[BI 1.

I CHIU NGUYN M VIT - ANH] Lp 97171

OUTLINE CHUNG
Bi 1: I CHIU NGUYN M VIT ANH

Phn 1: Mc lc

1. Khi qut chung v nguyn m.......................................................................................4

Nhm 1: Trn T Uyn
Ng Th Cm Vn
Nguyn Thnh Cng
2. C quan cu m. ..............................................................................................................6
Nhm 2: Mai Th Thu Huyn
Nguyn Th Kim Oanh
Sinh Th Thy
3. C s xc nh nguyn m v mt ng m hc. ............................................................9
Nhm 3: Nguyn Th Thu Hin
Bi Th Khnh Bnh
L Diu Linh
4. C s xc nh nguyn m v mt m v hc. .............................................................13
Nhm 4: Nguyn Th Hiu
Phm Minh Hoa
Lu Hu Phc
5. Hnh thang nguyn m chun. ................................................... ..................................17
Nhm 2:

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Contents
1. Khi qut chung v nguyn m ............................................................................................... 4
1.1. Nguyn m l g? (Uyn) ................................................................................................. 4
1.1.1. Nguyn m trong ting Vit ...................................................................................... 4
1.1.2. Nguyn m trong ting Anh ...................................................................................... 4
1.2. c im chung ca nguyn m (Vn) ............................................................................ 4
1.2.1. Ting Vit ................................................................................................................. 4
1.2.1. Ting Anh ................................................................................................................. 4
1.2.2. i chiu ................................................................................................................... 4
1.3. Phn loi nguyn m (Cng) ............................................................................................ 4
1.3.1. Ting Vit: ................................................................................................................ 4
1.3.2. Ting Anh: ................................................................................................................ 5
1.3.3. i chiu ................................................................................................................... 5
2. C quan cu m....................................................................................................................... 6
2.1. C quan cu m ................................................................................................................ 6
2.2. Cc b phn chnh ............................................................................................................ 6
2.2.1. Ting Vit ................................................................................................................. 6
2.2.2. Ting Anh ................................................................................................................. 7
2.3. i chiu .......................................................................................................................... 8
3. C s xc nh nguyn m v mt ng m hc ...................................................................... 9
3.1. C s xc nh nguyn m trong ting Vit (Bnh) ......................................................... 9
3.1.1. V mt cu m hc .................................................................................................... 9
3.1.2. V mt m hc .......................................................................................................... 9
3.1.3. V mt trng .................................................................................................... 10
3.2. C s xc nh nguyn m trong ting Anh (Hin) ....................................................... 10
3.2.1. V mt cu m hc .................................................................................................. 10
3.2.2. V mt m hc ........................................................................................................ 11
3.2.3. V mt trng .................................................................................................... 11
3.3. i chiu c s xc nh nguyn m v mt ng m hc (Linh) .................................. 12
3.3.1. im ging.............................................................................................................. 12
3.3.2. im khc ............................................................................................................... 12

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4. C s xc nh nguyn m v mt m v hc ....................................................................... 13
4.2. Ting Vit ....................................................................................................................... 13
4.2.1. Khu bit v m v hc ............................................................................................. 13
4.2.2. m v - m t ......................................................................................................... 13
4.2.3. Bin th m v ......................................................................................................... 14
4.3. Ting Anh ....................................................................................................................... 14
4.3.1. Khu bit v m v hc ............................................................................................. 14
4.3.2. m v - m t trong ting Anh ............................................................................... 14
4.3.3. Bin th m v ......................................................................................................... 15
4.4. i chiu ........................................................................................................................ 15
4.4.1. Ging....................................................................................................................... 15
4.4.2. Khc ........................................................................................................................ 15
5. Hnh thang nguyn m chun ............................................................................................... 17
5.1. Ting anh: ....................................................................................................................... 17
5.2. Ting Vit ....................................................................................................................... 17
5.3. i chiu: ....................................................................................................................... 18

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PHN 2: I CHIU NG M M V HC

Bi 1: I CHIU NGUYN M VIT ANH

1. Khi qut chung v nguyn m

(Nhm 1: Ng Th Cm Vn, Trn Th T Uyn, Nguyn Thnh Cng)
1.1. Nguyn m l g? (Uyn)
1.1.1. Nguyn m trong ting Vit
- Theo nhn thc ph bin: l nhng m thanh m khi pht ra m, lung hi t phi i ra
khng b cn tr, thot ra ngoi mt cch t do. Khi pht m dy thanh rung nhiu, to cho
nguyn m nhiu ting thanh.
- V mt ng m hc (phonetics): l m c pht ra ting thanh, ngha l m m khi pht m,
lung hi pht ra ngoi mt cch t do, c m hng d nghe, m i.
- V mt m v hc (phonology): l n v ca h thng m v ca ngn ng. Nguyn m c
vai tr lm ht nhn ca m tit (syllable).
->Trong ting Vit:
+ V mt ch vit c 12 nguyn m n
+ V mt ng m c 11 nguyn m n
1.1.2. Nguyn m trong ting Anh
- Theo t in Oxford: Vowel is a speech sound in which the mouth is open and the tongue is
not touching the top of the mouth, the teeth, etc.,
(Nguyn m l m khi pht m th ming s m v li khng chm vo phn trn ca ming,
rng).
- Theo t in Cambridge: Vowel is a speech sound produced by humans when the breath
flows out through the mouth without being blocked by the teeth, tongue, or lips.
(Nguyn m l m khi pht m th lung hi th i qua ming v khng b cn v khng b
cn tr bi rng, li v mi.
->Trong ting Anh c 5 nguyn m: e, e, i, o, u. V 2 bn nguyn m l y, w.

1.2.c im chung ca nguyn m (Vn)

1.3.Phn loi nguyn m (Cng)
1.3.1. Ting Vit:
V mt cu m (sinh l hc)

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- Theo v tr ca li: trc (4), gia (5), sau (4)

- Theo m ca ming/ nng ca li: nguyn m rng (hoc thp) - nguyn m
hp (hoc cao)
- Theo hnh dng ca mi: trn mi (4) khng trn mi (4)
V mt c trng m thanh (m hc)
- Theo trm bng (m sc): bng (4), trm (4), trung ho (5)
- Theo m lng: nh (3) nh va (4) ln (6)
- Theo trng : nguyn m di (9), nguyn m ngn (4)
- Theo s lng m t: nguyn m n (13) nguyn m i (3)

1.3.2. Ting Anh:

V mt cu m (sinh l hc)
- Theo v tr ca li: trc (4), gia (3), sau (5)
- Theo m ca ming/ nng ca li: nguyn m rng (hoc thp) - nguyn m
hp (hoc cao)
- Theo hnh dng ca mi: trn mi (4) khng trn mi (5)
V mt c trng m thanh (m hc)
- Theo trm bng (m sc): bng (4), trm (5), trung ho (3)
- Theo m lng: nh (4) nh va (4) ln (4)
- Theo trng : nguyn m di (5), nguyn m ngn (6)
- Theo s lng m t: nguyn m n (12) nguyn m i (8) nguyn m ba (5)
1.3.3. i chiu
(1) Tng ng: u c nguyn m n v i
(2) D bit:
- S lng nguyn m ca ting Anh nhiu hn ca ting Vit.
- Ting Anh c nguyn m ba cn ting Vit th khng.
- Ting Vit c hai bn nguyn m (m m) /-u-/ v //. Ting Anh khng c hai bn
nguyn m ny.

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2. C quan cu m
2.1.C quan cu m
C quan cu m hay b my pht m l ton b nhng c cu sinh l c lin quan m thanh
ngnng nh: mi, rng, li, khoang ming, khoang mi ,...
2.2.Cc b phn chnh
2.2.1. Ting Vit
C quan cu m c chia thnh 2 b phn chnh:
- Tnh: Rng, li, ngc cng
Rng: gm rng trn, rng di, chng nm mt trc ming
Li: y l b phn gia nh rng v ngc cng
Ngc cng: ngc mm khc bit vi ngc cng. Ngc cng l b phn cao trong khoang ming.
y l b phn i din vi mt trn ca li
- ng: Mi, li, ngc mm, yt hu
Mi: gm mi trn v mi di. Da theo hnh dng ca mi, nguyn m c chia thnh 2
loi:
Nguyn m trn mi: [], [o], [u], [u]
Nguyn m khng trn mi: [a], [e], [], [i]
Li: l c quan c nhiu b phn tham gia pht m nh u li, mt li, li trc, li
sau, gc li, tiu thit, np ng thanh qun. C th chia nguyn m ra thnh 3 loi da vo v
tr ca li:
Nguyn m trc: [i], [e], []
Nguyn m gia: [], [], [a]
Nguyn m sau: [u], [o], []
Cng theo v tr ca li, nguyn m c chia thnh 2 loi:
Nguyn m cao: [i], [], [u]
Nguyn m thp: [a], [], []
Ngc mm: l v tr c th cho khng kh qua mi v qua ming. Bnh thng n v tr thng
thong, nhng khi ni n c th nng cao ln lm cho khng kh khng thot qua mi. N cng
l b phn tip xc vi li

Yt hu: l mt ng pha trn thanh qun. nh ca n chia ra 2 phn, mt phn ra sau ln

khoang mi, phn khc dn vo khoang ming. Yt hu ngi Vit di khong 7 cm

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2.2.2. Ting Anh

Trong ting anh, C quan cu m c chia thnh 2 b phn chnh:

- Tnh: Rng, li, ngc cng

Rng: bao gm rng trn v rng di, chng nm trc ming. m c pht ra t rng gi
l m rng.

Li: l b phn gia nh rng v ngc cng.

Ngc cng: nm i din pha bn trn ca li. y l b phn cao nht trong khoang ming.

- ng: Mi, li, ngc mm, yt hu

Mi: gm mi trn v mi di. m c pht ra t mi gi l m mi.

Chia theo hnh dng mi:

+ Nguyn m trn mi: /u/,/u:/,//, /:/, /a:/

+ Nguyn m khng trn mi: /i/, /i:/, / /, /e/

+ Nguyn m trung lp: //, /:/, //

Li: l c quan c nhiu b phn tham gia pht m nh u li, mt li, li trc, li
sau, gc li, tiu thit v np ng thanh qun.

- Chia theo v tr ca li:

+ Nguyn m trc: /i:/, /i/, /e/, //

+ Nguyn m sau: /u/,/u:/,//, /:/, /a:/

+ Nguyn m gia: //, //, /:/

- Chia theo cao ca li:

+ Nguyn m cao: /i/, /i:/,/u/,/u:/

+ Nguyn m trung bnh: /e/, //, /:/, //, /:/

+ Nguyn m thp: /a:/, //, / /

Ngc mm: l v tr c th cho khng kh qua mi v qua ming. Bnh thng n v tr thng
thong, nhng khi ni n c th nng cao ln lm cho khng kh khng thot qua mi. N cng
l b phn tip xc vi li

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Yt hu: l mt ng pha trn thanh qun. nh ca n chia ra 2 phn, mt phn ra sau ln

khoang mi, phn khc dn vo khoang ming. Yt hu ngi Anh di khong 8 cm.

2.3.i chiu
- Ging:
nh ngha: C quan cu m hay b my pht m l ton b nhng c cu sinh l c lin quan
m thanh ngnng nh: mi, rng, li, khoang ming, khoang mi,....
C quan cu m u chia thnh cc b phn : tnh v ng.
Li, mi l hai b phn chnh nh hng nhiu n pht m ca cc nguyn m.
- Khc:
B phn ng: - Mi trong ting Vit to ra m trn mi v khng trn mi,
ting Anh c thm m b v dt.
- Li trong ting vit c th to ra nguyn m cao v nguyn m thp, ting
Anh c thm m trung bnh.
Yt hu ca ngi Anh (8cm) di hn yt hu ca ngi Vit (7cm)

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3. C s xc nh nguyn m v mt ng m hc
3.1.C s xc nh nguyn m trong ting Vit (Bnh)
3.1.1. V mt cu m hc
Da vo cc tiu ch : m ca ming, v tr ca li v hnh dng ca mi miu
t nguyn m.
+ m ca ming ( nng ca li): - Cho bit th tch hp cng hng
- Cn c m khc nhau c nguyn m khc nhau
- Ting Vit: 4 loi N
Ting Vit

nng ca li Nguyn m thp/m

Nguyn m thp va/ m va
( m ca ming)
Nguyn m cao va/khp va
Nguyn m cao/khp

+ V tr ca li: Ty theo s x dch ca li ( a ra trc, li v sau) => N khc nhau

V tr ca li Ting Vit:
Nguyn m hng trc
Nguyn m hng sau
Nguyn m hng gia

+ Hnh dng ca mi: cho bit c im li thot ca khng kh ca hp cng hng.

Hai mi chm trn, nh ra pha trc: N trm ( N trn mi)
Hai mi t th bnh thng hoc nhnh ra khi pht m ( N
ko trn mi)

Hnh dng mi Ting Vit:

Nguyn m trn mi
3.1.2. V mt m hc
a. m sc Nguyn m khng trn mi
Da vo c
trng m thanh to ra s khc bit v m sc.
C 3 loi nguyn m:
Nguyn m bng: hng trc, khng trn mi

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Nguyn m trm va: hng gia

Nguyn m trm: hng sau, trn mi
Thanh iu c nh hng n trm bng ca nguyn m.
b. m lng
- Xt v m ca hm, nng ca li, nguyn m khi pht m c chia thnh ba loi:
+ m lng to: m ca hm v nng ca li thp
+ m lng va: m ca hm v nng ca li mc bnh thng
+ m lng nh: m hm hp
3.1.3. V mt trng
Theo kha cnh Ting vit, trng hay cn gi l di ca m thanh, c quyt nh bi
tc ng ca cc phn t khng kh pht ra nhanh hay chm. Do , n to nn s i lp di
ngn

+ m di

+ m ngn

3.2.C s xc nh nguyn m trong ting Anh (Hin)

3.2.1. V mt cu m hc
Da vo cc tiu ch : m ca ming, v tr ca li v hnh dng ca mi miu t
nguyn m.
+ m ca ming ( nng ca li): cho bit th tch hp cng hng cn c m khc
nhau c nguyn m khc nhau

Ting Anh
nng ca li Nguyn m thp
( m ca ming) Nguyn m trung
Nguyn m cao

+V tr ca li: Ty theo s x dch ca li ( a ra trc, li v sau) => N khc nhau

Ting Anh: 3 loi N

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[BI 1. I CHIUTing Anh:M VIT - ANH]
NGUYN Lp 97171
Nguyn m hng trc

+ Hnh dng Nguyn m hng sau ca mi: cho

bit c im Nguyn m hng gia li thot ca
khng kh ca hp cng
hng.

Hai mi chm trn, nh ra pha trc: N trm ( N trn mi)

Hai mi t th bnh thng hoc nhnh ra khi pht m ( N
ko trn mi)
Ting anh cn c them N. b dt

Hnh dng mi Ting Anh:

Nguyn m trn mi
Nguyn m khng trn mi
Nguyn m b dt

3.2.2. V mt m hc
a. m sc
Ting Anh chia thnh ba loi N:
+ N. bng, hng trc, khng trn mi
+ N. trm va: hng gia
+ N. trm: hng sau, trn mi
V m sc, Ting Anh cn c cch chia khc:
+ N. cng c (c cng nhiu) hay c goi l N di
+ N. lng c ( c cng t) hay c gi l N ngn
b. m lng
- Xt v m ca hm, nng ca li, nguyn m khi pht m c chia thnh ba loi:
+ m lng to: m ca hm v nng ca li thp
+ m lng va: m ca hm v nng ca li mc bnh thng
+ m lng nh: m hm hp
3.2.3. V mt trng
Theo kha cnh Ting Anh, trng hay cn gi l di ca m thanh, c quyt nh bi
tc ng ca cc phn t khng kh pht ra nhanh hay chm. Do , n to nn s i lp di
ngn

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+ m di
+ m ngn
Trng lm thay i ngha trong ting Anh
3.3.i chiu c s xc nh nguyn m v mt ng m hc (Linh)
3.3.1. im ging
Nhn chung, c hai ngn ng u c th xc nh nguyn m v mt ng m hc
- Mt cu m:
+ V tr ca li
+ m ca ming
+ Hnh dng ca mi
- Mt m hc: m sc v m lng
- Trng : m di v m ngn
3.3.2. im khc
- Mt cu m: Ting Anh c m b dt nhng ting Vit khng c.
- Mt m hc: V m sc: + ting anh c th c cch chia khc: nguyn m cng, lng
+ ting Vit c thanh iu nh hng n trm bng ca
nguyn m
- Trng : Trong ting Anh, trng lm nh hng n s thay i ngha ca t nhng
ting Vit th khng.

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4. C s xc nh nguyn m v mt m v hc
4.2.Ting Vit
4.2.1. Khu bit v m v hc
- nh ngha:
+ Khu bit l kh nng phn bit t nht hai m v trong h thng ngn ng ang xt.
+ Khu bit v m v hc l nhng c trng c gi tr khu bit m thanh ca t.
-Xt s khu bit trn 2 tiu ch:
* Khu bit v mt cao
+ca
+c ngha khc nhau
+c
*Khu bit v mt m sc
+ Nguyn m bng (/i/, /e/, /a/)
+ Nguyn m trm (/u/, //, /o/)
+ Nguyn m trung ha (//)
4.2.2. m v - m t
a. m v
- nh ngha: l n v c chc nng khu bit nh nht ca ngn ng. N l n v tru tng,
c ghi bng ch vit; c th hin bng du gch xin / /

- Ting Vit c 53 m v:
+ 22 ph m u: /b, m, f, v, t, t, d, n, z, , s, , c, , , l, k, , , , h, /
+ 6 ph m cui: /m, n, , p, t, k/
+ 2 bn ph m cui: /-i, -u/
+ 13 nguyn m n 9 nguyn m di
4 nguyn m ngn
+ 1 m m: u, o
+ 3 nguyn m i : /ie/, /uo/, /w/
+ 6 thanh iu: ngang, sc, ng, huyn, hi, nng.
b. m t:
nh ngha: l nhng n v cu m thnh gic nh nht khng th phn chia c
ca m thanh li ni, c th hin bng phin m; c th hin bng du gch vung []

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c. (Tm li) Phn bit m v, m t: 4 c im chnh

m v m t
1.n v nh nht ca ngn ng. 1. n v nh nht ca li ni.

2. Ch gm nhng c trng khu bit 2. Gm c nhng c trng khu bit v khng khu bit

3. S lng hu hn (53 m v) 3. S lng v hn

4. c ghi gia 2 gch xin / / 4. c ghi gia ngoc vung [ ]

4.2.3. Bin th m v
nh ngha: nhng m t cng th hin 1 m v l nhng bin th ca m v.
V d: khi pht m t t th m [t] c pht m vi c im trn mi. Ta gi nhng m
khc nhau nhng th hin cng mt m v nh vy l nhng bin th m v.
4.3.Ting Anh
4.3.1. Khu bit v m v hc
- nh ngha : c trng c gi tr khu bit m thanh ca t c gi l s khu bit m v.
- Khu bit v trng
VD: ship [ip] sheep [i:p] khc ngha
- Khu bit v m sc
+ Cng (hnh thnh do c cng nhiu) nguyn m di
VD: /i/, /u/, //, //, // sheet [i:t], fur [f:]

+ Lng (hnh thnh do c cng t) nguyn m ngn

VD: //, //, //, //, //,/e/, // film [film], pull [pul]

4.3.2. m v - m t trong ting Anh

- nh ngha: m v l n v c chc nng khu bit nh nht ca mt biu t ngn ng. N l
n v tru tng c ghi thnh ch vit; c ghi gia 2 du vch xin / /
m v l n v cu m-thnh gic nh nht c gi tr khu bit ngha.
- m t (sound) l n v ng m nh nht, khng th phn chia c na; c ghi gia 2 du
gch vung [ ]

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m t l n v m thanh nh nht ca li ni, c th tch ra v mt cu mthnh gic,

ng cht trong mt khong thi gian nht nh v thng ng vi mt m v.
m t l n v nh nht khng th phn nh hn ra c na ca m thanh li ni.
- m v th hin bng ch vit
- m t th hin bng phin m
- Ting Anh c 49 m v:
+ 24 ph m:/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /h/, /f/, /v/, //, //, /s/, /z/, //, //, /t/, /d/, /m/, /l/, /n/, //, /r/,
/w/, /j/
+ 12 nguyn m n
o 5 di : /i:/, /:/, /a:/,/:/, /u:/ VD: bar [b:], burn [b:n]
7 ngn : /i/, //,//, //, /u/, /e/, // VD: full [ful], bad [bd]

+ 8 nguyn m i: /a/, /e/, //, /a/, /u/, /e/, /i/, /u/

VD: hair [he], fine [fain]

+ 5 nguyn m ba: /u/, /ai/, //, / ei/, /au/

VD: fire [fai], lower ['lou]

4.3.3. Bin th m v
- nh ngha: l tt c nhng m t cng th hin mt m v
- VD: form [f:m] love [lv]

pot [pt] come [km]

4.4.i chiu
4.4.1. Ging
u da trn c s xc nh nguyn m v mt m v hc: khu bit m v hc, m v - m t, bin
th m v
4.4.2. Khc
a. Khu bit m v hc
Ting Anh khu bit v mt trng cn Ting Vit khu bit v mt cao hay thanh iu
Khu bit m sc
- Ting Vit: nguyn m bng, trm, trung ha
- Ting Anh: nguyn m cng v lng

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b. m v- m t
- S lng m v ting Anh t hn so vi s lng m v ting vit
Ting Anh:49, Ting Vit:53
- Ting Anh c nguyn m ba, Ting Vit th khng
/ei/: player, //: lower, /a/: hour, /ai/: higher, /i/: soya-bean
- Ting Vit c 2 bn nguyn m cui - ,-i v mt m m () trong khi Ting Anh khng
c
c. Bin th m v
Ting Anh c bin th m v a dng hn ting Vit.
V d: Ting Anh: car [ a:] again [ ]
Hat [ ] call [ : ]
Data [ ei ] surface [ i ]
V d: Cc bin th m v ca /a/
+ [a] - ba
+ [] - canh
+ [] au
cng 1 ch vit /a/ nhng ting Vit th hin 3 m t cn ting Anh th hin 6 m t nn bin
th m v ting Anh a dng hn

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5. Hnh thang nguyn m chun

5.1.Ting anh:
*nh ngha: Hnh thang nguyn m chun l hnh thang biu th hnh dng ca chic li, nhm
miu t, phn loi v so snh m vi bt k mt ngn ng no.

*Cu to: Hnh thang nguyn m chun bao gm:

- Ba vch ng biu th ba hng nguyn m trc, gia, sau.

- Bn tri mi vch ng ghi k hiu cc nguyn m khng trn mi; bn phi mi vch ng ghi
k hiu cc nguyn m trn mi.

- Trn mi vch ng t trn xung di ln lt ghi cc nguyn m cao n cc nguyn m

thp hn.

*Hnh thang nguyn m chun cho ta bit cc tiu ch phn bit cc nguyn m:

Tiu ch 1: Theo m ca ming.

Theo tiu ch ny, ta phn bit cc nguyn m: rng hi rng hi hp hp.

Tiu ch 2: Theo chiu hng ca li.

Theo tiu ch ny, ta phn bit cc nguyn m: hng trc hng gia hng sau. C th c s
phn bit c th hn nh gia-trc, gia-sau hay gn trc, gn sau.

Tiu ch 3: Theo hnh dng mi.

Theo tiu ch ny, ta phn bit cc nguyn m: trn khng trn.

Ngoi ra, cc nguyn m cn phn bit vi nhau theo trng : nguyn m di nguyn m
ngn, v tnh mi: nguyn m mi nguyn m khng mi.

Nguyn m trong cc ngn ng khc nhau hay ging nhau l cn c vo nhng c im m t

ni trn.

5.2.Ting Vit
nh ngha: Tam gic nguyn m biu th hnh dng ca chic li nhm miu t, phn loi cc
nguyn m trong ting Vit.

Cc nguyn m ting Vit c biu din bng hnh tam gic ngc

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- Chiu ngang: th hin v tr ca li t tri sang: hng trc, hng gia, hng sau

- Chiu dc: th hin m ca ming: trn mi v khng trn mi.

5.3.i chiu:
Ging nhau:

- u biu th hnh dng chic li.

- Cu to: th hin 3 v tr ca 3 b phn cu m chnh: v tr ca li, m ca ming, hnh

dng mi.

- u c dng miu t, so snh cc nguyn m

Khc nhau:

Hnh dng: - Ting Vit: tam gic nguyn m

-Ting Anh : hnh thang nguyn m

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