Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Di Ung Thuoc NCDLS
Di Ung Thuoc NCDLS
2014
Nhp cu dc lm sng
[X L D NG THUC V1]
Ti liu c bin son nhm h tr dc s trong thc hnh X l d ng thuc trn lm sng. T i
liu ch c gi tr tham kho. Vic x l trn bnh nhn c th cn tng hp thng tin cp nht v kinh
nghim thc t.
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
X l D ng thuc
V Th H
Ging vin DLS, i hc Y Dc Hu
Contenu
1. nh ngha cc thut ng ................................................................................................................ 2
1.1. Phn ng khng dung np thuc (drug intolerance) ............................................................... 2
1.2. Phn ng c ng ca thuc (drug idiosyncrasy) .................................................................... 2
1.3. Phn ng d ng thuc (drug allergic reaction): ...................................................................... 2
1.4. Phn ng gi d ng ca thuc (drug pseudoallergic reaction) ............................................... 2
2. Dch t.............................................................................................................................................. 2
2.1.Tn sut, tm quan trng .......................................................................................................... 2
2.2.Yu t nguy c ........................................................................................................................... 2
3. C ch bnh nguyn v Phn loi: .................................................................................................. 3
3.1. C ch bnh nguyn ................................................................................................................. 3
3.2. Phn loi ................................................................................................................................... 4
4. Chn on........................................................................................................................................ 8
4.1. Thu thp thng tin v tin s dng thuc ................................................................................ 8
4.2. Chn on phn bit d ng thuc v phn ng c hi (ADR) khc ca thuc ........................ 8
5. X l phn ng.............................................................................................................................. 12
4.1. Thuc nghi ng gy d ng ..................................................................................................... 12
5.2. iu tr cc triu chng ca phn ng d ng ........................................................................ 15
5.3. Ghi nhn, lu tr, bo co phn ng ..................................................................................... 15
4.4. Gio dc bnh nhn ............................................................................................................... 16
5. Cc bin php phng d ng thuc................................................................................................ 16
6. X l mt s phn ng d ng thuc hay g p............................................................................... 16
6.1. D ng penicillin ...................................................................................................................... 16
6.2. D ng NSAID .......................................................................................................................... 16
Ph lc ............................................................................................................................................... 18
Ph lc 1. Cc thuc thng gy d ng........................................................................................ 18
Ph lc 2: Thng tin cn khai thc v tin s dng thuc ca bnh nhn .................................... 18
Ph lc 3. Mu th cnh bo phn ng c hi .............................................................................. 19
Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................................................. 20
1
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
1. nh ngha cc thut ng
+ Phn ng c hi ca thuc (ADR) bo gm tt c cc phn ng dc l khng mong i
ca mt thuc (tr nhng tht bi iu tr, c dng qu liu, lm dng thuc hoc li khi
dng thuc). Chng c th c phn thnh phn ng tin lng c (type A) v phn ng
khng tin lng c (type B). Phn ng khng tin lng c li chia thnh cc di
nhm: phn ng khng dung np thuc, phn ng c ng ca thuc, phn ng d ng, phn
ng gi d ng.
2. Dch t
2.1.Tn sut, tm quan trng
Nguy c gp phn ng d ng l 1-3% cc thuc, t nhng phn ng nh n cc phn ng e
da n tnh mng, chim 6-10% cc ADR, v gp 10-15% cc bnh nhn nhp vin.
2.2.Yu t nguy c
D phn ng d ng thng kh tin lng, nhng vn tn ti mt s yu t nguy c nh
hng n tn sut gp phn ng d ng nh tui, gii, di truyn, tip xc trc vi thuc,
liu thuc v ng dng thuc.
Cc yu t nguy c:
- Tui, gii: Ngi ln c nguy c cao hn tr em. Ph n gp thng xuyn hn n ng (t
l 2.3:1).
- Di truyn
+ Tin s bn thn: Nhng bnh nhn b bnh d ng nh hen, vim mi d ng, vim da,
eczema d ng d b phn ng d ng thuc.
+ Tin s gia nh c ngi d ng thuc
2
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
a. C ch c in
C ch c in xem phn ng d ng xy ra qua hai giai on chnh:
+ Giai on mn cm ban u: Hu ht cc thuc c khi lng phn t thp (<1000Da)
khng th kch hot phn ng d ng, m thuc thng gn vi cc protein vn chuyn bng
3
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
nguyn v kch thch t bo sn xut cc khng th IgG, IgM hoc IgA. Trong ln ti tip xc
vi thuc, cc khng th ny gn vi cc khng nguyn hnh thnh phc hp thuc-protein-
khng th, phc hp ny kch hot s ly gii cc t bo, c bit l cc t bo mu (hng cu,
tiu cu, bch cu) v ph hy m. Biu hin lm sng ph bin ca type ny l thiu mu tan
mu, gim tiu cu, gim bch cu ht. Phn ng ny thng xut hin in hnh sau 7 ngy
dng thuc liu cao.
5
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
6
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
KHNG
Nghi ng ADR ? Cn nhc nguyn nhn khc
KHNG
C C
4. Chn on
Thng kh xc nh liu mt tc dng c hi trn lm sng l do thuc hay khng, v thm
ch trong trng hp khng nh l tc dng c hi do thuc, th vic xc nh chnh xc
thuc no chu trch nhim cho ADR c th l kh khn bi v bnh nhn thng dng
nhiu thuc cng lc.
a. c im lm sng
Dng Bng 4 hng dn vic chn on d ng thuc da vo cc du hiu lm sng v
thi gian khi pht.
Bng 2: Hng dn chn on d ng thuc theo cc du hiu lm sng
1. Phn ng tc th, tin trin nhanh
Phn v
- phn ng lin quan n a h thng nghim trng
- ban , m ay hoc ph mch V Khi pht thng t hn 1h sau
- h huyt p v/hoc co tht kh qun khi dng thuc (tip xc vi
thuc trc khng lun lun
M ay hoc ph mch V khng c du hiu lm sng
c khng nh)
h thng
Cn kch pht hen (v d, gp vi NSAID)
2. Phn ng mun v khng lin quan n h thng
Dt, mn lan rng (ging chng pht ban) Khi pht thng 6-10 ngy sau
Pht ban c nh do thuc (vng da b vim c nh, khi dng thuc hoc 3 ngy sau
gii hn) khi dng thuc ln 2
8
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
9
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
Dng cc tiu chun Bng 3 v Bng 4 phn bit phn ng d ng vi ADR khc.
b. Test da
i vi phn ng tc th
- Sau khi b phn ng mt thi gian di (ti thiu 6 tun), test dng ly da v trong da vi
thuc nghi ng c tin hnh khng nh chn on.
Nu test dng tnh
+ Xut hin m ay dt sn quanh vng test trong vng 20 pht : xc nh l phn ng d
ng tc th (d ng ch chim 7% trong s cc phn ng tc th, phn ng him khi xut hin
sau 30 pht dng thuc, v ph n ng khng th xc nh trong trng hp bnh nhn dng
thuc khng histamin trc ), chng ch nh dng li thuc, cung cp cho bnh nhn Th
cnh bo d ng thuc (Ph lc 3).
+ Sau , tin hnh kim tra phn ng cho vi cc phn t trong cng mt nhm ngh
mt thuc khc trong nhm c kt qu test m tnh cho bnh nhn.
+ Nu phn ng xut hin qu lu (trn 3 thng) th IgE trong mu c th khng cn cao
test dng tnh. Nn phi kch thch min dch bng mt liu lp li ca thuc (1/10 n v
liu) v lm li test 1-3 thng sau .
Nu test m tnh
+ Khi chn on l phn ng gi d ng, v thuc c th c dng li nu phn ng t
nghim trng. Trng hp ny gp nhiu bnh nhn c phn ng m ay. Dng bo b
10
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
hot ha bng tc dng gy c trc tip t thuc. Biu hin ny thng xut hin chm hn,
ph thuc liu, v d dng kim sot bng thuc khng histamin v/hoc antileucotriene, biu
hin him khi nghim trng. nhng bnh nhn ny, nhiu thuc l nguyn nhn gy nn cc
phn ng ging nhau, thng c biu hin m ay mn tnh.
+ C th dng li thuc vi iu kin dng thuc khng histamin H1 vo ngy hm trc
(hoc t nht 3h trc) trc khi dng li thuc v dng thuc histamin sau khi dng thuc
mt ngy.
Bng 4: S khc nhau gia phn ng d ng v gi d ng i vi loi phn ng tc th
Phn ng d ng Phn ng gi d ng
Mc nghim trng C Him
Khong cch phn < 1h > 1h
ng/dng thuc
Ph thuc liu Khng C
(Cc) thuc Mt Nhiu
Tin s m ay mn tnh Khng C
Test da Dng tnh m tnh
Dng li thuc Chng ch nh dng li C th nu phn ng t nghim
trng v dng thuc khng
histamin v/hoc
antileucotriene phng
i vi phn ng mun
- Sau khi b phn ng mt thi gian di (ti thiu 6 tun), test bng ming dn (patch test)
v/hoc phn ng trong da c th tin hnh vi cc thuc nghi ng ln vng da bnh thng
trn lng.
Nu test dng tnh
Nu test dng tnh sau 48-72h, th chn on l phn ng d ng mun, chng ch nh dng
li thuc, pht bng tn d ng cho bnh nhn. Tin hnh th phn ng cho bng cc thuc
khc trong cng mt nhm tm la chn thuc thay th.
Nu test m tnh
Nu test m tnh th chn on l phn ng gi d ng, thuc c th c dng ch khi phn
ng t nghim trng. Khng nn dng li i vi phn ng c trn da nghim trng. Phn
ng gi d ng mun vi c tnh ph thuc liu vi tc v cng ca phn ng
v/hoc c th do c tnh trc tip ca thuc (khng qua t bo lympho T nh phn ng d
ng mun) v/hoc do dng thm nhiu thuc trn mt c a bnh c bit. Pht ban a dng
dng eczema thng gp ngi ln tui do dng nhiu thuc ng thi, c bit dng thuc
c ch canxi.
Hnh 2 tm tt qu trnh chn on bng test da v cch x l.
11
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
Tc th Mun
- Sc - DRESS
- M ay - TEN, Steven-Johnson
- Ph mch - AGEN
Test da
5. X l phn ng
4.1. Thuc nghi ng gy d ng
Vic quyt nh c dng hn thuc nghi ng hay khng da trn mc nghim trng ca
phn ng, ch nh ca thuc, mc tin cy ca chn on d ng thuc, v c thuc thay
th hay khng.
12
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
b. Dng li thuc
- Trong trng hp khng th chn thuc khc thay th V phn ng d ng l nh (nh m
ay, pht ban, hoc triu chng ng tiu ha), dng thuc phng phn ng nh thuc
khng histamin c th cho php dng li thuc. V him trng hp nhng bnh nhn
ny pht trin triu chng tng nng.
- Trong trng hp khng th chn thuc khc thay th V phn ng d ng l nghim trng
(nh sc phn v) th qu trnh gii mn cm (desensitization) hay th nghim tng liu
(graded challenge) nn c xem xt; v dng thuc (premedication) nh corticoid, thuc
khng histamin phng hoc hn ch phn v l khng hiu qu. Phn bit phng php
gii mn cm v th nghim tng liu c trnh by trong Bng 5.
Bng 5: Phn bit gii mn cm v th thch tng liu
c im Gii mn cm Th thch tng liu
Qu trnh dng dng mt cch cn
Qu trnh dng tng liu dn thn liu thp hn liu iu tr ca
mt thuc nhm thay i p mt thuc xc nh liu bnh nhn
nh ngha ng ca bnh nhn vi thuc c d ng thc s vi thuc hay
nhm dng thuc cho bnh khng. Qu trnh ny khng lm thay
nhn c an ton i p ng ca bnh nhn vi
thuc.
Liu thp hn liu gy d ng, Liu thp hn liu iu tr gy d
Liu khi u thp c bng 1/10.000 liu cui ng, thp c bng 1/10.000 liu cui
cng cn dng. cng cn dng.
Vi gi vi nhiu liu, mi liu Vi bc (v d nh 2 bc), hon
Thi gian
sau tng hn liu trc thnh nhanh hn.
Gii mn cm duy tr chng Nu th thch tng liu hon thnh
Yu cu khi no bnh nhn cn dng thuc v qu trnh dng thuc dung np tt,
dng li thuc nghi ng, bt k s gin on khng i hi tin hnh th thch
trong tng lai iu tr no cng i hi gii tng liu nu dng li thuc trong
mn cm c lp li. tng lai.
- Bnh nhn c tin s d ng lu ri,
hoc khng r
- Phn ng d ng nh
- Bnh nhn phn ng qua - Test chn on c hiu khng c
trung gian IgE c miu t r - Phn ng cho thp
- Phn ng nghim trng V d, bnh nhn b ni mn ban sn
- Phn ng cho cao vi ceftriaxone c th tin hnh th
thch tng liu vi imipenem-
cilastatin nh gia kh nng dung
ng dng np.
Khng nn dng bnh nhn c tin s b phn ng khng qua trung
gian IgE nghim trng nh vim gan, thiu mu tan mu, hi chng
Steven Johnson, TEN, hoc DRESS bi v nguy c b phn ng
nghim trng e da n tnh mng.
C th dng thnh cng x
l phn ng qua trung gian
_
min dch hoc khng qua
trung gian min dch
13
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
- Gii mn cm:
+ Nn test da trc khi tin hnh gii mn cm.
V d, nu bnh nhn c tin s d ng penicillin v test da m tnh, bnh nhn vn c th
nhn liu y penicillin m khng cn tin hnh gii mn cm.
Nu test da khng th tin hnh hoc test da dng tnh, gii mn cm nn tin hnh.
+ Gii mn cm ng ung cp a dng hn ng tim bi v ng ung t khi gy phn
ng d ng ton thn nghim trng v c th hon thnh sau vi gi. Nu ng ung khng
th (nh bnh nhn c vn v hp thu), ng tim c th thay th. ng IV a dng hn
ng IM hay tim di da v cho php kim sot tt tc v nng thuc v nhng phn
ng khng mong i c th pht hin tc thi v x l nhanh.
+ Bnh nhn khng nn dng thuc phng phn ng d ng (premedication) trc khi gii
mn cm bi v n c th lm cn tr vic pht hin p ng d ng nh, nhng p ng ny
c th l tn hiu bo trc cho phn ng tng nng sau .
+ Vn c kh nng bnh nhn gp phn ng d ng khi gii mn cm nhng t l thp v phn
ng thng nh (v d tn sut gp phn ng nh khi gii mn cm b-lactam cp l khong 5-
20%). Nu gp phn ng trong khi gii mn cm, phn ng c th c iu tr v tip tc
gii min dch dng liu thp hn, tng khong cch dng thuc hoc phi hp c hai. Phn
ng nghim trng trong khi gii mn cm l him.
+ Ngay c khi trong qu trnh gii mn cm khng c phn ng g cng khng m bo bnh
nhn khng gp phn ng khi dng y liu trnh iu tr. V d, vi b-lactma, khong 25-
30% bnh nhn b phn ng nh v 5% bnh nhn b phn ng nghim trng nh bnh huyt
thanh, thiu mu tan mu.
+ D xut hin phn ng, liu trnh y c th t c tronh hu ht trng hp, nhng
iu tr phn ng bng thuc khng histamin nh diphenhydramine c th yu cu.
+ Gii mn cm ph thuc liu, do cc triu chng d ng c th xut hin sau khi tng
liu ln thuc d trc bnh nhn dung np vi thuc.
+ Tnh trng gii mn cm mt khi t c, c th duy tr trong vng 48h sau ln dng liu
y thuc cui cng; sau thi gian ny bnh nhn tr li nhy cm vi thuc. Do , nu
dng li thuc cn tin hnh gii mn cm li.
+ Trong mt s trng hp, nhng bnh nhn i hi dng lu di thuc , tnh trng gii
mn cm c th duy tr. V d, dng liu 2 ln ngy ng ung penicillin lu di c th dn
n tnh trng "gii mn cm mn tnh". Tuy nhin, mt khi liu trnh thuc b gin on,
phn ng d ng li quay tr li.
+ C th tin hnh gii mn cm thnh cng vi nhm b-lactam, allopurinol, vancomycin,
thuc tr ung th, aspirin, khng th n dng.
+ Gii mn cm ch tin hnh c s y t thch hp bi cn b c kinh nghim cng vi cc
thit b cp cu sn c.
14
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
a. i vi phn ng tc th
iu tr triu chng bng cc thuc khng histamin H1 ng ung hoc ng tim. Khng
dng thng quy corticoid thm ch dng thi gian ngn khi c nga ton thn, m ay ton
thn hoc ph mch mt m khng c du hiu h thng khc. Trong trng hp c triu
chng nghim trng, cn chun b ng truyn tnh mch ngoi vi, tim Polaramine, dng
kh dung O2 v adrenaline (1 ng 0.5mg) khi c triu chng kh chu thanh qun, dng 40mg
solumedrol nu tng nng v 0.25mg adrenaline ng tim bp, IV hay di da, tim lp li
nu c du hiu tng nng thnh sc. Chng ch nh dng li thuc trong trng hp i kt
qu xt nghim min dch.
b. i vi phn ng mun
+ Trong trng hp ny cn dng ton b thuc nu c th hoc dng nhng thuc nghi ng
nht. Cn xt nghim cng thc mu kim tra du hiu tng bch cu a acid, bilan men
gan (du hiu tiu t bo gan), nng creatinine (du hiu suy thn). C th thc hin sinh
thit da khng nh chn on.
+ iu tr: dng thuc khng histamin nu c nga; dng corticoid ti ch phi hp thuc lm
du da. C th cn dng corticoid ton thn i vi DRESS hoc truyn globulin min dch
i vi Hi chng TEN.
- Ch nh ca thuc
- Ngy v thi gian b phn ng
- S liu thuc dng hoc s ngy dng thuc trc khi phn ng
- ng dng
- Cc xt nghim chn on (nu c)
- Kt lun tnh trng d ng thuc: d ng, khng r, khng th xc nh.
- Thuc hay nhm thuc no cn trnh trong tng lai
b. Bo co phn ng d ng, gi d ng v cho trung tm DI v ADR quc gia.
c. Mu n thuc nn c phn v d ng thuc, bao gm thng tin v thuc hay nhm thuc
no cn trnh dng.
6.2. D ng NSAID
D ng vi NSAID nh ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, aspirin l ph bin. c bit, 5-10%
bnh nhn hen b d ng vi NSAID. Mt phn ba nhng ngi b bnh m ay mn tnh c
phn ng nghim trng vi NSAID bao gm ph mch v sc phn v.
Vi bnh nhn b phn ng d ng nh vi NSAID khng chn lc nhng cn dng thuc
khng vim:
+ Cn nhc dng c ch COX 2 chn lc vi liu khi u tht nht vi ch liu duy nht
trong ngy u tin.
16
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
+ Khng dng c ch COX2 chn lc nhng bnh nhn khng iu tr chuyn khoa nu
bnh nhn c phn ng nghim trng nh phn b, ph mch nghim trng, phn ng hen vi
NSAID khng chn lc.
+ thc rng bnh nhn hen thng c polyp mi thng c kh nng gy cn hen do dng
NSAID tr khi bnh nhn dng np vi NSAID trong 12 thng gn y.
17
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
Ph lc
Ph lc 1. Cc thuc thng gy d ng
Bng 1: Cc thuc thng gy d ng
Allopurinol Cc ch phm enzyme nh streptokianse
Thuc gy m nh halothane Griseofulvin
Thuc chng ng kinh nh carbamazepine, Hydralazine
phenytoin
Thuc khng st rt nh chloroquine, Methyldopa
mefloquine
Khng huyt thanh, vaccine Thuc an thn kinh nh chlorpromazine,
clozapine
Thuc khng gip nh carbimazole Nitrofurantoin
Thuc khng lao nh isoniazid, rifampicin Penicillamine
Aspirin v cc thuc NSAID khc Procainamide
Khng sinh nhm beta-lactam nh Quinidine
penicillin
Cc sulphonylurea nh chlorpropamide, Cc sulphonamide
glibenclamide
18
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
Ph lc 3. Mu th cnh bo phn ng c hi
TH CNH BO D NG THUC
Mt trc:
TN BNH NHN...............................................................................................................
Ngy sinh: Gii tnh: Nam N Ngy cp th : /../.
a ch:............................................................................................................... ...............
Email:..................................... in thoi.........................................................................
Ngi cp th: ..................................................................................................................
Email:..................................... in thoi.........................................................................
Thuc nghi ng gy phn ng :........................................................................ ...............
M t phn ng:................................................................................................... ...............
............................................................................................................................. ...............
.............................................................................................................................. ...............
Cc bnh lun khc (nu c):................................................................................ ...............
.............................................................................................................................. ...............
Mt sau:
Xin vui lng lun mang theo th ny v nh a th cho nhn vin y t mi ln bn i khm
19
Nhp cu dc lm sng X l D ng thuc V1 11.2014
Ting Anh
2. Brian K. Alldredge et al (2012). Anaphylaxis and Drug Allergies. Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical
Use of Drugs, 10th Edition, p42-64. North American Edition.
3. NICE clinical guideline (2014). Drug allergy: diagnosis and management of drug allergy in adults,
children and young people.
4. Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters (2010). Drug Allergy: An Updated Practice Parameter.
Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 105; 273e1-78.
Ting Php
5. Rival-Tringali AL et al. (2006). Que fait devant une allergie mmdicamenteuse ?. Dcision
thrapeutique en mdicin gnrale. 31; 19-22.
20