(I Tou
llF.rcffllporropolr Laplace. >rnv Ev6rnro 8.3 o1d96Qo1ror"psQrrias
cgaQloya( rorl ltrcroXl[orropoll o[ ouviorE b0(l9oQr.xfEr loriJorg.

8.1 BA:IKE: IAIOTHIE: TOY META:XH]IIATI:TIOY LAPLACE

O prooxnFnrroF6g Laplace rivar 6vc t[cvrobrivopo ey(lcio rou

xorlorporlolei-[nr 1(')ooolo xcoaoir ooo )i0! oT(r qoQpoo$fvo paen
porlxCr. E]rop6v(Dq.Eivo! olF(rvtrx6 vo xcrovoliool'p rn l]oo!'it 0e{,)
picr r U xur rr; rq QFr'1rarol'. For,.' n ouvaprldn l(rl nou oQt(srcr
oro [O,-) ].ia! noiQftr neof[orrx69 n prya6r)i6( rqLil. O lEtaoXnpa-
t.olt6a Laplace I\a f oQaEIo!ond rn ouvdQrlot / ltg ttt'fabrxriEp-
ra8ltlriE z xal aaYEraia:rd riv

i, e z f (t, dt (l)
8.1 AAIIKE: IAIOTHTE' TOY META:XHIATIIMOY LAPLACE 607

H f oQaEratylc xavs rc zC yra ra oiroia_ro oloxlrlQopo

or'yrlive!. AIIo! ouvrioelg oup0otlloFoi ylo rnv f iva0 g(f) i
qn),6( F.
fro iX1,lxot6 )'6louE. nQgTrEL l'c n!0drlloup 6vov rQroQloFd
olrE o1JlcQ1rloelErox 0c 0(oQodl[.Ar[c!ro{[r n f: t0,6) -+ C (i R)
ld eL\o\ exesfuti qQsyptvn, Axr6 onpcll! 6rr, 0o rle6n[ vq urldQ-
Xorrv oiqoedg A > 0, B e R, rero!E dor

l f ( r ) < A e" r (2)

yro dl,s ro a> 0. M dr.LoL6y!a,rl I 0a rQ6n!va ptv alEdvrnoLt

yeriyoQo.fla troed6ryu.a. xireenol.rrivulo uJrcxorle[o' q!fii ryl ouv-
'Oleg
oixn (frqrf;). oL olvaerioG nou 0a qeueiooupeora radpEya
autod rou x|Ea\qto! unorieEvraL6rL tll/al exeErLrad EQayp6l,/tE. @n
!,1006('()F nton6drl o i.identfiQ(loFdl,o6rdorlpa 10,o], rl f f
vol gQdypeq ]idr olox].Ie6o!pl. (H releurqla auri ouveixl roll'el
d! I / rt!o[ rfrl[arlxd suvExriE.)

H T.uqp6vq :riyxlronq

To ne6To olFqvrln6 (fiortlopu orrro$ Tou teql,oiolJ ogoeh trl

q{Jon rorr ouv6}.ou ni loU onoioU I f(z) oeiqera! ror ivo! ava)! L

8.I.1 OEOPHMA:YTKAITH: TOY META:XHMATI:MOYLAPLACE

Eorn'drt n rrrJ0.-) -+ C ri R) .,vdr txqFtrx.!qeayyivqxat orl

e'I(t)dt

TorE, rtttdQ{tL iraE IrovaSLx6EapL0lr69o, -x <o <6, rtrorc<

I ouvx^iwL Eav Re z > o

I e-" r(t)dt 1 (3)
Jo I dfiotaih/eLaaw Rez<o

Ermliov, 4 7 dtat avd,urtxil EJttror arv'lou A= lz)Rez>ol

lT et=-[' te-" Ilt)dt (4)

608 O META>XHMATIIiIO>LAPLACEKAI OI EOAPMOTE:TOY

yla Rez>o. O aQLqpdEo ovopaeEraLfi1pw6vn 6iyt4.o4, xqL .dr

p
oQtooaptrov seLgpd ug

p = i n f { B e R l r r r d Q x AL> 0 1 6 r ( ) 1 06 0 r l 1 ( r ) l < A e ' ' } (5)

To oivolo lzlRez>ol oaopdqrarnp!nbt6oo{1r} !oIE. (Edv

o=-@, rdr nQdxLror,ylc d)'oro C.) 81"6r>X.8.1.1.fe!fid, [vo!
vo l1,oQ[Eo!pe6r rcDvt[Qo16Qo!Ed\ \ i(z) o!lti].[,v! Eni
6rior.aol.o
lnE euoel,ogRez = o.

Laplace
ortw]'ronc10! FtqoupqrLouon
IXH'IA 8.1.1 Hpr0n[ne6o

H or66!El io! t{oQatlcrv(oooQripaioEed 6o0Ei olo r6}'oE ouxliE

filg rvdrlrog l.rsli p dl,l,o ot[orlopcto oxottxd F orrYrillon.
fr,o vo l.lllv lridQxs! tlspit[rcDoq otyxlon( 0o XQqolpotiololJpolo
'EvoE
o1j[8ol!oud o(r') yro ro o 1.ic!rp(f) 'flq 10 p, lsrdlln]'oE lQ6troE
.lla vo !fioloylool'$e ro o(f) nQtYQdQro[ oro AuU.CvqIloQo6eiYplara
8.1.12 xo! 8.1.13. H c'[Lxdvlonf)f efusL tiQoqa!6E YQoFplrtri
ur[6 rnv twotcv oxL (df+bt\'=aI+bZ, tlo! loxrlEr Y[o Rez>
max [o(/), o(g)]- Eil,/a! miotq xor 6vo-trQog-6vq 6nlo6t, n f=A
olrvefidyEro! 61r f= 8: pL(r ol'vdQlnon c(z) F roQi va lvat prooxn-
parroFdE Laplace to trotrll plog ouv{iQtqotE. nlo o1)lxexQlu.6va:

8.1.2 OENPHMA MONO>HMANTOY TOY META'XHMATI:MOY

LAPLACE Toru, orr or I xat h dvat ouvtxtig xat at 7\tl -itzt yto
Re z > yo ylq xanolo yo. Tdre f(t) = h(t) yla 61a ra t e [o.6).
E.'I BA:IKEI IAIOTHTE: TOY METAEXHMATIIMOYLAPLACE 609

To 06Qlpa ourd 6ev eivol rdoo onlo doo eo.vElol. A6y(o rou
6rr n nl.ielE or66[Erlivqr rroh'nloxt,0a avcqaeou$rq xr]ela
onFicroro t6),oEorltri( lIE v6r4ra(.Xertortr.ollotcDvrqs[6tEar6 rn
eE(DQ[o r{E olot},riQ(I)on<,
0a proQoioqpe vo rriri,voulrE
xo 0ecb-
QIpo rou trovooiFavlo (t oorvXiSouvqerfolE,0a ,re6rr!6poE
va 6[uretvtiooupro 1[ EwoouFEtl rov 6eo (!o6rlTc ouvcerri-
o(ov'.Ita ncQdolyfra,(iv n 1(r) prqfJlrl0ioE pla r!!ri rou t, I I
'Iopa[6vsr (l$stdplnrt.
To oEdrenuolor povodipovrou poq r[lrQd]rr\rd acboo1'pe [ia
cndrr'fiprloro re6Flnpa "AooeiortErlg g(z), vo lJgeeiI fft) rdroto
cborr f =6", 6!dr[ ouvrrrilyrcl6rL Fnoeava urldex!ro ro],{ pia
161()10 (ouvXriE)ouvdQrlol /. H f ovopdqlorsvttoteoqoE pruoxn-
patLoltdsLaplacexrtl g. :rnv fidpt\rilevdrrlrao1]cq6Qovrar [a0o6o!
!,'tor!olroFo{rnE I 6rav 6l.vro!rl 8.

Meroox.lponotol Laplaco nopoydryov

Mia poorxli qoepolri ro)v perooxlporloldv Laplace rh,or dll

FcE nrreitrouvvo FIdrQel,or|F pta blqeoelxri Eiooorlo plc ol,-
yel]elxri.Orav l.uoel 4 o],yflelrriEio(l)ol|n i,uon rou cQXlxorijreo-
Di'riporogpnoQri va l]etrosiEeqQpri(ovrasiov avllorQorpoperoolrl-
FarloFd Laplace.H 6!o6!rdo[c qr'rri |]ootqelo!olo rdpvooe(;)enpo.

'Eoro
8,1.3 nPOTAIH 6rL q f tiydt auveNiEoro IO,a\ xar rpnpa-
rLxd Ct, 6n1a6i tliry&rL,(r o vex6,,tcea,/uytoLLtn.Tdr yLaRez > p
(xard ro @Etbe4ltd (8,L I)),

l\ 'd't lI t ' ) = ' s (6)

"'- "ot
AnOAEI=H An6 rov oQroFd,

lf,)",=l""'' !odr
Ol,oxl4Q6vowaq xard lldQI. raievoupe

Aito rov oQlop6 rox p, e-B'".[(to) <,4 yra xdro0o B<Rez. Exro-
& " . 1 ( r o ) e - ( R . ' - 8 ) ' o Ar ,o o n o ' o
F 6 1 ' o 6l e ' h . f ( r o ) l = l e - ( ' - D ' , l l e l<
610 O TETA:XHflATIIIOI LAPLACEKAI OI EqAPIOTE: TOY

-leivEl oro 0 xo06E r0-i -. Eropevo<, xaro).{youF oro

- f(O)+ zf(z)..

IlaQarneior 6xr oroaiEot oxL tt (df/dt\-(z) ljndexr. r/!q

Rez>p, av xou I rxplpavl oiyx}'loi lrroei vo ivor,lr[xe6rQrl

rlv eEao(ool(6) orn! d'zl/df'z,rloiQvoup

Edv Eqoep6ooulr

l":ltz)=21!\z)-rl(0)-+{0) (?)
\dr'I dt

(4) tou o(t)priu.aloE

H EEio(')ort ortyxllottS(8.1.1)ivsLo oXrLxdE
=
fllnog rou E(z) df(z,lldz,6nox A(.)=-rl0). :rlv Aorinorl19 En-
r[ro! I qnd6[Elr4E erdpEvn(r[Q6rooIE{ oroaa nQ!6Xe! 6vcv ra-
e6poro runo y!a o)Lox;,le6pdr0.

8.1.4 nPOTA'H Eor@ Pt.\=l llrtdt. Tdr yra Rez > max[0,p(l )],

;, -,
(8)
z

Oedrptpo (or rqq :uv6tuqnq

rnq Maror6morlq

O nlvoxaE 8.1.1 oro r6],oE a]JriE rIE.v6qraE 6i!r,]Q!r{o1JErrl-

Jro!6 oL oroior, tvcr[XQriolpor,ylo rov uJroloytoFd Tou l(z). O! ano-
6aEsLgorrlcirv r(')v Iin{dv elvcr rtr{o)Lolrar 6xouv oopnQrl,rtqeci
or0E aorliolE rcr ra fiaQa6aaypctc. EwoiroLg or cnodriErg rQL6v
cn'curorrE lorJ( rinolJ( E{.varoQriord v6LdqaQouoeg rio0 6ivovrsr
orc fidpelc letd 0Eoeripora.

'Eoru
8.1.5 nPnTO OEnPHMA METATOnI'H: tvd oraoEed aec
xat g()=e-'tf(t\. T6r ylaRez>o(f) Rec., iYovte

FQ'=7Q+'t) (9)

AnOAEI=H An6 rov oerolrd

EQ)= | e"e'.f(t)dt=| et""t'f (t)dr=t(z+a)

Jn J.

'[ou Lo r[ yro Re(z+ o) > o.l

8.1 AAIKE: IAIOTTTE: TOY TEIA:XIIIAIIIIIOY LAPLACE 611

8.1.6 AEYTEPOoEOPH''A IETATOnEH, Eot@rl

f0 Edv t<0
H(r)=tt
edvt>o

(E durdpqor atti o1lopdletar ov&@noq Eeli'1d., I Pova6.al@

fueyod oufteapit ) Eltiol<, tot@ a>O xsl tG)=f(t-4rH(t-a\'
6n\d6l,

[0 Edv t<a
'tt'=lt,r-o)
edv t>a

(PI{na >X. 8.1,2).T6Nef|aRe2>o, 6XoWE

g 121
= e-,7 121 ( 10)

IXHI||A !.1.2 H oovdgnort tou 6trlQouoo,Qipdros

F?rat6:t!o!<.

AnoAEl=H Att6 tol oeldp6 ttor Ml(|) to! 6r! 8=o YLc0 < t < d,

t'
glzr= | e - as l t r d t = | e ' t f ( t - a l d t
In Jd

Edv 0600!!r r = t- a, fiqi,Qvolp

Ee\= | e,t+"trG)h =e-- r(2, .

ln

Arld rnv EE,(lo) ouurEQaivoDp drl, Edvd >0 xaL8(t)=f(!)Il(r-d)'

r,6r,.Ee, = e-""Fe) 6'rou F(r) = f(r + a), r > 0 (BL6tre>x. 8.1,3)
512 O UETAIXHMATI:MO: LAPLACEKAI OI EOAPMOTE:TOY

5..^-
>XHMA 8,1.3 H a; reoxtri! an{t qv f l|rd drd frdtdtrLorxoL F!6rv.oFd
to! oaartuov rrFov.

H o'vCr!154l(Dv oxvaQnio(l)vt(r) x(rr g(a) oQtqiar a,16 llv

I-
(r*g)(t)= | tA-r).slr)dt l|,q t>O (ll)
t"
onou t(t)=0 yrfl l <0. ('Erorro utroxLier,,$c
ivcr orlv npoy[crr-
r6rqro on6 0 6(oql.) H nQdEqr4E ouval,GlEoxriqsr(r[p rou( p-
raoxlporropoi'E Loplsce(oE'iEri(.

8,1.7 OEOPHi|A TH: :YNEAI:H: toXir| <tu | ' I = I * | xdl

11* s1-12y=T 121.f,121 (t2)

yLaRez> maxlp(/"1,pe)|.

H EE. ( 12) ovaq6Q!610o prooll[orlopdE Laplace rrlg ot'vtl.lEnE

buo ouvoerrioo)v (vq! ro y[v6!rvo r(Dv pfiao1n$crlopriv Lapluce
l(t)v ouvoQtlio(l)vorrl(bv. Elvo! (lxerfldE soiri rt !6[dtlra rou xdv0
tnv nQirErtrrlE ouv6l0EnEv6rag6Qouoaolnv raeaxdr(l) p[6rn.

AnOAEI=H'Exoup8

!* l
c. e tz)=l: llr
f(-n.8G)dtldr

=I:.^l^ rG 4.sraa,a,
8.1 BA'IKE' IAIOTHTE: TOY META'XHMATI'MOY LAPLACE 613

fra Re.,>max[p(f).p(g)l ra olox],IQrJuarart'v I{,,) xor E\/) ox-

yrlivouv an6],Dta, ot[6r tltroeotF va vol]'dEo!U.In olQd rns
ol.orliQoorlg* rio! 6xo1'pe

r"^ I e"''t\r-rat
lo

6r! f(s)=0 dv
10 YElov6E
O6rolrdEs=f-7 xcr XQnolpoxrod)vroE
I

ertdt

s < 0, FQ[oroult

'
I e t \ / ) t \ r) d r = t t zt g \ z l
J"

M a)'tralli percrlSLrF(i)v 6|,ct[lot6ooup61[

6.r'ivs! 61,0'i())'(),r'o
'N
f I =B* f, dtlcoE rt i6m alcr[ior(J)ornQo{tit[rEt E li,ong o'ld d,l! 6xou-
p 6EiEe[peXQ!or!'fpr1gdv-o[ I xo! I [vo! ouvxlEor'vaQrrlo1"E.
'Exouu(r*
8)- = f . g =-E.I = (g * l)-. Enop6vo5(l *8 - g r' f)- = 0
ro! qnd ro oecbQl[d rorl povooipovtou(8.1.2),t*t-a*/=0.r

OENPHMATON
ANOAEI=EI>

Ir.o vo oro6eiEorpero 06etpd otlrltong (8.1.1)ed XQlctoiotp

1() endpevodlpqvrux6 ctoralcopo.

'Eorc 6rr,47121=lie-'f(t)dt ouyxlivelyld z=zo.

8.1,8 AHMMA
'Eota
6rL 0 < e < ft12 xal (rEoQioouperc oiivolo

S , = { z r l o t o( b a x ' a r E G - z ; l < e l

:x:8.1.4). T6rcqf ouyxlivelopoL'popqaeni rcu sa.

(01,6n

AnOAEI=H Eaxi) h(x)= I: e'd r (t) d t - l; e'"' r (t)d t, otrdre,rr-t 0

xd0r6Gx + @.IQ6r! va 8iqolp6rr Tr"drdo 6 > 0. !t[dQX!6va lo
r6xolo Liror \L(\ tl, t2> to o1lficyTol

+ npokrrar r!(r ivd e&iJQlFaoloalia@org df,d trrv reoxoerrpfvn dldhorl

BIdfiE, yro napd6crypa, J. Mdsden, E ederta.y C/asrica/Analyrts (New York:
W.H. lreeman &ndcompany, 1974),K.q. 9.
 614 O META'XHMATI:MOI LAPLACEKAt OI EOAPMOTEITOY

TXHMA8.1.{ Toltdq ouordpoeqlE

onl'{lro!g.

, "''u,0,
L,,' <

yrcrdlo ro z sr. neoxdrrrrdr! rc

l;e-'tf(t)dt o]JY){ltvel
opo[dpoQ-
9o n[ io! ,50xa6E x + 6, oriug(l)1]d pE xo rQtiliQlo Cauchy.Oa
XenoupottoLrioo]Jprrl owdQirlon ,(x) oE Eiig.'ExolJtl

lt2 ttz
I e-"f(t\dt = | e4*'t)tle-4t fG\ldt
Jr, lt,

Ol,ox),nQ6vovraErord p{et, pQtoxolp

e<*'d\ h (tr) e t"nt" h (t l) + (2, zn. ['', L"

",n n g'1at

Ao06\,roEv6( 6>0, rlr!6loxlrE6\rd to i6ioLo 6oxs ir(t)l</3

xar Ir(r) | < '= 6/(6 sec9\ t(l\ t > to. Tdr .f!s r, > ro,

et" ^)1,h(t,)< lt(r,) < 9

s q o r l ] e ( , , d t a l - e t k . zR . , 0 ) . : < l 6 ! d r l R e z > R e z o . E n l o n q , y L s

e ,i', hlr,t < I

3
8.1 BA:IKEI IAIOTHTE:TOY IETA:XHMATIIUOY LAPLACE 815

IIeerE! dr6pq 1a lroloyl,ooutrs lov igX.errtdio6Qo:

I r\ |
l(z - zo, e4*'"t
h(rrdtlalz - zol.'[" , "-," at
| ,I, , I t',
6nou x=Rez nc! xo=Rezo.E&l z=zo, o dQoEalrdE 0oo{tq! U,
pn66v,Eda z ra zo, 161ex + xo,xg! dxolps

-
., lz zol 1o-r,-"r.,_<,-rrtt\ < 2e' lZ-A < 2a,ssce
=+
x-xo x-xo 3

(F},6nE>rC 8.1.5).fiaeornQiole 6r! o reQroQlop6g O<e < 12 etrot

aroQ'olqrcg 6fi8 tl secA = l/cos 0 vo ehourrsQ'aopdvl.

E:3r-K6<Fc,

:XHtlA 0.1.5 f.lrpe,rQlqrl|g neQlotiE,tr.

:1,1,6udgowcgt!< neorlyortpe*E olrodtrltE, fioi,Qtoope

I t', I
ll e - " f ( f ) d r l <
lt\ |

If,o tr , t2 > to 1l,4 6l(. ro z e Se, a6Neol'o'|l lQdrvero! n an66en lo1,

LipFqroE.V
616 O UETAIXHIA.TIIMOI LAPIACE XAI OI EOAPUOTETTOY

AnOAEI=fl TOY OEOPHMATO: tYfMt:H: Eor<oa= inf Jre R I

).e-"'f(t)dt ouyx).ivrrJ.dttou int o!FFo)'((rrro (ByrmoxdrdrrQo
9edyBa,. A't6 to AiFpq 8.1.8w(oetlouB6rL edv I i(zu) orryx)'tver.
x6ac\ f(2, ouY)dlivL d.vRez>Rezo 6[6rL ro z Fplortal oe xd-
ttoro naQroxriS, rou zo (Irqr[;).
-'Eoril! Rez > o. And rov oQrdpdrou d und.Qxe!6!a fo < Rez 16-
tolo ddrE ro j. e Vl(t)dr vo ouynl,lveL.ErcoFvog. oliuqtova[c ro
Afippo 8.18 17121 aqx).tuer. AvrtoxQ6qoEdorto drt Rez<o xol
Rez<x <o. Edv I I(z) ou.n{),lve!, x6re ro! I I(l) ol,yxltvL,nop6-
v(J)EI o<x oblycl. o cr.ltqaot. npo, 4 7tz1 bc ouyxLiv& edv
Rez <o.
Xerp0FonotdrwcEr6Qa ro 0e6QnporqE o\,aLurrxtigottwl,ronE
(Ev6r. 3.1), ea aro6tEoupdrr n f ElvaL ovcl,uxLr(rln{, rou
'roro
lzlnez>ol. a 6"12t=Jje-'rf(r)dT . . d T t . \ z ) ) i ( z ) . A n 6
ro A!!,vo IlaQd6Erlpo 2,4,15, rt g, [vq! ovcl!'ilri xoL BiQr=
-lite-"fUlat. nQitrrva 6EtEouF drr. 4 gn-r i opou6Fopgceirt t<ov
xlLor(.fvEtox(l'vior lzlnez>al. OttoExdootoroE 0eloraerc|, oro
xdtolo1r .t, oxtrxd pe xdrro|o zo dnou Rezo>o (>X.
oo)teQr,tad
8.1.6).To y.tovdEc1jld E[ac! ye(l)prQLrd neoecl/tE ,(q0 plroQC !o
6e!Xre[8nlolg cvq).w!zd.
'Eror
cn6 ro ornQrl$a rlg avalurlxtiE ouyni.lolE(3.1.8),I i ai\/ar
ovallrLrli ri{ rou {z lRez > ol rcl

:XHNA 8.1.6 Kdoe 6{.o3os FQlorsra! oro oor.eud ro! s, yio r.6Jroro 9,
8.1 BAIIKE' IAIOTHTE:TOY META>XHMATI:MOYLAPLACE

- f-
(f)'(zJ=-l te"f(t)dt
Jo

H uluxl.quturrr'i aurn nvan(Qdnroor rtE noQoYolortrrc. f nLtlxl'i-

1'r"ylo Re z > o, 11006<rol d].Eor"r[aQ(rlro1o!av61Qnqr{iEnE.
Afiofrlel rr'c biqorp 6rr o < p. flc vo ro arobiEol,U,auro oQ-
ri va 6[Eoupedr! o < B sciv f(O < AeBr. Aro 6,1r dxoxp 6E{.EEI,
olvfn.llrlal r;fl auru ilc roxurr rdv r irzr ouynLir,etltc Rer > B.
lledypol! 0o cno6[Eo1'prlv cnd]"url oiryrfuo4. Iloeorleriol 6iL
=le / B esttul<e {/ r ' t A . E t t ' u n o vr o
e"itu [-e ",dr=l/a

o|'yx).(vfltra a >0, ru J0 s "/(t)dr ouyxl{vr L atroJ,.urc(.I

flo vs srode(Eoupe tirr, 1 f= ,t-owerdletct 6tt I = , 1!o ouvlig

ollvsQiliolE I rcrr t, i1(rr rlrovd vo 0(oprioou[rn ouvdernorl /-,rt
ornv eropv4 rQoTarol,

8,1.9 nPOTA'H Yrogiroupe 6tL n I tutt ouetxiE xaL 6rL n

l(z)=O ofiotbinort Rcz> ya yKt xdtroto yd. 76rc f(t\=O yLa ttla
r(,!tet0,@).

H rQdrool ouri crrroblxv{rol p rlv 0orio[(rror xt6pvoutrrip-

Ircrlog.

'Eotu)
8.1.10 AHMMA 6rL q f eiv(tl ou|txiE oro [o,ll xal eor(r 6rL
ro l, t'ltttdt =O ytd o^a ra n =o.1.2,.... Toh nl=O.

AurdE o loxxQlopdE eavcrlLollxdg agor dpoon ouvdtlEra orrot

rivar urr I Prt)l{Irdl =0 yto rder no}.DdvuuP
o

AnOAEI=H H arJornari an66GI ro1, hiuporoE 0ooiqrar oro tti-

Qryr(tneooiyyroqE toTt Weierstrass,olu"q(l)vo pe ro oroio xde orv-
xiE o vdernol [1,or"ro opou6FroQqo6Qro fiolurDl,/dtl(DvfildrE lra
rraQd6sllFa, J. Marsden, Elementary Classical Analysis (New York:
W.H. l.reeman and Company, 1974), Koq.5. ,4]16 ro 06Qlpa ou16
i t Q r o x o u Bof r r ] , F t t t l ' t l d I o y r a k d 0 f o u v r x i o u v ( i L , r 4 o8n. T o
axrorclopc rQolilirrE! Edv eoorp"eg=f xal XQno0potorriooupro
618 O META>XHMATIIMOI LAPLACEXAI OI EOAPMOTE:TOY

fyovdE drr dv ro oloxliQopo Fr.oEpq oQv4rrxrlE

olvdQrqoqseivaL
prl66v,16i I ouvdQrnolE[vo! [I66v. V

AnOAEI:H TOY OEnPHMATO: 8.1.9 Yroe6roupedrr

|(z)=| e1 \dt=O
!o

onote6irol &e z>a.'Eal,UDxo >yo ,(d[ s = e-r. M sllsyri ]rropl+

rdtv 1o oloxlie(t)$o xqQdEro!p6o(t),rou s, 1oupr oro z=xo+n
' f r o, = 0 , l , 2 , . . . ,

f- ''e-r"f\t)dt= t-
I e | r"r(r)ds=0 ,=0, 1,2,...
Jo Jo

6trou,(r) = e-\r'r/(l). A'[d ro AriF[o 8.1.10,I t xst rcxd olJvdrlElo

I f [v0!pt6av.I

nAPATHPH:H Eiv(r xQriorpovo naQarleliooutr611i(zt -+ O drav

Rz -+ 6. Aurd rQoztnr! crr6 rouEoul,)Loylopo{Ero! IQnorpono[1i-
8.1.1 (B),eJt
oDrov orrlv ard6rEl rou Oc(l)eliparoE Ers1roltlrlrrlxti
Aoxnorl l0).

nlvoxoq 8.1.1 MepKoi XpriolrorMorooxrlpdflotol Lapl.ca

O p t o t t d s :l t ? r = |
lr "'trrtdr

1. E@=-*7Q) dno! s(r)=r/(r).

2. (af+bJJ'=a7+bE.

t. (fr)'<a-,f <,t r(0). (H r unorioeror

rrt'rldrrxdcr.)

a. E@- !7@ 0"., ,al=/-rr,la,.

8.1 BA:IKE' IAIOTHTE:fOY META:XHMATTIMOYLAPLACE 619

s . E \ z ) = 7 Q + a )o r o l s ( r ) = e ' f ( r )
''"
6 . E @ = - 7 @d) m ! a > o * ,
"u,=11,,-,,
t . i r z t = e i r t t . o . y JoU> 0 . r ( ' = i ( r - a , . r o , . , , , = { 1 , , ,l l j "

8 . C * s r e r = 7 @ . V \ 4 ,d n o r '( f - 6 ) ( r ) = / - f ( . - r ) s ( r ) d ' .

9. F . d vt ( r l = e " . 1b11 tt/t= aor otlt=-Red.

, .-

lO. tro I(r)=corar,iut=--Z- xor orl'=,tmd'.

ll. E o v/ U ) = s r na r . 7 v ' = ." , orl,= Imd .

"ut

1 2 , E o vi ( r t = a 2 . u r - r . ,rt,=:, rol o{lr=0,

1 3 . E d ! r r ( r ) =l , 7 l z ) =L tu o(t)=0.

AWCY0 nopcdelywtd

a.t.t\ Atto'ttEri tor rino 9 rc\, rnv d(f) o'

irdxs 81.t xal rQoobLoqtdre
dutl r\v nEQtnrao4.

,,1rd4. An6 rov oeroF6,

-
- |
7e:=[ e-'e"at=['
)" J "'""'or=-er'4'
G'd=0 sa1
O uroLoflopor oro t= o 6rxalo)"oytrdl161(,)ro! 6tr lim e

R(a+z) >0, aqoi le c"rl=s &G"'jrr0 xa06s t-t-. Enopavo!I oXoI

!ol!r drav Rez> Rea.

nopatqQ4on.o ruroc yro rnr i toxnrrpovovrriv Rez --nec, ov r<qrI i

oouni'irEl x[pe pis ova].rlTrxriouv(iQxlolxr6Eqr6 ro oll.rioz=-d H
npi''roor ourli Eivor riaQotrolapE tt ouvdQrlol ldFua (0I6n r{roq 12
rox II(v0ria7.1.1).
20 O IETA:XHIATETO: LAPLACE TA| OI EOAPUOTE: TOY

T6105,6elx!o!pdxr yro l(t)=e-r, d(/)=-Rea. AiEapsdr', o(f)<

-Rea. 'Olr{,)E
to olodlia(o$o anoxlllEr mo z=a, otr6r. o(/) >-Red, ro!
EroFvoqo(f) =-Red.
>qr ncQbrt('ordnou a = 0, r{oralriyouF orov rJno 13 rou nlvaxo 6.1.1.
'Eoru
8.1.12 6fl. txovtrEwoloftoEl rqv fQ) xar CXoupE
PAEL dtL ol)fxli.y'L
yn Rez > Rey. AS woefuotpe &r q f ratrtt|iut lt p[a avalutLtrl ouvdp-
t\o4 l otota qlt n6lo arqv flEta Rez =y. AErETE
6 o<f) =y.

irid4. l-v(l)QqooFe6rr o(f) <), (r'16 rq Fas',xri l6rdrrFa rrg o mo 06Qrlua

ofyx},lorE. Enlor6, ogon r / {va! avotvrrni rra Rez>o, ijv rrefnr vo
llndQxouvri6loi orrv nearoxi {z lRez > o}. Edv I d(/) irol, <),, 0o uriA-
x0 'rdl,ogo'ouri rrr nploxi.Enopt1,(oE d(f)=/ (0),6re:X.8.1.7).

IXHI||A 8.1.7 n6lor rqs i.

&.1.13 Eota I |lt) =cosht- YnoloyloTer4v 7 xat rnl, o(f).

4to4. f(,)=coshi=('+e')/2. :uvEr!(nE,

and roug rtnous 2 nor 9 rou
Il ivoxq8.1.1,
lt2\=ll L+ L
2 \z-l z+1

:nug(,)voUro naQdberwa8.r.12 I o(l) = l. H o(er) =_l rdr o(e'r) = I, troi

d(f) < I I onolo 6tr(',( 6 turoQ.l va ivaL < oeo$ rt I *! r6lq oto z= l.

AoKt otc

:rLE Aot iocrg I t!|J( s unoloyrorE 1o FrldoxrlFcllolo I aplace rfi I(t) xqr
nQoo6|oQimertv rer[I[6vr onvi],lortE.
8.1 BA:IKE: IAIOTHTE:TOY METAIXHflIATI'MOY LAPLACE 621

'L f(t) - t2+z

2. f(t) - stnh.

3. f(t)-t+e_r+sint

t0 0<r<1
4. f(!)= I 7<t<Z
Ir
1 t>2

5. f(f) = (t+ l)', dnou r 0erlx6EaxtQalog

T slnf 0<t<.,'
6. f(r)=i
( O t>n

8, f(r)=rslnhaf

9. f(r) = r cosar

ra eFluQilaro petor6nloIE6ElEte6rr
10. XQIoLFonoLdvroS
(o) Edv f(f) = e-rcos Da,161e
z+a
i\2,=
(z+a\1+b'

(P) Ed! f(r)=e*rtr, tdte

7 t' '- \ - ftn + l)

( z+ a \ - '

Ilolo trar I o(f) orlE ndQorid\](' nQlnldrorEi

'11.
AEiETErov runo l0 rou Illvdr{d 8.1.1.

12. AriEre rov rtro ll rori Iltvorc 8.1.1.

1 3 . A e l E r Er o v l t r o 12 rox Iltlars 8.1.1.

14. A[Er rov rtno 13 tox lllvar.d 8.].1.

15. or(, 6rr r I Et\,a! nEero&fti p 'rpto6o p (6r1,q6i, f(r+p)=f(t) yra

olo ro r >o). ArlEfl 6r! I
 622 O METAEXHMATI'MOI LAPLACEKAI OI EOAPMOTE:TOY

te
I e"ltztdI

r o X u r r o \ R e . / / 0 . I y n o d f l E 4 . F T q Q d o r rr 4 ! i , / , o u ! u , r r r q u o o e o t o t r o . r

16. xQnorporordJvros rrlv Aoxrot 15 iEi.Erdrr

t\z)= '"
"
6non I f(r) itlvEra! oro 8.1.8.

IXHMA 8.1.8 )uvdpllo! povooralo! nalpon.

17. EdT"' I ['c . n r d . . Y r ^ ) . , ' Y i o T Fr t v 9 r 7 , . Y r ^ ] . o Y t n T tr n ! ; r / r F a v

1(t = r(l).

1 8 . L o r o . ) Trr / r I i ( ( n a r , / 1A. r i E _"r, , i t z ' = r a n r a l z t

rQri]ta6rr p(s) < max[0,p(/ )].

19, AeiErrlv [Q6r(ot 8.1.4.AEiEtE

20. aiEredrr l*r-s*1(0lfne rils olvtLrErE(8.1.7)).

od)prtr.1
'Eor{,)drr f(r)=e r, r>0. Aiqr6rt o(t)= 6
21.

22. >E ot(.o\ pE ro 0EdQl$(1 (8.1-l),6eiErEdrt. YEvludo+p

onyx),roilE
(Yt.i6srg4.
Onrpiors rrv./(r)=e'siner"cr 8ttErtdlr o=0, p=l )

8.2 O ANTI>TPOOO: MITAAIKO' TYNO:

rnv /{ri ordv 4 ir,,r rivar vvu,

Eivor oqtraarritovo uno).oyroor'Ur
orri. :ro noula, 0o ofio6eiEor'pEavo 1Ev[r6 rriro YLa evov reroto
8.2 O ANTI:TPOOO: IITAAIKO: TYNO: 623

unololloF6 o oroioE ovopdEroLcvr(oreoqog prto6[x6E r{rloE.

E r(ols, Xerloll,roroldrvroE
roug x{Jrougrou navcxo 8.1-l rar' ovri-
oreogo re6rlo, go naedloutr perx6EXeliortrErXvLxE. (Bln
Auptva noeo6ayparo8.2.4rar 8.2.5.)

O Avrlorpoeos MrVo6rK6qTonoq

flo rlv on66[EIro1,cvr(orpoeolr p!.fd6!xo1i nou 0a XQrlolpo-

roriiooultfiol;,d q,td iG xiQls oIF(a tto! cvcnnixonxov orc r[Qcb-
la rtooEQsripd),aloourori ro1)0[0][ou. O r1'roc ourdE g(1dr[ore].e-
oe06vo cr[6 Ta f]oorxd ol'pxlQdopoTo ylo inv
oUTot Tou xea],crio1J
avdllon i(ov pTao FoT!o[6v Laplace.

8.2.1 ANTfETPOOO:MIfAAIKO: fYnO[ 'Eor@6 . n F(z) ivuL

avalurLxi EnI rolr C exr6? and tvdv nffiEedoptvoaplqpd onpeiov
awDpalicr;itaL 6114 F e[val ol/dlltrni ato lpLrfiIft^o lzlRez>ol.
'Eor@
tniolg 6rt uttdQy.ou,t'9ErtxiS otdetpt M, R xdl p rtrorEs
6ott F(zll<Mtlzlq ym lzl>R. Arft6 toxv|L,yla napa6dypa.edv
F(z\ = P(z)lQQ) 6not, P xar Q ttvaL nolubvuta rc 0ae[dE (Q) >
I + f3aopdE (P). fla t >-O,ioro n

f(O = > {o}.ox}'naa)r0xd

r,rdlorrc irlS e" F(z) oE xale
olpio cv(l)paltoErn( oro Cl (l)
yL(rRez > a.
T6rcT1z1=v121

AnOAEf=H 'Eola a>a xa! aq oe(,)eioouFe 6va Fydlo oe0o./6vro

I p.etr)uerJe6g Im z = -,tl oQ-
xard Uixoq r(DvRez = t xr, lm z= y211,(\L
xrd [ld),o dror{5Io ra olpt(a dv(0Fcltq( rnE F va Reloxowol
oro oo)TEQrxo rou f xar zl>R ofio1,6rinor n[ TouI. Aroreo{pEro
f lr 6va rara)r6Quqoll0uyeapporBi[a [60(0 rou Rez = a, oE 6to
oeeol(i)vroxE 6Qo[ouEI xar i. (B]'6n:X.8.2.1.)H aro;qt rol'
avriorQoqou plyo6rxoi rinou ( l) }roei va 1iv! lertoltrorord)vraE
6vovcQltxd[1d],orix].o awi ylc ro og0oy6vlo f. IlQoy$ar[ ornv
rctlturaia fiaQ'ayQoqo rnq a;td6Grlg7(QnorponolouBr treoo(Dell,dpio
naQap6ee{roqrou f o' tvcv rErolo xfr.Io. H oQ0oy6vlabrabeolui
ival 6FoE XeriolFrtyl(I ro ll6Qropo 8.2.2(inou n.rate0rae6poro Qd-
),o tr rrlv oe0o't6v!a brabQoluiorl! an66[EnrnE nedraolE 4.3.4
yr(r lov urolollopo rorv proolnFcr[op6v Fourier.
Eq' 6oov dlq ro orlpria ov(t)policErrlg F fjpioxowor.oro o(l)rE-
Qrxorrlq ),, 4(oupe
624 O i'ETA'XHHATIIIOI LAPLACEKAI OI EOAPflOTEI TOY

Y tI
I

"(

.J -rr
i
i

IXHITA8.2.1 I=/+i.

t
I e"IF(zrdz =zfli > lo)lorilneol lxd !,td),ortto r\< e't F(z)l =2tti l(t)

()'!6re

2 n t l \ z ) ='t-i-m I e ' l l et'rrQdl lar=tim | | a't-"'Ftl)drdE

'.'-
Jo I J' ] !, lo

/\61(l)ro! ox! rol, rlr 6do oloxl.Ieduara udoloy(eovrc! oe rtrQo-

op6vo8lcorripqxd,I rdEI x(l)vo)'oxl'nQ6o(l)v vs Eval,Ioxoat.
U,rloei
E ropav(t)E

2ri7vt= tim I s'u ", - 1 F!9) 4

,''!, E-z

Eq'door ro z avarrc0cl)Qro[6vooro lpLri]Ido Rez>d. o 6QoE

e(r z)r rEivLoro 0 xc! rt lrd ro o).oxliQ(oFoouvderrloi ouyxlivr,
opold oxo -F(6)/(6 - z\ Er.ir\S y. Beiot.oxt-r
6rr

2 n i i r z t = - [ ! 9 o-E = [ F t j & [
rtEtat
l,E-z !;E-z I't t

=zriF\z\-l !9 ot
lr E_z
8.2 O ANTETPOOOI IITAAIKOI TYNOI 625

p rqv r[Qotlrldeorldr! ro f ivcr, oQrierd pydlo tjJore10 z \s xEt-

ror oro ro(t)rQtxotou bQr;Fou7. Tellxd.

ll oto ar
- =[
M
ld1l<
]!YL
lJ' E-z t . l z l , l E- z l pt\p-R)

dtror -ro I e(De[Tq!aQrTdpld],o (i)orEvo r{iTdloro o(or6Qr)i6

lou xrixlo! lE = p > R V,t6t!o ra onpetaov(ot|arllaE\rtE F (0/(E - z,
oto ootQrx6crxori Tou1{ 1,ou1{o'!r[qQdpoQecbvowas toldr[W To
f oe xrirlo. H rlel)rolq 6]iqQaol rlver oro 0 dr(r! p --r_@. E ropd-
v()E,olo 6QLo6trou ro f rxri.vcrcroro 6,6XouF.E dr! f(z)= F(z).
M xata),lrtlt nr.lo'frirou a, aurd F loei va 'tiv! 'frc orolo6irror
z rou n[tcn!fi46()0Rez >o,!

Ev6laqaQovfiqQolordEelro srld$vordQlo]ro ouroi' rou ecDQri-

poroE,

8.2.2 nOPf:itA Eor@ 61. toxiol,v (rL orvqixeg rol) ayrlotpoqov

ptyaowolt flJtrott.Edv n F(z) tvat ayalurtxi yLa Rez>o xaL iXtL
on\Eio av@paltasotnv ypsppi Rez = o, ftrc (i) n tErplptyq oiyxh-
onEfnE f e[vai|n o, xar (ii)

/(t)= r I e'tF(z)dz= r t o +t t t a t Q)
2rrl l" F ,tn l-_e'"'a'
fLLronoLd,iftot ora0Qaid> o. To |tt<bxoolo ,ie(Dpa uroloyitEral
xatd pixoE tns xsraxdeuqnsyptupltiKRez = d xsL ot lxlivu oav ft-
vLxEr,lrtvooloxlieotlta Riemann.To \tr'tEeo oloxlietDpa alroxt|ai
dallaxrui fpaqri rou nedrou.

ANOAEI:H
(i) O a.',rioreoqoE pr1(6rxdErtnoE (8.2.1)6ixve0drr d(f)<t
oqo{ I f(z) oo.txliv0yLclRez >o. Edv rl r(f) irav <r, rdr rl
f(z) 0a rirav aval.xrrri .y|,oRez >o(/) an6 10 06QiFaoirpi).r,
orlE(8.1.1).Op(DEn F 6ir onpslo av(l)psl,iaEoro onptozo ni
rrlE e!0[cg Rez=o. 1tL610! u'ldex! pia axo)'ouoia onpeltov
at,zz,zt,... rou ol'yri)"iv!oro zn $a F(zn)+6. Ee' 6oov
f (z)= F(z) lL(l Rez > o. xcr, deorl [vct!ro! oL 6fo cl(rtrurrrdE
o pao (rQurlrlp6vl) yElxovrdrou zo 0o r[e6r[e!vo ivcl [oEo
ourriv rlv <reunludvn- yrLrovrdo$perDvopr rrtv aexi rr|< avo.
626 O UETA:XHIATIIUOI LAPLACEKAI OI EOAPflOTE: TOY

IurrxiE ErcrrcolE. AUro 0o oripolv ot f(2,)-)@. AUro 6prD(

ivcl c61,vcrov oeori I f(z) i,vo! ava]"urlxri Eni,i{E Rez >o(f).
Erop6vos I o(f)<.r 6cv pnoeei vd r,ox [. AQq, Jrearrrva
6xor$e o(f) = o.
(ii) And rov avriorQoqop!ya6rx6-rrino(8.2.1).zfli1(t)=
lte" F\z)dz.
To o),ox),riQ(otloouro ou./xl[v! oro olorlriQ(l)po rlE EE. (2),
drlo6 o)retF6( xol ox{v ano6[El rtE e6raol( 4.3.4, xuodE io
xr. yt xo]- y2 -. t. Agoi ro y, xar y, rsivoul qvEdQrrlraoro @,
Io yEvLxupvo oloxhieo)po ol,yxlivl. (H r[e[rr(',on curri ovr[-
ororr(ei o rlerorQogli xora 90'(r]16 xivrlv llg lledroolE
4.3.4.)r
:i!( eaQpo16q.(il,Eor ouv0ixeg ro1' 0EioQriFarog rlQ*n! vo
Ellxeoiiv. Edv bv roxt(nJv,I EE. (2) ylq qv f(r) [rroQei vo Frlv
s9aQp(t(,1crr.MeQrx(qoQts I Et. (l) (vqr M rior(ill,nLn ond rov
IllvaJ{a 8.1.1 y|q tov 1'ro],oTrotrdavtiorQoqov praoxlFarlopdv
Lapldceeret6riiv((, ouorlpcrlrlri xcr snoquyr,xcvtEelxcotEoE
rrQoETo rroroETrirloEeivc! nro xuTd;,11)LoE.ndvT(')E.o nll',oxaEpno-
ecl vc ivo! o
XQrio![og nQlnr6org 6noo o! rnooaotlETorre(]eli-
[aro( 6v qaepolowcr, i bv ivcl[lixolo vo ),yx{k)v.

To Oe6p4poAvornlyForos Hsvlslde

EeaQp6Eouper(i)Qcrrov crvrloreoeo Frycrb!,{6rxfio orl! fieoifix(,)-

ort 6fio1) F(z\=P(z)lQ(z) d'[ou P r(0! Q i,\ra[fioll'drvupo, E66 fio-
QouordqolBr ltia a.I].I nfuinr(',fl 4.

8.2.3 OEnPHlllA ANAnTYTMATO: HEAVISIDE Eotn Plz) x&t

Qe, t ptt'deltttd ttE flaep' Q > lldqpttgP + l. Eontr 6rL rq onpia
lndEvlol@1j rolJ Q tlreL te zt,..,,zh xar on fipoxErTar yLd afila 04-
![a pn6euo!1ori.Tdrt, o uvrioreoEos ptraoX4pdtLaldaLaplacer4a
F(2)= P(z)lQQ\ 6[veral and rn\r

s P'l\
tttt= > e't ""' (3)
7 Q'r'
"t
Enn\iov, a(f\ = maxIReztl i = |,2,...,/'ll.

AnOAEf :H Ftp' ooo\ fuEtOE Q >-f,adp.i( P + I , or.o6oix6 rou alri

mQoeoup0.raiilxoirr'Iou (8.2.1)loxlnuv (BL EniorlEnedrson 4.3.4).
8.2 0 ANT|'TPOOOT
[trA6rXO: TYnOr 627

1(r) = > { o?,.ozl.tQ(or

Enop6.,,('rg lrid ur6loura rnE e't [P(z)IQQ)'ll .
op(l)gdl,o0or,rdlor tvdr cn).oi, ,it 610[ond TI ox6on4 rou Ilivoxo
4-l.l, q(outr

R e sl e ' l l ' l .
\ Q(z)
,,1=
""'a'e,) P(zt)

H oxaonlLa rnv o(l) nQoxrinr!

oE ouvCrrElo
rou noQaoFarog
8.2.2.

Aupevqndpoaelyporc

8.2.4 EdviQ)=tl(t-3t. r'td\or[ot. tq! fst.

^rttt. AndrovrlnoItof lltv(lxo8.1.1Fd=-3 lteioxoolr

dr! f(r)=er'.
To a6ro onoril.ota rQoxnntr x(rL an(t ro gdQtpq avanrrlllluroE
Hervlside.:roroQd6erypaalrd. d(/)= 3.

8.2.s r:& i\z)=totlz'+ z), ron eiyotq rft):

rkrn. naQdrrlQot[e61r (ivA(l)=.f(r), 16rr, ard ro! rl|no I rou lltl,arc

E . l .t .
d t o x r r ' *r t = 2':tl
-i rdr/,d=z- ! ivt--

II( ro 00ontl3rrv a(l) xalortlonorontterrv ovdlror os teau.6 xldoparo:

-:,,,- 2/+l - | I
/ 2+l

E n o p t r o EA, ( r )= I - c ' , r a r

r(r)= 1 0 +e,)
t

To nQoryorrlrr,oEnr;(iQ![o dv rcr $atlEr(rr D{(lvonortr!,6 eiva! noQdrro!

orlro 6!6r! orrtv '.Qa.rpdrL o1\ra 6tv tttdQxer l(t) rnE.ttroiaE o rcraoxrya-
trcp'S Laplsce |a fio[tat F lol\zz + z). Edv l',rrlQx, 0a ixotr
l(I)= -(1+er)lr.Iro onoLo8ilnorE npaypurrrd x, ro

I e " t ( t )d t
J"

6v FoQi vo oxrr),i!er. br6rr zor.rd oro o, ro e-" iadi >+, xor r

rrt) > l/r fvu) I l/r 6c! rrv(r o),orllQr,rorUr.
hroufl(l)(r I 6fv urrapxrL
 a2a O MEIA:XHMATI'MOI IAPLACE KAI OI EOAPMO|E: TOY

r'?rdrry 6woro no! fi(on$(lvuqtQ.r.O nAottonFerogou).LoyroF6s naQo-

roYliE qg f(r) eiiaL MarrI6E hrorr unootrrrtv nndQEtFro6 f(r). BIinE
rraorE 10 q(olLo oftr rrl.oc 1116
lloQ(ye(qou E.l.

a.Z-6 YttoToyiore tuy arioreopo lerdctqlraflopd Laplace qs

'" -
12+lrrr rlz tot

YttolofktrE eriotl< r4r r9rttnpiytl.ttyx|tons o(t) t4E t.

Ai,ott. tfit, rrrQtnroor ol,r1i lrnopoiipev( XQrcrtonoriooullrrtv EE. 0)

ldt(l) rou 6rr or riro0aofl( rol' alriorQoeor' pLy(ltrr.on rtnou (E.2.t)

r 6r=! qq
nnd),ouru
{oronr,lqu',xri ( z + l ) 1 1 2 7 + 3 2 -t o )

- I
t,t 1V_slt,5 I
ndlor undQtolvoro olpsio z=-1. z=-5,.iar z=2. O ndtos oro -t Eiao!
6url66. vd o! d).Lo!r!a! anl,oi. To ol,oxhQ(l)rrxdundlomo oro -l ei!a(,
outrqorlop rov rr'no 7 rou nivario 4.1.1,ioo ntDq t,(-l) (tnol g(z)=
\e/'z)/(zt + 3z- to). Eror leioror'$tr

_i._,_+=,_e,r.
2.,r,*3.=+1,",_.,_
-12 -t2 t44 :"jl
rr(tlomo oro -5 Eivore r'.5/16.? x(r oro 2 .ivor
To ol,oxl,rU(,rr!x6
e,'.2/9.7. E rotr6voE

I 5e'' 2e"
r,r- lr.'-.'*,!-]+ .
1 2\ 1 2I t6.1 hl

:rlFqov( |lEio II6erop(I8.Z.2,o(t)-2.

8.2.t ElifEr fov rino 9 bu lliycxu 8.t.1 Xp4ortonoktyruErov afitorQo-

Airr- O ovrlorQoqo! Frr(oxrlr(lrlop6E Laptacer!< r/(z+d) p.roQri v(l

6Qe0i (rn6 lr|v EE.(lt -Uroutar(l pdvo arlo ;rdlo oro z = -a. To otoxl,t-
portx6 undl,olnorrE e't/(z + a) iro z = -e Ei\cr ioo nQoqe .,. nou ouFgo)-
!0i pe ro! Illvaxo 8.1.1.Eriors, d(f)=-Re.l5rorr o r6loE rrtg F ^ei:tiJlxfti,
qq u0ElaE Rz=-Red.
8.2 0 AlilTl:TPOOOI [trAAtKO: TYOOT 29

Aot<loeq

1. Yfiol.ottore rov a\.riorQoqogrooxl[srrop6 Laplacro! iraQaxdrurl

kn FQ)= L < l \ r o t = ,(]z-+ l ) 1

z'+ |

t'D rOt=L
' t'- l

2. EIdyErro!'E rlrou; lO xor ll rou llivqxq 8.1.1XptorFonor6\adEro

od,Qrlla
8.2.1.
'Eor(o
3. EEryiorEro ncgd6oEoorov en6ftrvoo1'),),o.t!o[6.

=l o o=''l
-
",,, ll t:l
T6rE.und rougrunous6 xoL l3 ro! Irtauxu8.1.1,EQ) - e ./1. ArrdrtvEE.
( I), 8(r) = Res(e','|'"/z.0)= |. EnolavoE,l=0.

4. Ano6[Erro eed,QrlU( o1,anrryForosHeavisid?ra ro P/Q dr.lr ro Q

axrr bLnLdr
orpeio [$vrot(oi.

5. Yro),oytorero! (r'riorQo{o trclaoxrrroriot6 Laplacr(l)\,not)ararro)l

([i) sinh/
"') tt* ttLt+2t

,u, . .l--
(z+l)'

6. XQWlUo,Iounwd!ro 0e(i)AruaparororrrorE(rnno( 7 rou ni{rxa 8.1.1)

or)eircrt 016('rrrd ro! ovrioreoqo trrrooxrttrdrlotdLaplacerll5 e_,/(.z2
+ l).

7. XQrorFonordlroEro 0e6Qtld r4S o_ulallEYls Eairr rov rrino yLa ror

(vriorQoqo FrdoxrrrdrloloLaplaceriK r(z)/(22 + 1) trd bo0siodf(r)

8. BQEIrrov ovriotaoqo prao/tlrarLotr(tLaplacrts llf Fs r.orAlll].r

reononottottror alriorpoqon tlryablroi rtnor (8.2.1).

ro1 (lariorporto
9. IlgE(TE psroollForrspdLaplace
qs (z+ l)/[z(z+3):].

10.'Eol(l)If(O=J,(t.)/r6 oxJ Elv(t ! ouvdQrto!Bessel.

diEr6rr

| \r*t- z -z
I
630 O METAIXHMATI:MO: LAPLACEKAI OI EOAPMOTE:TOY

8,3 EOAPMOTHMETA:XHMATI:MONLAPLACE>E :YNHOEI:

AIAOOPIKE:E=I:O:EI:

)ra nopva0o roQoxordoouFEpla loaytoylio pio ot[6 1t6 rol,-

ro)v
l,6g qoepoydq praounu.orro[rbv
Laplace.H !d0o6oEFcoiq0rot
oxov Iillo

l\ d . rI r ' , = / t ' \ / ) t \ r )
dt l

xa! orlE TsXv[raEylo rq,r' e1'QEon r(0v cvr(orQoQ(ov lttsoxnparloFLbv

Laplace noo avanrliEap or{r fieorlyol'pevl b.,'6rn1a.
Oq lnogool|[ (irl l1'o!E 1'fidQxouvrcr 0c iteooncoioorlre vc
0QoltrE fllfiouE y[ n!r6E. Orc1r'o rl'ros iJQoe{. pr[oQoip vc rq].I-
{oo!p 01! xdeE 161C)!r)(rrirog or[or].i rQdlp(lrl ^{on.:[ oQl.-
oplsE 6t[(l)gnelr[x(i)o!goI LtoLs 6v eivcr r[sQql(|)liorpeg xc! ro-
ptl(oE 6v lr.ovofioloriv rnv rEio0rol ur6 rnv quolnQri twolq. Ttlorg
l"{ofE 0a rQ6r[r '\,o oEorQotvrcr!es yEvtxEultliveE ,l riorE.BoorteQl
ovd),!on drx(;rv r(l)r ). o(l)voltllei olo svrLxe([vo iIE occDQi.aE xo-
rovoFc()v.AEIEe!vo roQqrle]iooupo or! oxdpn-rio! 6rov rl / 6v e[vc[
naQal(,yiolpl qlLd tvo! o!!IllE oxo 0, rt zf(z)-f(0) oQ[Ero!rol
pr[oQi vo ooQnoi @S yevLxertpivoEoprol]6E rnE (dl/dt)-.'XExrxo
Eivo[ ro flGedierypa 8.3.2.

8.3.1 nAPAAEffMA Na lueEi n EEio@on y" +4y'+3y=o oE ttSoE

y(t), t>O, pe rLSau\/qixaEy(O)=O xar y'(0)=1. E66 y' a44loliEtl
lnv dyldt.

AY:H lldtQvortrE io lrxdollpcrropo Laplace xq! ro1' 61'0 pel(l)v

rrlg q(ocDolErat lQ4olltofioroxpe rov r1'ro 3 ro! Ili1rdro 8.1.1:

( d . ' \ ' r z t = t y r z t - 1 r o t= z 1 ; ,t t
\ 0t I

rov rlrno curo 1ro 6r urrpl aoQd fx,\uuf

FeaQudEovraG

l't s \ p,=z' t\/) /)\o) v'tot' /' J\/t-l

\dr'1I

liverar z'zi1z1 l+4ziQ)+3ie)=o,

E rop6vogn oQxlxi Eio(l)on
or6T
1 =
i(zl=
22+42+3 (z+t)(z+3)
8.3 EOAPUOTHMEIA:X]IUATI:MON LAPLACEIE AIAOOPIKET
E:IIO:EII 631

Ano rov ilrtro ql'troreoqriE, o owifiQroqoE l.rrsoxrtporropdELaplace

qutriErnE E[o(')ong tvo!

y(r) = >
ld,or.fq,rrud
rrndl,ouro
rtg
(z+l)lz+3)
. ora-r. -3J
'Ero|,
-
2 =
'vlt\

Autli ivar I ErForrpvrl

)'rjol. MnoQ[va 6LXritlE o.rrLxcrdoroon
dr! e,Iqll0t! rnv 600ioa6loeoelxi Eioooit.

8.3,2 nAPAAEffMA Nd luqri 4 Eioaony'G)-y(t)=H(t-t),

| > 0, y(0) = 0, 6tto! H Eivdl n ouvdprnot Heaviside.

AYIH Kar ndLr raiQlouF iolE FiooxnFo oporrqLaplacexcr rura

'Exolpe
6to [e]drvrltE cEl,o(j)olE. zYQr-y(O)-Y(z)=e'lz. Enottt-
wtq, i 121=e zlz(z - 1\. o avrioxeogoEFraoxnporropdE LaplsceqE
lllz(z-l\l iacr l-e-r, on6t qurdE rr9 e-'llz(z-lr'l ivo!, orip-
cp(!)vo
tr Tov fllno 6 ro! nlvcxo 8.1,1,

t0 o<a<l
.y(t)=1_t+e,_l t>l

(naQarleodtr 6rr o ol,rlorQoqoE pryd6r1ioE

rrrrloE(8.2.1)6evreaQ-
p6qrart''[6 xI lroeqrinou 6dertre).H L{on auri (fl},er:X. 8.3.1)
6v[vo!naQa./o"y(orp.I 6 pnoQivq o(DQnoi,
xo! Ilot{6v(Dg oE },t-

HA-ll y'lt)
t
1
I
I
t--
__l :__
___-, I

I
:XHMA 8.3.1 :ro r= I, I y 6axra!pid 60ryr.
63? O IETAIXHUAII:TOI LAPLACE|(AI OI EOAPMOTEITOY

on 1Jrrdrnv suo lQi 6wo!a. nowoc I y(f) qrroxElEll{ol und pia

yvlrielp6vn6wola, ontoEavoqapaFfiQoqlolt!v@S. :ro >X. 8.3.1,n
couvtxlc rqE lt(t-1) ]reoxali va ribrlFs ornv y/(r). Mnoeoi[e
vo noltp6r[ 1 /(l) 66xtqrplo "60rlort"oto t = 1.

8,3.3 nAPAAEIrMA Nd lleeecipid pEputi lrto\ tnq y"(t) +2y'(t) +

2y(r) = f (t).

AY>H AE Feo{Fer{ Iiot lra xlv oroia y(0) = O,y'(0) - 0. EQoapd-

!,ovra6ro prooxtporro[d LoplacixolJl]21i e\ + 2zj (z) + 2VG) =
f(z), xL' txor y(z)-f(z)/\zz+22+2). O avliorQoqoEprooxnpofl,-
oFdSLapfacexr6 lle'z+22 +2) Et\at"

e''
-P ( l l = - e r +
2tz, + ll ztzt+ll

6fior zt, zz ehral o[ bljo etl'< :'t1Ezz +22+2 nou [vo! [oeE rQoE
-lti. M orl,ono{ton, oQ{oxouF61! 6(f)=ersinf. E rotral(l)E, qnd
iov iilo 8 tou ntvaxo 8.1.1,

yrrl = re * f) (rl = flt-tre(r\dx

.[-

= [ r1r-r;e,sinrar
J"

Al'Iri {vq! n EnrotpvnpeQlxri}"riorl.fr!r,xd. peQrxq

L olg E!-
or;)oeov1116 lloQqriF
d,yt"t+,, +(rty=1 c r , . . . , a , , i v o !m o 0 e 6 E
pnoQodvva x9Qoooouv ond rrl poeqri ouv6l',rElE.
fla va flQoirprrl
liolt 6rav 6tvovraror y(0),y'(0),...,/('r)(0) proQotpva neoo0-
ooupopia pQuiri), orl ),p fiou rxqvoro!i rlE yp(o)= O,y;(0) = 0,..-,
yu-r'(o)=o o plo l,rlor y. ir( opoyvorisEi,o(,)orE orlv orota rl /
rietral lort Fr prDiv xou lxcvonori r[E aex[n6EolJvorixsEyld rts
%(0)=0,y;(0)=0,...,yo D(0)=0.To 6e0oropa/"+y. ivd0rl ErFoi'-
pvql,riol. (To |31ipc1ra
durriErig pEed6outuroQorivo{xo},(rvo nc-
).I0!xotr',.)l.

H F60o6o6r(Dv ttraoxqporro[rlv Laplaceivdr Fis ouorlpo ,{f

pd0o6o6yra rlv cvrrpr6tr[or]6loqoelx6v ELo6q(l)v
p orooeo1iE
8.3 EOAPMOTH
META:XHMATI>MON
LAPLACE
'E AIAOOPIKE>
E=IIO>EII 633

ol'vlslorfE. (Ouorxd, BnoQixovi( 1,o ovlrfr.rrDfiioEL

axr6q rtE E!
o6oELExal FE dIIE Ftjd6ouq.)Eav o[ o!w].or6E 6ev 0i,vot orooe-
Qoi.,I p6eo6oq ivGL6uoxolo va EqcQpoori 6[6rr. o percoxl[orr-
opoE yr.voFivou o6lyi o ouvdhFn rcl I EfQeoI ],{onE yra rlv i(z)
yiarar 6iorol,I.

'YMNAHPNMA KEOAAAIOY8.3
O META:XHMATI:MO: FOURIER KAI H KYMATIKH E=I:NIH

O FrooxnporloF6(Fourir,rov ofioio lod]otrorlv Evor.4.3,

crorolei 6vc lEtrQo loluQd 6Qydl,Eioyro rI hioq 6tdqoQrx(b! eEr-
o(i.)oov.Oc r.Qr,yQdvoul.lrouriv rI XQ{0I naed)( rar ro Qd},o 1('.)v
trlyoblx6v pron].rlrdrv[ rlnvrQo rI! rlJpcrr[ri Ei.orDon.
H rsQa-
xcr(l) r[cQoloiool iv(r! 1,!ord xdnorc! lQor[o noQtysaQrxri xcr 0c
snoqiryol.rlrEllv quorrlQf 6rcr{7[(t)on ro.r' o(l)er]pdro1,.

H Kutoflrq Eqlqosn

H x1lpqrlrli Eiooon ivol I Elo(l)ol riivrlor]EI onola neQlyQdecl

rn brdlioorl p!(,s xuparlrriE 6loroQoxrig o'6vo p6oo, neQlyQd9t,l|Cl
noQdb[lpo, rlv ./r.(crQolc Fror(ixr[or] plcrg rtc ll,oFdvlE XoAtji( 0],e"
n[ :X. 8.3.2).Tn 6ru6,)fl4EvoEn].erirp('Fntvnrrrol! xtFaroE oiov Xru-
Qo, trov rlxn1lxdv llJ$(i!(r)v o picr ctiooroa olJvou],[(iv, no06( xdl
Tlir[OIJE
IrQllro1rE XlrFatT.]VOTO1]eQO.

IXHMA 8.3.2 / rirdr 10 iidrog rnpdrog.

Aq eE(DQliooutl
rrQ('rl:tro otroysvdgrQoFl.rl[o, rlv afilri rQir[rcD-
on orlv orroiil 6vo i(tpo perobi6ror"noro [ixo( plag XoQbiE nou
6Xe! orooeQf rruxldrrtru p riai FQiorral ufio ora0EQi rdol T. H
el'adQolc Bcrcrdtlro4 C(x,,) o-rl 0oI x rn leovrliri orr.ypri r [r.r!o
nori rrl U"QLXi
6raqoQrrit E(oo)orl

I utD otD
(1)
c1 atz 3x'
634 O UETAIXHMATI:MO: LAPLACEKAI OI EOAPMOTEITOY

oxrolr c='lTlp etvo! I (oiooQi) roxirlro [rd(6oolg.H EiorDoI

atlrri ivar yv(oorli0]16rn orol1lcbdnquolrri. (:r{! on66!EIuro-
eroupdlr ro trrldrogeivo! F!re6.)
y'l ortv EE.(l). trotj)on
faearletiorr orr fdv rilo[r c= xivn-
ortE,ea xararllilolr ornv EiooorlLaplac(0l,anEvoi.2.5 xo! 5.3).
IlQdlpar!,6n(')g xor xivl n Eio{Dort 66xElo[ I'isrr6 rlg FoeqiE
l(x r {-1 y), 61011.icrI x1'porlxri Elocool66xsra! Iiolg rng FoQ-
qrlE /(x I fi). To 1yov6E6rr rl EE.(1) e(vcr.6riielErdEIE (l)ErrQoE
rn pfiaDi"qxli f olrvfidysrd!di[ n ].Joi rQoo6!oQt!,ro!povoolipo-
vro d! 6o0otv 6{0 qQXlxdEouvoi'4Ey0o r=0. Aur6Eo! ouvorirEE
dttor)LouvtqL q]16rrt 0(x,0) xar rtv aolar.tra (x,0). H EE.(1) r-
elyedeEr trtv E6i'!Eq11160(x. f) ylc orla ra cndpsvot.
fro \,a hloorp rnv EE. (l) xrloip 6vo praoxlFoitopd rng
praF),ttri<x xs! 0Qioxou$lrto ontloiorel EEio('onrou rQrt',ap-
PdvE!rq [rdoxnpcrropdq pera0),nrrik. Ady(o rolJ drt io x pro-
RdLl'rrorund ro .- oro +-. .rvrt vc Xgnorj.ronoLioouue ro $rro-
o1rlporlopd LupfacelQnor$ono()ipe ro peraoY4!ar@!6 Fou er.
'Eoro
f: R -r C o Frooxrlparro[6EFourier I rr]g f oQ(!,ro[rdr
(oEErig

I(*)= |
l-

YtrdQxereniong6vosrriroE o\,xr,orQoetriE
orl(og)io! oro1,SFErcoXIp.c-
rroporiELafrlace:

I I'- e't'f(ktdk
^l

O praoxnporroF6E
Fourierrn6 o1'vdQrrlon6
d(x, f) oelqlar an6 qv

ac,o=/_e tt' 0G, t)dx (2)

To oloxl,riQ(l)Fa axr6 ,!(t!0dvror, roE rleoE riv pelopl'fii x v6 rl

peraplqlri r 0orQ[ra!orooerinaQdpreoq.O ov-[ioreoqoEpIo-
olqpcrlopdE Fouriereivcl

I r'- e h "6 G . r d k (2',\

G t__
83 EOAPIOTHMETAIXHIATIIMOI{ LAPIACE:E AIAOOPIKE:EI:O:EE 635

MrroQotprcbQava )lrJooulr8 rnv EE. (l). Eeoetro[ovroErnv EE. (l)

oqv EE. (2') xar naeo.t(t)yiqovroE
rqv un6 ro o),oxlrietopaorvdQrq-
orl 0eio){out1*
t " . a l 0 t * ,r ) + k , a ( kt,= o (3)

Mr d),lo )"6y!a tropqrleorip 6x0 pe ro praoxlporrop6 cvr,x(rrq-

orrioqpexiv aexrxri peQrxri6raeoelxi rEio(l)olroq rtooE C(x, r) pe
pio qn)"ri ouvriet 8loqoQlri Eao(oolog rrQoE0 (*, r). H Elo(oon
(3) pfioQe{.
!a }'!08[ r]lio)'c.H ],1o1iIE (vq!

6 ( t , r t = , - q ( * ) e " *" a ( t ) e l ' " (4)

dnou A(*), B(*) avalor 6rio ora0eErqE ol.oxl.riQ'oo1E

trou !.r[opci
va Eaerd)walond rrp raQapreok. Eqoep6qovragrov rlirlo cw[-
orQoerlg(2') cxoutr

0&,o=j t a(r)e'rrr-d'ldr
ro<rt"'"'*" (4',\
l'-
Auiri EavsLn l,ioq lnE EE. (l). Or ouvqQrioerg/4(k), B(k) FjroQoiv
vq nQoo6[oQroloivcnd irE aQXrraSowoix 0(x,0) xaL aflx,O\laa.
noQdtrlQo{pe.n{ons {5M0 ne6ro olorlrlQ(Dpo olnv EE. (4')
EEqQrdra[polov on6 q perofJi,4rlix + cf, v6 ro 6{reoqdQrdra!
pdvov 016 ri x - d, 6{}.a6i. I C(x, r) },otrodve!rrl FoQqi

0 ( x , r ) = f ( x + c a ) +6 ( x - d )
dr[or o! olvoQiioerE /, g fiQoo6loQlLovra[rio! rldrll (rn6 q C )@!
xr AQlAt oxo t = 0. MnoQo{pvo na)LtoerroouF ps dvrlxcrdor.rorl
olr|v EE. (l) 610i C anor).irred'yFarr;,tort rqE EE. (l).
AEiErva 66oout1rredooxrloe per,lt6E e!6!x66l,toc!6 qS EE. (l).
IIQ6r[rs! lLs rc polroxQopsrlxd (p!a6 F6vo olJxv6rnra6)xriFara
rnE FoQqriE
Q G ' t ) = e ' r " "" '
ono! (l, avqlq olxvdtnro. Au i rl 0 rlaQLordve!
evd xriFa ouxvdrn-
rag @ rio! pn6viEra[rleogro 6E!dnora pixoE rnE xoQ6iE.fvrxd

* H EE.(3) pnolEn(ors!a FeEfttrdr rdaolFr ro FltaoInFfiroFoFourier

qE EE.(1) xo! xaw$onoriooupro rEovdg d r C(r, O xar ! a4(x,r)/ax olJ-
la),ivo!! oro Fr6iv ltao(i)ro -{ -r 6.
636 O METAIXHiIATI:MO: LAPLACEKAI OI EOAPMOTEITOY

n f(x + cr) ivar xripa rolJ 6[c6[6Era[U.eraxtrqra c ]rQoEro oelors-

Qd rou ofioi,o! io oxripo [va! exeavorlg leae[xrig [qQdoraolE {Ig
f noQ6u.o!s,rl g(x - cf) sivo! ,ttpo rou xllr'lralneos rc 6Etd.
AE ooxolnooip r6Qa pe ro ovopoyvtEnQdpltpa. rou Fqav[6-
ror, 6rov evsQlroo0lptd E(orQ0xi ldvoprl oro 1i1iu,a.
fla fidQd6!1-
[|a, dE 1Jno06ooupE 6xr n XoQ6i rou tX.8.3.2 qoQ-liqero[p oloosQrl
tnxvdrrFq eoQT[oxq xq! v ouvexioTono0Ersiro!o' 6va EorsQ!]i6
llxiQLX6r[6[0E(x, t) xsx(t rnv 6r1]0u1,ol iou dEovay. Axr6 ouv-
ndllqr rqv q(lQpoyrlp0o.E 6dvop.IEl'(& r) Ent rnE XoO6riE,avdloyl
rcr qE(x,tr, Enoptdvogc1o1jpE vq hiooulrerlv EiEEEto(l)oIr{ivIoIE
lra rn persr6rlol 0(x, t):

+c ' {1 =??*61,,,y (s)

dI' d,\'.

XaQI onldrnroE, e(l)Qoi'pE

drr q F(x, r) orrlv EE. (5) ilor neQro6!,ri
p ouxvdinld @:
F=f(x,tr)e'.'
.
Ao16 psg.r[[xe6r.r
vq xsrqrlriEouF
oto or],otoreQorlQd0[IFa

+.+
c' dt'
=?-:o-
dx'
*f(,,-)"^' (6)

MtoQoittvo /Qd!,o!prn fiorl rIE EE.(6) cog4(x,t,.o). Mrd rI

l6on qg EE. (6) pnoQo{pva crw0[eroni,ooulrEro r[Qd0],IFaTls U,i,o
1!uti 61)vol.llF(x, f). Aui6./[vera[ "ovoh]owaErord Fou er" rnv F
@EErt6:
r l'-
lc(x,r)= I f(x, @Je''!d@

ttr,,l = F (x, t) e"' dt

I*
Kar6rlv o1'v06roxpilg l.{o!C r4q EE. (6) ylo !d []gorlFErnv

ac.r= : ('- Qr*,,,

oa.
En ,riolpE rrlv EE. (6) roiQvo\rraE ndl! ro praoxtpcrtop6
Fourier(UqnQoEr q Url.r0llrn .\. onorr ixoulr
 4.3 EOAPMOTH
MEIA:XIIMATIIiION LAPLACE:E AIAOOPIKET
E=I:!I!EIT 63?

r.a'a + k ' z $= ' i 1 1 , . 1 " - ' (?)

6nou

f ( k .a ) = | e ' \ ' | ( x ,@ ) d x
l-
H EEto(oon (7) ivar plc (n],ri a.ro[oyevriE6r,oqoer,1{i
Eiooorlitir,
QI( ldEIE. neooodrolroErrl F0Qrxrlluorl

irt:ot
k' - (- I c)'
rtlE EE. (7) orrg o$o./evei(l.i,otgrlq EE. (4), raaeto!|pErn lvlxi
l.to1rrs EE.(7):

6u,@t= Atltet,'+B(*re^d+ J(k qL ei (8)

Enop6vogI Lnot rtE EE. (6) Elvar

Q ( x ,t , a ) = h ( x + c t )+ - q ( x- c 0 + ( c * F ) e t u (8',)

Or deo! iIS EE.(8') 6Xouvrt! eEigeuvrio. Or 6i'o rrerirrordeo! Ei-

var luoErgrnE opoyvol'EeEio(oonq (l) rlou 0xavonoloiv ilE aQxlriaE
o1'vorirEEylo t=0. O r).curaio(deo(, nox ehar n Felrrl l{ol rnE
ovopoy8voliEEloo]olE(6), ]Jno],oy(Errdtp rov cvxlorpoqo poro_
olnparlopd Fourierrou rrle!|iaifi) o()o rn6 EE. (8):

I r'--,., i1t._.t",.11
ar
2nJ-

orcogxor p0 ro praoxlporlopdLaplace, o 6eo( aur6Eiva[ I ou,

vaLlErrtE c rcr rlE t 6nou G = ttl*, - tatcl'1. Auri r ouvderlorl
(i noitrr .vav xr1'rQu6 gu).o orl e(ot,iar(w
!u grxrbv bloqoerrdv r_
Elo(i)oov.O Feroollpdr(rp(iE rlE.

c,r,-,= I e"'- ts)

I -tdk
zlt !-_ | k, _\.tq. I
638 O META'XHMATI:MOI LAPLACEKAI OI EOAPMOTE'TOY

xaliror "oxvdQrlon Green' licl, o 1'7iolo1lop6Errlg F olo1rlfQoorl

rord p{}rog reoxldg pt[oQi va Yivel (')g eEriq.
H und ro olor?,.riecopoorvaetnor rnE EE. (9) 6xsr otrl"otq n6l,ouE
a1a k = t(alc). >rI troQqi irou 6ivsro!, ro olor)"iQottc rlq Eq. (9)
or oUyxLi1]rt.ftc( vo oQtoouut r4v rtun rou nQinrr vo XpYlortto,(uUi-
ooug rrlv dvvolc rI( LiQlag rrl.!]ig 1{oxd Cauchy. AldQoQeg rtt[6E
proQi vo FQool'vovdlolo p0 ro 'r(oE Qpnl{! ]iavlg r6roLc o].o-
xltQ(bu.ara. flo vc 0Qoxp rlv rtFri rrou 061'o!p, 0o urololioo [
flv EE. (9) nr1,61owoqU.(orQoxld olort''iQcDongoro dv(l) plYo6urt6k
Ilu,er[t'lE6oylo x > 0 xcr oto r{rr(o nlrlEnir8o Ylo x < 0. Aurri n 8tr!-
lo1rl ivo! cnoeaitlrrl o nel'rt6oelg dt[o! ro o],oxt rlQ(opqtrl ro!
nllrxx)dliox IivI, oro pnddv dtdlr' l oxrtvq rivl oro drlQo. Afi6 To
ecbpllta ro! Cauchy, 0o rQdflEl vo l,roloJ(ooult 10 o]'orlnQorlxd
rn6lolr[o oroug ttrilous ro1, x(vto! oro to(l)lQlrid TnE1QoxldE,Oc
rQ6r[E! cridpn vo r(l0oQ[oolrpelolr' TQ6no Pe rov otlolo 0q clTllrT(l)-
fiiooulrE lq olpl{r ov(Dpql(oE axll k=Lo/c AldgoQo! lQ6tlol ltttoQt
vo olinltoolrv o bloqoQsllxd c.xtorl6oFqlo 1[o Inv llp.ri rIE C ro
oroic. prroQEivc r[vo! crno poelpclrulli d,tovn afio6exld. H re],,!t'tli
qol,ptwcorrxli ouprrQl,QoQd
Ua( Er(Ioyri fiQoobroQ(qeto!(r'[6 lnv llv
ono[s 06lou!r vo exE0rl C '4(06E .{ -+ @. O[ opolEliE ].to!E 116
EE. (l) ot ottoiEi pog 8vb[crqeQouv orrp]rQlqtQovldl orros ol
e\p(rikxl ('rEouv,(L)rIoYtro\, \, ordT( c'IotrouuE rlv {6Lct ouunFol-
qoed ylo rnv C. Aur6 [fioQsi vq xqooQlori p rn "p60o6o i6"i

, f r*f I
Grx.or=lim I I (9',)
,-o 2t l-- kl-l|,lc-t)')

r>0

I X H M A 8 . 3 . 3 T A o x r a (l c in G(x.o).
 META:XHMATI:MONLAPLACEIE AIAOOPIKE:E=IIO>EI> 639
8.3 EOAPMOTH

xord lrlv. o'[oic rtlsivol'l|s rnv rQoxld (nou eaivrar oro :X. 8.3.3)
ovdloya p To r[Qooll,loro1' x.
T6Qo pnoQolipv(r fioloyiooupe rrt\ G(x,o). A716xlv EE. (9')
xcr ro 0E6QI!lartov oloxllQ(')lr,xrblur[otloiirLov0Qiorlol'pylo x > 0,
rf
C(x,u)=lim ztti.
.)o 2tt 2(tulc i) ) zot

Me roQdFolo utoloTlopd yro x<0 xot XQrplpotrord)woE rI 6qtd

reoxld ro! tX. 8.3.3, DQio'ioxpe

J! rt.'t' x>0
2o)
t,r,",l =
{ lL s-^r" r<0
20)
Ioo6ivapa'

c(x' (,) = -L e/'r'/. \9" )

2iu

To no60l4Forns IK66oo4S
'OTov p6oo
ro oxo orolo lrerd6i6T(r! To xiJpodv Ei'\rctr
oU,oyEv6E ou-
vclvxd[ero r[Q60lqpoox66aonE.fla xrcred6!1pcr, nnoedrouFEdr! rl
ra).).6urvlXoebl rou >X.8.3.2orrorrl..ircrand re[a FiQylnou ouv-
56ovxd!peraE! rolrE oFordpoQea.To vo p6QoC, FirouE a, 6Xrr[x-
xv6rr$c pz (nQloIriII rou :X. 8.3-4)xal ta dl).c b o p6Qrl6touv
'EorrD
nurv6rnxd p, (lrQroX6EI. lll xol :X. 8.3.4). 6r[ o[ clriorolxeE

+ :e {]tl]Iid 6dqo0ddv .ELo.iroEo!. Jt c dlaqie.rar {oq ),uorl nlE

" l..c=a)_yt

dro! d .ivor ! oxldQnrorld iou Dirac. H Inor treoxlnrerarLsro yEvrrdrnro

| l r r r l u r J) / r \ 'J
6 ( \ ' J , '- l = |
I u{x)x(x)l1t x Y

dno! ,, D cildr Inocrs itlE aliiororlilE oFoyvongEiooorg rar w si!a! rl

vronskian, v = rD'- >rrv nsQitrrdori paE, , =er" ,qr , = -r-'. o6roara<
"r'.
y=0 drouFe1llv EE. (9").
640 O META>XHMATI:MO: LAtsLACEKAI OI EOAPMOTE:TOY

IXHMA 8.3.4 :xfnoor oc Fiq 6doroo1t.

IOXTIITg 5!d6oolE ivct[ cr ]io! cr. YfiOoeTOUpE oIL px>pj. Eak\)

6T! To r[aQo./opevoruu,c e't\/'r 'ro pETq6l6Eiqtcr6 xo oQlorQqxold
FrixoE rns XoQbliE.Kded)( ro xirFa litvEiro! o rrur16ieo rL!xd oro
x = 0, 6va p6QoEro1' ea cvcxLso0ci ra! vo dLl.o FQoSrou 0o ou-
vEX[oErvc b!cli6rc!. >ro x=o, dvq F6QoEocr c1vcxloolel, vd ro
r,trolouto 0o ouvlirtel va 6!abi6Erctrxclrd rolr' [6!t) rQdro (0].d^e:X.
8.3.5).

I ltl

.|frw
a T

: X H M A 8 , 3 , 5 A v . x l a , r d ' F U l u b ' d d r o T 4d r f d d o r l .

[lQ6rr rop61,/(JE l, oouFrrlv ruu(rrrxrl E{o(oonort6 reelE rre-

Q!ox6E:

l
a*- 1,!arrE r[er,ox6E
I, III

- I
,,r t,ru,r.oloxritt
a": f
Or )LioErEov.rpdvovrarv(r Xoxvrnv EEriS
[oaqi:

4r(x. 0 = e't"'' t" + Rel\ xrt't'@

4"G, t) = ee'trr" r)@

+ Beit'x|' t)a

'r'
c , , i( x . r ) = I e ' t v q

Airorrol'Ur or luollg vo oL'vbiovtat ptrftu rous oTo \ 0 xat oro

x = a ri{rrd redro ol'vrlli. An6 paelFarlrri drolrt, oux6 otpdive! 6r!
8.3 EOAPUOTHIETA:XIIMAT|:ION LAPIACE IE AIAOOP|KETE:[O:EI: 6'I

EqaQp6qolprf6 ouvoQlox6E o v0izeg ylc rI 4 xaL x\\t aLlax \a eL-

orc x = 0, a. M d},i,q trdylo.
var ouvX(E

0 r ( 0 .r )= c , ,r o ,l ) 0rk1, tr= o|t(a, t)

4 4 1 6 . , 1 =9 4 : l 1 6 . , y 4 9 , ,( a , a g ' , ( a ,r )
ax )x
o=

AuraEor rdooeusELo6orrE aQxotl/ ylq tov unol,o.f0op6

ro)v oltvte-
l.or6v R, A, I, T. I6loirreo ev6laqiQovnaeouoldE!o our,,rclotliE
T. Exrcl,cilr'lagxLEarraQq(rr|'E
aLl0QlxS nQdErg fJQiororpedrr
4 c 1 q e i l . t tl r t n t h ) t ) @
( l0)
(c, + c?)1- (cr + cr)'?e""jq

(01.4rAorrlol I l). O T ovo$dqerarn|(rrog oxtdaonE,xo! ro rred-

y(ovo ing or[6]!rlE xlpii( io! ndQtordvlrrf',tvrcol ro! lilpcroE
JIo! paro6(6Era0 orlv r[eQloxrilIl.
ErLrQdrrolper6Qo oro n 116 EE.(10) !q yive! p!yo60x1i Frapl!-
ri xql naecrtQoittc 6rr o T{@)axrrrs rgri6 rbtdrnrcEl
(i) O I (var FQ6poQeoE (r.)<
nQo6ro (, xcl Xe[ndlolg oro )idro)
rl[rlninio aro a=(cz/o.)(nft-lp), 6'[0! ro p r[eoo6!ogi(ro!
an6 rn! e,e= (cr+ c: ),|G, - cr),,
(ii) O f dxr ar[6rlurl rrFri I ortg r[p66 rou ., yrc rlE ono[6

(iii) I-+ 0 xaoci)Ea.,-r +i6.

(iv) I --t 6 xa06E ..r -J 16.

:X6oe\ Arooxe6oopoo

Orcv pi,a ouvdQlton F[qSplyo6lrrig pE aFIniiS /(z) xoraxe!r{dr rrg

r6ooeQlE06!6iIrErou T(.r). pr[oQi'{aviqvd sgaQpdo!ro 6el-
pa rou CauchynQox0$6vou vo noQdyelF,o rv6rqe6eouoar{ar Xgti,
orpn qvcJtoQdorooq rIE /(z), 6n(l)gqqivrq! srd ro er6pvo.

8.3.4 OEnPHMA META:XHMATI:MOY HILBERT Edv 4I(z) etvdL

tivaLuttrll ,/L.tlm (z\ > O laaL[(z) + 0 opoL6ltoeqaxaqd)Sz-)6 oro
npLutlnt'o O<^rgz<1t, r6ft q lG) Lxavoroti rtE efiop*eE o\o-
*lneorb46s oxtotLg:
6'2 O IETAIXHUATIITOI LAPLACEKAI OI EOAPIOTE: TOY

(l) Edl zo=xo+iYuPe Yo>g, rdre

r\zo)=!! [ f(x o)
. dx (l l)
n l-- (xo-x)'+ y,:

rer=+[ U.o)(!"_!ax (12'

iti J-- Go- x)'+ yi

(iil Ede 2o= xo Eival t(Qaypdtltt6, t6ft

reJ= )- [ t.g,o)dx (t 3 )
,tl - x-xn I

AnOAEI=H Adlo rou di! o! urio06otE pnoeor)pr,a

EivcrlrqQli{S,
eaQpdoout! ro 0edQiForo! cauchy,xerpllronoldNroE6va Fydlo
Il.(.x$xl.Looro dvo, rlplntnc6oytc vo 660r[

t('s= )- ftx'or dx
['-
2ttl !-- x-zo

(rll,a'leEvor. 4.3). Er[olE Xoupe

o= -L I lG.9 a,
2fi1 - x-zo
)

drou ro Zo xaro!oro xdro) qpii,n6o. Edv aealQ6oorJp d!raE rtE

6io E!ooq16rora p6),rtnn[evolt! rnv EE.(11) xo[ dv trE nQoooe-
ooupetlaiQvoug.ernv EE.(12). H EE.(13) reoxrirw[ar6 rov rrrro 6
rou nalcxa 4.2.1.!

QE ndQropq,r[oiQvolroEra nQcypclwa rq! eovrooxrrd FdQIin<

EE.(ll), FQaorioup

u ( r , . y o ) =& [ - * 0(r'0) dx (l t')

7t ! - ( x - x r ) ' +y i

onor I=u+i1'. AvciLoynox6o! loXir!yia rnv u(x,y). Ard rlv EE.

(12)Xop
 EOAPIOft TEIA:XHUATI:UON LAPLACE IE AI.AOOPKEEE=IIOIEE 643

l
L: ( x - , r o )u ( x , 0 )
(x-xJ'+ yo

(r2')

L: (x - xo)u(x, 0)
(x-x;2+y';t

T)"wd,ar6 rnv EE.(13)dxoup

r.r(xo,0) = l
""J: v (x, O) dx

( 13',)
-l
P.v. f' g{4!-Qdx

H EE. (11') srqQdge!rlE irpaE plaE oQpovr&riE ouvdQr4olEoxo dvcD

IpLEnh6oPdd! rov ouvoer,cxd)v
xlp6v inE oio1, ttQa.lpallxddEo-
va. E toFtvog noex!i'iol 10q qv EEio(,)otLaplaceoto dv(1)np!!-
rtlioo (fl)'enEAorlon 12).
_!]gQcrlp{ore 6r! d! r f(z) lxcvoroLLtnv 06!dintd onu,ptQ(os
I(-x)= f(xr, x6r pJroQoripro yedlroul.r

R ef { x o=) 2 P . v . l t \ J + x d x
1r lo x'- x;

vd d1 I f(z) rxcvofior.{.rqv f(-x\= -f(x),

-,
R e r r x o ) r=x o e . v .I I{I{
f
a,
n Jn x'- xt:

O! Emdroelg (12') xd! (13') pnoQeiva ooeneoivoE ol"orl"rlQorrrdE

UoQe6E r(ov eElo6oov Cauchy-Riemann. Anl6E poE 16r rlq rr,pdE
rrc
trorJneanL rldQ!to tteaypqtuid FeQoEpraE aralurlrriE ouvqQ-
'Orcv
tnonE 6rqv ro govrqorlxd peQoEival xoooQ[oF6vo. 6io o!-
voerrioe0Eu ltor, u u.icrvonoroliv
r[g sE[od)olE(13') Itr drr ival
"proox4pofl.opoiHilben" r pla rrlE dl]"ng. Ioxoelxd.o! praoxnpa-
rlo|rol Hilben cnordl.oov rtv oecrleao B(qgoeLedsr6ro[ov ox(oe-
(,)vrou ovopdqov'rclox6oe[E6!ao)r6oo$ot.noearrlQrienxE yla rlQ6'
6tt4 O IIETA>XHUATI:flO> LAPLACEXAI OI E.IAPIOTEI TOY

rn poQd ort iolriouv ltc rn p[[.t,dij!rri6rn7'sxrQ0xti

orcosQao(rv ou-
vdQrnol rrlE ouxv6rrFaErou rlQoorrhfiovroEl{tlporoEan6 roug H.A.
Kramersxo! R. de L. Kroning ro 1924.Ar[d ro 1950nEQirou,61ouv
pE)rloe[ orJorqporr,xd xo! eeaQFoooeioro rlrldroE ox66donsT(a)
xo06E riq! o rIi(l,( lcvr,naExarrlyoQaE reoollpdrov oxaboorlE
6rou oQGeia!6va 161()1() nldros. Aey6reaeo ec(oQtiooup rrlv n6-
1(xcol q!i6v rov ox6oovo rg)f]ilipara or66qon6o rQlE6rdoxd-
ocrg.
O! oxdorgro1' ono6{EcpE t'[60ro.vdtl n /(z) elval cr\,otllJrrtirl
pdvov drav Im z > 0. YndQX!6pog Bta 6rriEQn xarlyoelq oxdoov
6lrox6copo .f!s ovdrlttrlrdg ouvqQuioLgoro [!lo6LX6 rir6o
xr6Eond fvav rld6o )iord pixog rou rleolporrxoir dEovq.

8.3.5 nPOTAIH Edv r /(z) E[yaLavalrttxi dto nirc'o z xat tXL

ivav 'd.6o an6 ro z = a 6@Ero e, xat Ed1/
lf(z)l= O(1/z),r6re

/(z) = lim -l
I L
x-l
lf(* + i)-/(x -i )ldx

(O out{3o}'ropdS O(l/z) dxtt avaerQoEiortv Evor. 7.2. lim, o4[ai-

rr'rdlr io dero ),apqldveraiyls > 0.)

AnOAEI=H O(l)QodFe rrp rQoxrd rou >X. 8.3.6 riar EqaQF6Eou[

ro 06elpoCauchylla rlv f(E)/(- zr.a

Edv rnrrlaov r(l)v utro06oEror rIE IlQdraon( 8.3.5 n f(z) txavo-

rof,i tt{.otE1\ a/(t.ontf\i)= tlz), 6tlo6{ rd! !(x, ) + iu(x, ) =

IXtlflA E.3.6 TQoXrdyra ritv andbsrErrrtg [Q6raorE 8_].5.

 META:XHMATI'MONLAPLACE:E AIAOOPIKE:E=I:OIEI> 645
8.3 EQAPMOTH

u(x,-)-io(x, ), ondrE ro jrealporlx6 L!6QoErIE f eivq! ouvIiq

XGTOBnXOS TOUIQCIUOTTXOU dEova fvdi rO 9CITOOTIXOrtvct COUvt-
X6E,r6re 6XouF

f (z) = tir,], 1 f- L v. 11,* i.; 4,,

oTov ro z ,!r,viTc!orov rQqyFarLx6 dEovo, pfioQoutlc vc ^dQoup

ro rQolporr,r6 p6Qogrdo [?'ouEtn( ]IQoIlol'F8l{E eEio(ools,ot[6re

.o r r' f-
-: lmf(r + i)d),
R e t f t r , " t =l i m |
.-n' r la x-xa

H KuIonKi Eqb('on oE TpErs Ardor6orq

Or lbdeEror' alclnrdEapE o' ol'Tri Tnv v6Tlrc yrc llv lirJpdrt]{rl ki-
lltoy) oo piq 6dorcrol [noQo{v lixo}.c vo ''exrqootv o ]rQol3}.iptr-
iq qlcDree(l)v6lqordoov. :r!E 6to blsordoe0E ovl( ylo p(c r(r].16-
p1'I XoQbi 6xo!p p(a;rai,),opeq Bepl]Qovrl.trrE IQEIEbrdoldoslE
pJroQoriFla 1iQQdoouFnxnllxc xllparo trou Uerc6{6ovls[ otov
o6Qa.T6r, n niol 4(r, r) lliovono!i rrlv Eio(J)ol,(i.vnols

t . . a - 9 r . , o = v ' ? c ( r ,) +F ( ' ,r ) (14)

6nou n F ridQl.ord.r'r
xdrolc 0E(l)rQrrli
rllri xlpdrcDv, r = (,!, y, z), xol

Dx': dy' dz1

i1o! o rsl,eoriE Laplsce- otov I EE. (14) et{qQdLrdr.F oQoytbvr(

ouvrEioypvEE,or" o[oyv[E xcI ovopolvEiE rrlE ], orE Feiokolxol
[E rov i,6!o rQoro 6fioE rQon./oup6vog. Ta iredl$ortrd kor!ot'Q1!c
ror Er8rdq6Qovro XdQoxrnQrorrxd rIE EE. (14), trou ti! u'Idexouv
xdrd rq oxadol o [ia bdoraon. pqoviEovldr oto trQdB).Ipd 0J{6-
6oonE xor, yivovrar dxoFl rro v6ldq6eovrc xcu Elxuotl,rd ordv to
uoo oxd6sonEex! oeor"Qr,rriol'p[rQio.
AE oorQriool'trsro rQoorirrov xuFc ertc ')r fiou ioE[6Ei'E! o]16
Tc dQr"oredTou dEovcr x xc! ouvnvrd pia oqaiQa rot[o0Tlp6vl
orlv ctQlri rtov oE6vov (:X.8.3.7).'Evd praQoE rox ti1'paro6 pt[oQi
vo r"ol(oerio!orl oqoiQo, 6vs d}')'o FeQoEox6dqro! ornv Etrrqd-
vEro rrlE oeaiQ(rE xol p0-'c xlvEirol qzlwlr{i ttQoE Tc 6Eto,ttol ro
6rl6 O IEIATXHUATI:MOI LAPLACEKAI OI EOAPUOTE>IOY

urr6lolro olJ!Xtq[rlv lilvlo4 ovttlQcolo l.trd rn 6l6le!oi rou

qn6 xI oqaiQq. Ila r',4 ,!!oo!lt coEt[QoE 0 QYo!6Faor6titD( xal
rQotyol[6voE. BQioxoul$ nQdra r!( liolE Yla lrl 0 orl,g tlQtoxfE
I xdl Il xo! $fid arolrol'p I C xa! I o1(-qtvlxincQdYoYoSaolar vo
i,!dr,ouvI[S otqv etrlqd1ftlq 1I( oQoiQsE.H b[(r6lx(roia ouli tlF
td xa0oelq! to ouvotrlrld xt[(r ornv tleQloxrl I fiox ]rQox!)tls[ cjro
'
llv rloeouoic lrlE "ovoFololavt.oE rou $aoou rrlE tlQ[olris II

I
,
t
cJ
(!

ra .yt
.\tv\tv\r .r,.\A,rv\r

^^^^^a
o ,1t

La
\t\^,\Ar

cJ
c-, (.

:XtlMA 8.3.7 >xobcq tnpilrd( do oil(t9rro qltrrs(prlo.

Aev 0a aoxoi'n0()tpE F r!( lnropGQlt( lalol(ov unoloYloltov oL

onoiol oblyoiv o ndOo( orov ropec t(ov lttQlxov 6laqoQlx(lv Eu_
o6oeov. Aev ivor op(l)E6 0)r()rl('vo nQoFl"fruouttrn FoQq{ rou r3'
)!|xo! anotEltoForos. To xllFc ornv nEQroXi I iva! ro CreQotopo
Tou rQoon(ntovrog tcr, rou crv<rd.6pevouoxr!\rlxd lri$arog. H colJ-
pni(otlxri {ou poeqn ivo!

' I
0r{r, r)- e'"'+ I \ @ .e t l e ' "
r)

xa0rnglrl=r+-. H t(@,d) xqQdei1() "troooord" ror, o!o)it"(iF-

vou riparoq nou t(!viro! neog ra 6Eo o Y(ovla d org t[QoE10! aEo-
1,c ootrprel(rg (0i.6irt :x. 8.3.7). Eavcr ro rQrobtdororo ovd]olo rou
,rlaroxg ox6baorlE l(rr) rou ltovo6ldorarou nQofllriFalo( nou p).E_
lnoap xrQonlouFvtl}g.
IlaQartQriore 6rr -rdrean / i1JarouvAernol 6rjo F.!Ya6lx6v Frc-
Flqr6v, a) ror d. An6 quorrri dnol'q naQarnQfolFl o1{66aonorJF-
flalvr p6.',ov 6rcv or.., xor d ivoL ]tQctluorlx6E1. o<d<n,
 META:XHMATI:MNI
8.3 EOAPMOTH E=|:O:EI: 647
LAPLACE:EAIAOOPIKEI

MEIEtcbvraE6pro6 rt.E t6rdrlrE rng / Ylq p[YablxaSllpE r(')v @ xar

d, dr(,)< 0a 6orip orc ipevc, o6nY1, oe pla oaori1Qrllarav6non
T(oVXsQsXrlQLOTLrd)VrqE /:
oo {.vcr.dvro ro qli.irEoup IlE }rrqB}'rtrtE(og Erls:

r =- 2 4 t t - c o s o l

Opieouprl,onE-rrtvouvdQrnoqA rcov6io pl'fs6!fibv profJlrF6vr'

t p. A(J,O=/(ar,8). fto 6vo Fyhlo ttluieoEnQop)"lpdr(l)vox66o-
onEBJroQel vcr6!xr[dI! 1A 6xt! trE Erig!6!6tniE:
(l) H A(s,l) [vqt avoh'rrxi (DEllQoErlg 6to p!1o6t1{68 prap]'n-
r6E s rior f p }{)'d6ouEctt(i io s=o 6(0g10 - ,|(1[ r=b t(o(

s -+ - lla xdot.
(ii) A(J,r) = O(l/s) xo0(bE
(iii) A(s, O = A(sJ) 1r,ct trQaypar0x6.
EqoQpdqowagrry nQ(iraot 8.3.5,

',. -! [- -LlArr+i. r o )- A t r - i . r o ) l d r J o ,r o o r o C ( 1 5 )
.,n,2fii1,, s-st

lim I
L I 1 6 n 1 5* i 6 , 1 n ; 7 , !o nQcYporlx6 ( 16)

:lnv EE. (15) oloxlrlQdrvouF tnl A(6,.) toE trQoEI )'i,Yorro nd'
v(D xcr xdrco ard rov rQoyg.orlxd dEovo. OE6QoriF" rlbQd xlv u)td
ro olori,riQopq ouvdQrqorl. And ilv r6tdrrlra (i) ln( A(s,t), tl''o_
Qo p vo ted{'olltr lria ox6orl b0oo|c6aopou (DEtrQoErnv pmsFl,nli
I (l)6 EiS:
I| l- '
A r s + i .r-" ) - f i m | LIA(s+i, 1+id)- Ats+i,t+i'lldt
h-o, zni Jb t-tn

Xerp[ponol6vraq pio traedporcovcnoQdorconYra ro btrQo680

rn( EE-(15), xoral.riyou[t oE lt"is6trli axton 6.qoLE6aopoi.
,- l
I '
[- | -t L- t u p 1 sr,; a rl d s (l?)
r lt I
 64A O META:XIIMATIIMOE
IAPLACEKAI OI EOAP OTE: TOY

6'[0u
/ | \r-
p{s.t) =, lim.
I A ( r + i , I + i d ) _ A { r + t .r _ i d )
t 2- J
_ A ( s - i .t + i 6 )+ A ( s _ / e r _ i d ) ] .

H EE. (17) {vo! I avqrroQdorqon rqE ,4(J, r)nou

Bp604ne.yr,o:tprirrl
qoed ro 1958 qrd rov S. Msndelstam.

AdKloEtg

Alor rq 6ro9oQ!t{6<Erodroorg
1(ovAoxrioE(,)vI aoE 9 XQlorUonotdvraE
perootttortoFot( Lsptsc.

.1. y"-4y=O, ylO)=2, y,(O)_l

2. y" +6y-1=O, y(o)=1, y'Q)=o

3, y" +9y=H(t- t), y(o)=y,@)=o

4- y'+ y =e'. y(OJ-O

.. y .y- /(rl orouy(0)=l *or

),,y\,td,=

[0 0r<1, r>2
/(l) _ I
[] I<r<2

6, y" +9y- H(t), /(0)=y,(0)-0

7- uor. to ndulaoudrripqroeErorirooov
(l)<,rQogy,(a).J,,(r)
.
nordrwqg Xplolpo_
|rer(rorusrrorc jE Laptac.

(rt I :., :' /,ro'=r. ,ro)=0

( -F ' i ,t v ; + v : + v . = n /,(o)=0, ,(0)=0

:

8. y ' + y = s e 5 1 ,y 1 9 ; =1

9. l , o r r r y y " + ! = . s i n t , y(Or=O, y,(O)=1.

A:KH:EI: ENANMH(pH: T|A TO KEOMAIO 8 649

10. MeLsfliorq lnol lt\Ey" +@3y=sir.at, y(0)=y'(0)=0. xa! Eldore

'rta 6ldgopesrllrdErox @, erirrd
rrt ouUrsargoQdro! )"noeo)v rta keivs
xorrd oro o = @0.EQprvuor rrs InoetEoav Eo\,arxaop6vEralolrdolq.

11. Eqaap6orrls otlvoplox6souvoi,{esoro nad8ltto rrs tLovo6rdorarrr

ox66aorErqr 0pirrlE ErgQ'losrE
tra ra T(@J,R(@),Ala), B(o). AEIEIdrr
Ed1,ro o rivqr nesypoirxd.

T(a)x+ R(@)'1=l

(H r}.urataoxot E{qed(srrr "brdrielol rtq tl,rdolg': >' dvd [600 ](q'Q{q

dn6lelEg,I povd6qdvraolg rou ngoonirrovioE xnpsloE (>X.8.3.5)roo{ral
Fe ro doeolspqrtE 6vraortE ro! (asrl(i)p!o! xnpsroER orra nQrcr0iI nor
rIE dvroolExor' ?{tlolog I ror' pElc6[6elo[olr]1,rQromilll.)

12. Ee'600! ! EE.{ll) }.rJvrro npd0},tpo Dlrlchlet.orodlor lg|en(ti6o,

AaQB6or oro 6EElpdQoE
rt! oro rqd0Lllrc rorr fleQl-rQdeior. rou:X.5.3.5
ra! llQeirrtv i6ta l.tot.'l.lro! d1ou[6io $g(tijour lld rt ).tol rIE Eto(l)-
org Laploce:onptogQr oi!D{6!ror,rdr o}.orihQu}rrxfEotioerE ro! rnrou
r l g E E .( l r ) .

13, Os eqaQForrjrrlg n06raor5 8.3.5,asrorrt

fQ\=!=r'n"nn
at

?ro! oelLera!oro cninboz |re rd.d6oxard lirio! rou oerrxodnQdytorrxou

dEov(,.T! rooqra nQo'{nnrori

A:KHIEIE ENANAAHq,IH: TIA TO KEOAAAIO 8

1. YnoLoyiorro Frooxlp(rrropdLaplacror rn' rerllpdal oriyxi.rols

ritg f(r) = Ii(t - l) sin(t - I ).

2. YnoLotiox ro peraoxrFarioF6Laplaceaar xtv rerup6q on-yrLmrrE

rl]r f(, = lt(r t) + 3e (*"'

3. Ynol.oyiore ro tleradxrFalroFdLaplacexor rlv rErtlrlpdl,IonfrllorlE

Il]E

ll o<a<1
i(t) = 1
ll r>l

'Eoro l(r)
4. epaypaq olvdQrrpr xor r. AElErc6rr o(t) <o-
650 O METAIXHMATI:MO: TOY
LAPIACEKAI OI EOAPMOTEI

5. YnoloyioT to FEroqfl|rorrop6Laplacexot llv rrFllldq on]'r]rcls

Ir|5
f(r)= j. ]

6. Edv ! f(r)=o tro r<0, r i<yl=7ltyl *$:^ELr$r p.&clrynflop'g

Fourler'.JtaL XololpoJro!61'rdE
ro lldalopo 8,2.2.6eiEr6ll, xdto atro xo-
rd).LnIEEo!\,0ixe6,

i(\)= - | f(r)e")dy
tnJ-

(To onoraleoFoql'rd ovoldc1aLqtdenpa awLoraoqrtsrav pErdox4larl'

7. Ynoloy{ore rov owiorQogo teraoxrtFaltoltdLaplacet{or lv It|rflraq

on/xl't('lE rIE

8. Ynolofior rov o!'rtotQoQoFtrooxlporrou6 Laplscexal qv rrp1p6vil

orlyxllcrtgrlE
I
t \z)= -
(z+1r

0. Ynoi'oyiorElov o\riorQoqo t.tdoxlpauoltd Laplacexqr llv rerFlgtvl

ouytdrrolgrrg
r\7)=- + '
{ 2 +t r

'Edo n t rt"":r'tU"t,ot og Lsplace tIS t(r) A[816tr

10. (o) itrl
i(z)-eo xd&ic RezJ -.
(ll) xQrollronord]las qv (o) 6lErsdrL, xdro, ard l{ardl)'lIE ouvoil{Ds'
,Te)- rol xoorlsRezr @.
(y) MnoQi faa pI p$vlxd roluti)vu[o vq .i!ar o UrooxlpqrlolroE
LaplsceFrdEonotaobrinorf(a)i
(6) MnoQiF[o !r! p!6vlx1iotrQoiaorvdQtlol f va ivor.o lleroo1lporF
o[d( Laplacprog o]JvdorldrEr(r)j

11. Aidre rK r6[svrs 6raqoQtxtstEro6otE,XQlotFonotd'l'toE

tlfraq(ll-
tnplace:
trorroForjE
(u) y"+ay+t5-O, y(0)=1, y'(0)=o (0) y'+v=3, v(O)=o
ar(HtEt: Ena!{AHruHrna ro (Eoa ato 8 651

12. Ynoedor6rr tl f(O >0 rivar dnerQog qoet6 ndQ'alotiortrt.AiErorl

( tfT''@>O. /r=0,1.2,.....lta z>0. Oo svrioraoqo,nou olotdglor
Otderyturo! Bernstein,roltkL aLld rivar nro 6i,oxolo vc anoh8rllri.)

13. Ar'.'rr i(( sn6trevS

bnqoQrxag!E[o6oElE.XQrorFonorcbvxog
[er(stit-
$arro[oug Laplace:
(n) y!'+ y= H(t-tt, y(o)=0, /'(0)=0
(Fl y" +2y'+ y=o, y(o)=t, y'lo)=l

14. H 0Eio(ootLaplaceFnoeti a(l l.rlo0i n.riQrol,rcEro lercolrparrolt6

9!,'.r,*a ,'.r,=o (o)

n:q nQoqtrt peru0L1ri x. A.iErF dr! I Fi0r)ho<a{rrj o6ryEi ot! ouvi(h hrr-

t'iri vt=o
# * vr
(1)

Ariaorrd(, reoo0trovrsE otrErL< l,tiorLE xd! xeqllovrqE f6vo x!ir!< nor

).ar1(i,!oetuL*thrLad olo 6en y r +&, reoxnnrEi o trinoq

I t"
! ( x , J , ) =r A\k)e'" "tdk (1)
z n II -

ME oxotlxrl .r'r{o),[a, ro A(/r) pnoQE[!o r'no],otr0![ F 11 0oi0|.1 lit( or-

voQr.rxig ow{)irrls oro y= 0. :ro y= 0, I LEldoon (0) dvalyEtcr ottv

I i'-
u ( r . 0=
) - | A(r)e'".rt
zr J -

Enoptvos ro A(*) rAaner !d tootror pe ro Froor+rorLoF6Fourier rrs

u(i.o). XawrFonot(nlros aurd ro anoraLEoFa, arrad0Loi6wos onta !:E.
(ll, xor rlal).dooowacrtv rdEt rtS u),ox),ran'oas,
nor{vduFr

|-Lr'-\ ' t' dr td/

u,r,1r- | urz,o,l-- | er
-..r \ - l
YnoLoriEovr(rsro olorlriaopa {Dqnpog * drou$

f'-
u(x,yi= | u(,.ol L -- l- dz (d)
!- a \r_zr+y.

Atr6 rry EE.(6), 6iEc 6rr

652 O META:XHMATIIIIIO: LAPLACEXAI OI EOAPMOTE:TOY

-!, = =] c,",r;,.",1
.)tr
\^-?,'+y' 1.."

a G.ylz, w)=t%lr - r'l

p,Er=x+iy xcr r'=z + /w. (H olvdQtlot G 11ol,eti(llouvltQrqoqrou Arecn
xor nsilr ro e6Lo rot' 6l'1,ot1!1aot
oro r rou 6tFtoue.tEirsrond 6ra po!d6!-
a(o 9oprlo oro orllio r' rou enrna6o!.)

15. tr nolla nQorJ).rFqtorpaQFoouf!,ovlc0nricrtxo' nqQouoroEeta!

rt
d?rrQrolQd

Ftr\= L t,\,,1

oll! onoio I f(z) 'tdelig ntdrE r*'", ,,r, U-onU vq naQo ordlolv o4-
UEtqqv(l)lrol,los.Aurd ro otlela avotd],aastraeouordEo!.rar],6y(orIE ano-
rW{aE va ovyx},trrI orQd.'E\,oaJr},6naQd6Erylla ttlog r6rord! orQdgl-

'
i---=l+/+/'-

OIo0 ot 6Qo! rIS o.eds eivo! oreQ(r!<olrvaerioe|,s.O|r('9, it ourdQrrtort

nou oQGrto doaorolh 10r'6dXe!tvqr sn],6 nd].o oro z=1. Q5 burQo
noQd6r1Fao{DQon[r nlv
zll
z- |

Or 6Qo! rIE oelQdE6t(oxr otpEio ov(l)paltag oro z=0, rvd ro dot)orotld

tols b(er olFto avo[d].ta< ro z= L
O0rQimertv

r _ r j ) = I I r l o s r J_ d r l .

dnou d ,ra! 6 ivfl ora0AaE.

(o) norag elvar or oaa],ur!xa<16!611185
l.dos 6Aou oro 6E F6los ou i<
TIE EEIOOJOIE:
(F) Ynoi.oyilovroEro d0QowlrorlE orpriE,6EiEr6rr noeoDoldtErnd],o
dro o+rEio j=d+eui