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MIT6 007S11 Lec49 PDF
MIT6 007S11 Lec49 PDF
Outline
Generating EM Fields
Time-Varying Wavefunctions
Superposition of Energy States
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Maxwell and Schrdinger
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P-N Junctions and LEDs
p-type n-type
LED
Power Source
Resistor
Not
Shown
High energy electrons (n-type) fall into low energy holes (p-type)
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P-N Junctions and LEDs
Red
Light Yellow
Emitted Light
Emitted
Small Gap
ENERGY
Large Gap
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P-N Junctions and LEDs
5
Coupling of Electric and Magnetic Fields
Maxwells Equations couple H and E fields..
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Time-Dependent Schrodinger Equation
states of definite
energy
Schrodinger says that definite energy states do not move, they are stationary !
2 2
|(x, t)| = |(x)|
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Example: Superposition of Energy States
It is possible that a particle can be in a superposition of eigenstates with
different energies.
0 L x 0 L x
particle localized on left side of well particle localized on right side of well
E2 E1
The frequency of oscillation between these two extremes is =
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Numerical Example
Consider the numerical example: |(x, t = 0)|2
V= V=
An electron in the infinite square well potential
is initially (at t=0) confined to the left side of
the well, and is described by the following
wavefunction:
0 L x
2 2 |(x, t0 )|2
(x, t = 0) = A sin x + sin x
L L L V= V=
If the well width is L = 0.5 nm, determine the
time to it takes for the particle to move to the
right side of the well.
n = 2L/n 0 L x
2 2
h 1.505eV nm 2
En = = E n = E1 n period T = 1/f = 2t0
2me 2n 2n
with f = (E2-E1)/h
1.505 eV nm2 1.505 eV nm2
E1 = = = 1.505 eV
4L2 4(0.5 nm)2
2. If we measure the energy of the particle: What is the expected (average) energy?
(x)
1 (x) = A1 sin x V= V=
L 1
2
2 (x) = A2 sin x
L 0 L x
2
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Energy of Superposition States
The important new result concerning superpositions of energy eigenstates is that
these superpositions represent quantum particles that are moving. Consider:
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Beautiful Consistency
V (r)
2p
E
1s
photon
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Solar Cells and Photodetectors
V (r)
P1
2p
E
1s
Emission
photon
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(junction of two differently doped pieces of the same semiconductors)
IT IS ENERGETICALLY
FAVORABLE FOR
electron ELECTRONS TO GO TO THE
CONDUCTION MATERIAL ON THE RIGHT
BAND
VALENCE IT IS ENERGETICALLY
METAL METAL
BAND FAVORABLE FOR HOLES TO
CONTACT STAY IN THE MATERIAL ON
CONTACT
hole
THE LEFT
Resistor
A
Animated
Photogeneration
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