"

              
   

         

 

    
    
   
   

            
 
        

        
                
   



  
 
    
    

          


    
      
  
                      
    
     

  
     

 
    
  
               
  
        



   
   
    
   #   
                
  

       




      
  

  
  
  
 
         
      
 
    

 



  

 
       
      

     
    
 

 
    

  

         

    


          
    
 
   
    
      

 
      
 % 
                      
 
       

  
   
        &  
    
     
  
            
  

&  
    
 

' ( ) *

     
 
                  
  "  
        
 

   
       
 

    

  

      
           
  +


  
       
           
            
                

     

           "              
      
  ,          

- . /
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 8 9 : ; < = > ? : = @ 8 4 ; 7

                  


                    
      
   

  
  

      
     

        


     

     
       
 "

    
 
               

  

   
      

  
          
 

  
    
             

!
B

      
 
     "         
  
 
   
  

    #    

     

        C   
   

   
            
    

  


  

        
    

 
    D   
      
   
  
       

 

 
   
    

  
 

    &                 
     

A !


   #       
            

 
      
  
       D 
       

  
  
      

          
           

   
 
       

 
    
       
 
 
   
   
  
 

&   
       

      
                     
 



    
   
           
 
    
  
   
 
      
      


          
 

            #
   

       
     
  

 


    "         
 
    

         
   
          

  
  
 
         
    
  

              
  


   
 
          

    
       
 

  
   


we energy
         
 
 
          
            

balances.
      

#     F  
 
 
      

G H " 

added

 G   
             
    
 
  

  

      

by

       

 
 
       
  #
   
             " 
  


   
    
         

 

     

dw
H  I J  K

by

      
   
  
     
 
        
 
        



 

    


L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] \ V ^ W _ V ^ ` W a _ ^ \ ] X W \ ^ b c X d e f ` W

g h i j k l m n o l g p q r i s k i s l s t p u i t o s l u v l p g h i w n t x y z { l u t

_ } } W X W V b _ \ ] ~ c ]  a W _ V \


H K  I J 

          
   
      
 

 H "  


   
         
 
        
   
 

    

     

          
                  
  

 
 
      
                             "

       
   
             
  
    
  
      
  


      

    
    
 
      
  


 
     
     
      

#
 
             
       
 
      
         

 

    
 
  
        
  
  
         


      
   
 
       


 
       
 
  
   
  
  
     
   

       



  
 
     

 
 
     

    +

     

      
   
    

       
  
 
 

  
  
     

    
   
 
         
 

 
 
   

   
       

     
   

    
 
   
      
   

   
    


  
          
        
   

    
   
   
  
   


   


 
  
 

       
  

  
   
 

 

  
    
  
     

#
            
      
  

   
    
 
  
  

 
     
    

        
                          

     
 
    
    

           G       
    
  


  
  
       
  
            

             

    
     
  

   
      
            
     
    

) )

 B

  
   
    

  
 

  
      
  
   

  

                    


   
   

                
 

 
       
       
 
     

  
     
    

  
 


#
             
     

=
  

   
 

 
     
   
            
  
  

T  

     

Shaft work

dw,

Heat flow with fluid

= =

= =

T).

ENERGY BALANCE IN A CSTR

V Cj) +

V Cj) + V

 

      
  

A,

0.

ENERGY BALANCE IN A PFTR



dz. dz

dz

dz

 

dz D

    

         ! " # $ % & ' ( ' ! ) " * ! ' + , - . / 0 1 2 " ( ( & ' ( ' ! ) " * 1 3 ' 4 " 5 ! ' ! " ( " 3 " ! 6 5 7 8 5 ( 9 3 " & " 6 : " " ! ' ! 4

dz. ; < = > ? = @ A B C D E F G = F H I E B < J A B C D ? F E F G C K H C A H I ? @ = B = L = F H C A M C B K L = E N = O E B E F > = G O J @ < = > ? = @ E F G = F = N P J

P = F = N E H = G O J N = E > H ? C F Q
 R S   T

0 = + U V U V

W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` ] \ \ [ a X [ \ Y Z ] b ` a \ \ c \ ] b Y [ a X d e d ` ] d a f Y Z ] Y g h ] f a ` d b i e [ X j ` [ b d e Y g h ] k l

\ a Y Z ] m a e g n ] a f Y Z [ \ ] e ] n ] X Y [ \ ] d Y Y ` d X \ f ] ` a b b g ` \ d b ` a \ \ Y Z ] ] ^ Y ] ` X d e q d e e a f

U V o p

Y Z ] Y g h ] r q Z [ b Z Z d \ d ` ] d s \ g h \ b ` [ _ Y b \ Y d X j \ f a ` b a a e d X Y k r \ a Y Z d Y

U V

q Z ] ` ] [ \ Y Z ] _ ] ` [ n ] Y ] ` e ] X u Y Z a f Y Z ] q d e e a f Y Z ] Y g h ] f a ` d b i e [ X j ` [ b d e Y g h ] k v w Z ]

D
Z ] d Y Y ` d X \ f ] ` ` d Y ] [ X Y Z [ \ ] e ] n ] X Y [ \

U V x y

z ] ^ Y q ] d \ \ g n ] Y Z d Y Y Z ] f e g [ j j ] X \ [ Y i d X j Y Z ] Y g h ] j [ d n ] Y ] ` d ` ] Y Z ] \ d n ] d Y { d X j

Y a a h Y d [ X

U V

t ~

U V

}
 [ X d e e i q ] Y d ] Y Z ] e [ n [ Y d \

U V

w Z ] ] X ] ` u i c h d e d X b ] ] g d Y [ a X d f Y ] ` j [ m [ j [ X u h i [ \

U V

f a ` \ [ X u e ] d X j n g e Y [ _ e ] ` ] d b Y [ a X \ r ` ] \ _ ] b Y [ m ] e i v [ m [ \ [ a X h i i [ ] e j \

P P
f a ` \ [ X u e ] d X j n g e Y [ _ e ] ` ] d b Y [ a X \ r ` ] \ _ ] b Y [ m ] e i v

 a ` d \ [ X u e ] ` ] d b Y [ a X [ X d X a X [ \ a Y Z ] ` n d e h d Y b Z ` ] d b Y a ` q ] b d X q ` [ Y ] Y Z ] \ _ ] b [ ] \ d X j

h d e d X b ] ] g d Y [ a X \

a `

] b d X d e \ a a h Y d [ X Y Z ] \ ] ] ^ _ ` ] \ \ [ a X \ f ` a n Y Z ] ] X ] ` u i c h d e d X b ] ] g d Y [ a X f a ` Y Z ]

\ Y d Y ]  w h i \ [ n _ e i Y ` d X \ f a ` n [ X u q [ Y Z ` ] _ e d b [ X u w Z ] \ a e g Y [ a X \

a f Y Z ] \ ] ] g d Y [ a X \ f a ` Y Z ] h d Y b Z ` ] d b Y a ` Y a Y Z a \ ] [ X Y Z ]  w r

d e Y Z a g u Z Y Z ] _ Z i \ [ b d e [ X Y ] ` _ ` ] Y d Y [ a X \ d ` ] g [ Y ] j [ f f ] ` ] X Y v

Assumptions
W X j ] ` [ m [ X u Y Z ] \ ] ] g d Y [ a X \ q ] Z d m ] n d j ] n d X i d \ \ g n _ Y [ a X \ Y a ] ] _ Y Z ] n \ [ n _ e ] v ] Z d m ]

d \ \ g n ] j \ a Y Z d Y q ] b d X g \ ] b a X b ] X Y ` d Y [ a X d \ Y Z ] b a n _ a \ [ Y [ a X m d ` [ d h e ] v ]

Z d m ] d e \ a d \ \ g n ] j Y Z d Y Y Z ] _ d ` d n ] Y ] ` \ [ X Y Z ] \ ] \ i \ Y ] n \ d ` ] [ X j ] _ ] X j ] X Y a f Y ] n _ ] ` d Y g ` ] d X j

b a n _ a \ [ Y [ a X v w Z g \ _ d ` d n ] Y ] ` \ \ g b Z d \ d X j d ` ] b a X \ [ j ] ` ] j Y a h ]

] m ] X Y Z a g u Z q ] X a q Y Z ] i d e e j ] _ ] X j d Y e ] d \ Y q ] d e i a X Y ] n _ ] ` d Y g ` ] v w a h ] ] ^ d b Y r

q ] q a g e j Z d m ] Y a f [ X j Y Z ] Z ] d Y a f ` ] d b Y [ a X r Z ] d Y b d _ d b [ Y i r d X j Z ] d Y Y ` d X \ f ] ` b a ] f f [ b [ ] X Y

d \ f g X b Y [ a X \ a f Y ] n _ ] ` d Y g ` ] d X j b a n _ a \ [ Y [ a X r d X j f a ` Y Z ] [ X \ ] ` Y Y Z ] n q [ Y Z [ X Y Z ]

[ X Y ] u ` d e \ q ] n g \ Y \ a e m ] f a ` Y ] n _ ] ` d Y g ` ] d X j b a n _ a \ [ Y [ a X v a q ] m ] ` r [ X n a \ Y \ [ Y g d Y [ a X \

Y Z ] \ ] m d ` [ d Y [ a X \ d ` ] \ n d e e r d X j Y Z ] ] g d Y [ a X \ q ` [ Y Y ] X q [ e e u [ m ] u a a j d _ _ ` a ^ [ n d Y [ a X \ Y a

d b Y g d e _ ] ` f a ` n d X b ] v

W X Y Z [ \ b Z d _ Y ] ` d X j [ X Z d _ Y ] ` q ] q [ e e g \ g d e e i \ a e m ] Y Z ] \ ] ] g d Y [ a X \ d \ \ g n [ X u d \ [ X u e ]

f [ ` \ Y c a ` j ] ` [ ` ` ] m ] ` \ [ h e ] ` ] d b Y [ a X r Y Z ] ` a ` j ] ` \ d X j n g e Y [ _ e ] ` ] d b Y [ a X \ b a g e j a f

b a g ` \ ] h ] b a X \ [ j ] ` ] j r h g Y Y Z ] ] g d Y [ a X \ d ` ] n g b Z n a ` ] j [ f f [ b g e Y Y a \ a e m ] n d Y Z ] n d Y [ b d e e i r

d X j Y Z ] \ a e g Y [ a X \ d ` ] g d e [ Y d Y [ m ] e i Y Z ] \ d n ] v ] q [ e e \ ] ] Y Z d Y Y Z ] \ a e g Y [ a X \ q [ Y Z Y Z ] \ ] \ [ n _ e ]

[ X ] Y [ b \ d ` ] \ g f f [ b [ ] X Y e i b a n _ e [ b d Y ] j Y Z d Y q ] j a X a Y q d X Y Y a b a X \ [ j ] ` n a ` ] b a n _ e [ b d Y ] j

[ X ] Y [ b \ d X j ] X ] ` u i h d e d X b ] \ d Y Y Z ] \ d n ] Y [ n ] v

w Z ] ` ] d ` ] n d X i [ X Y ] ` ] \ Y [ X u _ ` a h e ] n \ [ X q Z [ b Z b a n _ e ] ^ b Z ] n [ \ Y ` i [ X X a X [ \ a Y Z ] ` n d e

` ] d b Y a ` \ [ X Y ] ` d b Y Y a _ ` a j g b ] b a n _ e ] ^ d X j [ n _ a ` Y d X Y h ] Z d m [ a ` v \ ] ^ d n _ e ] \ r Y Z ] d g Y a b d Y d e i Y [ b

` ] d b Y [ a X r [ X d X a X [ \ a Y Z ] ` n d e ` ] d b Y a ` b d X e ] d j Y a \ a n ] g [ Y ] b a n c

_ e [ b d Y ] j _ ` a _ ] ` Y [ ] \ r d X j _ a e i n ] ` [ { d Y [ a X d X j b a n h g \ Y [ a X _ ` a b ] \ \ ] \ [ X X a X [ \ a Y Z ] ` n d e ` ] d b Y a ` \

n g \ Y h ] b a X \ [ j ] ` ] j m ] ` i b d ` ] f g e e i [ X j ] \ [ u X [ X u Y Z ] \ ] ` ] d b Y a ` \ v w Z ] \ ] d ` ] Y Z ] \ g h ] b Y \ a f

Z d _ Y ] ` \ d X j v

EQUATIONS TO BE SOLVED
 a ` Y Z ] X a X [ \ a Y Z ] ` n d e ` ] d b Y a ` \ q ] X ] ] j Y a \ a e m ] Y Z ] n d \ \ c d X j ] X ] ` u i c h d e d X b ] ] g d Y [ a X \

CSTR
 a ` d \ [ X u e ] ` ] d b Y [ a X [ X d \ Y ] d j i c \ Y d Y ] w Y Z ] n d \ \ c h d e d X b ] ] g d Y [ a X a X ` ] d b Y d X Y d X j

Y ] n _ ] ` d Y g ` ] u [ m ] Y Z ] ] g d Y [ a X \

d X j


PFTR

-AH

  

 




                   



      ! "  ! # $ % "  #  ! "

& 

' (
=

* + , - . / 0 1 2 1 2 3 0 - + 3 1 4 , - 5 0 1 0 , -

* 1 8 9 :

) 6 7

' ( B C
;

0 - 4 3 * - 5 * < 3 1 2 3 = + , > 3 = , ? 1 2 3 ? @ - 4 1 0 , - = * - 5 1 2 3 D E @ = 1

6 A

F F

3 @ - 0 G @ 3 * 1 8 9 H * - 5 * 1 * + + 8 I J 2 3 < 3 ? , < 3 K 0 - 4 , - 1 < * = 1 1 , 1 2 3 L J M K 1 2 3 N O J M 4 * - 3 P 2 0 0 1

, - + D * = 0 - . + 3 = 1 3 * 5 D = 1 * 1 3 I

HEAT REMOVAL OR ADDITION TO MAINTAIN

A REACTOR ISOTHERMAL
: - 3 , ? 1 2 3 ? 0 < = 1 4 , - = 0 5 3 < * 1 0 , - = 0 - * < 3 * 4 1 , < 0 = 1 2 3 2 3 * 1 + , * 5 1 2 * 1 0 = - 3 4 3 = = * < D 1 , 4 , - 1 < , + 1 2 3

1 3 E > 3 < * 1 @ < 3 I Q 1 / * = 0 E > + 0 4 0 1 0 - * + + 1 2 3 > < 3 R 0 , @ = 4 2 * > 1 3 < = , - 0 = , 1 2 3 < E * + < 3 * 4 1 , < = 1 2 * 1 1 2 3

< 3 * 4 1 , < / * = = , E 3 2 , / 1 2 3 < E , = 1 * 1 1 3 5 1 , E * 0 - 1 * 0 - 0 1 = 1 3 E > 3 < * 1 @ < 3 * 1 1 2 * 1 = > 3 4 0 ? 0 3 5 I O , < 1 2 0 =

F F

4 * = 3 / 3 5 0 5 - , 1 2 * R 3 1 , = , + R 3 1 2 3 3 - 3 < . D S * + * - 4 3 3 G @ * 1 0 , - K @ 1 / 3 5 , - 3 3 5 1 , 4 , - = 0 5 3 < 1 2 3

2 3 * 1 + , * 5

1 , E * 0 - 1 * 0 - 1 2 3 < 3 * 4 1 , < 1 3 E > 3 < * 1 @ < 3 * 1

T U V W X Y Z [ \ ]

L , - = 0 5 3 < 1 2 3 < 3 * 4 1 0 , - ^ _ H I H ` K S a H

0 - * b H + 0 1 3 < < 3 * 4 1 , < / 0 1 2 c 9 E , + 3 = d + 0 1 3 < * - 5 e I f 1 / 2 * 1 < * 1 3 E @ = 1

2 3 * 1 3 < 3 E , R 3 5 1 , E * 0 - 1 * 0 - 1 2 3 < 3 * 4 1 , < 0 = , 1 2 3 < E * + * 1 g H H e ? , <

F
h

* i * * 1 4 2 < 3 * 4 1 , < * 1 j H k 4 , - R 3 < = 0 , - l

J 2 0 = 0 = * - 0 = , 1 2 3 < E * + < 3 * 4 1 , < / 0 1 2 9 Q ? * 1 4 2 K 1 2 3 -

m n

7
 o p q r s p t u v q w u x y z z { r { u | r u } q { | r q { | q s p q ~ r u x  u r p x t q w

t t Z

9 b H P a H P H I H ` P a P

a H

F
h
;

i * L J M * 1 j H k 4 , - R 3 < = 0 , - l

Q - * L J M

b H P a H P H I H ` P H I a 9 a 4 , - = 1 * - 1 i

4 i * N O J M * 1 j H k 4 , - R 3 < = 0 , - l

Q - * N O J M 1 2 3 * - = / 3 < 0 = 0 5 3 - 1 0 4 * + 1 , 1 2 * 1 0 - * * 1 4 2 < 3 * 4 1 , < 3 P 4 3 > 1 1 2 * 1 0 = < 3 > + * 4 3 5

9 a H

, 1 3 K 2 , / 3 R 3 < K 1 2 * 1 1 2 3 = 0 . - 0 ? 0 4 * - 4 3 , ? 2 3 * 1 < 3 E , R * + , < * 5 5 0 1 0 , - > , = 0 1 0 R 3 , <

- 3 . * 1 0 R 3 i 0 = G @ 0 1 3 5 0 ? ? 3 < 3 - 1 / 0 1 2 1 2 3 * 1 4 2 < 3 * 4 1 , < K < 3 G @ 0 < 0 - . * 2 3 * 1 < 3 E , R * + 1 2 * 1

R * < 0 3 = 0 - 1 0 E 3 K 1 2 3 L J M < 3 G @ 0 < 0 - . * 4 , - = 1 * - 1 2 3 * 1 < 3 E , R * + < * 1 3 K * - 5 1 2 3 N O J M

< 3 G @ 0 < 0 - . * 2 3 * 1 < 3 E , R * + < * 1 3 1 2 * 1 R * < 0 3 = / 0 1 2 > , = 0 1 0 , - 0 - 1 2 3 < 3 * 4 1 , < I J 2 3 = 3 * < 3

= 3 1 4 2 3 5 0 - O 0 . @ < 3 ` S g I

Q ? 1 2 0 = < 3 * 4 1 0 , - / 3 < 3 3 - 5 , 1 2 3 < E 0 4 K / 3 / , @ + 5 2 * R 3 , > > , = 0 1 3 = 0 . - = 1 , 1 2 , = 3 = 2 , / - 0 -

1 2 3 > < 3 R 0 , @ = 3 P * E > + 3 K 3 4 * @ = 3 / 3 / , @ + 5 2 * R 3 1 , * 5 5 2 3 * 1 1 , 1 2 3 < 3 * 4 1 , < 1 , E * 0 - 1 * 0 - 1 2 3

> < , 4 3 = = 0 = , 1 2 3 < E * + < * 1 2 3 < 1 2 * - 4 , , + 0 1 I

F
h

programming
, 1 3 1 2 * 1 1 2 3 * 1 4 2 < 3 * 4 1 , < < 3 G @ 0 < 3 = 1 i K * - 5 1 2 3 N O J M < 3 G @ 0 < 3 = 3 0 1 2 3 <

* R 3 < D 2 0 . 2 f K 1 , < 3 E * 0 - * 1 , < > < , . < * E E 0 - . J 2 3 L J M , > 3 < * 1 3 = / 0 1 2 * ? 0 P 3 5

T
3 4 * @ = 3 0 = @ - 0 ? , < E 1 2 < , @ . 2 , @ 1 1 2 3 < 3 * 4 1 , < ? , < . 0 R 3 - 4 , - 5 0 1 0 , - = K * - 5 ? , < = 1 3 * 5 D S = 1 * 1 3

, > 3 < * 1 0 , - 0 = 0 - 5 3 > 3 - 5 3 - 1 , ? 1 0 E 3 I J 2 3 < 3 ? , < 3 K 1 2 3 L J M 0 = @ = @ * + + D E @ 4 2 = 0 E > + 3 < 1 , 5 3 = 0 . -

? , < = 1 * + 3 2 3 * 1 < 3 E , R * + I J 2 0 = 0 = * - , 1 2 3 < * 1 1 < * 4 1 0 R 3 ? 3 * 1 @ < 3 , ? 1 2 3 L J M Q 1 0 = E @ 4 2 3 * = 0 3 < 1 ,



F F

E * 0 - 1 * 0 - 4 , - = 1 * - 1 1 3 E > 3 < * 1 @ < 3 0 - * L J M < 3 * 4 1 , < 1 2 * - 0 - * * 1 4 2 , < 3 4 * @ = 3 1 2 3 2 3 * 1

+ , * 5 < 3 G @ 0 < 3 5 0 = - , 1 * ? @ - 4 1 0 , - , ? 3 0 1 2 3 < 1 0 E 3 , < > , = 0 1 0 , - 0 - 1 2 3 < 3 * 4 1 , < I 3 / 0 + + = 3 3 + * 1 3 <

1 2 * 1 1 2 3 L J M 2 * = 3 R 3 - 2 0 . 2 3 < 2 3 * 1 1 < * - = ? 3 < 4 2 * < * 4 1 3 < 0 = 1 0 4 = / 2 3 - / 3 4 , - = 0 5 3 < 1 2 * 1 = 1 0 < < 0 - .

0 - 4 < 3 * = 3 = 4 , - R 3 4 1 0 R 3 2 3 * 1 1 < * - = ? 3 < = , 1 2 * 1 0 = ? < 3 G @ 3 - 1 + D 2 0 . 2 3 < 0 - * L J M I

3 = 1 0 + + E @ = 1 @ = 3 * N O J M 0 - E * - D 4 2 3 E 0 4 * + > < , 4 3 = = 3 = K * - 5 / 3 E @ = 1 1 2 3 - 5 3 1 3 < E 0 - 3

2 , / 1 , > < , . < * E 1 2 3 4 , , + 0 - . , < 2 3 * 1 0 - . 1 , * 1 1 * 0 - * 1 3 E > 3 < * 1 @ < 3 > < , ? 0 + 3 0 - 1 2 3 < 3 * 4 1 , < 4 + , = 3

1 , 1 2 * 1 5 3 = 0 < 3 5 I J 2 3 = @ 3 4 1 , ? 1 2 0 = 4 2 * > 1 3 < 0 = 1 2 3 > < , > 3 < 1 3 E > 3 < * 1 @ < 3 E * - * . 3 E 3 - 1 1 , * 1 1 * 0 -

5 3 = 0 < 3 5 , > 3 < * 1 0 , - , ? * N O J M I Q - 1 2 3 - 3 P 1 4 2 * > 1 3 < 1 2 3 - , - 0 = , 1 2 3 < E * + L J M / 0 + + 3 4 , - = 0 5 3 < 3 5

= > 3 4 0 ? 0 4 * + + D I

ADIABATIC REACTORS
F F

J 2 3 E * = = S * - 5 3 - 3 < . D S * + * - 4 3 3 G @ * 1 0 , - = E @ = 1 3 = , + R 3 5 - @ E 3 < 0 4 * + + D 0 - 1 2 3 . 3 - 3 < * + = 0 1 @ * 1 0 , -

/ 2 3 < 3 2 3 * 1 0 = 1 < * - = ? 3 < < 3 5 1 , , < ? < , E / * + + = I J 2 3 < 3 * < 3 1 2 < 3 3 1 3 < E = , - 1 2 3 < 0 . 2 1 = 0 5 3 , ? 1 2 3

3 - 3 < . D 3 G @ * 1 0 , - K 2 3 * 1 ? + , / / 0 1 2 < 3 * 4 1 * - 1 = * - 5 > < , 5 @ 4 1 = K < 3 * 4 1 0 , - 2 3 * 1 K * - 5 2 3 * 1 1 < * - = ? 3 <

1 2 < , @ . 2 / * + + = I , / 3 R 3 < K 1 2 3 * 5 0 * * 1 0 4 < 3 * 4 1 , < 0 = * = > 3 4 0 * + 4 * = 3 / 2 3 < 3 / 3 - 3 3 5 1 , = , + R 3 , - + D

, - 3 3 G @ * 1 0 , - ? , < * = 0 - . + 3 < 3 * 4 1 0 , - I

J 2 3 * 5 0 * * 1 0 4 < 3 * 4 1 , < 0 = * + = , * - 0 E > , < 1 * - 1 + 0 E 0 1 0 - . 4 * = 3 , ? < 3 * + < 3 * 4 1 , < = I f = / 3 2 * R 3

- , 1 3 5 > < 3 R 0 , @ = + D K 1 2 3 0 = , 1 2 3 < E * + < 3 * 4 1 , < > < 3 R 0 , @ = 4 2 * > 1 3 < = i 0 = * + 0 E 0 1 0 - . 4 * = 3 / 2 3 < 3 1 2 3

3 - 3 < . D 3 G @ * 1 0 , - 4 * - 3 0 . - , < 3 5 I J 2 0 = = 0 1 @ * 1 0 , - , 4 4 @ < = 0 - > < * 4 1 0 4 3 / 2 3 - 3 R 3 < 2 3 * 1 1 < * - = ? 3 <

0 = = , + * < . 3 1 2 * 1 1 2 3 < 3 * 4 1 , < 1 3 E > 3 < * 1 @ < 3 0 = E * 0 - 1 * 0 - 3 5 0 = , 1 2 3 < E * + * 1

6 6 7

J 2 3 , 1 2 3 < + 0 E 0 1 , ? < 3 * + < 3 * 4 1 , < = 0 = / 2 3 < 3 1 2 3 2 3 * 1 < 3 E , R * + 1 3 < E 0 = - , 1 0 - ? 0 - 0 1 3 @ 1

F
' C

0 - = 1 3 * 5 0 = - 3 . + 0 . 0 + 3 I 3 4 * + + 4 * = 3 / 2 3 < 3 O , < / * + + 4 , , + 0 - . K ^

0 = > < , > , < 1 0 , - * + 1 , ? , < * 1 @ 3 * - 5 1 , ? , < * = > 2 3 < 0 4 * + < 3 * 4 1 , < I 0 - 4 3 2 3 * 1 . 3 - 3 < * 1 0 , -

F
C C

0 = > < , > , < 1 0 , - * + 1 , * - 5 4 , , + 0 - . 0 = > < , > , < 1 0 , - * + 1 , ^ 4 , , + 0 - . 3 4 , E 3 = E , < 3 5 0 ? ? 0 4 @ + 1 1 ,

F F

E * 0 - 1 * 0 - * = 1 2 3 < 3 * 4 1 , < 3 4 , E 3 = + * < . 3 < K * - 5 K * = - , 1 3 5 K + * < . 3 < 3 * 4 1 , < = ? < 3 G @ 3 - 1 + D E @ = 1 3

, > 3 < * 1 3 5 * 5 0 * * 1 0 4 * + + D I

f - , 1 2 3 < < 3 * = , - / 2 D 4 * + 4 @ + * 1 0 , - = , ? 1 2 3 * 5 0 * * 1 0 4 < 3 * 4 1 , < 0 = 0 E > , < 1 * - 1 0 = ? , < = * ? 3 1 D I

@ > > , = 3 / 3 2 * R 3 * < 3 * 4 1 , < , > 3 < * 1 0 - . 0 - * = 1 * + 3 ? * = 2 0 , - / 0 1 2 4 , , + 0 - . I 2 * 1 2 * > > 3 - = 0 ?

1 2 3 4 , , + 0 - . 0 = = @ 5 5 3 - + D = 1 , > > 3 5 l J 2 3 + 0 E 0 1 , ? 1 2 0 = = 0 1 @ * 1 0 , - 0 = 1 2 3 * 5 0 * * 1 0 4 < 3 * 4 1 , < K * - 5

F F

1 2 3 3 - . 0 - 3 3 < E @ = 1 * + / * D = 3 * / * < 3 , ? 1 2 0 = E , 5 3 3 4 * @ = 3 0 1 0 = 1 2 3 / , < = 1 S 4 * = 3 = 4 3 - * < 0 ,

, ? * - D 3 P , 1 2 3 < E 0 4 < 3 * 4 1 , < I , 1 3 1 2 * 1 0 ? H K / 3 E @ = 1 = @ > > + D 2 3 * 1 1 , E * 0 - 1 * 0 - 1 2 3

< 3 * 4 1 , < 1 3 E > 3 < * 1 @ < 3 K * - 5 + , = = , ? 2 3 * 1 / 0 + + 4 * @ = 3 1 2 3 < 3 * 4 1 , < 1 , 4 , , + 5 , / - * - 5 1 2 3 < * 1 3 / 0 + +

5 3 4 < 3 * = 3 = * ? 3 + D I

Adiabatic CSTR
F

3 < 3 1 2 3 E * = = S * - 5 3 - 3 < . D S * + * - 4 3 3 G @ * 1 0 , - = * < 3

7 6


r


  

  

 

T

  

  

  

generating T
   

     

J =
 

J,
    

Adiabatic PFTR


r;

 

T



T
    

T
 

= JX
I
    

 
              ! "  #    

$  % & ' (

      ) & 

 *
+ 

, - . / 0 1 2 *
3  & 
3 

+ 6 

4
   5 5

20000
(4 = 300 + 80
& 8 9 : : ;

= 380
& <   5 < =  5 

 > ? @ 

    

  6 7

     

 &   & ( A 

1.0

B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P O Q R N H I H J S H T H U S V N M H V U R N W S U X H O S I Y Z M N M H V U S R I W S U X V R I O U H I U
 221
[ \ ] ^ _ ^ ` ] a b c ^ a ` d e f

g h i g j k l m n o l o p q h h m k m r s n m o s i o t o i q s u v w j s x m x q y y j r y m l l l s o s m p g s n m k x q l m o l l j z m s n o s s n m l m

i o r w m q { r g k m p | } n m o i s j o y ~ o y j m g h q l i g z t j s m p s n k g j { n s n m k m y o s q g r

x n m k m q l s n m n m o s g h k m o i s q g r q r l s o r p o k p l s o s m o s v o r p q l j l j o y y u x k q s s m r

o l o t g y u r g z q o y q r s q l h k m j m r s y u o { g g p o t t k g q z o s q g r s g o l l j z m s n o s

x n q i n q l m j q ~ o y m r s s g n o ~ q r { o y y n m o s i o t o i q s q m l i g r l s o r s | m o y l g o l l j z m s n o s s n m o ~ m k o { m

n m o s i o t o i q s u g h s n m h y j q p l q l q r p m t m r p m r s g h i g z t g l q s q g r v m l t m i q o y y u x n m r k m o i s o r s l o k m

p q y j s m p x q s n l g y ~ m r s | } n m z o s n m z o s q i l w m i g z m l z g k m i g z t y m q h x m n o ~ m s g q r i y j p m s n m l m

h o i s g k l v o y s n g j { n s n m t k q r i q t y m l k m z o q r s n m l o z m |

Multiple reactions

g k z j y s q t y m k m o i s q g r l l q z q y o k o k { j z m r s l n g y p | g k z j y s q t y m k m o i s q g r l q r s n m } q r x n q i n

q l o k m o i s o r s q r o y y k m o i s q g r l v x m i o r x k q s m

} n m k m h g k m v p q ~ q l q g r g h s n m l m i g r p m j o s q g r w u s n m h q k l s m j o s q g r u q m y p l

r s n m l m m t k m l l q g r l x m n o ~ m p m h q r m p s n m s g s o y i g r ~ m k l q g r g h o l o l j z z o s q g r g h q s l

i g r ~ m k l q g r q r o y y k m o i s q g r l v

r y u q h q l o k m o i s o r s q r o y y k m o i s q g r l i o r s n q l l q z t y m k m y o s q g r w m x k q s s m r q r

s m k z l g h r s n m t k m ~ q g j l i n o t s m k x m o y l g j l m p i g r ~ m k l q g r s g p m l i k q w m o k m o i s o r s

species
l j i n o l w j s s n q l p m h q r q s q g r g h k m h m k l s g s n m i g r ~ m k l q g r g h s n m q s n k m o i s q g r |

Solutions

g k s n m o p q o w o s q i k m o i s g k x m n o ~ m o j r q j m k m y o s q g r w m s x m m r o r p i g r ~ m k l q g r | m i o r

s n m k m h g k m l g y ~ m h g k o r p m y q z q r o s m q s h k g z s n m z o l l w o y o r i m m j o s q g r | g k s n m } s n m

z o l l w o y o r i m m j o s q g r h g k o l q r { y m h q k l s g k p m k q k k m ~ m k l q w y m k m o i s q g r

q l

CA

 
  

                    

    ! " # $ % & ' ( ) (

* * * - . / * 0 * *

# " # " $ " + " , & , & ( #

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

< = >

r
9 : ;

9 ? ;

9 9 ;

9 @ ;

9 A ;

< = >

B C D C E

F G H
 I J

K K

 L M

F N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Y Y

Z [ [

\ ] ^ _ ^ _ ` a _ b a b c c ^ e f ^ g h i

V T d T j k l m
P P n o p q r s p t u v w x y z { v y | t p w s

} ~ 

} ~ 

1.5

1
x p z v s

0.5

330-

("') 320-

310

b c _ i ` a ` c h i _ b c ] _ _ b a h c ^ b e _ f ^ i _ c c ] ` e \ c _ b a h c ^ b e _ ] `

T T T T T T T m T d T

h c ^ e i ` _ _ ` _ i ` _ _ b i c ] b c ] i ^ i ` c ^ b e b i c ]

T T d T T T T T U T T T

` ^ ` ` c ^ i ` c ^ b e ^ e c ] _ i ` c b i _ b i ^ e ` e ` ^ ` ` c ^ i ` c b i a b c i _ h _

d T T T T d T m T V T

i b c ] _ _ b a h c ^ b e _ b c ` ^ e f ^ g h i ` h _ c ] i ^ b h _ ` i g h e c _ c ] ^ _ h _ c

T T T T j k T T T V T T T

` _ c i ` ^ g ] c a ^ e b i ` e _ ^ e g a i ` c ^ b e ^ e ` e i ` c b i ` _ a b e g ` _ ` i ` c i _ b e b c e b e

T T T T V T T d d T V T d

c i ` c h i b i b b _ ^ c ^ b e b e e b c c ] ` c c ] \ ^ e c ] ^ _ ` a i h ^ i _ `

T V T T V m T d T T T U V T T T

b i ` g ^ e b e i _ ^ b e c ] ` e ` f \ \ ] ^ i e b c c ] ` c c ] \ ] ^ ^ c _
T T m d T T T U

b ` e b i ` i ` e g b \ ] ^ _ _ ^ c h ` c ^ b e ^ _ ] _ ^ ` a a i ` a ` e ^ a a

d T V T d T

c ] _ h c b c ] e c ] ` c i

T T T T U V T m
 r y y t r | { v y | t p w s

225

320 330 340

] ^ a c ] _ c i ` ^ g ] c a ^ e g i ` ] _ b c ] ` ^ ` ` c ^ c i ` c b i ^ _ ^ e c ] a ` e ` ` i

T T k T V T d T T T V T V V T

X-T
_ ^ ^ a ` i b i \ ` e f \ h c c ] ` i ^ i e c h i _ c ] ^ i _ ^ g e ^ ^ ` e ^ _ h ^ c

d T T d T T T T T T

^ i e c f b i c ] f \ c ] g i ` ] _ ` e c ] b h g ] c b ` _ a b c _ b b e e c i ` c ^ b e ` e

d T T m T T V T V T d

c i ` c h i i _ h _ b _ ^ c ^ b e ^ e c ] i ` c b i ] ^ a ^ e c ] \ ^ _ c ] i _ ^ e

T V T T T V T T T T T T d T T

c ^ b i ` ` i c ^ h a ` i _ c b b e ^ c ^ b e _ e c ] \ c ] _ b a h c ^ b e _ ` e
T V T T T d d m T T d

T(t)
` i c ] i _ h _ i _ ^ e c ^ \ ] ^ _ ^ i e ] ` _ g i ` c _ ^ g e ^ ^ ` e b i

T T T T d T T T m d T T T T T

locus of solutions
c ] \ ` e ` _ ^ a a _ ^ c _ h g g _ c _ c ] ` c _ b c ^ _ _ c ` c _ b e c ] _ h i _ ` i e b c
T d T T T T T T T T T T T

` _ _ ^ a h c ` i ^ e ` c

T T T

unstable.

] ` h _ c ] ^ i _ c b i i ^ i i i _ ^ a i ` c ^ b e ` _ ` e ` a h c c ] ^ _ ^ _ ` _ c b g e i ` a ^

T T T d T k d T T T T T T U V T T T T T

b i ` e i ` c ^ b e ^ i i i _ ^ a b i i i _ ^ a ^ c ] ` e ^ e c ^ _ e ` f \ c ] ` _ _ ` a ` e

T T T T T T T T m T k T

h ` c ^ b e b i ` e ` i ^ c i ` i i ` c ^ b e b _

T T T T

      

  


 
       
      

    


 

         
 
              

  
 

 
     

for     
   
 
  
       
  


      


        
           
   
 

     

 

+
226      ! " # $ % & ' ( # & ) !  $

* + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 3 6 8 6 3 9 7 : ; 6 < 7 3 9 4 2 3 = 6 3 3 6 > ? 4 7 2 @ A 7 4 5 B > 3 > C 6 4 6 3 9 7 @ 4 5 6 B 3 6 8 7 2 D 9

6 E > C B ; 6 F ? > ; ? D ; > 4 6 7 @ > = 7 > : > 4 7 ? > @ = G H I J < 3 2 C > 4 > : ; 6 2 <

l/r versus

K 6 ? 2 C B D 4 6 ; L 3 8 6 3 9 D 9 G M < 3 2 C 4 5 6 6 N D > 4 7 2 @

2.6
G R S T U

P P Q

K 6 ? > @ ? > ; ? D ; > 4 6 8 > ; D 6 9 2 < D 9 7 @ V > 9 7 C B ; 6 9 B 3 6 > = 9 5 6 6 4 > 9 9 5 2 A @ 7 @ I > : ; 6 W

 X Y

T
I 5 6 B 3 6 8 7 2 D 9 < 7 V D 3 6 9 2 < > @ = 8 6 3 9 D 9 A 6 3 6 2 : 4 > 7 @ 6 = < 3 2 C 4 5 6 < 7 3 9 4 > @ = 9 6 ? 2 @ =

? 2 ; D C @ 9 2 < 4 5 7 9 9 B 3 6 > = 9 5 6 6 4 < 2 3 4 5 6 7 @ 4 5 6 ; > 9 4 4 A 2 ? 2 ; D C @ 9 F : 6 ? > D 9 6 < 3 2 C 4 5 6

B 3 6 8 7 2 D 9 6 N D > 4 7 2 @ 9 F A 6 9 6 6 4 5 > 4

I 5 6 9 6 8 > ; D 6 9 2 < ; L 3 > 3 6 B ; 2 4 4 6 = 8 6 3 9 D 9 7 @ 1 7 V D 3 6 W I 5 6 3 6 ? 4 > @ V ; 6 9

 Z Y

5 > 8 6 > 3 6 > 9 7 @ = 7 ? > 4 6 = 7 @ I > : ; 6 W I 5 6 9 D C 2 < 4 5 6 9 6 > 3 6 > 9 7 9 > @ > B B 3 2 E 7 C > 4 7 2 @ 4 2

 X Y

4 5 6 3 6 9 7 = 6 @ ? 6 4 7 C 6 7 @ > @ > = 7 > : > 4 7 ? [ 1 I J : 6 ? > D 9 6

I 5 6 ; > 9 4 4 A 2 ? 2 ; D C @ 9 9 5 2 A > @ = 9 2 2 @ 6 ? > @ 9 7 C B ; \ 3 6 > = > @ =

T(t)
< 3 2 C I > : ; 6 W F > @ = F 9 7 @ ? 6 4 5 7 9 7 9 4 5 6 9 > C 6 B 3 2 : ; 6 C A 2 3 ] 6 = B 3 6 8 7 2 D 9 ; \ F 4 5 6

 X

B 3 6 8 7 2 D 9 V 3 > B 5 9 ? > @ : 6 B ; 2 4 4 6 = 9 7 C B ; \ < 3 2 C 4 5 7 9 9 B 3 6 > = 9 5 6 6 4 ^ 9 6 6 1 7 V D 3 6 W S

 X _ Y

` a b c d e f g

h i j k l m n o k k p h q r s p t q u v q j w m t l x l p t y z { | } l u m ~ h | }

w j k l

T k

2.0 300 0.05 0.1 10

1.8 304 0.097 0.174 5.14 1.15 1.15 1.15
1.6 308 0.184 0.294 3.40 0.680 1.83 1.36
1.4 312 0.343 0.480 2.08 0.416 2.24 1.25
1.2 316 0.630 0.757 1.32 0.264 2.51 1.06
1.0 320 1.14 1.14 0.876 0.175 2.68 0.876
0.8 324 2.04 1.63 0.614 0.123 2.81 0.737
0.6 328 3.58 2.15 0.465 0.093 2.90 0.651
0.4 332 6.21 2.48 0.402 0.080 2.98 0.64
0.2 336 10.6 2.13 0.470 0.094 3.07 0.84
0.0 340 18.0 0 co co
 227


320

310