Why Are We Here?

To Reduce the Amount of Carbon Dioxide released to the Atmosphere

Reduce Improve Sequester Reduce

Carbon Efficiency Carbon Reduce GDP
Population
Intensity

Capture
Renewables Demand Side &
Storage

Enhance
Nuclear Supply Side Natural Sinks

Fuel
Switching

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 Bollington Carbon Revolution
“energy for tomorrow’s generation”
Current Power Generation in the UK

Renewable Sustainable

Hydro Power Hydrogen & Fuel Cells

Wind Power Nuclear
Oceanic Energy Fossil Fuel Innovation
Solar Energy Exotic Technologies
Geothermal Energy Distributed Generation
BioMass CHP - MicroCHP
 Hydro Power
• Large-hydro
– More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid
• Medium-hydro
– 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid
• Small-hydro
– 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid
• Mini-hydro
– Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW
– Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid
• Micro-hydro
– From 5kW up to 100 kW
– Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote
areas away from the grid.
• Pico-hydro
– From a few hundred watts up to 5kW
– Remote areas away from the grid.

Pedley Wheel What You Get

Barton Lock

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Wind Energy - Offshore & Onshore
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Oceanic Energy
Tidal Turbines

• 750 kW – 1.5 MW
• 15 – 20 m rotors
• 3 m monopile
• 10 – 20 RPM
• Deployed in multi-unit farms or arrays
• Like a wind farm, but
– Water 800x denser than air
– Smaller rotors
– More closely spaced

• Oscillates up
and down
• 150 kW
prototype
operational
(2003)
• Plans for 3 – 5
MW prototypes

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Solar Energy

Solar Centre at Baglan Energy Park in South Wales

Solar Photovoltaic PV Solar Heating Panels

Solar Photovoltaic PV

Both types now work in

lower levels.
DC current produced,
needs to be converted.
Up to 120w each. Linked
together, know as an
array.
Inverter Technology to
produce 240volts, can be
fed to the Grid.
Sharp, world leaders in PV technology
Solar Heating Panels
 Solar Tower

Solar Tower technology has been tested and proven with a successful small-
scale pilot plant constructed in Manzanares Spain. The pilot project was the
result of collaboration between the Spanish Government and the German
designers, Schlaich Bergermann and Partner.
The plant operated for seven years between 1982 and 1989, and consistently
generated 50kW output of green energy.
The pilot plant conclusively proved the concept works and provided data for
design modifications to achieve greater commercial and economic benefits
associated with an increased scale of economy.
 Rev Dr Robert Stirling – Stirling Engine - 1816

External Combustion Engine

Used in MicroCHP by WhisperGen

Using either gas or diesel.
Now attached to this Solar
Tracking Device, suns rays
focused on the external head of
the engine.
Again not a new idea. First made
by John Ericsson in New York in
1872, known as a Sun Motor

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 Geothermal Energy

Ground heat pumps

are a practical heat
recovery system to
pre-heat water,
thereby reducing the
amount of heat
needed to raise the
temperature of water
to its required level

Hot water needs to be

kept above 50c to
prevent the growth of
bacterial pathogens
such as Legionella.

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• Energy Crops
– Woody crops BioMass
– Agricultural crops
• Waste Products
– Wood residues
– Temperate crop wastes
– Tropical crop wastes
– Animal wastes
– Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) MSW – Gasification - Pyrolysis
– Commercial and industrial
wastes

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 Nuclear
• SSTAR – Small, sealed,
transportable, autonomous
reactor
• Fast breeder reactor
• Tamper resistant, passively safe,
self-contained fuel source (U238)
• 30 year life
• Produce constant power of
10-100 MW
– 15m high × 3 m wide; 500 tonnes
• Prototype expected by 2015

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Power Generation in the UK
Power Generation in the UK

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Fossil Fuel Innovation The 1,000-megawatt Barking Power Plant Five 130-megawatt GE
Frame 9171E gas turbines
Two steam turbines rated at
140 megawatts and 210
Shale Oil megawatts
Carbon Dioxide pumping
Liquified Natural Gas

Combined Cycle - CCGT

Heathrow Airport
One GE LM 1600 gas turbine-generator
and associated heat recovery boiler
Two conventional dual-fuelled hot water
Co-generation Plant boilers
Provided 25% of energy in 2000 Home
Micro Hydro

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 World’s Electrical Generation Sources

Source – Electricité de France

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 Horizontal Kaplan Turbine
Similar to Barton Lock Scheme

OUTPUT
Provides electricity for 600 homes.
660kW for the national power Grid, (700kW has been reached).
Average annual output 3,200MWh.

EMMISSIONS SAVED ANNUALLY

914 tonnes of carbon dioxide, 55 tonnes of sulphur dioxide, 6 tonnes of nitrous oxide gases.
ECONOMICS
The total cost of the turnkey project was (at 1994 prices, GB Pounds) £850,000.
It took eight months to build, on land within the dock island at Barton Locks, on land leased from Manchester Ship Canal Company. Back
Annual income from sales under NFFO contract valid until1998 was between £180,000 and £200,000.
 What You Get
• Hydropower is very efficient
– Efficiency = (electrical power delivered to
the “busbar”) ÷ (potential energy of head
water)
• Typical losses are due to
– Frictional drag and turbulence of flow
– Friction and magnetic losses in turbine &
generator
• Overall efficiency ranges from 75-95%
Consider a stream with an effective head of 25 meters (m)
and a flow rate of 600 liters (ℓ) per minute. How much
power could a hydro plant generate? Assume plant
efficiency () of 83%.
• H = 25 m
• Q = 600 ℓ/min × 1 m3/1000 ℓ × 1 min/60sec
Q = 0.01 m3/sec
 = 0.83
• P  10QH = 10(0.83)(0.01)(25) = 2.075
P  2.1 kW
How much energy (E) will the hydro plant generate each
year?
• E = P×t
E = 2.1 kW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yr
E = 18,396 kWh annually
About how many people will this energy support (assume
approximately 3,000 kWh / person)?
• People = E÷3000 = 18396/3000 = 6.13
• About 6 people
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 Wind Energy Characteristics

• Wind Speed
– Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed 2006
– 10% increase in wind speed translates into 30% more electricity 5 MW
– 2X the wind speed translates into 8X the electricity 600’
• Height
– Wind energy increases with height to the 1/7 power
– 2X the height translates into 10.4% more electricity
• Blade swept area
– Wind energy increases proportionally with swept area of the blades
• Air density
– Wind energy increases proportionally with air density
– Humid climates have greater air density than dry climates
– Lower elevations have greater air density than higher elevations
– Wind energy in Denver about 6% less than at sea level

– Blades are shaped like airplane wings

– 10% increase in swept diameter translates into 21% greater swept area
– Longest blades up to 413 feet in diameter
– Resulting in 600 foot total height

2000 850 kW 265’ 2003 1.8 MW 350’ Next

Practicalities – The resource & financial - Onshore Wind
You can Do It – B&Q It
No Wind – No Electricity Cost - £1498.00
Power – 1Kw
Return – Possible
7 years to break
even on average
household.

Other Issues :-
Possible planning
Unsightly
Noisy

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Tidal Barrage Schemes
There are about 20 sites world wide that have the
potential to be barrage schemes. The Seven and the
Solway Firth are just 2 in the UK.

• La Rance River estuary, Brittany (France)

• Largest in world
• Completed in 1966
• 24×10 MW bulb turbines (240 MW)
– 5.4 meter diameter
• Capacity factor of ~40%
• Severn River estuary
• Maximum annual energy: 2.1 TWh
– Border between Wales and England
• Realized annual energy: 840 GWh
• 216 × 40 MW turbine generators (9.0m dia)
• Electric cost: 3.7¢/kWh • 8,640 MW total capacity
• 17 TWh average energy output
• Ebb generation with flow pumping
• 16 km (9.6 mi) total barrage length
• £8.2 ($15) billion estimated cost (1988)

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 Other Wave & Tide Projects

Limpet Oscillating Water Column

• Completed 2000
• Scottish Isles
• Two counter-rotating Wells turbines
• Two generators
• 500 kW max power Home
 BioMass Gasification

• Biomass heated with no oxygen

• Gasifies to mixture of CO and H2
– Called “Syngas” for synthetic gas
• Mixes easily with oxygen
• Burned in turbines to generate electricity
– Like natural gas
• Can easily be converted to other fuels,
chemicals, and valuable materials

• 200 tons of wood chips daily

• Forest thinnings; wood pallets
• Converted to gas at ~1850 ºF
• Combined cycle gas turbine
• 8MW power output

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Distributed Generation
• Located next to user
• Range of energy sources
– Fossil fuel, waste gas, renewables,
– Hydrogen, nuclear
• Capacity kw –Mw
• Economic benefits
– “Waste” heat used
– Lowers fossil fuel use
– Low investment
– Power failure losses eliminated
– Environmental/ health costs reduced
– Grid costs – peak/capital
– Lower electric bills
• Flexibility of location
• Cogeneration Consists of :-
– Combined heat & power (CHP)
• Micropower • Solar – photovoltaic and thermal
• Wind Turbines
• Hydroelectric (large scale and micro)
• Geothermal
• Oceanic
• Nuclear
• Fossil Fuels
– Combined Heat & Power (CHP)

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 Hydrogen & Fuel Cells

The term “Hydrogen Economy” refers to

the infrastructure to support the energy
requirements of society, based on the
use of hydrogen rather than fossil fuels.
The concept of using hydrogen as an
energy system is not new; it has
previously been used both industrially
and domestically (town gas - 50%
hydrogen was used in the UK until the
1950's). Interest in hydrogen as a
vehicle fuel dates back to the 1800's but
heightened in the 1970's with the oil
crises and with technological advances
in the 1980's.
Hydrogen is a good candidate for reducing emissions since when it is reacted with oxygen it produces only water as the reaction
product. Hydrogen can be used to provide electricity and heat either through use in a fuel cell or combustion. A fuel cell generates
electricity by combining hydrogen with oxygen from air; the only by-product is water. Hydrogen can also be burned in an internal
combustion engine in the same way as petrol or natural gas. This produces water as the main by-product, however, small amounts
of oxides of nitrogen (air pollutants) are also produced.
Unlike oil, gas and coal, hydrogen doesn't exist in large quantities in nature in a useful form. Like electricity it is an energy carrier,
which must be produced using energy from another source. Hydrogen, however, has the advantage that it can be stored more
easily. Today, nearly half the hydrogen produced in the world is derived from natural gas via a steam-reforming process. The natural
gas reacts with steam in a catalytic converter. The process strips away the hydrogen atoms, leaving carbon dioxide as the by-
product. Therefore, in the future, hydrogen must be produced from renewable energy sources. Home