PHYS 335 - Notes

Table of Contents
Crystal Structure .......................................................................................................................................... 2
Point Group Symmetry Operations .......................................................................................................... 4
Bravais Lattices (2D) .................................................................................................................................. 4
Bravais Lattices (3D) .................................................................................................................................. 5
Index System for Crystal Planes ................................................................................................................. 7
Crystal Lattice Classes ................................................................................................................................ 8
Wave Diffraction and the Reciprocal Lattice ............................................................................................. 12
Braggs Law ............................................................................................................................................. 12
Fourier Transform .................................................................................................................................. 13
Reciprocal of Lattice ................................................................................................................................ 14
Proof = 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 16
Miller Indices .......................................................................................................................................... 16
X-Ray Diffraction: Quantum Experiment ............................................................................................... 17
Ewald Construction ................................................................................................................................. 19
Brillouin Zone .......................................................................................................................................... 21
Structure Factor ...................................................................................................................................... 23
Crystal Binding and Elastic Constants ........................................................................................................ 25
Holds a Crystal Together ......................................................................................................................... 25
Pauli Principle .......................................................................................................................................... 27
Lennard-Jones Potential ......................................................................................................................... 27
Madelung ................................................................................................................................................ 29
Bonds....................................................................................................................................................... 30
Crystal Vibrations ....................................................................................................................................... 32
Toy Model ............................................................................................................................................... 32
Quantization ........................................................................................................................................... 36
Ladder Operators .................................................................................................................................... 38
Phonons .................................................................................................................................................. 40
Heat Capacity .......................................................................................................................................... 41
Periodic Boundary Conditions................................................................................................................. 42
Debye Approximation ............................................................................................................................. 43
Electronic Properties of Solids ................................................................................................................... 48
Parameters ............................................................................................................................................. 48
Toy Model (Free Non-Interacting Electrons) .......................................................................................... 49
Fermi Wave Vector, Momentum and Energy ......................................................................................... 51
Heat Capacity of Free Electrons .............................................................................................................. 53
Effective Mass ......................................................................................................................................... 56
Electric Conductivity of Metals .................................................................................................................. 57
Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity .................................................................................................... 58
Source of Friction .................................................................................................................................... 58
Motion of Electrons in Magnetic Field .................................................................................................... 59
Hall Effect ................................................................................................................................................ 61
Electrons in Periodic Potential ................................................................................................................ 61
Weak Periodic Potential .......................................................................................................................... 64
Looking at One Band ............................................................................................................................... 67
Tight-Binding Method ............................................................................................................................. 68
Dynamics of Band Electrons .................................................................................................................... 70
Equations of Motion for Bond Electrons................................................................................................. 71
Limit of a Highly-Filled Band ................................................................................................................... 72
Almost Filled Band .................................................................................................................................. 73
Semi-Classical Transport Theory ............................................................................................................. 73
Relaxation Time Approximation ............................................................................................................. 74
Lightly Filled Band ................................................................................................................................... 76
Shifted Fermi Surfaces ............................................................................................................................ 77
Crystal with Cubic Symmetry .................................................................................................................. 78
Semi-Conductors ..................................................................................................................................... 79
Law of Mass Action ................................................................................................................................. 81
Donor Doping .......................................................................................................................................... 82
N-Type and P-Type Semiconductor......................................................................................................... 84
Semi-Conductor Devices ......................................................................................................................... 85
Poisson Equation ..................................................................................................................................... 85
Band Diagram for Homogeneous Doped Semi-Conductors ................................................................... 86
Light-Emitting Diode ............................................................................................................................... 88
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