Chng 2

Chng 2 CC C CU CH TH

2.1.Phng trnh cn bng mmen phn ng c cu c in

2.1.1 Khi nim chung
2.1.2 Cc mmen tc ng ln phn ng c cu
2.1.3. Phng trnh cn bng mmen phn ng c cu
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in
2.2.1 C cu t in
2.2.2 C cu in t
2.2.3. C cu in ng
2.2.4 C cu cm ng
2.3 Ch th s
2.3.1 Khi nim
2.3.2 Cc loi ch th s
2.3.3 M v cc mch bin i m

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 2
2.1.Phng trnh cn bng mmen phn ng c cu c in

2.1.1 Khi nim chung

C cu ch th l dng c o m s ch ca n l i lng t l vi i
lng o lin tc. Ch th c in l c cu ch th c tn hiu vo l
dng in v tn hiu ra l gc quay ca kim ch th. i lng cn o
s trc tip bin i thnh gc quay ca kim ch th, tc l thc hin
vic chuyn i nng lng in t thnh nng lng c hc lm quay
kim ch th i mt gc : = f(x), x l i lng vo.
C cu ch th c in bao gm c hai phn l phn tnh v phn quay.
Tu theo phng php bin i nng lng in t ngi ta chia thnh
c cu ch th kiu t in, in t, in ng, cm ng v tnh in.
Cc c cu ch th ny thng dng trong cc dng c o cc
i lng: dng in,in p, cng sut, tn s, gc pha,
in tr ca mch in mt chiu v xoay chiu tn s
cng nghip.
8/24/2009 Thnh DC 3
2.1.Phng trnh cn bng mmen phn ng c cu c in

Cc chi tit c kh chung ca ch th c in

a.Trc v tr
L b phn quan trng trong cc chi tit c kh ca cc c cu ch th
c in. m bo cho phn ng quay trn trc c gn cc chi tit
ca phn ng nh kim ch th, l xo phn, khung dy.
b. B phn phn khng
- L xo phn khng hoc dy
cng v dy treo: to ra mmen
cn (c mmen cn ring D) v
dn dng in vo khung dy.
Dy cng v dy treo c s
dng khi cn gim mmen cn
tng nhy ca c cu ch L xo phn khng Dy cng Dy treo
th Hnh 2.1a Mt s c cu phn khng

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 4
8/24/2009 Thnh DC 5
2.1.Phng trnh cn bng mmen phn ng c cu c in

c. Kim ch th gc quay
Kim ch th gc quay c gn vi trc quay. di chuyn
ca kim trn thang chia t l vi gc quay . Ngoi ra c th
ch th gc quay bng nh sng.
d. Thang chia

Gng
Hnh 2.1b Thang chia
Thang chia l mt khc thang o, xc nh gi tr o

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 6
2.1.Phng trnh cn bng mmen phn ng c cu c in

e.B phn cn du
rt ngn qu trnh dao ng ca phn ng, xc lp v tr nhanh
chng trong c cu ch th. Thng thng s dng hai loi cn du
l cn du kiu khng kh va cn du kiu cm ng

a) C cu cn du kiu khng kh b) C cu cn du kiu cm ng

Hnh 2.2 Mt s c cu cn du thng gp

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 7
2.1.Phng trnh cn bng mmen phn ng c cu c in

2.1.2. Cc mmen tc ng ln phn ng c cu

a. M men quay
Khi c dng in chy trong c cu ch th, th trong n s tch lu mt
nng lng in t, nng lng ny c bin thnh c nng lm quay
phn ng i mt gc no , c ngha l thc hin mt cng c hc:
dA = Mqd
Trong : dA: lng vi phn ca cng c hc
Mq: m men quay
d: lng vi phn ca gc quay
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng
dWe = dA, dWe lng vi phn ca nng lng in t
dWe
Vy: Mq =
d
8/24/2009 Thnh DC 8
2.1.Phng trnh cn bng mmen phn ng c cu c in

b. Mmen phn
Di tc dng ca m men quay, nu khng c g cn li th phn
ng ca c cu s quay i mt gc ln nht c th c c. V vy
ngi ta to ra cc m men cn t l vi gc quay nh cc b
phn phn khng l l xo xon, dy cng hoc dy treo.
Ta c: Mp = D ; D l h s ph thuc vo kch thc vt liu ch
to l xo, dy cng hoc dy treo.
Khi m men quay cn bng vi m men cn th phn ng ng yn
Mq = Mc = D
c. M men ma st
i vi cc dng c dng trc quay ta phi xt n nh hng ca lc
ma st gia trc v , m men ma st c tnh theo cng thc kinh
nghim
Mms = K. Gn ; K: h s t l, G: trng lng phn ng, n = (1.3 1.5)

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 9
2.1.Phng trnh cn bng mmen phn ng c cu c in

d. M men cn du
Khi trc quay dn n kim ch th quay theo cho ti v tr cn bng ri
mi dng li, do phn ng c qun tnh v l xo b ko nn kim s
dao ng ri mi ng yn cho nn phi c b phn n nh dao
ng kim hay b phn cn du.
M men cn du c ch to sao cho c tr s t l vi tc quay
ca phn ng:
d
M cd = p.
dt
p: h s t l ph thuc vo c im cu
to ca b phn cn du. T biu thc trn
cho ta thy khi phn ng v tr cn bng
th: d
=0 Hnh 2.3 S dao ng ca kim
dt
nh vy m men cn du khng lm nh hng n kt qu o.
8/24/2009 Thnh DC 10
2.1.Phng trnh cn bng mmen phn ng c cu c in

2.1.3 Phng trnh cn bng phn ng ca c cu o

Theo nh lut c hc i vi mt chuyn ng quay. o hm bc
nht ca mmen ng lng theo thi gian bng tng cc m men
quay tc ng ln vt quay y
d d d 2
J = Mi J 2 = Mi
dt dt dt
J : m men qun tnh phn ng
Mi : Tng cc m men tc ng ln phn ng ca c cu bao gm:
dWdt d
Mq = ; M ms = K .G ; M cd = p
n
; M p = D
d dt

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 11
 Thay vo phng trnh ta c:
d 2
J 2
= M q M p M ms M cd
dt
d 2 d
J p + M p + M ms = M q
dt 2 dt
Phng trnh ny chnh l phng trnh M

m men chuyn ng ca c cu. Gii Mq1

M
phng trnh ny ta tm c (t). Tu Mq2
theo quan h gia J, P, D m c cu dao
ng hay khng dao ng v quyt nh
n tnh n nh v thi gian o ca c c1 c1
0
cu.

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 12
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

2.2.1 C cu o t in
2.2.1.1 Loi c mt khung dy ng

Nam
chm
vnh cu
Kim ch th

Khung dy

L xo phn Cc t
khng Li st non

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 13
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

a. Cu to
Phn tnh:
nam chm vnh cu 1;
mch t v cc t 3
li st 6 hnh thnh mch t kn.
Gia cc t 3 v li st 6 c c
khe h khng kh u gi l khe
h lm vic, gia t khung
quay chuyn ng.

Phn ng:
khung dy quay 5 c qun
bng dy ng. Khung dy c
gn vo trc quay (hoc dy
cng, dy treo). Trn trc quay
c hai l xo cn 7mc ngc
nhau, kim ch th 2 v thang o
8.

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 14
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

b. Nguyn l lm vic
- Khi ta cho dng in 1 chiu I chy vo khung dy, di tc dng
ca t trng nam chm vnh cu trong khe h khng kh, cc cnh
ca khung dy s chu tc dng 1 lc: F = BlWI
Trong : B: Tr s cm ng t trong khe h khng kh; l: chiu di
tc dng ca khung dy; W: l s vng dy; I: tr s dng in.
- Ta thy 2 cnh ca khung dy cng chu tc dng ca lc F nhng
ngc chiu nhau nn s to ra mmen quay:
d F
M q = 2 F = B.l.d .W .I = B.S .W .I
2
Trong : d: Kch thc ngang ca khung dy.
S = dl l thit din b mt khung dy.

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 15
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

Mmen phn ca l xo: MP = D.

Vy phn ng s cn bng khi:
B.S .W
Mq = MP B.S .W . I = D = I = S I .I
D
Trong
B.S .W
SI = = const
D
SI : gi l nhy ca c cu theo dng in.
Ta thy t l bc nht vi I.

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 16
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

c. c im v ng dng
- u im:
+ Dng c c nhy cao v khng i trong ton thang o
+ chnh xc cao, t chu nh hng ca t trng ngoi, tiu th
nng lng t.
+ V t l bc nht vi I nn thang chia ca c cu u
-Kh nng qu ti km v phn ng c dy tit din nh, ch to phc
tp.
- Nhc im:
+ Ch to kh khn, gi thnh t.
+ Do khung dy phn ng nn phi qun bng dy c kch thc
nh nn kh nng qu ti km
+ Ch o c dng 1 chiu.

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 17
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

Tht vy, khi ta cho dng xoay chiu i = Imsint vo khung dy, ta
c mmen quay tc thi theo thi gian: mq(t) = B.S.W.i
T T
1 1
M qTB = mq (t )dt = B.S .W .I m sin tdt = 0
T0 T0

Vy mun o cc i lng xoay chiu ta phi kt hp vi b chnh lu.

+ ng dng: dng ch to A, V, Om mt, in k c nhy cao. Dng
lm c cu ch khng trong cc ng h vn nng, trong cc cu o
vv..vv

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 18
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

2.2.1.2 Loi c hai khung dy ng (Lgmt t in)

a. Cu to
- Phn tnh ging nh c cu mt
khung dy nhng khe h khng
kh gia cc t v li st non l
khng u nhau.
- Phn ng ta t hai cun dy Khung dy 1
cho nhau 600, gn cng trn trc
quay v ln lt cho dng in I1
v I2 chy qua sao cho chng I1 Khung dy 2
I2
sinh ra hai m men quay ngc
Hnh 2.5 Lgmt t in
chiu nhau. Phn ng khng c
l xo phn
8/24/2009 Thnh DC 19
 2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

b. Nguyn l lm vic
Khi ta cho cc dng 1 chiu I1, I2 chy vo cc cun dy ng, di
tc dng ca t trng nam chm vnh cu s to ra cc mmen
quay M1, M2 vi:
M1 = B1.S1.W1.I1
M1 = B2.S2.W2.I2
V khe h khng kh l khng u nn cm ng t B ph thuc v tr
ca khung dy ng.
B1 = f1 () M1 = f1 ().S1.W1.I1 f1 ( ).S1 .W1 I 2
B2 = f2 () M2 = f2 ().S2.W2.I2 =
f 2 ( ).S 2 .W2 I1
Phn ng s cn bng khi M1 = M2
I2
Ta c : f1 ().S1.W1.I1 = f2 ().S2.W2.I2 = f
I1
8/24/2009 Thnh DC 20
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

c. c im - ng dng
Tng t nh c cu 1 khung dy trn nhng c chnh xc cao
hn, cng sut tn tht thp, nhy rt cao, t b nh hng ca t
trng ngoi. Gc lch t l vi t s hai dng in i qua cc
khung dy, iu ny thun li khi o cc i lng vt l th ng
phi cho thm ngun ngoi. Nu ngun cung cp thay i nhng t
s hai dng in vn c gi nguyn do vy m trnh c sai s.
c dng ch to cc m mt, m gm mt.

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 21
 2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

2.2.2 C cu o in t
L thp di ng
Khung dy
Kim ch
Trc quay
Kim ch th

C cu
cn du

L xo phn I
khng

a) C cu in t loi ht b) C cu in t loi y

Hnh 2.6 C cu ch th in t

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 22
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

a) Cu to chung:
Phn tnh: l cun
dy 1 bn trong c
khe h khng kh
(khe h lm vic).
-

Phn ng: l li thp 2 c gn

ln trc quay 5, li thp c th
quay t do trong khe lm vic ca
cun dy. Trn trc quay c gn:
b phn cn du khng kh 4, kim
ch 6, i trng 7.
Ngoi ra cn c l xo cn 3, bng
khc 8.
8/24/2009 Thnh DC 23
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

a. Cu to
C cu gm hai loi chnh. Kiu cun dy dt (c cu ch th in t
loi ht) v kiu cun dy trn (c cu ch th in t loi y). C cu
cun dy dt c phn tnh l cun dy dt cho dng in cn o i
qua, cn phn ng l 1 l thp t lch tm c th quay trong khe h
cun dy tnh. Kiu cun dy trn c phn tnh l cun dy trn bn
trong gn mt l thp. Phn ng cng l 1 l thp gn trn trc.
Ngoi ra cn c b phn cn du, l xo phn, kim ch th.

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 24
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

b. Nguyn l lm vic
Khi c dng in chy vo cun dy tnh, trong lng cun dy s c
mt t trng, t trng ny ht l thp vo trong lng cun dy tnh
trong trng hp cun dy dt, cn i vi cun dy trn th t trng
s t ho hai l thp khi hai l thp c cng cc tnh nn y nhau.
C hai trng hp trn s lm cho phn ng quay i mt gc .

Khi cho dng in mt chiu chy vo cun dy, ta c:

dWe
Mq = vi We l nng lng in t trng tch lu cun dy
d
Do We =(LI2)/2 trong L ph thuc
Vy m men quay: 1 2 dL
Mq = I
2 d
8/24/2009 Thnh DC 25
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

Khi cho dng in xoay chiu vo cun dy

1 dL 2
Gi s i = Imax sin. Lc Mq theo t s l: M q ( t ) = I max sin 2 t
2 d

M men quay trung bnh:

T T
1 1 dL 1 2 1 dL 2
M qtb = M q (t )dt = I max sin (t )dt =
2
I
T 0 2 d T 0 2 d

Vi I l tr hiu dng ca dng hnh sin.

1 2 dL
Ti v tr cn bng Mq = Mc Mq = D = I
2 D d

Vy c cu ch th in t c th o c c dng mt chiu v dng

xoay chiu.

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 26
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

c. c im v ng dng
- u im:
+ C cun dy phn tnh nn c th qun bng dy kch thc ln
nn kh nng qu ti tt.
+ D ch to, gi thnh h.
+ C th o c c i lng 1 chiu v xoay chiu
- Nhc im:
+ Gc quay t l vi bnh phng ca dng in v thang o chia
khng u(hnh dng l thp c ch to sao cho dL/d gim theo
gc quay thang chia c th tng i u)
+ chnh xc thp do c tn hao trong li thp
- ng dng: thng c s dng ch to cc loi ampemt,
vnmt trong mch xoay chiu tn s cng nghip vi chnh
xc cp 12. t dng trong cc mch c tn s cao.

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 27
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

ng dng: o cc i lng nh
in tr, in cm, in dung
(trong mch xoay chiu), o tn s,
gc pha v cc i lng khng
in

Hnh 2.8. Cu to ca c
cu lgmt in t.

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 28
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

2.2.3 C cu o in ng

2.2.3.1 Loi c mt khung dy ng

a. Cu to
C cu gm hai cun dy. Cun
dy tnh c tit din ln, t vng cun dy tnh
dy v thng chia lm hai phn
on. Phn ng l mt khung
dy c nhiu vng dy v tit
din nh. Ngoi ra cn c kim
cun dy ng
ch th, b phn cn du, l xo
Hnh 2.7 C cu ch th in ng
phn.

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 29
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

b. Nguyn l lm vic
-Xt khi cho cc dng in mt chiu I1 v I2 vo cc cun dy
phn tnh v ng, trong lng cun dy tnh s tn ti mt t
trng. T trng ny s tc ng ln dng in chy trong cun
dy ng v to ra m men quay:
dWe
Mq =
d
Nng lng t trng tch lu trong lng cun dy l:
1 1
We = L1 I12 + L 2 I 22 + M12 I1 I 2
2 2
Trong L1, L2 l in cm ca cc cun dy v chng khng ph
thuc vo gc quay . M12 l h cm ca hai cun dy, M12 thay i
khi phn ng quay.
8/24/2009 Thnh DC 30
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

dWe dM 12
M men quay M q = = I1 I 2
d d
- Xt khi hai dng in a vo cc cun dy l dng in xoay
chiu th:
dM 12
M q (t ) = i1i2
d
gi s i1 = I1msint v i2 =I2msin(t-)
Do phn ng c qun tnh m khng kp thay i theo gi tr tc thi
cho nn thc t ly theo gi tr trung bnh trong mt chu k:
T T
1 1 dM 12 dM 12
M q = M q (t )dt = I1m I 2 m sin t sin(t ) dt = I1 I 2 cos
T o T 0 d d

Vi l gc lch pha gia hai dng in; I1, I2 l cc gi tr hiu

dng ca dng in ln lt chy trong cc cun dy tnh v ng.
8/24/2009 Thnh DC 31
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

Tm li, trong mi trng hp ta u c:

dM 12
Mq = I 1 I 2 cos = K .I 1 .I 2 . cos
d
dM 12
Khi Mq = Mp I 1 I 2 cos = D
d
1 dM 12
Vy = I 1 I 2 cos = K1 .I 1 .I 2 . cos
D d

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 32
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

c. c im v ng dng
- u im:
+ chnh xc cao v khng c tn hao trong li thp
+ C th o c c i lng mt chiu v xoay chiu
- Nhc im:
+ D chu nh hng ca t trng ngoi.
+ Kh nng qu ti km v khung dy phn ng kch thc nh.
+ Cu to phc tp, t tin
+ Thang chia khng u (tr khi ch to wattmet)
- ng dng:
+ Ch to cc ng h o dng, p xoay chiu c tn s cao hoc
yu cu chnh xc cao
+ Ch yu ch to ng h o cng sut tc dng v phn khng
8/24/2009 Thnh DC 33
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

2.2.3.2 Loi c hai khung dy ng (lgmt in ng)

a. Cu to
Phn tnh gm mt cun dy c chia
lm hai na. Trong lng cun dy tnh
c hai cun dy ng gn trn trc
quay cng vi kim ch th, khng c l
Cun dy tnh
xo phn Khung dy ng
i

C phn ng v phn tnh c

bc kn bng mn chn ngn
chn nh hng ca t trng i1 i2
ngoi
Hnh 2.8 Lgmt in ng

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 34
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

b. Nguyn l lm vic
Khi cho hai dng in xoay chiu i, i1, i2 ln lt chy vo cun dy tnh
v cc cun dy ng, trong lng cun dy tnh s c mt t trng. T
trng ny s tc ng ln dng in chy trong cc cun dy ng
sinh ra cc m men Mq1, Mq2.
dM 1
M q1 = I .I1 cos I , I1
d
dM 2
M q2 = I .I 2 cos I , I 2
d

Vi M1, M2 l h s h cm gia cun dy tnh v ln lt cc cun

dy ng.
Ngi ta b tr sao cho cc mmen ny ngc chiu nhau, vy khi
cn bng phn ng, ta c Mq1 = Mq2
8/24/2009 Thnh DC 35
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

dM 1 dM 2
I .I 1 cos I , I 1 = I .I 2 cos I , I 2
d d

dM 1

I 2 cos I , I 2
d =
dM 2
d I 1 cos I , I 1

I 2 cos 2
Gii phng trnh trn, ta c: = f
I1 cos 1
Vi I1, I2 l cc gi tr hiu dng ca cc dng in i1, i2; 1, 2 l gc
lch pha gia dng in i , i1 v i , i2
c. c im v ng dng
Ging nh c cu mt khung dy ng nhng ch yu ch to
ng h o cos 1 pha, 3 pha cho li in xoay chiu

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 36
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

2.2.3.3 C cu st in ng v lgmt st in ng
1. C cu st in ng
Gm cun dy tnh 1, mch t 3 nhm to ra t trng trong khe h
khng kh. Khung dy ng 2 c gn vi trc quay cng kim ch
th, l xo phn v b phn cn du.
Gc quay c tnh:
= K.I1I2cos(I1,I2)

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 37
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

2. Lgmt st in ng
Gm mch t c cu to sao cho to nn khe h khng kh khng u,
phn ng gm hai khung dy t cho nhau 600 v gn trn trc
quay cng vi kim ch th. Gc quay c tnh:

I 2 cos(I, I 2 )
= f i
I1 cos(I, I1 )

i1 i2

Hnh 2.10 Lgmt st in ng

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 38
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

u im: C th o dng mt chiu hoc xoay chiu. T trng qua

khung dy ln(mmen quay ln) nn t chu nh hng ca t trng
ngoi
Nhc im: chnh xc thp (do c sai s do hin tng t xoy,
t tr cali thp).
-Tn hao st t ln, chnh xc khng cao.
ng dng: c ng dng trong cc dng c o cn mmen quay
ln nh cc dng c t ghi,o dng, o p, cng sut v gc lch pha.
Thng khng dng trong mch mt chiu v sai s ln do hin
tng t d trong li thp.

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 39
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

2.2.4 C cu o cm ng

Hnh 2.11 C cu ch th cm ng

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 40
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

- Phn tnh: cc cun dy in 2,3 c cu to khi c dng in

chy trong cun dy s sinh ra t trng mc vng qua mch t v
qua phn ng, c t nht l 2 nam chm in.
- Phn ng: a kim loi 1 (thng bng nhm) gn vo trc 4
quay trn tr 5.

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 41
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

da trn s tc ng tng h gia t trng xoay chiu (c to

ra bi dng in trong phn tnh) v dng in xoy to ra trong
a ca phn ng, do c cu ny ch lm vic vi mch in
xoay chiu:
Khi dng in i1, i2 vo cc cun dy phn tnhsinh ra cc t
thng 1, 2 (cc t thng ny lch pha nhau gc bng gc lch
pha gia cc dng in tng ng), t thng 1, 2 ct a nhm 1
(phn ng)xut hin trong a nhm cc sc in ng tng
ng E1, E2 (lch pha vi 1, 2 gc /2) xut hin cc dng in
xoy Ix1, Ix2 (lch pha vi E1, E2 gc 1, 2).
Cc t thng 1, 2 tc ng tng h vi cc dng in ix1, ix2
sinh ra cc lc F1, F2 v cc mmen quay tng ng quay a
nhm (phn ng).

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 42
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

Ta xt cc mmen thnh phn nh sau:

M11 l mmen sinh ra do 1 tc ng ln ix1 1
2
M12 l mmen sinh ra do 1 tc ng ln ix2
M21 l mmen sinh ra do 2 tc ng ln ix1 I1
I2

M22 l mmen sinh ra do 2 tc ng ln ix2

Gi tr tc thi ca mmen quay M1t do s tc 1 Ix1

ng tng h gia 1 v dng tc thi ix1 l: E1
Ix2
M1t = C1ix1 C: l h s t l
E2
Gi s: 1 =1m sint, ix1 =Ix1m sin(t - ),
vi l gc lch pha gia 1 v ix1 Hnh 2.12 th vect

M1t = C1mIx1m sint sin(t - )

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 43
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

V phn ng c qun tnh cho nn ta c mmen l i lng trung

bnh trong mt chu k T.
T T
1 1
M = M 1t dt = C1m I x1m sin t sin(t )dt = C1 I x1cos
T 0 T 0
Ta xt ln lt cc mmen trn
M11 = C111Ix1 cos (1, Ix1) = C111Ix1 cos (/2) = 0
M12 = C121Ix2 cos (1, Ix2) = C121Ix2 cos (/2 + ) = -C121Ix2 sin
M21 = C212Ix1 cos (2, Ix1) = C212Ix1 cos (/2 - ) = C212Ix1sin
M22 = C222Ix2 cos (2, Ix2) = C222Ix2 cos (/2) = 0
Nh vy mmen quay s l tng cc mmen thnh phn:
Mq = M12 + M21
M12 v M21 c du ngc nhau do vy mmen tng s ko a nhm
v mt pha duy nht:
Mq = - M12 + M21 = C121Ix2 sin + C212Ix1sin
8/24/2009 Thnh DC 44
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

Nu dng in to ra 1 v 2 l hnh sin v a nhm l ng

nht(ch c in tr thun) th cc dng in xoy Ix1 v Ix2 s t l vi
tn s v t thng sinh ra n
Tc l: Ix1 = C3f1, Ix2 =C4f2
Do vy
Mq = C121 C4 f 2 sin + C212 C3f1 sin
= (C12C4 + C21C3) f12 sin
= C f12sin
Vi C = C12C4 + C21C3 l hng s ca c cu ch th cm ng

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 45
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

c. c im v ng dng
- iu kin c mmen quay l t nht phi c hai t trng.
- Mmen quay t gi tr cc i nu gc lch pha gia i1, i2
bng /2.
- Mmen quay ph thuc tn s ca dng in to ra cc t
trng.
- Ch lm vic trong mch xoay chiu.
-Nhc im: mmen quay ph thuc tn s nn cn phi n
nh tn s.
ng dng:
Dng ch to cc dng c o cng sut v cc ng h o m in
nng.
C cu ph thuc tn s, chnh xc thp v khi lm vic dng in
xoy trong a nhm gy tn hao cng sut.

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 46
2.2. Phng trnh chuyn i ca cc c cu ch th c in

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 47
2.3 Ch th s

2.3.1 Khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca c cu ch th s

C cu ch th s ng dng cc k thut in t v k thut my tnh
bin i v ch th i lng o. S khi ca mt dng c o
hin th s nh sau:

Hnh 2.13 S khi ca c cu ch th s

i lng o x(t) c bin i thnh tn hiu xung tng ng sau
khi qua b bin i xung BX: s xung N u ra t l vi gi tr ca
x(t). S xung N c a vo b m ha MH (thng l b m ha
2-10 m BCD), tn hiu m ha a dn b gii m GM v a ra
b hin s. Tt c 3 khu: m ha-gii m- hin th s cu thnh
b ch th s.

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 48
 2.3 Ch th s

2.3.2 Cc loi ch th s.
C nhiu loi thit b hin s khc nhau nh: n si t, n in
tch, LED 7 thanh, mn hnh tinh th lng LCD, mn hnh cm ng

2.3.2.1 Ch th n phng in nhiu cc

Ch th l 1 n nng c 1 anot v 10 katot. Khi c
in p gia A v 1K no n s phng in. K
s sng ln v con s xut hin.
- u im ca ch th ny l hnh dng cc con s
p.
- Nhc im: Kch thc cng knh, ngun in p
Thit b hin s
cung cp cao, ch ph hp trong cng nghip. bng n kh

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 49
 2.3 Ch th s

2.3.2.2 C cu ch th bng LED 7 thanh:

v d v vic ni b hin
th LED 7 thanh vi b
gii m 7vch - thng l
gi m t m BCD sang
m 7 vch, cc b gii
m c ch thnh cc vi
mch: h TTL l cc vi
mch 7446, 7447; h
CMOS l cc vi mch
4511;cc vi mch
4543SN74247, TIL308

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 50
2.3 Ch th s

L loi thit b hin s c s dng rt ph bin v chng ph hp

vi cc vi mch TTL v hot ng tin cy, gi thnh h.
V cu to: gm c by thanh hin th k hiu t a-g c sp xp
nh trn hnh, mi thanh l mt it pht quang (LED), tng ng
c cc u ra cp tn hiu cho tng it, cc it c th ni ant
chung hay catt chung. Khi c tn hiu cho php it no hot ng
th it s sng, phi hp s sng ti ca cc it s cho ra cc
con s: 0-9, cc k hiu, cc k t
Ty mc ch s dng cn c cc loi LED 7 thanh c thm cc
thanh hin th du chm (.) thp phn, loi c nhiu hn 7 thanh
sp xp theo nhng hnh dng khc nhau

in p thun ri trn mi it ca mi thanh khong 1,2V v dng

thun qua LED tng ng vi sng thch hp vo khong 20mA
ty ln ca LED.
Nhc im chnh ca LED 7 thanh l yu cu dng ln
8/24/2009 Thnh DC 51
2.3 Ch th s

2.3.2.3 C cu ch th bng mn hnh tinh th lng LCD:

Tinh th lng l mt trong cc hp cht hu c c tnh cht quang
hc. Chng c t thnh lp gia cc tm knh vi cc in cc
trong sut kt ta mt trong.
trng thi bnh thng khng b kch hot tinh th lng trong sut
cho nh sng i qua nn thanh hin th tng ng trng vi mt
phng. Khi c kch hot (bi in p xoay chiu hnh sin hoc xung
vung tn s khong 50-60Hz) tinh th lng phn x li nh sng
v thanh hin th tng ng s ni trn mt phng.
u im ca thit b hin th tinh th lng l tiu th dng rt nh, c
7 thanh ca hin th tinh th lng loi nh ch yu cu dng khong
80A

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 52
2.3 Ch th s

2.3.4 M v cc mch bin i m

2.3.4.1 M
M s l nhng k hiu v mt tp hp s, t t hp ca cc k hiu
ta c th m t c cc con s khc nhau. C cc loi m s sau:
-M c s 10, l h m thp phn c 10 k t t 0, 1, 2, ,9
-M c s 2 l loi m c hai trng thi c k hiu t 0 v 1 (cn
gi l m nh phn)
-M 2 - 10 (cn gi l m BCD) l s lin h gia m c s 2 v m
c s 10 d quan st v d c.
i vi c cu ch th s th hin nay ch yu ngi ta s dng m c
s 2.

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 53
 2.3.4.2 Cc mch bin i m
L thit b dng bin i t m c s 2 hoc m 2 -10 thnh m
c s 10, ngha l th hin di dng s thp phn. Ngy nay cc b
gii m c ch to di dng vi mch. V d nh vi mch
SN74247 c cc u ra h cc gp dng iu khin LED c
chung ant 5V. Cc in tr R1, R2,,R7 hn ch dng.
23 a a
22 R1
b
21 f b
B gii R2
20 g
m 7 thanh
SN 74247
g e c
d
R7

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 54
a. Mch bin i t m thp phn sang m nh phn
Tng qut c m u vo tng ng vi m con s thp phn t 0, 1, 2
m-1 v n u ra tng ng vi n bt ca m s nh phn. Ngi ta
thng tng hp b bin i m vi s u vo m =10 tc l gm x0,
x1, x9 ng v cc s thp phn t 0, 1, 2,9. Nh vy b bin i
m s c 4 u ra tng ng y8, y4, y2, y1 ng vi 4 bt ca m nh
phn c trng s 8 4 2 1.
Lp bng trng thi bin i t thp phn sang nh phn t
xy dng mch gii m

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 55
 M nh phn
S thp phn
Y8 Y4 Y2 Y1
X0 (0) 0 0 0 0
X1 (1) 0 0 0 1
X2 (2) 0 0 1 0
X3 (3) 0 0 1 1
X4 (4) 0 1 0 0
X5 (5) 0 1 0 1
X6 (6) 0 1 1 0
X7 (7) 0 1 1 1
X8 (8) 1 0 0 0
X9 (9) 1 0 0 1
T bng trng thi ta c:
Y1 = X1 + X3 +X5 + X7 + X9; Y2 = X2 + X3 +X6 + X7;
Y4 = X4 + X5 +X6 +X7 Y8 = X8 + X9
8/24/2009 Thnh DC 56
 X0 X2 X4 X6 X8
X1 X3 X5 X7 X9

OR Y1

OR Y2

OR Y4

OR Y8

Hnh 2.16 Mch bin i m t thp phn sang nh phn

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 57
b. Mch bin i m t nh phn sang thp phn
Nhim v ca mch ny ngc vi mch trn. Vi bng trng thi
trn ta c X0 X9 l cc bin ph thuc cn Y1 Y8 l cc bin c
lp. V vy ta c cc phng trnh logic sau:

X 0 = Y 8 Y 4 Y 2 Y 1 ; X 1 = Y 8 Y 4 Y 2Y1 ; X 2 = Y 8 Y 4Y2 Y 1
X 3 = Y 8 Y 4Y2Y1 ; X 4 = Y 8Y4 Y 2 Y 1 ; X 5 = Y 8Y4 Y 2Y1
X 6 = Y 8Y4Y2 Y 1 ; X 7 = Y 8Y4Y2Y1 ; X 8 = Y8 Y 4 Y 2 Y 1 ; X 9 = Y8 Y 4 Y 2Y1

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 58
 Y8 Y4 Y Y
Y8 Y4 2 Y2 1Y1
AND
X0
AND X1
AND X2

AND X3
Hnh 2.17 Mch bin i t
m nh phn sang thp phn AND
X4
AND X5

AND X6

AND X7

AND X8

AND X9

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 59
c. Mch bin i t s thp phn sang ch th by thanh
u vo l cc s t nhin t 0 9, u ra l ch th by thanh bng
it pht quang. Ta c bng trng thi nh sau:
Trng thi cc phn t
S thp phn
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7
0 (X0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 (X1) 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
2 (X2) 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
3 (X3) 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
4 (X4) 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
5 (X5) 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
6 (X6) 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
7 (X8) 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
8 (X8) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9 (X9) 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
8/24/2009 Thnh DC 60
T bng trng thi ta c th vit c phng trnh nh sau (vi s
th t cc thanh nh phn trc)
Y1 = X0 + X2 + X3 + X5 + X6 + X7 + X8 + X9
Y2 = X0 + X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 + X7 + X8 + X9
Y3 = X0 + X1 + X3 + X4 + X5 + X6 + X7 + X8 + X9
Y4 = X0 + X2 + X3 + X5 + X6 + X8 + X9
Y5 = X0 + X2 + X6 + X8
Y6 = X0 + X4 + X5 + X6 + X8 + X9
Y7 = X2 + X3 + X4 + X5 + X6 + X8 + X9

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 61
 X0 X2 X4 X6 X8
X1 X3 X5 X7 X9
OR Y1

OR Y2

OR Y3

OR Y4
Hnh 2.18 Mch bin i t m
thp phn sang ch th 7 thanh OR Y5

OR Y6

OR Y7

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 62
d. Mch bin i m t m nh phn sang ch th by thanh
u vo l m s nh phn (8 4 2 1) ta gn cc tn bin l X8 X4
X2 X1. u ra l trng thi cc thanh sng ca ch th 7 thanh.
Ta c bng trng thi sau

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 63
T bng trng thi ta vit c cc phng trnh logic quan h gia
u ra Y1...Y7 vi cc u vo X8 X4 X2 X1. Tuy nhin cc phng
trnh ny phc tp v i hi phi ti gin bng ba cc n (ti gin
hm)

V d:

Y 1 = X 8 X 4 X 2 X 1 + X 8 X 4 X 2 X 1 + X 8 X 4 X 2 X1 + X 8 X 4 X 2 X1 + X 8 X 4 X 2 X 1
+ X 8 X 4 X 2 X1 + X 8 X 4 X 2 X 1 + X 8 X 4 X 2 X1

8/24/2009 Thnh DC 64