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Theoretical Framework and Hypothesis Development PDF
Theoretical Framework and Hypothesis Development PDF
2012
CHAPTER 4
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Example 2 Examples
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A marketing manager wonders why the recent What would be the dependent variable here?
advertisement strategy does not work. What would Example 1: Party X would like to increase its votes which
come from females.
be the dependent variable here?
The dependent variable is votes which come from females
Answer: The dependent variable is advertisement because it is the primary variable of interest to the party,
strategy because the marketing manager is interested who wants to increase the number of votes.
in knowing why the recent strategy does not work.
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Example 4 Example 3
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A manager believes that awarding system and Research studies indicate that successful new product
training would increase the production level of the development has an influence on the stock market price of the
workers. company. That is, the more successful the new product turns out
Answer
to be, the higher will be the stock market price of the firm.
Independent Variable is the success of the new product.
Dependent V.: Production level (Main variable of interest)
Dependent Variable is the stock market price.
Independent V.: Awarding system and training (Help to
explain the variance in production)
Although this relationship is true in general for all workers, but It has been found that there is a relationship between the
it is not true for workers who are not using the manual every availability of Reference Manuals that manufacturing
time they need it. employees have access to, and the product defects. That is,
Thus, the interest and inclination of the workers is a when workers follow the procedures laid down in the manual,
they are able to manufacture products that are flawless.
Moderating Variable.
Dependent Variable: Number of defected products.
Independent Variable: Availability of reference manuals.
Interest and
Inclination
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Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E FIGURE 5.4
Situation 2 Situation 1:
A research study indicates
Another research study that the better the quality of
indicates that the willingness the training programs in an
organization and the greater
of the employees to learn new the growth needs of the
ways of doing things is not employees (where the need to
influenced by the quality of the develop and grow on the job is
strong), the greater is their
training programs offered by willingness to learn new ways
the organizations to all people of doing things.
without any distinction. Only The dependent variable: the
those with high growth needs employees willingness to learn.
seem to have the yearning to The independent variables: the
learn to do new things through training programs and growth
need strength
specialized training.
Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E FIGURE 5.5b
Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E FIGURE 5.5a
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Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E FIGURE 5.5b
Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E FIGURE 5.5a
Example 9 Example 8
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The dependent variable: the organizational effectiveness. A prevalent theory is that the diversity of the workforce
(according to different ethnic origins, races, and nationalities)
The independent variable: the workforce diversity. contributes more to organizational effectiveness because
The intervening variable: that surfaces as a function of the each group brings it own special expertise and skills to the
workplace. This synergy can be exploited, however, only if
diversity in the workforce is creative synergy. managers have special talents to manage the diverse work
group; otherwise, they will be useless.
Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E FIGURE 5.6
Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E FIGURE 5.4
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Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E FIGURE 5.7
Directional
the direction of the relationship between the variables (positive/negative) is
indicated.
The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction of
employees.
Women are more motivated than men are.
Non-directional
There is a relationship between age and Job satisfaction.
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The null hypotheses: In past example were we state that: The alternate hypotheses is the opposite of the null
Women are more motivated than men are. Then, hypotheses, is a statement expressing a relationship between
H0: M = w two variables or indicating differences between groups.
Or
H0: M - w = 0
Where H0 represents the null hypotheses,
M is the mean motivational level of the men,
w is the mean motivational level of women.
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There is a difference between the work ethic of The alternate hypotheses for the above example:
American and Arabian employees. HA : M < w
The null hypotheses would be: Which is the same as
Ho: AM = AR HA : M > w
Or Where HA represents the alternate hypotheses.
Ho: AM - AR = 0
Where AM is the mean work ethic value of
Americans and AR is the mean work ethic value of
Arabs.
Examples for the nondirectional relationship Examples for the nondirectional relationship
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For the example: The greater the stress experienced in the job, The alternate hypotheses for the above example would
the lower the job satisfaction of employees. statistically be set as:
The null hypotheses would be:
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Examples for the nondirectional relationship Examples for the nondirectional relationship
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For the example: There is a relationship between age and job The alternate hypotheses for the above null, can be stated as:
satisfaction.
HA: P<0 (the correlation is negative)
For this nondirectional statement, the null hypotheses would
be statistically expressed as:
H0: p=0
Exercise Exercise
Give the hypotheses for the following framework: Give the hypotheses for the following framework:
Switching cost
.
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