NUCLEL a “Atomic masses An_atom cendtayt of electhen evolving @eund nucleus and nucleus. The nuéleus Consist? 0 peaitively chai proton, £ _meutray Deenk: ¢ W “Atomic mage unit th 12 9, 7 é O, Mads of atom oF C is knoum Gs { om tu= ty mc” 12 eee 12 G.022x10%% | = lo ke l 6.022 x107> tu HA SS088 1o™ ka] ° | madd or proven) Mp = 1.67262 x 10" kg = 1000227 WU matt Oy neutron (mn) . _ 1M, = 1.6749 x 10°F ke = 1.008664 u mas electren Ome) ‘ : - Me = 9.1 x 10> Ke = 0.00055 & Size op nucleus 5 Nucleus fs consfclered to be £phertral the rooki nucleus fa fours! t> be proporttena! op Cube yoot oR mass No- a nucleus i.e, RaAe® > R= RA bture Ro = 11x10 %m (constout)| Velame_ 5. nucleus Sas BEN Hu —— _ ves AK Rig x eee a — Saat ABS aN pane — O ans Oy nucdeus M=mA —— — Mm =mosd % nucleen_ fem eq" @ Jear +h | 0, Aa hance fra Aaumne. all the rere "reaping. Values y rdw t3515 EN P= Bx cee xe : AR(hUXx 10)? aDiscovery 05 Neutrons Th 1982, Chadusick _bomarded BeryWiun aith | O-porticles . ‘He found ths “Aéady to the ejection. | some particled witch remaing undeftected . | by electric ond magnetic field . These neutros | Portides urhen tnctdent en lt, He ,C.N |_ nucleus Could efecr proten _frem then -_ he + 4 Be ae re bu on (neutron) _ Fem above Ftts clear that— 1) The porticle £0 emttred 100d meutrot 2) Thla mar fa almeat equol to modi Of pavten Proton. - neutron ny potMerts oy Compeattren | GR Nucleus | i . a nuclepe—_ X_ fg made up vp. Z protons and (A-Z). newtrond. | Mass Defect - | the aagerence 6 mo+s Of total &um oR Mo-43_Of | Nucleon ond madd oF -nacleus £8 Known | Qs Mare ale feck « I fe, for nucleus 2% Am = Zmp +@-z)mpn — mex ushaore Mp = mats Dp proken Mn = Mod % Neutron m*X = mass 9 nucleus_ Mass defect per nuclegn OF nuclevs ibe cated packagteg..fracstan. i Pf = Am Laat ac atc . l= Ph = Zm + (A-Z) my, — m_ xX | i A The ener which fa registred (evolveol) during the compectiten thu cleus from nucleens- | 2@ Known a4 Winding. energy or the ene iven to nucleus Ateassoctale! | 4b to. geprote Out fe al L _ Binds energy & -sing tomas olefect necleug Petree Sane | Binarng en per nucleon BE (Amo? ve _A °Binding Energy Curve cs The_gritjeh plotect bie. madano. o nuctet (@) “& ree péctive - (B.E per nucleens fg Known Ok pen Ene CoWwe o ie — The _genrod : Shope 5 Binding eng — ach curve fe as follows — - = +t i ‘ B. € curve : |_cowrespencting tHe 2c GO Ne, Ms these | nuciet are “ mere ‘stable Comore “Yo their neighbours . a eenneen ae = —8019D_ Lb oB.E per nuclesn decreased bith eal ~ boleereade untth, the fnereowe: fn A ond | becomes. eqeai to 7.6. MeV per nucleen | for A> 280... Nuclear Force j _ The force tskich bfnos the nucleeny thaidle the. L | Nucleus £4 Known o4 nuclear force. The nucleon - | force has follow “chorocterctia — _ft'a a ghort_ra eee acts btto mucleen with | seprartew Ahown fa pouowing fegereTa clear fm diagram ___ _§ - YD 10 fm) Nuclear force Le almeat negucgr ble = He Sf “yt decreased from. 10 fm_then perce op attraction fncreaged witth olecreave fn Se Upto _ —|& porttcutor value 4 becered Yynaximumn . 3 LS 7 He Oecreaied and becomes Zemp at x=h- | for T<% writ olecrease Pr Su poree b repulcton. | en creaies Tapia = AG WT. PE =e méninum fee Ot Y=% Qe TER Aachen te tn _stote 5 Stable eQudt Libri — Badttos actrur: : |_ The. emiscton pp charged Or unchia oo Se fem the devs £¢ Knoum J A pad toatl fy fe Sse mas tT fs res. types = = Sis ys KS deca? |The spontaneous emission | oy spare nucle) | £4 Known ag _ —s 4 ee eee : — G (energy relented) An + tHe (a) +___ Hi): pesttren emisston or pi _olecoug 1 ving | Genral efudtiens for a (___D| -electrran._enuieeteon _or_ po ole padscny es treet toes BEL |The sperttaneouy _eméssten of electren or __ peattten prem the nucleus” ts_Knouen aa __ | B-decow = Any epg Yi sh oF ie ah 2 Yow MN tet +d “Paste tT Yee™ ey A 2X? at 7 No —> Net ete | Expiatnation [are emit the niicleus are _pyocucest_in the nucleus ana _immeoltotely endbted out. or aa follows — hehe- huh j Fe : 5 i 1 partial etme’ a oo a Kor ae is emnitred | ot Once . Y fg embétteol B.. dD {During — erate Oh _X— parti teat VA ~Ae LE 0. E- | At ai taatan the. ei gre Ps i te “nunifer | Yoooactve cCubstance [4 pro portfone Dh active Nuc? un the Semple» - 7 —| ——_[4omnpte_n, rasa Abang rurale ae aa pon “active nucteée [nthe ample . [24s ON: o¢ NI at QN =-AN —o® at ne there A= = dusintegrotion conatont as = —AdE fae 3th Ae oe tc =O a N= Ne 7. pe OD, eriarwds ab ne a +6 | anal a- XTi, = 26303 x 023010 ATi = Orf93 s-F Ty = e693” Average Like @ 0. radigacttve Guerage fe a raainedine | the somple. | A - actet jin the domple __ nucet cn the sample Ain the sample + Gach 5 dn nuctel dsctntey Urvived atleast for time> dN nudes ie tan, Arveroge JE Oy Semple, aaa Tow = [tay —— © ce bes Weld ate = ced teem ae n= 3 fel oa fig ety rettjab | ac =D rae eta] Tay $5 a jose Bap Ane phy en Se | Tove = fos = etAP\, foes “ : ‘¢ => 3 a . Tog SE AMT. 5 = itt ag = [Tog = 3j Retatons bebo. hati ufe and average Ue -“Thage ore pied nucleoy Teachens — d Fissiten Sean ‘3 % a | Fission Reaction | Nuclear Sefer _| The phenomenen of gpiitt haovy Tuclet tnt middle mozd nuclez ,/ One bem aot _ustth thermal neu (0 Neutron) ER Known as nuclear TRRLON When ug __ bs bel wth. a “low ‘thio ture middie modd tus, three oT four neutrons 80D mien electO +l Ua + kr $B + Ago Mev ne Ti | SU 4 we > oo + Sk +3In + 200 Mel | rity [2220 +’ —> So — Se + Nb +4 In $00 Mell sup mM LO aXe +S tag +300Mel ee 8 —Rtease 9 rergy during Fixation | B.E Q Product (middle mais rorge) 7 pe __| gain D, RE iu wing fission = G05 ~Fe6) X 235 B.E per nuclesn ty, *80- luaet tz = te6 MeV 4 nae 7/nuclesn ey 0-9 x 235 Mev Ba Qu.5 Mev This energy tg Teleosed _ berg uc cot ARAB. Lf neutron_prtcuced_d using fis fon are attewed te Choin Ronchi riickpate in the further further }tesion_ Process tan fasten. reaction fz” kno chain reaction « rod Ceol ceo. during tt chet Participate fn dasog ne fxaton Of PFU: mecet od Woreodea rapidly ust time disci | loki amount Rt ener fg: yelesgea a the vary smowt Enterved t ie, This appear Chain reach’eu .£4 the base spree 4b nucleo be “Controlled hain “reachtouw a : ees “th the neuter. Produced duiir U_ are’ ablewed to __posticipate tw t m | Ltacrzen auch tt that the rate fixator, remota | | censtont otth time then, the Chain reaction & known od centroled dat reactiu, rg chain | reoerten (centroued) the ett We Teleased at | Cenatant rote and can be et. Luck Liked | A as chain - _Auaine 6 ereieacamapers ent to. corny, out Qa Den | Chain reactin” un Centroued manner, Principle — - t's based on the controled nuclear Psioni (ae Be ft A = > P) Pump Heavy water / fused codfum nuehrong to _thermal neurone — Ai controls yods — They ceniool the rate ay reason _adsorbire nuetreng “they are Mode up 5 BorG Aj) Codant—Tt trangler heat from Core ore e he botkes. , Furdd Sodtum a ae a Wk uted of seolont.|_The_en ¢. produced during fresten appears t the sion heot and ts “trons ferred! to Me | beter path the _ hetp , coolant whith produces te |. steam. to" and" fin oly _| nude to proaude “a heavy nuctef £n_plosrna | stote fe Known a4 nuclear fuseton, 7 ; " rm jH + HR > (HW + e* + + 0.42 Mev | 3h +4 —> Fhe + 1 + 3.27 Mev by solar tn_the core 5, sun _follewins fuasten Heactfena takes placeait Hoo atin treo Pe Owe ViN= Oy Pair ankilitien yeachiow i -eF +el >. y+ y +1.02 Mev UN 2H + ty > Be Yt A MeV ——{ID) | SHe + 2He —> “He +H + 412.86 Mey —QYV The combined ofiecr Of Ou the Treactfera con be Satofned od — as fours Bed +t 20) i+ OC). HO Hydrogen temper: ced ar gun ot cuch higtr fa th plasma state. Lamu => 931.5 Mev [ = 6.42 tAY +26.% Mev