TeknikBilgiler

Teknik Bilgiler Technical

Technical Information
Information

Ik
Light

Iflk
Gze etki eden zel bir enerji flekli olup dalga veya foton fleklinde yayld kabul
edilir. Elektromanyetik dalgalar dalga uzunluklarna gre sralanacak olurlarsa
elektromanyetik spektrum (tayf) elde edilir. Bu tayfn 380 nm ile 780 nm dalga
uzunluklu ksm flk olarak adlandrlan grlebilir blgedir.
Light
Light is a special form of energy affecting the eye and its considered to spread
in forms of waves or photons. If electromagnetic waves are ordered according
to their wavelength, the electromagnetic spectrum is obtained. The section of
this spectrum which lies between 380 nm and 780 nms of wavelength is the
visible part which is referred to as light.

Vakum UV-C UV-B UV-A Grnen Ik Kzl tesi

UV

200 254 280 315 400 780

Dalga boyu, Nanometre cinsinden (nm)

Wavelength, in terms of Nanometers (nm)

Iflk aks (lm)

Luminous flux is a term related to the total amount of light emitted by a light
Iflk aks, bir flk kaynann birim zamanda yayd toplam flk miktar ile ilgili
source per unit time. It is denoted by . Its unit is lumens. Luminous flux
bir kavramdr. harfi ile gsterilir. Birimi lmendir. Iflk kaynandan kan ve
describes the energy flux emitted by a light source which is assessed according
normal gzn gndz grmesine ait spektral duyarlk erisine gre deerlendirilen
to the spectral sensitivity curve of a healthy eyes day vision.
enerji aksna denir.

Ko:enerji aksnn fotometrik efldeeri (683 lm/W) Ko:photometric equivalent of energy flux (683 lm/W)
F: enerji aks (W) F:energy flux (W)
V : gzn spektral duyarl veya radyasyonlarn grlebilme faktr V :spectral sensitivity of the eye or visibility factor of radiations.

Etkinlik faktr: e ile gsterilir, birimi lm/W tr.
Bir flk kaynandan veya armatrden kan toplam flk aksnn kaynan veya
armatrn toplam gcne orandr. Baflka bir deyiflle, flk kaynann veya
armatrn flebekeden ektii 1W gce karfllk verdii flk aks deeridir.
Luminous efficacy:Denoted by e, units lm/W.
Luminous efficacy is the ratio of the total luminous flux emitted from a light
source or luminaire to the total power of the source or luminaire. In other
words, its the amount of luminous flux emitted by a light source or luminaire
corresponding to 1W of power consumed from the grid.

Iflk fiiddeti: Luminous intensity:

Iflk fliddeti birim zamanda belli bir dorultuda yaylan fln younluu ile ilgilidir.
Noktasal flk kaynaklar iin tanmlanr ve dorultuya bal bir byklktr,
sembol I, birimi candela (kandela okunur) dr. Noktasal bir flk kaynann
herhangi bir dorultusundaki ortalama flk fliddeti, I , bu dorultudaki birim
uzay adan kan flk aksdr.
Luminous intensity is related to the intensity of light emitted in a certain direction
per unit time. It is defined for point light sources and its a direction dependent
quantity, its symbol is I and its unit is candela. The average luminous intensity
of a point source in any direction , I is the amount of luminous flux coming
out of the unit solid angle in the same direction.

Aydnlk dzeyi Illuminance level

Ortalama aydnlk dzeyi birim yzeye dflen flk aksnn dik bilefleninin yzeyin Average illuminance level is the ratio of the vertical component of incident
alanna orandr. Birimi lm/m2 =lkstr ve lx ile gsterilir. luminous flux to the area of unit surface. Its unit is lm/m2 = lux
and is denoted by lx.

Parlt
Parlt, en genel halde, yzeyin belirli bir noktasna ve baklan dorultuya baldr.
Parlt L harfi ile gsterilir. Birimi cd/m2dir. Yzeyin birim alanndan belli bir
dorultuda yaylan flk fliddeti ile ilgili bir kavramdr. Iflk yayan yzey kendisi flk
reten bir lamba veya flk geiren bir armatr yzeyi gibi birincil flk kayna
olabilecei gibi, baflka bir kaynaktan ulaflan fl yanstan ikincil bir flk kayna
da olabilir. Yzeyin bir noktasnn dorultusundaki parlts, o dorultudaki
grnen birim yzeyden kan flk fliddetidir
Luminance:
Luminance, in general , is related to a particular point on a surface and the
direction of view. Luminance is denoted by the letter L. Its unit is cd/m2. It is
a term related to the luminous intensity travelling in a specific direction from
a unit area of a surface. The surface that emits light can be a primary light
source such as a lamp that produces light itself or a translucent luminaire
surface as well as a secondary light source that reflects the light coming from
another source. The luminance of a point on a surface in the direction of
is the luminous intensity emitted from the apparent unit surface in that direction.

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 Teknik Bilgiler Technical Information
Teknik Bilgiler Technical Information
Teknik Bilgiler Technical Information

Ik retimi
Light Generation

Iflk retimi Light generation

Lambalarn flk retimleri en genel halde termik, lminesan ve elektrolminesan Light generation in lamps generally occurs in three different groups as thermal,
Iflk retimi Light generation
olmak zere ayr grupta gerekleflir. luminescent and electroluminescent.
Lambalarn flk retimleri en genel halde termik, lminesan ve elektrolminesan Light generation in lamps generally occurs in three different groups as thermal,
olmak zere ayr grupta gerekleflir. luminescent and electroluminescent.
Termik flk retimi Thermal Light Generation
Sv ya da katlar yksek scaklkta kzgn duruma getikleri zaman akkor hale When liquids or solids reach a superheated state at high temperatures, they
Termik flk retimi Thermal Light Generation
gelirler ve flk yayarlar. Enkandesen (akkor telli) la mbalar bu esasa gre flk become incandescent and emit light. Incandescen t lamps generate light
Sv ya da katlar yksek scaklkta kzgn duruma getikleri zaman akkor hale When liquids or solids reach a superheated state at high temperatures, they
retirler. Bu fln tayf sreklidir. according to this principle. Incandescent light has a continuous spectrum.
gelirler ve flk yayarlar. Enkandesen (akkor telli) lambalar bu esasa gre flk become incandescent and emit light. Incandescent lamps generate light
retirler. Bu fln tayf sreklidir. according to this principle. Incandescent light has a continuous spectrum.

Plastik Lens

Silikon Yatak
TAYFSAL IfiINIM SPECTRAL RADIATION
DAILIMI DISTRIBUTION
Grlebilir alan 380 ile 780 arasdr.
InGaN ip

Katot Bafl
Kaynak Balants
Altn Tel Silikon Altlk
Soutucu Blok

400 500 600 700nm 400 500 600 700nm

Gn fl (D65) Akkor lamba fl
Resim ykseklii 600 mW Resim ykseklii 600 mW
100 m 10nm 100 m 10nm

LED
Junction
Lminesan Iflk retimi Generation of Luminescent Light
Atom ve molekller uyarlmfl durumdan temel duruma geerken aldklar enerjiyi Atoms and molecules release the energy they gain as they pass from the excited
Lminesan Iflk retimi Generation of Luminescent Light
flnm olarak geri verirler. Bu durum iki kat elektrot arasndaki normalde yaltkan state to the ground state, as radiation. This phenomenon takes place by the
Atom ve molekller uyarlmfl durumdan temel duruma geerken aldklar enerjiyi Atoms and molecules release the energy they gain as they pass from the excited
halde bulunan gazn elektrik akm ile iletken hale gelip, oluflan elektron akflnn gas between two solid electrodes which is normally non-conductive, becoming
flnm olarak geri verirler. Bu durum iki kat elektrot arasndaki normalde yaltkan state to the ground state, as radiation. This phenomenon takes place by the
gaz atomlarn uyarmas ya da iyonize etmesi ile g erekleflir. B ir elek trottan conductive through an electric current and the created electron flow exciting
halde bulunan gazn elektrik akm ile iletken hale gelip, oluflan elektron akflnn gas between two solid electrodes which is normally non-conductive, becoming
dierine akan elektronlar yollarna kan gaz atomlar ile arpflr. Elektronlarn or inoizing the gas atoms. The electrons flowing from one electrode to the
gaz atomlarn uyarmas ya da iyonize etmesi ile gerekleflir. Bir elektrottan conductive through an electric current and the created electron flow exciting
hz atomlar uyarmak iin yeterli byklkte ise elektronlar atomlar uyarr ve other collide with gas atoms on their way. If the speed the of electrons is high
dierine akan elektronlar yollarna kan gaz atomlar ile arpflr. Elektronlarn or inoizing the gas atoms. The electrons flowing from one electrode to the
atomlar temel durumlarna geerken flma olur. Lminesan flk r etiminde enough to excite the atoms, the electrons excite the atoms and radiation occurs
hz atomlar uyarmak iin yeterli byklkte ise elektronlar atomlar uyarr ve other collide with gas atoms on their way. If the speed the of electrons is high
termik flk retiminin aksine fln spektrumu srekli deildir. Kullanlan gazlarn while the atoms move to their ground state. Unlike the generation of thermal
atomlar temel durumlarna geerken flma olur. Lminesan flk retiminde enough to excite the atoms, the electrons excite the atoms and radiation occurs
eflidine ve ksmi basnlarna gre belli dalga boylarnda flk yayarlar. Bu esasa light, the spectrum of light in generation of luminescent light is not continuous.
termik flk retiminin aksine fln spektrumu srekli deildir. Kullanlan gazlarn while the atoms move to their ground state. Unlike the generation of thermal
gre alflan lambalar, iindeki gazn basncna gre yksek basnl ya da alak Light is emitted in specific wavelengths according to the type and the partial
eflidine ve ksmi basnlarna gre belli dalga boylarnda flk yayarlar. Bu esasa light, the spectrum of light in generation of luminescent light is not continuous.
basnl olarak adlandrlr. Gnmzde kullanlan deflarj lambalarnda genellikle pressure of the used gases. Lamps operating on this principle are referred to
gre alflan lambalar, iindeki gazn basncna gre yksek basnl ya da alak Light is emitted in specific wavelengths according to the type and the partial
civa ya da sodyum gaz kullanlmaktadr. as high pressure or low pressure according to the pressure of the gas within.
basnl olarak adlandrlr. Gnmzde kullanlan deflarj lambalarnda genellikle pressure of the used gases. Lamps operating on this principle are referred to
In discharge lamps used today, mercury or sodium gases are generally used.
civa ya da sodyum gaz kullanlmaktadr. as high pressure or low pressure according to the pressure of the gas within.
In discharge lamps used today, mercury or sodium gases are generally used.
Elektrolminesan Iflk retimi: LED (Light Emitting Diode Iflk Yayan Elec trolumin escent Light Gen eratio n: LED (Li ght Emitting Diod e)
Diyot) This process is based on the principle of conversion of electrical energy directly
Elektrolminesan Iflk retimi: LED (Light Emitting Diode Iflk Yayan Electroluminescent Light Generation: LED (Light Emitting Diode)
Bu ifllem elektrik enerjisinin dorudan flk enerjisine dnfltrlmesi esasna to light energy. LEDs are solid-state light sources which allow unidirectional
Diyot) This process is based on the principle of conversion of electrical energy directly
dayanr. LEDler elektronlarn tek ynl hareketine izin veren ve zerlerinden movement of electrons and emit light when an electric current is passed through
Bu ifllem elektrik enerjisinin dorudan flk enerjisine dnfltrlmesi esasna to light energy. LEDs are solid-state light sources which allow unidirectional
elektrik akm geirildiinde flk yayan kat hal flk kaynaklardr. Bir P-tipi yar them. In LED chips which consist of a junction of a P-type semiconductor with
dayanr. LEDler elektronlarn tek ynl hareketine izin veren ve zerlerinden movement of electrons and emit light when an electric current is passed through
iletkenin, bir N-tipi yar iletken ile birleflmesinden meydana gelen LED iplerinde, an N-type semiconductor, electrons emit photons through combining with holes
elektrik akm geirildiinde flk yayan kat hal flk kaynaklardr. Bir P-tipi yar them. In LED chips which consist of a junction of a P-type semiconductor with
elektronlar negatif taraftan pozitif tarafa geerken boflluklar ile birleflerek foton while passing from the negative side to the positive side (electro-luminescence).
iletkenin, bir N-tipi yar iletken ile birleflmesinden meydana gelen LED iplerinde, an N-type semiconductor, electrons emit photons through combining with holes
yayarlar (elektro-lminesan). zellikle 1999 ylndan sonra etkinlikleri hzla artan LEDs with their efficacy increasing rapidly especially after 1999, stand out for
elektronlar negatif taraftan pozitif tarafa geerken boflluklar ile birleflerek foton while passing from the negative side to the positive side (electro-luminescence).
LEDler gnmzde yksek verimleri, iyi renk zellikleri ve uzun mrleri ile n their high efficacy, good color characteristics and long lifetime today. A typical
yayarlar (elektro-lminesan). zellikle 1999 ylndan sonra etkinlikleri hzla artan LEDs with their efficacy increasing rapidly especially after 1999, stand out for
plana kmakta dr. Tipik bir LED ipi afladaki elemanl ardan oluflur . LED chip consists of the following elements.
LEDler gnmzde yksek verimleri, iyi renk zellikleri ve uzun mrleri ile n their high efficacy, good color characteristics and long lifetime today. A typical
plana kmaktadr. Tipik bir LED ipi afladaki elemanlardan oluflur. LED chip consists of the following elements.

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Piyasada yaygn olarak bulunan LED ip trleri aflada gsterilmektedir.
Types of LED chips widely used are shown below.
T1 Yzeye Monte (SMD)
Surface Mount (SMD)
LEDler ile beyaz flk temel olarak iki flekilde elde edilebilmektedir:
1) renkli krmz, yeflil, mavi (RGB) LED kullanarak birleflimlerinden beyaz flk
elde etmek.
2) Ksa dalga boylu (mavi veya ultraviyole) fln yayan LEDleri fosfor tabakas
ile kaplayarak beyaz flk elde etmek.
LED ipleri ile yaplan armatr tasarmlarnda optik tasarm baflta olmak zere
sistemin sl ve elektriksel tasarm da gz nne alnmaldr. zellikle yksek
gl LEDlerde ok kk bir alandan youn flk kmaktadr. Bu yzden
oluflacak kamaflma sorunlar iyi bir optik tasarm ile engellenmelidir. LEDlerin
elektrik enerjisini flk enerjisine evirme orann ifade eden flksal verim, LED
ipinin trne gre %10-40 arasnda deiflmektedir. Geri kalan enerji (%60-90)
sya dnflmektedir. Isl tasarm iyi yaplmamfl bir LED armatrde s birikecek
ve fln retildii birleflim (jonksiyon) noktasnda scaklk artfl olacaktr. LED
birleflim scaklnn ykselmesi ise, LEDin flksal verimini dflrecek ve birim
g baflna elde edilen flk aks miktarn gsteren etkinlik faktr (lmen/Watt)
deeri de azalacaktr. LED ipleri genelde doru akm ile alfltklar iin, mevcut
flebekeden enerji alabilmeleri iin bir src (driver) ile kullanlrlar. Srclerin
ikinci bir grevi, her LEDe ihtiya duyulan nominal akm ulafltrmaktr. LED
srcleri genel olarak sabit akm verecek flekilde ayarlanr ve standart olarak
350 mA, 500 mA, 700 mA, 1050 mA gibi akm kademelerinde retilirler. LED
s rc l eri n ve rimi y k l en me or an lar d flt k e az alm ak tad r .
Led armatr optik tasarmna ait bir rnek
An example of the optical design of an LED luminaire
Teknik Bilgiler Technical Information
Teknik Bilgiler Technical Information
Teknik Bilgiler Technical Information
Ik retimi
Light Generation
Yksek Gl oklu ipli
High Power Multi Chip COB (Chip on Board)
White light can be obtained from LEDs basically in two ways:
1)Obtaining white light using three colored red, green, blue (RGB) LED
combinations.
2)Obtaining white light through covering short wavelength (blue or ultraviolet)
LEDs, with a layer of phosphor.
In designing luminaires using LED chips, optical design being the most notable,
thermal and electrical designs of the system should also be taken into
consideration. Especially in high-power LEDs, an intense amount of light is
released from a very small area. Therefore possible glare problems should be
prevented through a good optical design. The luminous efficiency, expressing
the ratio of conversion of electrical energy into light energy by LEDs, varies
between 10-40 % depending on the type of LED chips. The remaining energy
(60-90%) is converted to heat. Heat will accumulate in an LED luminaire without
a good thermal design and there will be a temperature rise in the junction point
where the light is produced. Increases in the LED junction temperature, will
reduce the luminous efficiency of the LED and the luminous efficacy (lumens
/ watt) value, which indicates the luminous flux amount created per unit power,
will be reduced. As the LED chips usually work with direct current, they use a
driver in order to draw energy from the existing grid. A secondary task of the
drivers is to provide the necessary nominal current to each LED. LED drivers are
generally set to give constant current and as a standard, they are produced in
current ranges such as 350 mA, 500 mA, 700 mA, 1050 mA etc. The efficiency
of LED drivers scale down as the load rate decreases.
Led armatr sl tasarmna ait bir rnek
An example of the thermal design of an LED luminaire
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