Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Microwave Radiolink Design
Microwave Radiolink Design
KULLIYAH OF ENGINEERING
Microwave radio relay is a technology for transmitting digital and analog signals,
such as long-distance telephone calls, teleconferencing ,television programs, and
computer data, between two locations on a line of sight radio path. In microwave
radio relay, microwaves are transmitted between the two locations with directional
antennas, forming a fixed radio connection between the two points. The requirement
of a line of sight limits the distance between stations to 30 or 40 miles.Because the
radio waves travel in narrow beams confined to a line-of-sight path from one antenna
to the other , they don't interfere with other microwave equipment, and nearby
microwave links can use the same frequencies. Antennas used must be highly
directional, these antennas are installed in elevated locations such as large radio
towers in order to be able to transmit across long distances. Typical types of antenna
used in radio relay link installations areparabolic antennas, dielectric lens, and
horn-reflector antennas, which have a diameter of up to 4 meters. For my case am
using 1.2m.Highly directive antennas permit an economical use of the available
frequency spectrum, despite long transmission distances.
Some of the basic briefing regarding to microwave link plan , budget and basic
understanding ot microwave link design including microwave spectrum , merits and
short comings of point to point links.
Microwave
Microwaves are shorter than radio waves with wavelengths measured in centimeters.
We use microwaves to cook food, transmit information, and in radar that helps to
predict the weather. Microwaves are useful in communication because they can
penetrate clouds, smoke, and light rain. The universe is filled with cosmic microwave
background radiation that scientists believe are clues to the origin of the universe they
call the Big Bang.
A communication system that utilizes the radio frequency band spanning 2 to 60 GHz.
As per IEEE, electromagnetic waves between 30 and 300 GHz are called millimeter
waves (MMW) instead of microwaves as their wavelengths are about 1 to
10mm.Small capacity systems generally employ the frequencies less than 3 GHz
while medium and large capacity systems utilize frequencies ranging from 3 to 15
GHz. Frequencies > 15GHz are essentially used for short-haul transmission.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic waves are a form of energy waves that have both an electric and
magnetic field. Electromagnetic waves are different from mechanical waves in that
they can transmit energy and travel through a vacuum.
Electromagnetic waves are classified according to their frequency. The different types
of waves have different uses and functions in our everyday lives.
Figure . (1)
This section covers the basic technical elements that provide a foundation for
understanding line-of-sight radio frequency systems. The topics include:
Frequency
Wavelength
Free-space Loss
Precipitation Loss
Antenna Gain
Antenna Beam-width
Transmit Power
Multipath Interference
Fresnel zones
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
System Operating Margin
Receive Signal Level
Receiver Sensitivity
Phase Relationships
Multi-path Reflections
Atmospheric Refraction
Earth Bulge
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
These elements must be clearly understood before attempting to undertake the design
of a mission critical line-of-sight microwave radio link.
Multipath Interference
When signals arrive at a remote antenna after being reflected off the ground or
refracted back to earth from the sky (sometimes called ducting), they will subtract (or
add) to the main signal and cause the received signal to be weaker (or stronger)
throughout the day.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is the ratio (usually measured in dB) between the signal
level received and the noise floor level for that particular signal. The SNR is really the
only thing receiver demodulators really care about. Unless the noise floor is extremely
high, the absolute level of the signal or noise is not critical.
Figure 2 illustrates that weaker signals are larger negative numbers. It also
graphically shows how the SNR is computed.
Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) is the actual RF power as measured in the
main lobe (or focal point) of an antenna. It is equal to the sum of the transmit power
into the antenna (in dBm) added to the dBi gain of the antenna. Since it is a power
level, the result is measured in dBm.
Figure (4) shows how +24 dBm of power (250 mW) can be boosted to +48 dBm or
64 Watts of radiated power.
Transmit Power
The transmit power is the RF power coming out of the antenna port of a transmitter. It
is measured in dBm, Watts or milliWatts and does not include the signal loss of the
coax cable or the gain of the antenna.
Receive signal level is the actual received signal level (usually measured in negative
dBm) presented to the antenna port of a radio receiver from a remote transmitter.
Receiver Sensitivity
Receiver sensitivity is the weakest RF signal level (usually measured in negative dBm)
that a radio needs receive in order to demodulate and decode a packet of data without
errors.
3.1 Frequency
3.2 Wavelength
Our atmosphere consists of numerous gases and water vapor, each of varying density.
These materials slow the propagation of radio waves to approximately 99.97% of
their speed in a vacuum or free space. Coaxial cable slows the signal down even
more. For example, Times Microwave LMR 400 coaxial cable, which is commonly
used in RF antenna systems, has a velocity factor of 85%. This means that the RF
signal transmitted through that particular cable is slowed to 85% of its free-space
velocity.
Free space attenuation, commonly referred to as path loss, and is dependent upon the
frequency of the system involved and the length of the signal path. Free space
attenuation (or loss) increases as frequency goes up, for a given unit of distance.
This occurs because higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths, and to cover a
given distance; they must complete many more cycles than lower frequency signals,
which have longer wavelength. During each cycle (wavelength) the signals
propagate, some of their energy is spent. Consequently, the higher the frequency
(and shorter the wavelength), the more rapidly the signals weaken as they propagate.
Although the formula for computing free space attenuation assumes signal
propagation in a vacuum (outer space), the attenuation through the atmosphere is
reasonably similar.
The amount of free space attenuation can be computed using the following formula:
Where:
F = Frequency in MHz
D = Distance in Miles
Frequency and wavelength are also affected by precipitation, which comes in many
forms. The detrimental effects of precipitation vary according to the physical
properties of its form, as well as its wavelength relationship to that of the particular
frequency involved.
As explained earlier, wavelength is directly related to frequency, and one can
determine the approximate wavelength of a frequency in free space. To determine
the wavelength in inches, we simply divide 11811 by the frequency in MHz, as shown
in the following calculations:
11811/5800 = 2.036, with wavelength then being approximately 0.509 inches.
11811/23000 = 0.514, with wavelength then being approximately 0.128 inches
Antenna gain is directly related to frequency and the antenna signal-capture area.
The number of wavelengths in its signal-capture area determines gain of an antenna.
Therefore, antenna gain will go up in either of these two situationsif frequency goes
up (allowing more, shorter wavelengths) or if the size of signal-capture area goes up
(also allowing more wavelengths).
Although there are many types of antennas, most point-to-point microwave systems
utilize parabolic antennas in order to achieve the required gain and reduce interference.
The standard formula for computing parabolic antenna gain assumes 55%
illumination efficiency of the antennas capture area. The term illumination
efficiency refers to the percentage of power being radiated by the source at the
antennas focal point that illuminates the antenna reflector surface. This formula is
shown below.
A brief example will illustrates the antenna gain in further simpler form.
F = Frequency in GHz
D = Diameter in Feet
Creating RF line-of-sight for a microwave path requires more clearance over path
obstructions than is required to establish a visual line-of-sight. The extra
clearance is needed to establish an unobstructed propagation path boundary for the
transmitted signal, based on its wavelength. These boundaries are referred to as
Fresnel zones. which are concentric areas surrounding the direct path of the signal
beam between the two antennas.
To establish RF line-of-sight, it is necessary to clear 60% of the 1st Fresnel zone
boundary, from the signal beam centerline outwards, across the entire signal path.
Failure to do so will result in additional signal loss caused by diffraction; the amount
of loss will depend on the degree of Fresnel zone encroachment.Although we are
primarily concerned with clearing 60% of the 1
Fresnel zone radius to avoid signal diffraction loss, it is important to realize that
Fresnel zones are infinite in number. Each succeeding Fresnel zone has an exact
wavelength relationship to the previous one, and the distance separating each Fresnel
zone diminishes as the Fresnel zone number increases.
Where:
In the following example, however, the red and blue signals have a 180-degree phase
(or opposing) relationship with one another. This relationship frequently occurs in
the case of a multi-path reflected signal, causing the signals to cancel each other.
The degree of signal cancellation depends on the degree of phase opposition and the
relative amplitude of the two signals.
Figure . (6)
Obviously, these illustrations present extreme cases, but the results always follow the
same principle. Just as in-phase vectors add, opposing ones subtract.
Multi-path reflections occur when the reflection point for a given path has a reflective
surface that can be seen by both antennas. Multi-path reflected signals frequently
cause problems in wireless systems that have been implemented without proper path
engineering. When people dont understand path engineering, they often believe
that providing a line-of-sight path between the two antennas is the only requirement.
To avoid path obstructions, they simply install the antennas as high as possible,
hoping to overcome any obstacles, while avoiding the cost of system engineering.
Sometimes this approach works, but far more frequently, it produces systems with
unpredictable multi-path outages and susceptibility to interference from other systems
in the area.
The path survey report is a very important part of the microwave system engineering,
and is prepared by the field engineer who carefully verifies and documents antenna
coordinates, path obstacles, terrain topology, and surface characteristics. The
resulting report provides crucial information that is required by the system engineer in
order to perform reflection, link, and reliability analysis of the system design.
The following sketch depicts what occurs to a signal during the reflection process, as
the reflected signal becomes inverted. This results in a reflected signal that is 180
degrees out of phase with respect to any direct path signal that has not been reflected.
Figure . (7)
3.11 Atmospheric Refraction
Earth is a living source of the gases, vapors, and water molecules that make up our
atmosphere, which decreases as it dissipates outward from the earths surface.
Atmospheric content and density varies significantly with local geophysical
characteristics and time of day and season. The only thing one can say for sure is that
the atmosphere changes dynamically and is never constant. Keep this principle in
mind, as we discuss the effects of atmospheric refraction, which significantly affects
radio signal propagation.
These differences in propagation velocity result in refraction of a signal
propagated through the atmosphere, as shown in the following example.
Figure . (8)
A K factor greater than 1 describes a condition where the refracted signal path
deviates from a straight line, and it arcs in the same direction as the earth curvature.
3.12 Physical Earth Bulge
Line-of-sight radio system engineering must deal with the effects of earth curvature,
or Earth Bulge. This term can reflect two different forms, so usage must be specific.
The first form, physical earth bulge,refers only to the effects of physical earth
curvature. The second, effective earth bulge, includes both the effects of physical
earth curvature and the effects of atmospheric refraction.
Earth bulge describes the effect of physical earth curvature along a direct path
between two points on the earths surface. The earth surface appears to bulge
upwards in the path, with the peak of the bulge occurring at mid-path.
In path profiling design you will see the addition of earth curvature to adjust the
antenna heights,the effects of physical earth bulge must be added to the terrain
topology profile. The amount of physical earth bulge along a path can be
calculated from the following formula:
The data
3.13 Effective Earth Bulge
Effective earth bulge represents the effects of atmospheric refraction, or K,
combined with physical earth bulge. Any discussion of effective earth bulge must
begin with an understanding of the following rules. Otherwise, it is easy to become
confused about K factors and earth bulge.
1. K factor represents the amount and type of atmospheric signal refraction.
2. A K factor of 1 represents the absence of any refraction effects and results in an
effective
earth bulge profile that is identical to the physical earth bulge profile.
3. A K factor value other than 1 results in an effective earth bulge profile that
differs from
the physical earth bulge profile by an amount equal to the atmospheric refraction
effects.
Microwave signals propagated through normal atmospheric conditions do not travel in
a straight-line. Instead, they normally propagate in an arc with a radius
approximately 1.33 (4/3) times that of true earth radius. Therefore, we refer to this
condition as K=4/3, or normal earth. This refers to the amount of earth bulge
that would normally result under these standard atmospheric conditions. Because
the signal arc of a propagated signal path through normal atmosphere follows earth
curvature, to a degree, this curvature effectively reduces the amount of earth
bulgemaking it less than it is, when considered in strictly physical terms. When
the effects of atmospheric refraction are combined with physical earth bulge, a
modified profile is produced, known as effective earth bulge. Keep the following
four rules in mind, since they are true under all conditions.
When K=1, there is no refractive effect, and the signal path is a straight line.
Under
1.these conditions effective earth bulge will be equal to physical (or true) earth
bulge.
2. When K is less than 1, the refractive signal path arc is inverted (opposite)
relative to physical earth curvature, and effective earth bulge will be greater than
physical earth bulge.
3. When K equals a number greater than 1, the refractive signal path is an arc in
the same direction as earth curvature, but may vary significantly from earth curvature,
thereby reducing effective earth bulge to something less than physical earth
bulge.
4. When K = infinity, the refractive signal path arc follows earth curvature exactly,
totally canceling any earth bulge effect, making the earth appear flat. Since the
propagated signal arc follows earth curvature exactly regardless of path length, it can
be stated that the relationship between the two arcs remains constant for infinity.
5. When K = Negative, the refractive signal path is an arc that exceeds physical
earth curvature (beyond K = infinity), and effectively reverses the curvature of the
earth with respect to the signal path, making its surface appear like a bowl.
The following formula can be used to compute effective earth bulge, in feet, at any
data point
in a path. It includes the effects of the applicable K factor:
Improving the Microwave System
Hardware Redundancy
Diversity Improvement
1. Space Diversity
2. Angle Diversity
3. Frequency Diversity
4. Crossband Diversity
5. Route Diversity
6. Hybrid Diversity
7. Media Diversity
The engineering of this system has to be tackled in a holistic way from site selection
through to the detailed design of a hop.The performance standard set has a
dramatic impact on sytem design.An attempt has been influence on the overall design
simply to summarise the major issues involved in achieving a cost
effective high quality digital radiovsystem suitable for a strategic utility environments.
The initial phase of the system design involves a map study in order to detennine the
most likely connection DTM points of new sites into the network. The
(Digital Terrain Model) -A national database of pixel co-ordinates and
corresponding average pixel - is used in conjunction with some analysis altitudes
software in order to quickly ascertain whether the sites have line-of-sight
clearence for the given line with in that terrain range.
The whole process is iterative and may go through many redesign phases before the
required quality and availability are achieved
Figure . (9)
Section A:
To design and generate the path profile , I will follow the procedure of Fully
Linear Method the steps needed:
For the SITE A the transmitter is nominally plan as per aquisition survey to be at
errected at Khiyanban e Iqbal , Pirwadhai Rawalpindi Pakistan with the following
coordinates:
Latitude: 33.635711
Longitude: 73.039213
Azmith angle: 83
Altitude Sea Level (A.S.L): 508m
Picture
Figure . (10)
For the SITE B the reciever is nominally plan as per aquisition survey to be at
errected at Thanda Pani Islamabad ,Pakistan with the following coordinates: in
figure (11).
with the following coordinates:
Latitude: 33.654242
Longitude: 73.220929
Azmith angle:263
Altitude Sea Level (A.S.L): 523 m
Figure . (11)
Figure . (12)
1- site cordinates
2- Azmith angle
3- LOS conduction
Site cordinates
Site cordinates we can easily get by the map where our requirement is to deployed the
microwave link and it helps the team to reach that location by GPS
Azmith angle
In microwave link desgin as they are point ot point link so after planning the nominal
when it is to be surveid we are supposed to know the azimith angle to see the
obstacles physically on location fot that case I used software just by putting the values
of cordinates of both sides and elevation we can get the one azmith angle if angle is
less then 180 degree the other side member is supposed to see to first site with adding
angle achieved with addictional 180 deg so they can see each other or can have
several test to conducted to verfy LOS clearecne
Site A -B = 83 degree
Line of sght can be conducted by several mean based on site situation wether its new
site already established site.
1- Baloon test
2-Mirror test
3-terrain map software
4-physically moving along the path using GPS
After doing survey based on physically need to take the snaps as avidence to generate
report or on digital terrain map need to identify obstacles.
3. Obstacles Identification
The table below provides the data about obstacles along the path that should be taken into account
in the design process.
Distance/Site A,
S/No Altitude (m) On Ground (m) Nature
Khayaban-e-Iqbal (Km)
1 500 514 5 Town
2 570 509 3 Vegetation
3 800 500 0 Catarian Canal
4 1200 510 0 Catarian Canal
5 1.44 512 6 Town
6 2.31 517 5 Residence sector
7 3.1 524 12 Khana Plaza
8 5.18 517 5 Houses
9 6.18 485 0 Bharma canals
10 11 505 0 Open Land
11 13.5 535 5 Houses
12 14.100 538 4 Modern village
13 16.200 534 5 Modern village
Table . (1)
Table (1) shows the necessary data of obstacle along the path of path with different elevations
and distance from sita A and site B with their heights to make clearance margin in link.
The atmospheric refractivity for the worst month of atmosphere in Pakistan was obtained from
ITU-R.P.435.Then the surface refractivity is calculated using this formula:
With Next we use the empirical formula from technical note NBS-101[National Bureau of
Standards, 1966] which connects / to the surface refractivity :
K = 2/3 =0.667
5. Clearance Criteria
Recommendation ITU-R P.530 recommends using the following clearance criteria for climetic
region as Pakistan .The first Fresnel zone RF1 for the highest obstacle is obtained by:
The value of speed of light and frequency is given we can get lemmenda easily
C=3 x 108
F=14 GHz
Lemmeda = = C = 0.0214
f
Figure(13.1)
The radius of freznel zone can be computed once we get the values of lemmenda and d
RF1 = 7.174
Half power beam width gain an far field effective area for for frequency 14GHz and 1.2 m antenna
is given by following methametical model and simulator
6. Path terrain from Site A to Site B particularly focusing on dominant obsticle throghout
the hope designated by A,B,C,D and E
Figure . (13)
Figure . (14)
Figure (14)show the overview of link in geo context software.
D1[km] D2[km]
Obstacles 0.6 x Rf1 Earth Curvature Total Height
Figure . (15)
Figure (15) shows the obtacle B in google earth map along with the elevation profile which
provides a very obvious vision to terreain profile of the link to point out the obsticle to verify the
clearance margin.
Figure . (16)
Figure (16) shows the obtacle C in google earth map along with the elevation profile which
provides a very clear sight to terreain data which uses the STRM digital maps of the link to point
out the obsticle to identify and verify the clearence.
Figure . (17)
Figure (17 ) shows the obtacle D in google earth map along with the elevation profile which at 538
m elevation including the obsticle in modern village area provides a very obvious vision to
terreain profile of the link to point out the obsticle to verify the clearance margin.
Figure (17 a)
Figure . (17)
Figure (17) shows the obtacle E in front of side B wth elevation of 523 m in google earth map
along with the elevation profile which enhaces the visibility by the assistacne of software a very
clear analysis of terrain to achieve the clearance .
The transmitter and receive antenna heights are computed by plotting the clearance margin and
earth curvature values from Table 2 for each critical point shown in figure (13) to achieve the final
elvation at antenna heights by considering two cases to investigate about reflection region .
The first Fresnel zone is derived from the transmit Site A situated at Rawalpindi,Pakistan with an
elevation of 508 m and the most prominent obstacle D with a total height of 8.084 m sum of
clearances summation with 542 m(elevation) to produce the 550.084 m. Yielding the following
Fresnel zone:
From this figure(19) the height of the transmit antenna is 543 m (the reading from figure 18) -
508m (Site A elevation) = 35m and the height of receive antenna is 573m (the reading from figure
18) 523m (Site B elevation) = 50 m. However, the second Fresnel zone obtained from site B
located at Thanda Pani , Islamabad Pakistanis as follow:
From this figure . (19) the height of the transmitter antenna is 593 m with 508m (Site A elevation)
= 85m and the height of receive antenna is 568m (the reading from figure 19) 523m (Site B
elevation) = 45m.
The complexity in this section is to choose the path profile design among both model these
two fisilibilities aforementioned. However, one of the solution among both will lead us to to select
the minimal refelctionn zonal link to be established as reflection is a major root cause of multipath
fading.
In path profile, I have defined the transmitter tower heights as hA for Site A and hB for the
receiver site B, and coomputing the ratio hA /hB , to take the corressponding values X axis .Figure
(20) On the y-axis two values of n are taken, the first for K= infinity and the second for K=grazing.
n1*D and n2*D from the shorter tower.
Case 1
For this case the ha antenna height is 35m and for the hB antenna height is 50m.By the given
formula the ration is computed to get the reflection area range.
hA = 35 = 0.7 Thus from figure (20) n1 , n2 and D1 , D2 are given below
hB 50
This range from D1 to D2 and figure illustrates the range of reflection from Site A to Site B.
Reflection Zone
Figure . (21) Reflection zone from site A to B
Case 2
For this case the antenna height hB is 35m and for the hA antenna height is 50m.By the given
formula the ration is computed to get the reflection area range.
Case 2 = hA = 0.52
hB
n1*D = 0.34 x 17km D1= 5.78 km
n2*D = 0.42 x 17 km D2= 7.14
Reflection Zone
Ground reflections are the root cause of multipath fading. These reflections can be reduced or
rectified by adjustment of tower heights, effectively moving the reflection point
from an area along the path of greater reflectivity (such as a body of water) to one of lesser
reflectivity (such as an area of heavy forest) [1]. Consequently in my case I will choose the
case 1 with a reflection zone being in the Modern village area and a small reflection area
compared to case 2 with a large reflection zone in an open area. The average altitude of the zone
of reflection being 73 m and the altitude of the antennas known at the two ends, we can calculate
the spacing of the interference fringes using relation with the following values:
Space Diversity
In the case of space diversity, which is carried out in the vertical plane in line-of-sight links, the
spacing between the main and diversity antennas will thus have to be such that when on is located
in a zone of minimal field, the other is in a zone of maximum field; this condition is obtained
when the spacing between the antennas at station B, is equal to an odd multiple of the half
half-interference fringe
Case 1
F = GHz
D = path length in miles
Ht = height of antenna in in feets
= Diversity spacing at h2 end
Ht=h1 x d12 /2
H1= antenna height- reflection zone =543-485=58m
H1 in feets = 190.24
Antenna to reflection zone distance d1= 6.939
Now d1 in feets = 4.336 in miles
So ht = 190.24 x 4.3362/2 = 1789 feets
Case 2
= 1.3 x 103 x D
F x ht
= 0.5514
The above formention formulas gives the relation of spacing between antennas in order to ger the
optimize space diversity
station B antennas should be appart with 0.5514 as it obtained least among both cases so we
considered this as our solution to reflection as opmized link considring to derived spacing for
antennas as our site B area is open area is to overcome this issue we will deployed this technique
to prevent losses.
Figure ( 23)
Section 2
Using information from part 1, design a microwave link from site A to B such specification
LINK BUDGET:
The link budget is the summation of all gains and losses in the radio communication link [4].
The link margin can be computed by adding the transmit power in dBm(or dBw) with all of the
relevant link gains and losses in dB and then subtracting the required received signal level in
dBm(or dBw). The robustness of the link is then determined by the link margin. Links with small
margins are not likely to be very robust unless all of the gains and losses are very well understood
and modeled [5]. Some of the losses in a link budget are based on availability requirements, and
therefore the actual losses are not always exit . Availability requirements can drive some of the
fade margins that are included in the link budget. Therefore, losses that are frequently present
along the path such as the attenuation due to rain or other precipitation should be accounted in
order to ensure that the link is in fact available the required percentage of time. It is important that
the required fade margin be preserved if the true desired availability is going to be maintained.
The Effective Isotropic Radiated Power is the transmit power plus the antenna gain, subtracted
rest of loses like waveguide and/or radome losses.
The free space loss model is shown below and can compute the value of FSL by the parameter of
frequency and distance
Figure .(24)
Figure .(25)
2.3- Rain Attenuation
The link availability is 99.999%; the unavailability is then 0.001%. The rain fade exceeded 0.01%
must be calculated as reference using the ITU-R Rec. PN.530 model. Following steps needs to
consider to atain the rain attenuation parameter.
Step 2: The value for the rain rate R(in mm/h) can be obtain using the Rec. ITU-R P.837-4,
which gives the rain rate. since the link is to be implemented in Pakistan therefore
it should be the same region which is K.
R = 20 mm/h
Step 3: the specific attenuation that gives the excess attenuation per kilometer is calculated as
follow:
1.0646
= 0.04126 (20 )
Step 4: Computing the effective path length Deff . This is achieved by multiplying the actual path
length (in km) by a reduction factor r.
A first estimate to calculate r is given as
Now by subtututing the values of do in r eqation can obtained the reduction parameter value.
r = 0.60
To obtained the effective path length the hope length should be multiplied with the reduction
factor and path length = 17 km
deff = d x r = 17 x 0.60
deff = 10.26
Step 5: Calculate the total path attenuation exceeded 0.01% of the time
A0.01 = 10.270 dB
Step 6: Attenuation exceeded for other percentages of time can calculated using the following
power law:
2.4-Atmospheric Absorption
The specific attenuations due to oxygen and water vapor can be obtained from the ITU-R
Recommendation P.676 at a given frequency. For our case with f=14 GHz,
2.5-Receiver Gain
The receiver gain is equal to the antenna gain less any radome loss, cable
or waveguide loss (receiver loss), polarization loss, and pointing loss.[6]
GR [dB] = GRX [dB] - LRadome [dB] - Lwg [dB] - Lpol [dB] - Lpt [dB]
GR [dB] = 42.32 -2-2 -0.2-1 =
In order to get unfaded RSL signal the reciever antenna gain and path loss will be subtracted
from the effective istropic radiated power.
Radio System Design for Telecommunication, Third Edition Roger L. Freeman, p48.
Planning a Microwave Radio Link , By Michael F. Young President and CTO ,YDI Wireless
ITU-R recommendations
www.googleearth.com
For elevation and obstacles identifcation
www.Geocontext.com
To make path profile as per our planned sites
www.rankstel.com
www.isitwireless.com
www.n9zia.ampr.org/distance.main.cgi
www.n9zia.ampr.org/tilt.cgi