Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By. Mugita
PRESSURE
Pressure is the force that exerted or placed on
a unit of area.
P = F/A
Over- Hydro-
Formation Pressure Fracture
burden static
Pressure Gradient Pressure
Pressure Pressure
Pressure Gradient
PRESSURE GRADIENT is pressure developed by a
column of fluid as depth of the column increases when
the column contains a fluid of normal density.
The variation of pressure with depth. Commonly used
under hydrostatic conditions (e.g. a hydrostatic column
of salt water has a pressure gradient of 0.433 psi/ft or
0.465 psi/ft) ( 10.53 kPa/m).
Formation Pressure
FORMATION PRESSURE is the pressure within the pore
spaces of the formation rock. This pressure can be
affected by the weight of the overburden (rock layers)
above the formation, which exerts pressure on both
the grains and pore fluids.
High
Pressure
Pressure
Gradient: Normal
0.433 psi/ft - Pressure
0.465 psi/ft
Sub
Pressure
Normal Pressure
Equal to hydrostatic pressure gradient of water
extending from the surface to subsurface.
High Pressure
Formation pressure greater than the hydrostatic
pressure gradient of the contained formation fluid.
Subnormal Pressure
Formation pressure less than the hydrostatic
pressure gradient.
Tekanan Tekanan
Hidrostatik Formasi
Hydrostatic Pressure
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE is the total fluid pressure
created by the weight of a column of fluid, acting on
any given point in a well.
Hydro means water, or fluid, that exerts pressure like
water, and static means not moving.
So hydrostatic pressure is the pressure created by the
density and height of a stationary (static) column of
fluid.
Hydrostatic Pressure = Pressure Gradient
Depth TVD
Pressure Gradient = mud weight Conversion
factor
Conversion factor = 0.052
PROBLEM 1A
What is the pressure gradient of a fluid that
weighs 9.5 ppg (1138 kg/m)?
PROBLEM 1B
What is the pressure gradient of fresh water
which weighs 8.33 ppg (998 kg/m)
Fracture Pressure
Fracture pressure is the amount of pressure it
takes to permanently deform (fail or split) the
rock structure of a formation.
Fracture pressure can be expressed as a
gradient (psi/ft). Fracture gradients normally
increase with depth due to increasing
overburden pressure.
Overburden Pressure
Overburden pressure is a pressure from
formation that lying above a particular
formation.
Bottom-Hole Pressure
WELL CONTROL
Well Control Basic
Purposes
Benefits
Concepts
Well Control Basic
The management of the dangerous effects caused by
the unexpected release of formation fluid, such as
natural gas and crude oil, upon surface equipment of
oil or gas drilling rigs.
Technically, oil well control involves preventing the
formation fluid, usually referred to as kick, from
entering into the wellbore during drilling, monitoring a
well for signs of impending influx of formation fluid
into the wellbore during drilling and procedures, to
stop the well from flowing when it happens by taking
proper remedial actions.
Well Control Basic (2)
Formation fluid can enter the wellbore if the pressure
exerted by the column of drilling fluid is not great
enough to overcome the pressure exerted by the fluids
in the formation being drilled.
Failure to manage and control these pressure effects
can cause serious equipment damage and injury, or
loss of life. Improperly managed well control situations
can cause blowouts, which are uncontrolled and
explosive expulsions of formation fluid from the well,
potentially resulting in a fire.
Purposes of Well Control
To prevent blowout.
Overcome undesirable kick and lost
circulation.
Benefits
To avoid blowout, kick, lost circulation that
can caused irreparable damage to the
environment, waste of valuable resources,
ruined equipment, and most importantly, the
safety and lives of personnel on the drilling
rig.
Concepts
Maintain the hydrostatic pressure to be
slightly overbalance over the formation
pressure.
Standard operational procedures to overcome
if kick occurs (equipment and procedures).
Methods of well control.
Primary Well Control
Mud (Hydrostatic Pressure)
Secondary Well Control
BOP (Blow-Out Preventer)
Tertiary Well Control
Relief Well
Kick Fundamentals
Kick Understanding
Kick Indications
Causes of Kick
Procedures of Kick
What is Kick?
Kick:
Unscheduled entry of formation fluid into the wellbore of
sufficient quantity to require shutting in the well.
Blowout:
Loss of control of a kick.
Decrease
Drilling
Break
of
Pressure
Increase
Increase
velocity
of pit
of Flow gain
rate
Causes of Kick
Swabbing
Effect
Gas
Cut Ph << Pf
Mud
Decrease of
Lost
Mud
Circulation
column
Procedures of Kick
While drilling
While tripping
While Drilling
Jika anda mengamati salah satu:
1. Peningkatan aliran balik.
2. Peningkatan perolehan pit.
1. Tarik dari dasar dan naikkan tool joint ke atas rotary table.
2. Stop rotary dan stop pompa.
3. Cek aliran.
TIDAK
Apa sumur 1. Beritahukan Drilling Supv
mengalir? 2. Teruskan mengebor
YA
TIDAK
Apakah sumur 1. Beritahu Drilling Supv aliran
mengalir? kembali yang tidak benar.
YA
Connect kelly
Menutup sumur.
"Membunuh" sumur
Menyegel wellhead.
Drilling Killing
Spool Line
Choke
Choke
Flow
Manifold
Line
Drilling Spool
Pada awalnya drilling spool merupakan satu satunya
cara untuk menghubungan choke dan kill line ke alat
pencegah semburan liar. Tapi sekarang choke dan kill
line dapat dipasang langsung pada side outlet BOP, hal
ini akan menghemat ruangan dan memperpendek
tinggi BOP stack. Fungsi lain dari drilling spool adalah
untuk meninggikan posisi choke line agar selalu lurus
dengan back pressure manifold.
Kill line
Berfungsi untuk saluran injeksi ke sumur apabila
diperlukan untuk mematikan kick,alat ini biasa
dipasang pada drilling spool bersama-sama kill
valve (HCR dan manual operated valve).
Chock Flow Line
Disebut juga choke line, berfungsi untuk mengalirkan
fluida bertekanan dari sumur ke choke manifold. Choke
line ini terdiri dari sebuah manual operated valve
disebut master valve yang dipasang sedekat mungkin
dengan BOP dan sebuah hydraulic power operated
valve dipakai sebagai valve primer (utama) dipasang
dibagian luar dari master valve.Choke line ini
disambung sampai ke choke manifold dan diusahakan
dipasang selurus mungkin.
Choke Manifold / Back Presure Manifold (BPM)
Berfungsi untuk menerima aliran dari sumur untuk
dapat dialirkan ke ground pit / flare dan separator.
Kontruksi dari choke manifold ini terdiri dari kerangan-
kerangan, manometer dan choke. Pada choke manifold
ini dipasang hydraulic adjustable choke yang dapat
dioperasikan dari jarak jauh, dimana umumnya control
panelnya ditempatkan diatas rig floor.
Accumulator System
Diperlukan suatu unit pengendali (BOP control system) yang
dapat menyediakan tenaga hidrolik yang terus menerus
(otomatis) dapat cepat, mudah, aman dan praktis untuk
menutup pencegah semburan liar.
Unit peralatan ini di industri pemboran disebut accumulator
unit atau closing unit. Disebut accumulator unit karena cairan
hidrolik dikumpulkan (accumulates) atau ditimbun di dalam
lubang baja di bawah tekanan tinggi dan siap untuk dipakai.
Disebut closing unit karena sistem mempunyai fungsi utama
untuk menutup (closed) BOP pada saat kick.
Komponen-komponen
Botol-botol accumulator, berisi cairan hidrolik yang disimpan
dalam keadaan bertekanan tinggi bersama gas nitrogen
terkompresi sehingga cairan hidrolik dapat cepat mengalir
untuk dipergunakan.
Pompa bertekanan tinggi yang dilengkapi dengan hydraulic
pressure switch otomatis, sehingga pompa dapat mengisi
accumulator setiap saat apabila hidrolik di accumulator turun
dan dikembalikan sampai sebesar tekanan kerja accumulator.
Control manifold yang terdiri dari valve-valve, pressure
regulator mengatur tekanan dan aliran dari cairan hidrolik ke
masing-masing PSL.
Bejana penampung cairan hidrolik dengan tekanan sama
dengan udara luar.
Cairan hidrolik yang dipergunakan harus mempunyai
kekentalan rendah, tidak mudah terbakar, tidak dapat
menyebabkan karat dan memiliki sifat melumasi yang baik
dan khusus untuk di laut tidak boleh menyebabkan matinya
makhluk laut.
Pipa Line 1, berupa pipa tahan bertekanan tinggi untuk
mengalirkan cairan tenaga hidrolik ke PSL dan aliran
kembalinya cairan dari PSL ke bak penampung.
Remote control, merupakan alat system pengendali
accumulator unit dari jarak jauh.