132__ One-dimensional Finite Element Analysis appropriate expression for strain energy with the nonlinear coupling explicitly taken into account. Thus, even though our frame element has the nodal d.o.f u, v and 9, it cannot model phenomena such as buckling or stiffening due to centrifugal forces on a rotating beam (such as a fan blade). Conclusion ‘The finite element solution cannot capture any more physics of the problem than has been taken into account in the funetional or the weak form. We have thus far studied various aspects of one-dimensional finite element analysis, ‘Though we used problems from the field of structural mechanics for the purpose of illustration, many of the Key ideas are equally applicable to other fields too. We will now study some heat transfer problems. In Section 2.7, we studied the one dimensional heat conduction problem. We ‘will extend it to include convection also, We will use the weak form approach, which is perhaps ‘more pertinent for such problems, 4.7 One-dimensional Heat Transfer ‘The governing differential equation for the steady state one-dimensional conduction heat transfer with convective heat loss from lateral surfaces is given by +ae (Zr -1) (4.155) ae where k= coefficient of thermal conductivity of the material, T= temperature, > internal heat source per unit volume, P= porimeter, c= the cross-sectional area, A= convective heat transfer coefficient, and T.. = ambient temperature, The weighted residual statement can be written as 1 ( eT P EE gg —[F hur—ry Jae = a (2 4 (E}er ™) 0 (4.156) By performing integration by parts, the weak form of the differential equation can be obtained as mo) oes 2 ay fina f oft Jer nya 0 @.1s7 prea of (Eras maa s [vEvarya [mf smOne-dimensional Heat Transfer 133 ‘The weak form, for a typical mesh of 7 finite elements, can be written as B [fae fw tara] Sele + Ban) nz] (ase) ‘The attention of the reader is drawn to the similarity of the weak form in the above equation and that in Eg. (2.125) for the bar problem. We now propose to develop the one- dimensional heat transfer element following the procedure we used while developing the ‘equations for the bar element, Figure 4.25 shows a typical heat transfer element, with its nodes Fig. 425 Typical heat transfer element. and nodal d.o.f. Following the similarity of the bar and heat transfer element, we simply use the same shape functions for interpolating the temperature within the element from the nodal temperature, T(x) = (- she (Fe (4.160) (4161) (4.162) We now compute the element level contributions to Eg. (4.159) above, LUS first term (Eq. (4.159). Similar to the LHS of bar element (Eg. (2.125)), & replaces AE and T replaces u Thus we have el i -JEEMC-H- Gl (|i (sf ese-sp]« PH on= 7, a A,134 One-dimensional Finite Element Analysis With Wa, i ean teal en] de TE + 2h —— | We can now write the second term on the LHS in matrix notation as al Ie} RUS first term, Similar to the RHS first term of the bar element equation replacing qo PhT, + (+ Bw 02 ay + Sar A” Slee RHS second term. Similar to RHS second term of the bar element (Eq. (2.125), we have fe | 2 Re eee ‘The LHS may be considered to be the element conductance matrix, and the first term oon the RHS is the equivalent nodal heat flux corresponding to the distributed heat source/sink. ‘The second vector on the RHS refers to the net heat flux at the nodes and permits us to incorporate prescribed natural boundary conditions. When the individual elements are assembled together, these Q's algebraically sum up to the resultant externally applied heat flux at the section. Comparing Eq. (2.163) and (4.163), we observe that the latter contains certain additional terms corresponding to convention. We now illustrate the use of this element through the following example, Example 4.10, Temperature distribution in a pincfin. Consider a 1 mm diameter, 50 mm long aluminium pin-fin as shown in Figure 4.26 used to enhance the heat transfer from a surface wall maintained at 300°C. Use # = 200 Wim/C for aluminium, h = 20 Wim? C, T. = 30°C. We obtained the temperature distribution in the fin using the Galerkin weighted residual method in Example 2.8, We will now estimate the temperature in the pin using one, two, and four equal size elements, assuming that the tip of the fin is insulated. There is no internal heat source.One-dimensional Heat Transfer 138 Wall Tr Fig. 426 A pin-tin ‘One-lement solution. Substituting the numerical values in Eq. (4.163), we get the clement level equations as 200 | | ¢ LEO.0OHAOVKO. 29" 0.05 |-1 1] "(6 ~(0.0005" | = 0.00920 a wat . a (790.0005 “”Yo.025f * | Osp From the boundary conditions, we have T = 300°C, Op = 0. Thus we got Ts = 19875°C. ‘Two-element solution. With two equal elements, we have £ = 0,025 m. Assembling the two-clement level equations in the same way as we did for the two bar elements, we get the system level equations as 4.164) 1-1 0 20 |, 5 __ cexoonnanyo.029)| 025 ~ (O)HO-0005)>— 0.0125 ns 0.00029) 5) Jo.025 (4.165) (710.0005) 0.0125) |2,, From the boundary conditions we have T; = 300°C, Qjy = 0. Substituting and solving the equations, we get Ty = 226.185" 203.548°C (4.166)136 One-dimensional Finite Element Anassie Four-element solution. With four «: assembled equations can be obtained as we have £ = 0.0125 m. The 1-1 0 0 9) 2100 0)) ir 12-1 0 0 1410 0/ | hn, 200 4 ¢ 0.001) 20.0129 Jy» gy ol |p vors (© (0.00057 0 0 2-1 oor al] in 0 0 0 1 ooo 1 2 Ile 0.00625) [Onan 0.0125 o (0.001) (20) = B05 29 39) Joo: + io Ty @-00057 20 40.0125 (4.167) 0.0125 ° 0.00625} [Quy Substituting the boundary conditions and solving the equations, we get Th = 25637C, Ty, = 227.03°C (4.168) T, = 210.14C, Ty = 204,63°C The exact solution for this problem is given by cosh _m(L -x) T(x) = T+ 1, - 7) Seem w ¢ f Sohal | 4.169) Figure 4.27 compares the exact solution with the various finite element solutions. It is observed that the exact solution is an exponential function while the finite element permits only linear variation in temperature within the clement, The finite clement approximation improves with inereasing number of elements. A 10-slement solution is shown to match very closely with the exact solution in Figure 4.28. [As observed with respect to the problem of a rod under self-weight (Example 4.1 and 4.2), we expect that fewer number of higher order elements, e.g. quadratic heat transfer clement, may give much better solution than the linear clement used here7! 137 One-dimensional Heat Transfer = exact + One-eioment Two-siement al zal sao ales vat oaks wi ones Om wae Owe was “ Fig. 427 Comparison of exact solution with finite clement solutions (Example 4.10). Tenement a Tor onts 0.05 ooo Ons Tans oor Onis 02 ones x Fig. 428 Comparison of exact solution with 10-clement solution (Example 4.10).