4 - Luan - Van - T Chương 1 - Chương 6 - Anh - M

Chng 1
TNG QUAN
1.1 Tng quan v hng nghin cu

Trong nhng nm gn y, v s thiu ht nng lng trn khp th gii v vn
s dng nng lng an ton dn n ngy cng c nhiu s quan tm n pht
in t cc ngun nng lng ti to. Cc li ch t cc ngun nng lng ti to
c tha nhn rng ri. Trong s cc ngun nng lng ti to th nng lng mt
tri c xem l ngun nng lng sch, thn thin vi mi trng v l ngun
nng lng trong tng lai. h thng in mt tri thc s l thn thin vi mi
trng th cn phi loi b h thng c quy dng tr in ra khi h thng chnh
v th h thng in mt tri ni li cn c nghin cu s dng hiu qu
ngun nng lng ny. Do in nng pht ra t h thng in mt tri l dng DC
v c in p v cng sut ng ra ph thuc vo s thay i ca bc x mt tri do
in p v cng sut ng ra thay i rt nhiu. h thng in mt tri ho
c vo li truyn ti hoc l phn phi th h thng in mt tri phi gii quyt
2 vn c bn l chuyn i t DC sang AC v n nh in p ng ra ca h.
Mt khc do hiu sut ca PIN mt tri cn thp nn tng hiu qu ca h thng
th mt bin php nhm ti u cng sut pht ca PIN cng cn c nghin cu.
Mt khc, vi s pht trin ca cng ngh in t cng sut v cng ngh x
l tn hiu, vic nghin cu b chuyn i a bc tr thnh mt trong nhng trng
tm trong lnh vc in t cng sut. So vi cc b chuyn i hai bc thng
thng, b chuyn i a bc c nhiu thun li v im thu ht nh sau:
- C th to ra dng sng vi lng sng hi thp
- Chng cho dng ng ra vi mo rt thp
- Chng pht ra in p common-mode (CM) thp hn. Ngoi ra, vic s
dng cc phng php iu ch tinh vi, in p CM c th c loi b.
- Chng c th vn hnh vi tn s ng ngt thp hn, dn n tn tht
ng ct thp hn v hiu sut cao hn.
Chnh v nhng vn trn m vic nghin cu iu khin h thng kt ni
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PV vi li dng bin tn a bc lai l mt ti cn trin khai thc hin trong giai
on hin nay.
* Mt s cng trnh nghin cu trong v ngoi nc v h thng kt ni PV
vi li c tm tt nh sau:
Bi bo [1] trnh by mt b nghch lu pin mt tri ni li nm bc mt pha
vi k thut hai tn hiu iu ch mi. Hai tn hiu iu ch ging nhau vi lch
tng ng bin tn hiu sng mang tam gic c dng pht ra tn hiu
PWM. B nghch lu gm mt b nghch lu ton cu v mt mch ph gm 4 it
v mt cng tc. B nghch lu to in p ng ra 5 bc: 0, +1/2V dc, Vdc, - 1/2Vdc,
v - Vdc. Mt thut ton iu khin dng tch phn t l (PI) s c b sung trong
DSP TMS320F2812 gi dng bm vo li hnh sin v c c tnh ng cao vi
tng mo dng sng hi (THD) thp. Tnh hiu lc ca b nghch lu a ra
c chng minh qua kt qu m phng v thc nghim. Cc kt qu thc nghim
so vi b nghch lu PWM ni li ba bc mt pha thng thng v mt THD.
* u im:
- To ra dng in bm vo li hnh sin
- c tnh ng cao vi tng mo dng sng hi (THD) thp hn (7,5% so
vi BNL 3 bc thng thng l 12,8%)
- Dng thut ton d tm im cng sut cc i (MPPT) tm im lm
vic ca ng cong I-V gi tr cc i. Thut ton MPPT s m bo rng cng
sut cc i c phn phi t cc dy pin mt tri bt k tnh trng thi tit no.
- Dng v p li cng pha h s cng sut gn bng 1 (0,99)
- Kch c b lc nh
- Nhiu in t (EMI) thp
* Hn ch:
- Hiu sut BNL a ra (90%) thp hn so vi BNL 3 bc thng thng
(92%)
- Khng thc hin phn tch s ng b theo cc thng s sai lch cho php.
- Khng cp v gii quyt vn c lp h thng PV trong trng hp
ngun li b s c v mt in.
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t c dng in ng ra gn hnh sin, nng cao cht lng in nng, v
gim tn tht nng lng, bi bo ny trnh by mt h thng iu ha cng sut ni
li pin mt tri (PVPC) da trn BNL a bc lai [2]. Trong cu trc c a ra,
mi pha ca BNL bao gm hai b chuyn i cu H, v hai b chuyn i c ni
bi hai MBA li pht ra 9 mc in p. B PVPC c tch hp vi vic b
cng sut phn khng v cng sut tc dng, theo cch ny, PVPC khng ch cung
cp cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng m cn nng cao cht lng in
nng trong h thng in. Sau , phng php iu ch rng xung vector khng
gian c p dng trong bi bo ny, phng php ny c th gii quyt s thiu
ng dng ca phng php PWM lai. Cui cng, cc kt qu m phng trn phng
th nghim 380V/13kW s c trnh by chng minh h thng PVPC c a
ra.
* u im:
Cc c im hp dn ca b PVPC a bc c a ra c tm tt nh sau:
1. Pht ra dng sng in p ng ra cht lng cao (lng hi thp): THD I <
2%.
2. Tn s ng ct thp hn so vi cc BNL thng thng
3. Hiu qu lc cao v in khng r ca cc MBA ghp tng
4. p dv/dt t ln cc linh kin ng ct thp
5. B PVPC dng mt b chuyn i tng p DC/DC t c chc nng
truy tm im cng sut cc i (MPPT) v lm cho t DC gi trng thi cn bng.
6. Cch ly c dng DC v li thng qua vic s dng cc my bin p
ghp tng.
* Hn ch:
- Khng cp v gii quyt vn c lp h thng PV trong trng hp
ngun li b s c v mt in.
Bi bo ny ni v vic m hnh ha v m phng ca mt h thng pin quang
in ni li (GCPS) [3] phn tch cch kt ni li v hiu qu iu khin ca
GCPS trong vic thit k h thng. Mt m hnh mch n gin ca dy pin mt
tri c dng m phng d dng cc c tnh vn c ca n vi s liu c tnh
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c bn. Vic iu khin cng sut v bo v ca GCPS cng nh cc mch in ca
n c trnh by bi cc thnh phn gn lin v c nh ngha bi ngi s
dng a vo tnh ton qu cc tnh trng bnh thng v s c, m n
c kim sot bi b iu khin in t cng sut. M hnh c m t vi s
xem xt v thi hnh trong phn mm PSCAD/EMTDC, mt gi phn mm qu
h thng in. Cc kt qu m phng c phm vi rng c trnh by v phn tch
chng minh rng m hnh m phng c a ra l hiu qu i vi s nh gi
hic qu bo v v iu khin ca GCPS v mt phn tch qu in t.
* u im:
Bi bo a ra m hnh v thut ton iu khin GCPS vi s phn tch chi
tit cc vn nh:
- Hiu qu iu khin cng sut ca GCPS.
- Kh nng chng c lp ca h thng khi li b s c thng qua b iu
khin bo v.
- S dng thut ton truy tm im cng sut cc i (MPPT) cung cp
cng sut cc i c phn phi t h thng PV bt k tnh trng thi tit no.
- Phn tch p ng qu ca h thng khi c ni li.
- mo dng tng do sng hi (THD) ca dng ng ra BNL bng 2,5%.
* Hn ch:
- Tn s ng ct linh kin ln, cng sut b nghch lu cng kh nng cao.
Bi bo trnh by v tho lun mt cu trc chuyn i mi cho vic ni li
ca mt h thng pht in bng pin mt tri. B iu ha cng sut a ra s dng
mt cu trc b nghch lu i [4] nng cao cng sut nh mc cc i trn c
s cc b nghch lu ba pha chun.
* u im:
Bi bo a ra m hnh iu khin GCPS vi cc u im nh sau:
- C kh nng nng cao cng sut nh mc so vi cc b nghch lu 3 bc
thng thng.
- Bn cnh vic pht cng sut, h thng hot ng nh mt b lc tch cc
vi kh nng cn bng ti, b sng hi v bm cng sut phn khng.
- Khng gp vn phi cn bng in p nh cc b nghch lu a bc khc.
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- To in p ng ra 9 bc nn t b mo dng.
- S dng hai dy pin ring bit cp cho mi BNL nn hn ch c dng
in th t khng trong mch.
* Hn ch:
- Thut ton iu khin phc tp so vi cc BNL thng thng.
- Khng cp r ch s mo dng tng do sng hi (THD).
1.2 Tnh cp thit ca ti, ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti
Nh cp trn, vi s khan him ca cc ngun nng lng ha thch v
cc nh hng ca chng n mi trng th vic nghin cu kt ni cc PV vi li
l vn cp thit nhm khc phc tnh trng thiu in trm trng nh hin nay.
Cng trnh nghin cu ny c th lm ti liu tham kho v l nn tng
pht trin cho cc hng nghin cu sau ny.
C th dng cho vic thit k ch to h thng iu khin kt ni cc PV vi li
in bng bin tn lai.
1.3 Mc ch nghin cu, khch th v i tng nghin cu
Nghin cu iu khin h thng kt ni pin mt tri vi li bng bin tn lai, c
th: pin mt tri v cc thut ton MPPT; bin tn lai v k thut iu ch; thut ton
iu khin h thng kt ni PV vi li.
1.4 Nhim v nghin cu v gii hn ca ti
a. Nhim v nghin cu
- Tm hiu nng lng mt tri v cc gii php s dng hiu qu; cu to v
nguyn l pin quang in (PV); cc loi h thng PV ni li v c lp.
- Cc thut ton d tm im cng sut cc i cho h thng PV.
- L thuyt bin tn a bc, bin tn lai v k thut iu khin PWM cho bin tn
a bc lai.
- Lp gii thut v m phng m hnh b nghch lu lai 5 bc xut bng phn
mm MATLAB.
- Nghin cu gii thut iu khin h thng kt ni PV vi li bng bin tn lai.
- M hnh ha v m phng h thng kt ni PV vi li bng bin tn lai.
- nh gi kt qu m phng.
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- Kt lun
b. Gii hn ca ti
Do gii hn v thi gian v iu kin nghin cu nn ti ch gii hn cc
vn nh sau:
Nghin cu iu khin h thng kt ni PV vi li bng bin tn lai thng qua
m hnh ha v m phng dng chng trnh Matlab/Simulink m khng cp vic
tnh ton thit k cc panel PV, khng thit k thi cng m hnh thc.
1.5 Phng php nghin cu
- Tham kho ti liu (sch, bo v tp ch khoa hc trn Internet).
- Tham d cc hi ngh khoa hc v bo co chuyn v lnh vc nghin cu.
- M hnh ha v m phng dng chng trnh Matlab/ Simulink.
- Phn tch v nh gi kt qu m phng.
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Chng 2
C S L THUYT
2.1 Nng lng mt tri

Nng lng Mt tri l mt trong cc ngun nng lung ti to quan trng
nht m thin nhin ban tng cho hnh tinh chng ta ng thi n cng l ngun
gc ca cc ngun nng lng ti to khc nh nng lng gi, nng lng sinh
khi, nng lng cc dng sng Nng lng Mt tri c th ni l v tn, tuy
nhin khai thc, s dng ngun nng lng ny cn phi bit cc c trng v
tnh cht c bn ca n, c bit l khi ti b mt Qu t.
Ngy nay Nng lng mt tri ang ngy cng thu ht c nhiu s quan
tm v u t. Tuy nhin, vn gi c ngun in mt tri hin nay vn l mt vn
ln. Hin nay nng lng mt tri ch cung cp mt phn nh b trong nhu cu
v in cho con ngi nhng nhng ngi ng h nng lng ny tin tng k
nguyn nng lng mt tri ch mi bt u v cng ngy c y mnh khi cc
quc gia pht trin thc hin chin dch chng bin i kh hu v hn ch vic ph
thuc vo nhin liu ha thch nh du m, kh t, than, v.v.
Mt tri bc x nng lng theo mt dy rt rng, tuy nhin khng phi tia
bc x no cng c th to ra hin tng quang in. Ch c nhng tia bc x (ng
vi bc sng ( ) c nng lng ln hn mc nng lng kch hot electron (tu
tng cht bn dn) mi c kh nng to ra hin tng quang in.
Phn tch mt in hnh v ph nng lng mt tri tc ng ln pin quang
in silicon. Trn biu ph nng lng mt tri ta thy: 20,2 % nng lng mt
tri tn hao khng c tc dng do c nng lng thp hn nng lng band gap
(hiu nh mc nng lng ti thiu kch hot cc electron ra khi trng thi tnh
ca chng) ca silicon (h < Eg). 30,2 % khc cng b mt i cc vng nng
lng (h > Eg). Ch c 49,6 % nng lng hu ch c th c thu bi pin quang
in.
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Hnh 2.1: Ph nng lng mt tri [ERDA/NASA-1997]
sn xut in mt tri ngi ta thng s dng 2 cng ngh: nhit mt tri
v pin quang in:
Nhit mt tri: nng lng mt tri c hi t nh h thng gng hi t
tp trung nh sng mt tri to thnh ngun nhit c nhit cao lm bc hi nc,
hi nc sinh ra lm quay tuabin sn xut ra in nng.
Pin quang in: c ch to t cc cht bn dn. in nng c sinh ra khi
c nh sng mt tri chiu n. Cc t bo quang in c kh nng th hin chc
nng ny bng cch nhn nng lng mt tri tch electron ra khi tinh th bn dn
to thnh dng in. Nh vy cc t bo quang in dng mt tri l ngun nhin
liu.
ti ny s trnh by v pin quang in s dng nng lng mt tri v xy
dng m hnh s dng ti u cng sut t pin quang in v kt ni li in.
2.2 Pin quang in (PV)
2.2.1 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca PV
Pin quang in s dng cht bn dn bin i quang nng thnh in nng.
K thut to PV rt ging vi k thut to ra cc linh kin bn dn nh transistor,
diode Nguyn liu dng lm pin PV cng ging nh cc linh kin bn dn khc
thng thng l tinh th silicon thuc nhm IV.
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C th ni PV l s ngc li ca diode quang. Diode quang nhn in nng
to thnh nh sng, th PV nhn nh sng to thnh in nng.
Hnh 2.2: Cu to cc lp PV.

Phn tch dng chy electron v l trng trong mi ni a n phng trnh
diode quen thuc nh sau:
qV
I d = I 0 (e kT
- 1) (2.1)
Vi: I0 l dng in ngc ca diode

q : in tch electron = 1.602 x 10-19 C
k : hng s Boltzman = 1.381 x 10-23 J/K
T : nhit tuyt i (oK)
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2.2.2 Mch tng ng ca PV
Hnh 2.3: Mch tng ng ca PV.

Hai tham s quan trng ca PV l dng ngn mch Isc v in p h mch Voc.
Hnh 2.4: S ngn mch v h mch ca PV.

in p h mch Voc l hiu in th c o khi h mch ngoi ca PV khi
chu tc ng mc chiu chun, c ly chiu nh tng ng 1kW/m2
25oC ca cell PV.
Dng ngn mch Isc l dng in c o trong mch ca PV khi ni tc mch
ngoi, lc V = 0 v cng trong iu kin nh trn. nhit chun 25 oC cng
thc tng ng s nh sau:
I = I sc - I 0 (e38.9V - 1) (2.2)
I sc
Voc = 0.0257 ln( + 1) (2.3)
I0
2.2.3 Mch PV khi c tnh n cc tn hao

Cng nh diode, pin PV trong thc t lun c tn hao, c trng cho s tn
hao ny l cc thng s Rs v Rp
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Hnh 2.5: S mch cell PV thc t.
Hnh 2.6 : c tnh I-V nh hng bi Rs

th c tnh ca pin PV b nh hng ca Rp khi b qua Rs:
Hnh 2.7 : c tnh I-V nh hng bi Rp

th c tnh ca pin PV b nh hng c Rp v Rs:
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Hnh 2.8: c tnh pin PV nh hng bi c Rs v Rp
Cng thc c trng ca pin PV thc t bao gm nh hng ca Rs v Rp:
q (V + I .RS ) V + I .RS
I = I SC - I 0
exp - 1- (2.4)
kT RP
n gin ho trong tnh ton v p dng lut Kirchhoff trn hnh 2.5, dng
in nt c tnh nh sau:
Isc = I + Id +Ip (2.5)
p dng cng thc (2.1) iu khin chun 25oC, ta suy ra:
Vd
I = I SC - I 0 (e38.9Vd - 1) - (2.6)
RP
Nh vy, khi bit c thng s Vd, dng in cung cp cho ti c tnh t
cng thc (2.6). V in p t ln ti tng ng s l:
V = Vd I.RS (2.7)
Phn m phng PV cell s c cn c vo hai cng thc (2.6) v (2.7)
thanh lp m hnh tng ng ca PV.
2.2.4 Tm PV
Mt tr ngi ca pin PV l in p v dng in lm vic rt nh. Mt pin PV
c in p lm vic khong 0.6V. Do mun c in p lm vic cao i hi phi
mc ni tip cc pin PV li, mun c dng in lm vic ln phi mc song song.
Mt tm PV thng thng c in p 21.6 Vdc, ta phi mc ni tip 36 pin
PV. Mt s m un 12 Vdc ch cn 20 pin PV.
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Hnh 2.9: Hnh dng Cell, Module v Array ca PV.
Hnh 2.10: Hnh thc ghp v ng c tnh I-V ca mun PV

in p ca mun PV:
Vmodule = n(Vd I.RS )
2.2.5 H thng dy PV
Kt ni nhiu mun PV s c Array PV. Mun tng p ng ra cn ni ni
tip nhiu mun PV.
Hnh 2.11: Array PV ni tip
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Hnh 2.12: ng c tnh I-V ca Array PV ni tip
Ni song song nhiu mun PV tng dng in
Hnh 2.13: Array PV ni song song
Hnh 2.14: ng c tnh I-V ca Array PV ni song song

Kt ni hn hp tng c p v dng nh hnh 2.15.
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Hnh 2.15: Array PV ni kt hp song song v ni tip
Hnh 2.16: ng c tnh I-V ca Array PV ni kt hp song song v ni tip
2.3 Cc yu t nh hng n PV
c tnh ca PV b nh hng bi nhiu yu t nh cng chiu sng, nhit

mi trng, hin tng bng rm, v.v. Cng chiu sng cng ln, th cng
sut thu c ca PV cng cao, dng Isc tng ln. Nhng ngc li nhit cao th
V0 b suy gim.
2.3.1 Cng chiu sng
Bin dng quang in l ln nht trong iu kin y nh sng. Vo

nhng ngy nng khng hon ton, dng quang in suy gim t l cng chiu
sng. c tnh I-V dch xung pha cng chiu sng thp hn nh hnh 2.17.
Do , vo nhng ngy c my dng ngn mch gim ng k. Tuy nhin, in p
h mch ch gim mt phn nh.
Hiu sut chuyn i quang in ca t bo quang in rt nhy vi bc x

mt tri trong tm lm vic thc t. V d, hnh 2.18 cho thy hiu sut gn nh
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khng i vi bc x 500W/m2 v 1.000W/m2. iu ny c ngha l hiu sut
chuyn i l nh nhau vo nhng ngy nng gt v nhng ngy c my. Chng ta
s thu c cng sut thp hn vo nhng ngy c my bi v t nng lng mt
tri hn i vo t bo quang in.
Hnh 2.17: c tnh I-V dch xung khi chiu gim v c s gim nh v in p
Hnh 2.18: Hiu sut chuyn i quang in theo bc x, hiu sut ny
n nh khi bc x tng.
2.3.2 Gc chiu sng
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Dng ng ra t bo quang in c cho bi I =I 0 cos , trong I0 l dng
in trong iu kin mt tri bnh thng ( tham kho), v l gc chiu sng
c o trong iu kin bnh thng. Lut cosin m bo gc chiu sng dao ng
t 0 n 50. Ngoi 50, ng ra in lch ng k khi lut cosin , v t bo quang
in khng pht ra cng sut ngoi 85, mc d lut cosin ton cho bit s pht ra
7.5 phn trm cng sut. ng cong cng sut- gc ca t bo quang in c
gi l cosin Kelly, v c ch ra trong hnh 2.19 v bng 2.1.
Hnh 2.19: ng cong cosin Kelly i vi pin quang in ti gc t 0 n 90
Bng 2.1: Gi tr cosin Kelley ca dng quang in trong t bo Silic
2.3.3 Hiu ng bng m
H thng pin quang in c th bao gm nhiu dy pin ni tip mc song song.

Hai dy c minh ha trong hnh 2.20. H thng pin quang in ln c th b hin
tng bng m mt phn do kt cu ca h thng. Nu mt t bo trong dy di b
che ph hon ton, n s mt in p quang in, nhng vn cn mang dng in
ca c dy pin do vic mc ni tip cc t bo trong mt dy. in p bn trong
khng sinh ra , n khng th sinh ra cng sut. Thay vo , n s hot ng nh
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ti, sinh ra cng sut tn hao I 2R v nhit. Cc t bo cn li trong dy phi hot
ng in p cao hn b in p b mt do hin tng bng m. in p s cao
hn trong cc t bo hot ng bnh thng c ngha l dng in trong mt dy s
thp hn nh trn c tnh I-V ca dy. iu ny c ch ra trong vng di bn
tri ca hnh 2.20. Vic hao ht dng in khng t l vi in tch b che m. Tuy
nhin, nu nhiu t bo b che m vi s lng vt ra ngoi gii hn cho php,
ng cong I-V s c in p hot ng ca dy rt thp, lm cho dng dy gim
n gi tr zero, lc tt c cng sut ca dy s khng cn na.
Hnh 2.20: Hiu ng bng m trn mt dy pin quang in . Vic gim cng sut
khng ng k n khi bng m vt qu gii hn cho php
Hnh 2.21: Diode thng trong dy pin quang in ti thiu ha vic hao ht cng
sut do hiu ng bng m nhiu.
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Phng php thng hay dng nht loi b tn hao ca dy do hiu hng
bng m l chia nh chiu di mch thnh nhiu phn c diode thng (bypass
diode) (hnh 2.21). Diode ca phn b che m s ni tt qua phn ca dy pin. Vic
ny lm hao ht tng ng in p v dng in dy pin m khng b mt ton b
cng sut dy pin. Mt s h thng pin quang in hin i c lp diode thng
bn trong.
2.3.4 Hiu ng nhit
Khi nhit tng, dng ngn mch ca t bo tng trong khi in p h

mch gim (hnh 2.22). Hiu ng nhit i vi cng sut c nh gi nh
lng bng cch kim tra hiu ng trn dng v p mt cch ring bit. I 0 v U0 l
dng ngn mch v in p h mch ti nhit tham kho T, v , l h s nhit
tng ng. Nu nhit hot ng tng ln khong T , dng v in p mi
c cho bi phng trnh sau:
Isc=Io(1+.T) and Voc=Vo(1.T) (2.8)
Bi v dng v in p hot ng thay i xp x t l vi dng ngn mch v

in p h mch, cng sut mi c phng trnh l
P = V.I = Io(1+.T).Vo(1.T) (2.9)
C th c rt gn bng cch b i lng nh khng ng k
P = Po.[1+(-).T] (2.10)
i vi nhng t bo Si n tinh th in hnh, l 500u/C v l 5mu/C.

V vy, cng sut l:
P = Po.[1+(500u 5 mu).T] hoc Po[10.0045T] (2.11)
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Hnh 2.22: Hiu ng ca nhit trn c tnh I-V. T bo sinh t dng nhng
nhiu in p hn vi vic t c cng sut ng ra khi nhit thp.
Hnh 2.23: Hiu ng nhit trn c tnh P-V. T bo pht ra nhiu cng sut hn
khi nhit thp
iu ny cho thy khi nhit hot ng tng 1C, vt qua nhit tham
kho, cng sut ng ra t bo quang in Si gim 0.45%. Bi v vic tng dng in
th t hn nhiu vic so vi vic gim in p, nn vic nh hng n ton b cng
sut l khng ng k nhit hot ng cao.
nh hng ca vic thay i nhit i vi cng sut ng ra c ch ra

trong c tnh P-V ti hai nhit hat ng hnh 2.23. Hnh v cho thy cng sut
cc i c sn nhit thp cao hn nhit cao. Do , nhit thp thc s
tt hn cho pin quang in, v n pht ra nhiu cng sut hn. Tuy nhin, hai im
cng sut cc i khng cng gi tr in p. trch ra cng sut ln nht ti tt c
cc nhit , h thng pin quang in phi c thit k sao cho in p ng ra pin
20
quang in c th tng ti V 2 nhn c cng sut Pmax2 nhit thp hn v
c th gim ti V1 nhn c Pmax1 nhit cao hn.
2.3.5 Hiu ng thi tit
Trong nhng ngy t my, h thng pin quang in c th pht ra 80% cng
sut chiu sng. Thm ch trong nhng ngy y my, n c th sinh ra khong 30%
cng sut. Tuyt khng tch t nhiu trn tm pin quang in do n c gc nghing
nht nh v khi c nh sng mt tri n s tan chy. Ngoi ra, h thng cn c
thit k c xem xt n hin tng ma .
2.3.6 Ha hp ti in
im hot ng ca bt k h thng nng lng no l giao ca ng c tnh

ngun vi c tnh ti. Nu ngun , c c tnh I-V v P-V c v trn hnh 2.24
(a), ang cp cng sut cho ti tr R l, n s hot ng ti im A1. Nu in tr ti
tng ti R2 hoc R3, im hot ng s di chuyn n A2 hoc A3. Cng sut cc
i c trch ra t h thng pin quang in khi in tr ti l R2 (hnh 2.24b).
Vic ha hp ti vi ngun nh th lun cn thit cho vic trch cng sut cc

i ra t h thng pin quang in.
Vic hot ng vi ti cng sut l hng s c ch ra trn hnh 2.24 (c) v

(d). c tnh ti cng sut hng s c hai im giao vi c tnh ngun, c minh
ha bi B1 v B2. Ch im B2 l n nh, bt k s dao ng no t n cng pht
ra cng sut d tr tr v im hot ng B2. V th, h thng s vn hnh ti
im B2.
iu kin cn thit cho s n nh vn hnh in ca pin quang in l
dP dP
dV (2.12)
load dV source
21
Hnh 2.24: Ho hp ti v n nh vn hnh vi ti tr v ti cng sut hng s.
Mt vi loi ti nh l hi c in tr c nh, cng sut thay i t l bnh

phng in p. Mt khc, mt vi ti nh ng c cm ng hot ng ging ti
cng sut c nh, to ra nhiu dng hn ti in p thp hn. Trong hu ht cc h
thng ln c ti hn hp, cng sut thay i xp x t l tuyn tnh vi in p.
2.3.7 Vic thay i chiu quay theo hng mt tri
Nhiu nng lng hn c thu thp vo cui ngy nu h thng pin quang
in c lp t trn b xoay theo hng mt tri, c b iu chnh theo hng
mt tri to thnh hnh bng hng dng (hnh 2.25). C hai loi b xoay chnh:
Loi b xoay mt trc: s xoay theo mt tri t hng ng sang hng Ty

sut c ngy.
Loi b xoay hai trc s xoay theo mt tri t hng ng sang hng Ty
sut c ngy, v t hng Bc sang hng Nam trong sut ma ca nm.
22
Hnh 2.25: B xoay hai trc xoay theo mt tri ging nh bng hng dng
Thit k b xoay theo hng mt tri c th tng nng lng cung cp ln ti

40% trong c nm so vi thit k dy pin c nh. B theo xoay theo hng mt tri
hai trc c thc hin bi hai ng c iu khin tuyn tnh, hai ng c Sut
c ngy, n s xoay theo hng mt tri t ng sang Ty. Vo bui ti, n xoay
sang hng ng nh v cho mt tri bui sng hm sau. B xoay c thc hin
vic ny sau khi hong hn xung dng b acqui NiCad nh. Thit k mi b c qui
bng cch thc hin vo lc nh nhem ti hoc lc bnh minh.
2.4 im lm vic c cng sut cc i (MPP) v iu khin MPPT

2.4.1 im lm vic c cng sut cc i (MPP)
im cng sut cc i MPP (Maximun Power Point ), tc l im lm vic
hiu qu nht ca PV theo cc mc bc x hp thu c. Do s thay i theo
nhu cu ca tng loi ti cng nh bin ng ng sng ca mi trng nn trong
qu trnh lm vic ca PV khng phi lc no cng im MPP. Xt mt ng
cong c trng ca PV iu kin chun, nu cung cp cho mt ti tiu th l in
tr thun R , th ng cong t trng ca ti l mt ng thng qua gc ta
v c dc vi trc 0V vi tg =1/R; v im giao nhau gia ng cong PV v R
l im lm vic. V im lm vic ny suy ra c cng sut ca PV cung cp cho
ti , nhng khng c ngha l ton b cng sut ca PV c cung cp cho ti. Nh
vy vn t ra l s dng nh th no l hiu qu nht.
23
Do , mi im lm vic khc nhau ta s c mt cng sut khc nhau, vn
l phi xc nh v tr lm vic m ti cng sut thu c l ln nht.
Hnh 2.26 : Nhng im cng sut cc i theo chiu

n gin vn xt ti l mt in tr, c cng thc Ohm m t nh sau:
1
V = I .R or I = V (2.12)
R
Khi kt ni ti vi ngun PV, ta s c im lm vic l giao im ca 2 ng
c tnh nh hnh v sau:
Hnh 2.27: im lm vic ph thuc vo thng s ca R
24
Hnh 2.28: im MPP ca PV.
Ta thy rng cng vi mt pin PV hot ng di iu kin nht nh, khi thay
i ti khc nhau ta thu c cc im lm vic khc nhau, tng ng l cc cng
sut thu c khc nhau P = U x I.
Trong v s im lm vic khc nhau, c mt im m ti cng sut thu
c cc i ta gi l im MPP, tng ng vi n l cc thng s Vm, Im, Pm.
Nu gi c nh in tr ta thay i cng bc x ca mt tri, ta thu c
mt h cc ng c tnh PV, v ng thi cng c v s cc im lm vic khc
nhau. ng vi mi ng c tnh cng c mt im MPP m ti cng sut cc
i.
Hnh 2.29: Cc im lm vic ca ti thun tr.

2.4.2 B iu khin MPPT
25
thu c cng sut cc i cn xc nh im MPP, v t c iu
ny ngi ta dng b d tm MPPT tnh ton im lm vic cc i, sau iu
khin b DC/DC t c im lm vic ny.
Thc t b MPPT l mt khi nhn ly cc tn hiu ca pin PV (dng, p) sau
dng cc thut ton khc nhau xc nh im lm vic MPP v truyn cc tn
hiu iu khin ny iu khin ng ct b bin i in p mt chiu DC/DC
thu c cng sut ln nht.
im MPP thng nm khy ca ng cong (I,V) ca pin PV. Sau khi h
MPPT tnh ton c im MPP s a tn hiu iu khin v iu khin ng ct
b DC/DC.
Hnh 2.30: S khi b MPPT iu khin DC-DC converter.

2.4.3 B bin i DC/DC (Buck-Boost converter)
C nhiu loi DC/DC converter c s dng ty thuc vo h thng PV v
ti. Nu h thng PV c in p ln v ti c in p nh b Buck converter s
c s dng, ngc li s dng b Boost converter. Nu mun iu khin c tng
gim in p b Buck-Boost converter s c s dng. Sau y s trnh by tm
tt v b Buck-Boost converter:
Hnh 2.31: S b bin i DC/DC (Buck-Boost Converter).

Ta phn tch hai trng thi ng ngt ca b Buck_Boost Converter:
26
Hnh 2.32: S mch Buck_Boost Converter.
Khi kha (Mosfet) ng in p V i xuyn qua cun dy, dn ton b dng
ngun lc ny l IL chy qua cun dy. Trong sut thi gian ny nng lng c
tch t trn cun dy. Nu kha vn cn ng, cun dy s dn dng ngn mch v
pin quang in s pht ra dng ngn mch v in p bng zero.
Khi kha m dng vn tip tc chy qua cun dy nhng lc ny nng lng
tch ly trong cun dy bt u gim i (dng chy qua cun dy khng th thay i
t ngt). Dng lc ny s chy qua diode, t in v ti, dng cun dy s np cho
t mt in p (phn cc ngc) cp cho ti c th duy tr nng lng trn ti khi
kha ng li.
Nu kha ng ct nhanh th dng trn cun dy khng th gim nhiu. Vi
kha ng ct nhanh v cun dy ln mch c th thit k vi dng cun dy
gn nh l hng s.
Nu kha ng ct nhanh th in p trn t khng th thay i nhiu.
Tng t ta cng c th thit k c mch vi in p t gn nh l hng s.
Cui cng chng ta cn ni n chu k ng ct ca switch (D). N nh hng
trc tip gia in p vo v ra ca b chuyn i. Vi b buck_boost converter ta
c:
27
Hnh 2.33: Gin xung ng ct ca b Buck_Boost Converter.
- Khi switch ng trong khong thi gian t t = 0 n t = DT , in p trn L l Vi.
Khi cng sut trn L l:

DT DT
1 1
Pin = Vi I L dt = Vi I L dt
T 0 T 0
(2.13)
Vi iu kin dng qua L l mt hng s, ta c cng sut qua L nh sau:
DT
1
Pin = Vi I L dt = Vi I L D
T 0 (2.14)
- Khi switch m nng lng trn L bt u x ra. Diode bt u dn in p trn L
cung cp cho ti V0.
Khi ta c cng sut trn ti:
28
DT T
1 1
Pout = VL I L dt = V0 I L dt
T 0 T DT
(2.15)
Vi iu kin l tng th V0 v IL l hng s lc Pout l:
1
Pout = V0 I L (T - DT ) = V0 I L (1 - D)
T (2.16)
T (2.14) & (2.16) ta c:
V0 D
= -( )
Vi 1- D (2.17)
in p sau khi qua b bin i cng sut s tng ln, nh b iu khin xung
kch ta c th iu chnh in p ra mong mun nh iu chnh D v p ra c cc
tnh ngc vi p u vo. Mch cng sut l mch tng p nn p ra c th ln hn
p vo.
2.4.4 Cc thut ton d tm im cng sut cc i (MPPT)
2.4.4.1 Xo trn v theo di P&O
y l thut ton thng c dng nht tm im cng sut cc i, n
da vo vic lm thay i in p v theo di t s dP/dt. Du ca o hm in p
cho bit in p tng hay gim v in p c th gim hoc tng ti khi t c
im cng sut cc i v lc o hm bng 0. Bi v thut ton ny da trn
vic thay i, nn s c s dao ng thm ch khi t c im cng sut cc i.
Thuyt minh thut ton P&O (hnh 2.34):
- Nu tng in p, cng sut thu c tng, th chu k sau tip tc tng in p
- Nu tng in p, cng sut thu c gim, th chu k sau gim in p
- Nu gim in p, cng sut thu c tng, th chu k sau tip tc gim in p
- Nu gim in p, cng sut thu c gim, th chu k sau tng in p
* Nhc im ca thut ton P&O:
Theo lu trn ta thy thut ton P&O ph thuc rt ln vo thi gian ly
mu so snh. Trong trng hp cng chiu sng khng i gii thut P&O hot
ng rt tt khi truy tm im cc i. Tuy nhin, khi cng chiu sng thay i
thut ton P&O s sai bi v h MPPT khng hiu c cng sut tng do thay i
cng chiu sng ch khng phi do s dao ng in p khi lm vic. Kt qu l
29
thut ton s gim in p hoc tng in p lin tc do nhn thy cng sut o lc sau
vn ln hn lc u.
Hnh 2.34: Lu thut ton P&O.

Ta xt mt h PV pht nng lng v li in:
Hnh 2.35: H PV pht nng lng v li in

Khi chiu tng ln, ng cong cng sut s thay i t P1 sang P2 (hnh 2.36)
Gi s thi im k h MPPT ang iu khin PV hot ng im A, thi
im k+1 chiu tng nhanh. Lc P[k+1] > P[k] v gi s in p lc
V[k+1] > V[k] , th theo thut ton P&O h MPPT s tng in p ln v lc im
lm vic s l im C (khng phi im cc i)
30
Hnh 2.36: Khi chiu thay i im MPP s sai theo thut ton P&O.
Ta nhn thy nguyn nhn dn n s hot ng sai ca thut ton P&O l
khng phn bit c s thay i cng sut do thay i in p vi s thay i cng
sut do thay i cng chiu sng.
Yu cu ra gii quyt s hot ng sai ny l:
1. thut ton MPPT ch hot ng hiu qu khi khng c s thay i chiu
(trn cng mt ng cong cng sut)
2. Khi c s thay i chiu th gi nguyn in p ang hot ng im
MPP c n khi chiu n nh th mi tip tc truy tm MPP theo in p.
V thut ton P&O ci tin s gii quyt vn ny.
* Thut ton P&O ci tin [19]:
Gii thut ny da vo s tnh ton v so snh dng ngn mch I sc. Ta bit mi
loi pin PV tng ng vi mi cng chiu sng c mt dng ngn mch (ng vi
V = 0) vi cng tng ng. Dng ngn mch ny thuc v bn cht vt l ca PV.
Theo hnh 2.37, ta c:
1
e38.9(V + IRS ) - 1
I = I SC - I 0
- (V + IRS ) at 250C (2.18)
RP
in tr ni tip Rs, in tr song song Rp l cc h s c trng cho diode
quang in, phn nh s tiu hao ca diode quang thc t vi diode quang l tng.
31
Hnh 2.37: Cu to mt Cell PV
Ta dng h s n thay th cho tham s R s v Rp gi l h s khng l tng ca
diode, suy ra:
I = I SC (1 - e(V -VOC )/( ns.Vt ) ) (2.19)
Trong :
I: l dng in lm vic
V: in p lm vic
Isc: Dng in ngn mch
Voc: in p h mch
ns : S pin PV mc ni tip
Vt = (K.T.n)/q , vi:
K = 1,381 x 10-23 : hng s Boltzman
T (K) : nhit tuyt i
n = 1-5, h s khng l lng ca diode
q = 1,062 x 10-19 : in tch electron.
Ta thy I, V c th o c, cc thng s cn li u c th bit c do nh
sn xut cung cp. Ta c th xc nh Isc
Isc = I / ( 1 - e(V-Voc)/(ns.Vt)) (2.20)
Bt c im lm vic u, mi cp gi tr (I,V) u l duy nht trong m hnh
PV, do ta c th tnh ton ngc v Isc.
Nu khng c s thay i cng chiu sng, bt c im lm vic u u
c th xc nh c gi tri Isc ging nhau. Khi c s thay i cng chiu sng, Isc
s thay i t l thun vi cng chiu sng.
Ta s dng Isc lm c s so snh, nu I sc khng i s cho h MPPT hot ng
32
theo gii thut P&O truy tm im cc i theo in p. Nu Isc thay i s gi nguyn
in p lm vic.
Hnh 2.38: c tnh P- I ca mun PV khi chiu thay i.

Lu thut ton ny s c gii thch v m phng phn 4.2.2.1.
2.4.4.2 Tng tng dn INC
Trong thut ton INC, nhc im ca thut ton P&O (dao ng quanh im
cng sut cc i) s uc khc phc. Vic ny c thc hin bng cch dng in
dn ly tin ca dy pin quang in tnh t s dP/dt m khng xy ra dao ng.
Thut ton s dng biu thc:
P =V .I (2.21)
(vi P l cng sut mun; V l in p mun; I l dng in mun)
o hm theo V ta c.
dP/ dV = I +V .dI/dV (2.22)
Da vo biu thc ny thut ton s tm ra im cng sut nh.
Ti im cng sut nh:
dP /dV = 0 (2.23)
dI /dV = I/ V (2.24)
Nu im lm vic v pha bn phi ng cong cng sut th chng ta c:
dP/dV < 0 (2.25)
dI /dV < -I /V (2.26)
Nu im lm vic v pha bn tri ng cong cng sut th chng ta c:
dP/dV > 0 (2.27)
33
dI /dV > -I /V (2.28)
im cng sut cc i c th c xc nh bng cch so snh tng dn tc
thi (I/V) vi tng tng dn I /V c th hin trong lu thut ton
hnh 2.39. Vref l in p tham chiu lc h quang in bt u hot ng. Ti im
cng sut cc i Vref bng VMPP. Khi t n im cc i s hot ng ca h PV
s c duy tr im ny nu I khng i.
Thut ton ny c u im l n c th xc nh c khi no MPPT t n
MPP, trong khi phng php P&O ch dao ng quanh MPP. Hn na, tng dn
tng c th d rt nhanh s tng hay gim cc iu kin bc x vi chnh xc cao
hn so vi phng php P&O. Nhc im ca phng php ny l phc tp hn
phng php P&O.
Hnh 2.39: Lu thut ton INC

2.4.4.3 Thut ton iu khin in p h mch
C s ca phng php vng h l gi s in p ti im cng sut cc i
VMPP l hm tuyn tnh ca in p h mch VOC. V d VMPP = k.VOC, k 0.76.
34
Trong , k l h s t l. V k ph thuc vo c trng ca PV nn n thng
c c lng trc theo kinh nghim xc nh V MPP v VOC cho dy PV nhng
chiu v nhit khc nhau. H s k thng c xc nh trong khong 0.71 v
0.78.
Gi thit ny c chnh xc va phi trong nhng trng hp dng ngn
mch PV v nhit c phm vi thay i rng. Bng cch o in p h mch, mt
in p iu khin c th c to ra iu khin in p ca mun quang in n
im cng sut cc i.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l in p h mch ca mun thay i
theo nhit . V th khi nhit ca mun tng in p h mch ca mun thay
i v chng ta phi o in p h mch ca mun thng xuyn. Do vy ti phi
c tho khi mun o in p h mch. Cng sut ca h quang in trong
thi gian ny khng c s dng.
2.5 Cc dng cu trc b chuyn i PV
chuyn i ngun p DC t h PV thnh p AC cho cc mc ch khc

nhau, ngi ta s dng cc dng b nghch lu c m t hnh 2.40 [4].
35
Hnh 2.40: Tng quan theo lch s ca cc b chuyn i PV. (a) Cng ngh tp
trung trong qu kh. (b) Cng ngh theo dy hin nay. (c) Cng ngh a dy hin
ti v tng lai. (d) Cng ngh pin AC v modul AC hin ti v tng lai.
2.5.1. B chuyn i tp trung (Centralized Converters)
y l mt cng ngh c, da trn s kt ni s lng ln cc modul PV n
b chuyn i (Hnh 2.40a). u im ca cu trc ny l cn t b chuyn i nn
tn tht tng chuyn i cng sut kh thp v kh nng kt ni nhiu modul ni
tip thu c in p u vo cao v v th trnh c s m rng sau ny. Tuy
nhin, cc hn ch l rt ln, nh vic s dng cp DC in p cao gia cc modul
PV v b chuyn i, cc tn tht cng sut v MPPT tp trung, cc tn tht do s
khng cn bng gia cc modul PV, cc tn tht trn cc it mi dy pin, v s
thit k khng linh hot ch cc li ch ca vic sn xut hng lot khng th t
c.
2.5.2. B chuyn i theo dy (String Converters)
Nh trn hnh 2.40b), b chuyn i theo dy l phin bn rt gn ca cu trc
tp trung, mi dy c ni ti mt b chuyn i. cu trc ny chng ta c
36
th t c thun li in p u vo cao, nu mt lng ln modul PV c ni
ni tip. Nu in p ng vo thp th s dng my bin p hay b chuyn i DC-
DC tng in p. V ch c mt dy pin cho mi b chuyn i nn khng cn s
dng it cho cc dy pin, v n cho php s dng MPPT ring l cho mi dy. Cc
tn tht khng cn bng cng c gim, nhng khng c loi b. Ni chung cu
tc ny tng hiu sut ton h thng so vi cu trc b chuyn i tp trung, v n
s gim gi thnh v kh nng sn xut hng lot.
2.5.3. B chuyn i a dy (Multi-String Converters)
B chuyn i a dy nh trn hnh 2.40c), l s pht trin thm ca b
chuyn i theo dy, v c nhiu u im ca c b chuyn i tp trung v b
chuyn i theo dy. cu trc ny, c mt b chuyn i DC-DC kt hp MPPT
cho mi ng vo, tt c c ni ti mt b nghch lu. iu ny c li v MPPT c
th c iu khin ring l cho mi dy, v mt nh my c th c thc hin vi
t cc b nghch lu hn so vi cu trc b chuyn i theo dy. iu ny mang li
s thit k linh hot vi hiu sut cao, v c th s tr thnh chun ha nhng ni
m cc b chuyn i theo dy v tp trung hin nay ang s dng.
2.5.4. B chuyn theo modul AC (AC-Module Converters)
Vi cu trc ny, mt modul PV c tch hp cng vi b chuyn i trong
mt thit b in, nh trn hnh 2.40d). Bng cch kt hp modul PV v b chuyn
i vo mt thit b, th kh nng to ra mt modul da vo thit b cm v s
dng s xy ra, v n c th c s dng bi nhng ngi khng bit g v vic
lp t in. cu trc ny, cc tn tht khng cn bng gia cc modul PV c
loi b, v n c th ti u ha b chuyn i ti modul PV, v v vy cng cho
php MPPT ring l ca mi modul. V s c nhu cu cho nhiu thit b hn so vi
cc cu trc cp trn, nn n s mang li li ch ln khi sn xut hng lot,
v v vy gi thnh s thp hn. Mt khc, in p ng vo tr nn thp, i hi s
m rng in p cao c th s gim hiu sut ton h thng.
2.6 Cc dng pin quang in ni li v hot ng c lp
2.6.1 Dng ni li
37
H thng pin quang in ni li l ng dng tng i mi m trong h
thng pin quang in c lp t cung cp cng sut cho ta nh hoc ti khc
ni vi li in lc. H thng thng cung cp in ngc v li in khi h
thng pin quang in cung cp in vt nhu cu ca ti. Cc h thng ny c
tch hp vo kt cu c sn v tr nn thng dng bi tim nng to ln ca n.
Chng c s dng cp in cho cc h gia nh, khu thng mi, khu cng
nghip. Cng sut pin quang in ph thuc ngn sch hoc khng gian c sn. So
snh vi ng dng hot ng c lp ca pin quang in, chi ph h thng thp hn
bi v khng c b lu nng lng, acqui, , mt yu t gip nng cao hiu qu ca
pin quang in.
2.6.1.1 H thng pin quang in khng c b c qui
H thng pin quang in ni li c thit k hot ng song song v phi

hp vi li in lc. Cc thnh phn c bn trong h thng pin quang in ni li
l b inverter, hoc PCU (power conditioning unit). PCU chuyn i in DC do
pin quang in pht ra thnh in AC p ng nhu cu in p v cht lng in
nng ca li in, v t ng ngng cp in cho li khi li mt in. Giao din
hai chiu c thc hin gia mch ra AC h thng pin quang in v mng in
lc, c lp t trong t phn phi in ti ch hoc li ra vo. iu ny cho
php ngun AC c sinh ra bi pin quang in ti ngun cp cho ti ti ch hoc
ngun li khi ng ra h thng pin quang in ln hn nhu cu ti ti ch. Vo bui
ti hoc trong sut cc giai on khc khi nhu cu ti in ln hn cng sut ng ra
ca pin quang in, phn cng sut d do ti yu cu s c nhn t ngun in.
Khi mng mt in, cc h thng ny t ng ngng hot ng v r li. c tnh
an ton ny c yu cu trong tt c cc h thng pin quang in ni li, v m
bo rng h thng pin quang in s khng tip tc vn hnh v cp in ngc tr
li li in khi li mt in hoc sa cha.
38
AC Loads
Inverter/Power Distribution
PV array Panel
Conditioner
Electric
Utility
Hnh 2.41: H thng pin quang in khng c b c qui

2.6.1.2 H thng pin quang in c b c qui
H thng in hnh l mt dy cc pin t trn nn t. Loi ny kh ph bin
cho cc h tiu th v cc doanh nghip nh trong cn phi d phng ngun in
cho cc ti quan trng nh vic lm lnh, my bm nc, chiu sng v cc nhu cu
khc. Thng thng h thng ny hot ng theo kiu ni li, cung cp cho ti ti
ch hoc gi cng sut d tha v li trong khi vn sc y c qui. Trong trng
hp mng b mt in, mch iu khin trong inverter s ngt khi li in thng
qua c cu chuyn i thanh ci, v kch hot b inverter t c qui cp in ti
ti quan trng c yu cu. Vi cu hnh ca h thng nh vy, ti quan trng
c cung cp ch yu t t ti ph c yu cu.
Mi h thng nh vy c th cung cp cng sut cho ti DC. Vi s kt hp

ca b inverter trong h thng, mi h thng cng c th cung cp cho ti AC.
Khng ging nh cc h thng ni li khc, h thng ny phi pht ra tt c cng
sut sn c ti ti. Do , vic xc nh kch c cc dy pin v yu cu ti l cc yu
t quan trng p ng nhu cu khch hng.
39
Critical Non-Critical
AC Loads PV array AC Loads
Critical Load Inverter/Power

Main Panel
Sub Panel Conditioner
Electric
Battery
Utility
Storage
Hnh 2.42: H thng pin quang in c b c qui

2.6.2 Dng c lp
H thng pin quang in hot ng c lp trong gia nh cung cp in cho
nhng h gia nh nhng khu vc xa xi. H thng cung cp in cho chiu sng,
t lnh, v nhng ti khc tiu th t nng lng. Cc ng dng ny hu nh c mt
khp ni trn th gii, c bit l nhng khu nng thn cc nc ang pht trin.
Pin quang in l k thut thch hp nht p ng nhu cu ca cc khu cng
ng xa xi. H thng pin quang in hot ng c lp thng c ng dng
hiu qu nhng khu cch xa in li t 1-2km, nhng ni in li khng th ti
c
ng dng h thng pin quang in hot ng c lp cho khch hng l ng
dng mang tnh thng mi u tin i vi h thng pin quang in. Chng cung
cp cng sut cho hu ht cc ng dng nh ng h, my tnh, vin thng, my
bm, phng tin h tr di chuyn bng ng bin, n cnh bo hng khng, ..
Nhng ng dng ny dng rt t cng sut in nhng gi thnh nng lng mt
tri cho cc ng dng ny li rt cao. Ngy nay, h thng pin quang in cng c
s dng trong n ng, ng h o cho bi u xe, v thm ch cho c xe hi.
2.6.2.1 Pin quang in cp ngun cho h thng bm nc
Vic bm nc l ng dng quan trng ca h thng pin quang in. H thng
in hnh bao gm mt dy cc pin t trn nn t ( c hoc khng c b phn
xoay c kh), b iu khin bm, b inverter cho ng c bm AC, v vic lp t
bm/ ng c cn in DC hoc AC. Nc c bm ch trong cc gi ban ngy v
40
thng c tr trong bn nc s dng trong trng hp thiu nc. B accu
cng c th c phi hp trong cc h thng ny
PV array Inverter/Power
Controller
Motor/Pump
Unit
Hnh 2.43: H thng bm nc c cp ngun t h thng pin quang in

2.6.2.2 Pin quang in cp ngun cho h thng chiu sng
H thng chiu sng c cp ngun t pin quang in c p dng cho vic
chiu sng khu vc hay chiu sng bng hiu thay v m rng dch v in lc. Cc
h thng c bn trn gi bao gm dy pin, b accu, v accu, b iu khin sc,
b iu khin chiu sng, b n, chn lu v n. Cc h thng ny c dng
moun in hnh c ng ra thng nh hn 250WSTC. Cc dy pin thng c
t trn nh ca cng trnh hoc trn kt cu ca bng hiu v nn c trang b
che chn bi cc thit b chng ph hy. Cc b n natri p sut thp, natri p sut
cao, v n hunh quang l la chn thng thng cho cc loi n ca h thng
ny. Vic bo v b accu trnh s dao ng nhit ng k l rt quan trng trong
h thng ny. Vic lp t cc t accu cng nn xem xt n vic thay i nhit
gia tng tui th v cng sut ca b accu
Power
PV array
Controller
Light/Other
Load
Hnh 2.44: H thng chiu sng c cp ngun t pin quang in
2.6.2.3 H thng PV nhng khu xa dn c
H thng pin quang in c th cp ngun cho nhng vng xa v cc h nh l
ni m in lc khng th p ng. Nhng h thng ny dng dng dy t trn
mi nh hay t trn nn, b iu khin sc accu, b lu accu, v b inverter cp
ngun 115VAC, 60Hz. Nhng h thng ny cng c th c cp bi ngun ph
41
nh my pht in gi v/hoc my pht in diesel p ng nhu cu in nng
khi thi tit xu. Nhng h thng ny cng c th c c im nh d mang vc v
l b trn gi vi cc thnh phn c tch hp.
AC Loads
PV array Inverter/Power Distribution

Controller Panel
Hnh 2.45: H thng pin quang in nhng khu xa dn c.
42
Chng 3
B NGHCH LU A BC V CC PHNG PHP
IU KHIN
3.1 Khi qut v b nghch lu p a bc

3.1.1 Khi nim
B nghch lu a bc c nhim v chuyn i nng lng t ngun in mt
chiu khng i sang dng nng lng in xoay chiu cung cp cho ti xoay
chiu.
B nghch lu p l mt b nghch lu c ngun mt chiu cung cp l ngun
p v i tng iu khin ng ra l in p. B nghch lu dng l b nghch lu
c ngun mt chiu cung cp l ngun dng v i tng iu khin ng ra l
ngun dng. Trn thc t ngun mt chiu l ngun p v i tng nghin cu l
b nghch lu p.
B nghch lu p cung cp v iu khin in p xoay chiu ng ra, ngun
in p mt chiu c th l: pin in, c quy, in p mt chiu c chnh lu t
in p xoay chiu c lc phng Cc ti xoay chiu thng mang tnh cht cm
khng (ng c xoay chiu, l cm ng), dng in qua cc linh kin khng th
ng ngt bng qu trnh chuyn mch t nhin. Do , linh kin trong b nghch
lu p phi c kh nng kch ng, ngt dng qua n. Trong cc ng dng vi cng
sut nh v va th c th s dng transitor BJT, MOSFET, IGBT. Trong phm vi
cng sut ln c th dng GTO, IGCT hoc SCR kt hp vi b chuyn mch. Vi
ti tng qut, mi linh kin cn mc thm mt diode i song hn ch in p
pht sinh khi kch ngt linh kin.
3.1.2 Phn loi
B nghch lu p c nhiu loi cng nh c nhiu phng php iu khin

khc nhau:
Theo s pha in p u ra: b nghch lu p mt pha, ba pha.
Theo s cp gi tr in p gia mt u pha ti n mt im in th chun
43
trn mch c: hai bc (two level), a bc (multilevel t ba bc tr ln).
Theo cu hnh ca b nghch lu: dng Cascade (Cascade inverter), dng diode
kp NPC (Neutral Point Clamped Multilevel Inverter), hoc dng dng t in
thay i (Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter)
Theo phng php iu khin:
- Phng php iu rng.

- Phng php iu bin.
- Phng php iu ch rng xung sin (Sin PWM).
- Phng php iu ch rng xung ci bin (Modified PWM).
- Phng php iu ch vector khng gian (Space Vector Modulation).
3.2 Cc cu trc c bn ca b nghch lu p a bc
3.2.1 Cu trc b nghch lu p cha cp diode kp (Neutral Point Clamped
multilevel inverter NPC)
S dng thch hp khi cc ngun DC to nn t h thng in AC. B nghch
lu a bc cha cc cp diode kp c mt mch ngun DC c phn chia thnh
mt s cp in p nh hn nh chui cc t in mc ni tip.
Gi s nhnh mch DC gm n ngun c ln bng nhau mc ni tip. in
p pha-ngun DC c th t c (n+1) gi tr khc nhau v t b nghch lu
c gi l b nghch lu p (n+1)bc. V d (xt hnh 3.3) chn mc in th 0
cui dy ngun, cc mc in p c th t c gm (0, U, 2U, 3U,nU). in p
t mt pha ti (v d pha a) thng n mt v tr bt k trn (v d M) nh cp diode
kp ti im (v d D1, D1). in p pha-ngun DC t c mc in p
nu trn (Ua0 = U), tt c cc linh kin b kp gia hai diode (D a4, Da4) gm n linh
kin mc ni tip lin tc k nhau, phi c kch ng (sa5, sa1, sa2, sa3, sa4),
cc linh kin cn li phi c kho theo nguyn tc kch i nghch. Nh hnh v
trn, to ra su mc in p pha ngun DC nn mch lu trn gi l b nghch lu
su bc.
44
Hnh 3.1: B nghch lu p dng diode kp (NPC)
B nghch lu p a bc dng diode kp ci tin dng sng in p ti v gim

shock in p trn linh kin n ln.Vi b nghch lu ba bc, dv/dt trn linh kin v
tn s ng ct gim i mt na.
Tuy nhin vi n > 3, mc chu gai p trn cc diode s khc nhau. Ngoi ra,
cn bng in p gia cc ngun DC (p trn t) tr nn kh khn, c bit khi s
bc ln.
45
Bng 3.1 in p ra ca B nghch lu NPC ng vi cc trng thi kch ng
Vi x = a, b, c.
3.2.2 Cu trc t in thay i (Flying capacitor inverter)
Hnh 3.2: B nghch lu p dng t in thay i
* u im chnh ca b nghch lu dng ny l:

Khi s bc tng cao th khng dng b lc.
C th iu tit cng sut tc dng v phn khng nn t c th iu tit
vic phn b cng sut trong li c dng bin tn.
Mi nhnh c th c phn tch c lp vi cc nhnh khc, khng nh
nghch lu a bc dng NPC khi phn tch phi quan tm n cn bng in p ba
pha ng vo.
* Mt s nhc im nh sau:
S lng t cng sut ln tham gia trong mch nhiu dn n gi thnh tng
v tin cy gim.
Vic iu khin s kh khn khi s bc b nghch lu p tng cao.
46
3.2.3 Cu trc dng ghp tng (Cascade Inverter)
S dng cc ngun DC ring, thch hp trong trng hp s dng ngun DC
c sn, v d di dng acquy, battery. Cascade inverter gm nhiu b nghch lu
p cu mt pha ghp ni tip, cc b nghch lu p dng cu mt pha ny c cc
ngun DC ring.
Bng cch kch ng cc linh kin trong mi b nghch lu p mt pha, ba

mc in p (-U, 0, U) c to thnh. S kt hp hot ng ca n b nghch lu p
trn mt nhnh pha ti s to nn n kh nng mc in p theo chiu m (-U, -2U,
-3U, -4U,.-nU), n kh nng mc in p theo chiu dng ( U, 2U, 3U, 4U,
nU ) v mc in p 0. Nh vy, b nghch lu p dng cascade gm n b nghch
lu p mt pha trn mi nhnh s to thnh b nghch lu ( 2n + 1 ) bc.
Hnh 3.3: B nghch lu p a bc dng cascader inverter.

Tn s ng ngt trong mi module ca dng mch ny c th gim i n ln v
dv/dt cng vy. in p trn p t ln cc linh kin gim i 0,57 ln, cho php s
dng IJBT in p thp.
Ngoi dng mch gm cc b nghch lu p mt pha, mch nghch p a bc

cn c dng ghp t ng ra ca cc b nghch lu p ba pha. Cu trc ny cho php
gim dv/dt v tn s ng ngt cn 1/3. Mch cho php s dng cc cu hnh
47
nghch lu p ba pha chun. Mch nghch lu t c s cn bng in p cc
ngun DC, khng tn ti dng cn bng gia cc module. Tuy nhin, cu to mch
i hi s dng cc my bin p ng ra .
3.2.4 Cu trc b nghch lu a bc lai (Hybrid Multilevel Inverter)
Hnh 3.4: Cu trc nghch lu lai mt pha by bc

B chuyn i ngun p lai c gii thiu bi Manjrekar et al. [2] l mt cu
trc dng cascaded c b sung bi nhng y cu H bao gm t nht mt ngun
Vdcj c gi tr khc. Hnh 1.7 m t cu trc nghch lu lai mt pha by bc gm
mt cell in p cao v mt cell in p thp. Trong vn hnh, b nghch lu lai s
dng cell in p cao chuyn i cng sut chnh cn cell in p thp hn ci
thin dng sng in p ca qu trnh chuyn i. Ngoi ra, cell in p cao s dng
nhng thit b c kh nng kha in p cao nhng li khng cn chuyn mch
nhanh nh c th dng cc IGCT(Integated Gate Controled Thyristors ). Trong khi
cell in p thp dng nhng thit b c kh nng chuyn mch nhanh nhng li
khng cn chu in p cao IGBT. in p tng hp c theo hnh 3.4 l: -3U,
-2U, -U, 0, U, 2U, 3U vi nguyn tc chuyn mch nh sau:
Bng 3.2 Nguyn tc tng hp in p nghch lu lai 7 bc hnh 3.4
in p VaN in p cell IGCT in p cell IGBT
-3U -2U -2U 0 -U
-2U -U -2U 0 U
-U 0 0 0 -U
0 U 0 0 U
U 2U 2U 0 -U
48
2U 3U 2U 0 U
* Nhng thun li ca cu trc lai
- C th kt hp hai loi thit b in t cng sut c c tnh khc nhau
trong cng mt b nghch lu.
- S lng chuyn mch trn cc cell cng sut ln rt t, ch xy ra cell
cng sut thp nht.
- Vi s cell nht nh nhng tng hp s bc in p ng ra ln. iu ny
gip tit kim linh kin in t cng sut, nhng vn t c cht lng in p
tng ng nh nhng b nghch lu khng lai khc.
- C kh nng iu khin linh ng. C th nng cao cng sut cng nh
in p mt cc d dng.
* Nhng bt li ca cu trc lai
- Cn cung cp cc ngun DC c lp cho mi cell cu H.
- Trong qu trnh tng hp in p, cc cell c cng sut nh thng phi
nhn nng lng theo chiu m nn nu dng cu chnh lu cung cp ngun DC
cho cc cell cu H th phi dng cu chnh lu hai chiu.
3.2.5 Nhn xt
- Trong cc dng cu trc va nu trn tuy mi cu trc u c u nhc im
ring nhng thng dng nht vn l hai dng NPC v Cascade v cu trc dng t
kh thc hin bi v mi nhm t trong mch c np vi mt mc in p khc
nhau khi mch lm vic vi s bc ln.
- u im ca b nghch lu p a bc l cng sut ca b nghch lu p tng
ln; in p t ln cc linh kin b gim xung nn cng sut tn hao do qu trnh
ng ngt cc linh kin cng gim theo; vi cng tn s ng ngt, cc thnh phn
sng hi bc cao ca in p ra gim nh hn so vi trng hp b nghch lu p 2
bc. i vi ti cng sut ln, in p cung cp cho cc ti c th t gi tr tng
i ln.
3.3 Mt s ch tiu nh gi k thut PWM ca b nghch lu v cc dng sng
mang dng trong k thut PWM
3.3.1 Mt s ch tiu nh gi k thut PWM ca b nghch lu
49
- Ch s iu ch (Modulation Index) m: c nh ngha nh t s gia bin
thnh phn hi c bn to nn bi phng php iu khin v bin thnh
phn hi c bn t c trong phng php iu khin su bc (six-step)
U1m U1m
m= =
U1m - sixsteps 2
V
p d
Vi Vd _ tng in p cc ngun DC.
- mo dng tng do sng hi THD (Total Harmonic Distortion): l i
lng dng nh gi tc dng ca cc sng hi bc cao (2,3) xut hin trong
ngun in, c tnh theo:

I
j1
2
( j)
THDI =
I (1)
- mo dng trong trng hp dng in khng cha thnh phn DC c
tnh theo h thc sau:

I
j =2
2
( j)
I 2 - I (1)
2
THDI = =
I (1) I (1)
Trong I(j): tr hiu dng sng hi bc j, j 2.
I(1): tr hiu dng thnh phn hi c bn ca dng in.
- Tn s ng ngt v cng sut tn hao do ng ngt: cng sut tn hao xut
hin trn linh kin bao gm hai thnh phn: tn hao cng sut khi linh kin trng
thi dn in Pon v tn hao cng sut ng Pdyn. Tn hao cng sut Pdyn tng ln khi
tn s ng ngt ca linh kin tng ln. Tn s ng ngt ca linh kin khng th
tng ln ty v nhng l do sau:
+ Cng sut tn hao trn linh kin tng ln t l vi tn s ng ngt.
Linh kin cng sut ln thng gy ra cng sut tn hao ng ngt ln hn.
Do , tn s kch ng ca n phi gim cho ph hp, v d cc linh kin GTO
cng sut MW ch c th ng ngt tn s khong 100Hz.
50
+ Cc qui nh v tng thch in t (Electromagnet Compatibility EMC)
qui nh kh nghim ngt i vi cc b bin i cng sut ng ngt vi tn s cao
hn 9kHz.
3.3.2 Cc dng sng mang dng trong k thut PWM
Cc sng mang dng tam gic c tn s cao (f sm < 9500Hz). C th chia thnh
ba loi nh sau:
3.3.2.1 B tr cng pha (PD: In phase Disposition) : tt c cc loi sng mang u

cng pha nhau.
Hnh 3.5: Sng mang dng PD
3.3.2.2 Hai sng mang k tip nhau s dch 1800: gi l sng APOD (Alternative
Phase Opposition Disposition):
51
Hnh 3.6: Sng mang dng APOD
3.3.2.3 B tr i xng qua trc Zero: gi l sng POD (Phase Opposition

Disposition): tt c cc sng mang trn trc 0 s cng pha nhau v cc sng mang
nm di trc 0 s b dch i 1800.
Hnh 3.7: Sng mang dng POD
* Nhn xt:
Trong cc phng php b tr sng mang, th thng php b tr cc sng
mang a bc cng pha (dng PD) cho mo dng p dy nh nht. Ring i vi
b nghch lu p ba bc, phng php POD v APOD c cng kt qu dng sng
mang.
3.4 Cc phng php iu ch b nghch lu p
3.4.1 Phng php iu ch rng xung sin (SinPWM)
Phng php SH-PWM c tn y l Subharmonic Pulse Width
Modulation . thc hin to gin kch ng cc linh kin trong cng mt pha
ti, ta s dng mt s sng mang (dng tam gic) v mt tn hiu iu khin (dng
sin). i vi b nghch lu p n bc, s sng mang c s dng l (n-1). Chng c
cng tn s fc, v cng c bin nh-nh Ac. Sng iu ch (hay sng iu
khin) c bin nh-nh Am v tn s fm, dng sng ca n thay i chung
quanh trc tm ca h thng (n-1) sng mang. Nu sng iu khin ln hn sng
mang no th linh kin tng ng c sng mang iu khin s c kch
ng. Trong trng hp sng iu khin nh hn sng mang no th linh kin s
52
b kha kch.
i vi b nghch lu p a bc ch s bin m a v ch s tn s mf c
nh ngha nh sau:
Am
ma =
(n - 1) Ac
(3.1)
f
mf = c
fm
Theo nh ngha ch s iu ch m:
U t (1) m
m= (3.2)
U (1) m - sixsteps
Vi: U(1)m bin thnh phn hi c bn to nn do phng php iu ch.
U(1)m-sixsteps bin thnh phn hi c bn t c.
i vi b nghch lu p ba pha, bin thnh phn hi c bn:
Ut(1)m=ma.(U/2)
Bin thnh phn hi c bn t c trong phng php ny l (in p pha a):

U n
Ua(1)m =
3
vi U = U
i =1
idc
U
Vy: khi ma = 1 => Ut(1)m =
2
3
=> mmax = = 0.866
2
Vy khi ma < 1 ( quan h iu khin tuyn tnh)
U
ma
2 2m
m= => ma =
U 3
3
Thng thng sng iu khin dng sin, v sng mang ta chn l sng tam gic:
2m a Am 2m a 2U dk
= =
3 (n - 1) Ac 3 (n - 1)U p
53
m( n - 1)U p
U dk =
3
m(n - 1)
Chn sng mang c Up = 1 => U dk = (3.3)
3
3
Vi ch s sng iu ch: m
2
3.4.2 Phng php iu ch rng xung ci bin (SFO PWM)

im khc bit so vi phng php iu ch rng xung trnh by l sng
iu ch (in p iu khin) c ci bin. Theo mi sng iu ch c cng
thm tn hiu th t khng (sng hi bi ba). Tn ti nhiu kh nng to nn thnh
phn th t khng, mt trong cc tn hiu th t khng c th chn bng gi tr
trung bnh ca gi tr tn hiu ln nht trong ba tn hiu iu ch vi tn hiu nh
nht trong ba tn hiu iu ch- Phng php SFO - PWM.
Gi Va, Vb, Vc l cc tn hiu iu khin ca phng php iu ch PWM. Tn
hiu iu khin theo phng php SFO-PWM va c m t c th biu din di
dng ton hc nh sau:
max(Va ,Vb ,Vc ) + min(Va ,Vb ,Vc )

Voffset = (3.4)
2
VxSFO = Vx - Voffset , (x = a,b,c )
Phng php ny cho php thc hin iu khin tuyn tnh in p ti vi ch
s iu ch nm trong phm vi 0 m 0.907, bin sng hi in p t gi tr
cc i bng U/ 3 v tng ng ch s iu ch lc l:
U/ 3 p
mSFO _ PWM = = = 0.907
2 2 3
U
p
54
Hnh 3.8: Quan h gia bin p iu khin v bin sng mang.
3.4.3 Phng php iu ch vect khng gian
a) Khi nim vector khng gian
Ta gi s cho i lng 3 pha va , vb , vc cn bng, tho h thc:
va + vb + vc = 0 (3.5)
Thc hin php bin hnh t cc i lng ba pha va , vb , vc sang i lng

vector v theo h thc :
r
v = k .(va + a .vb + a 2 .vc )
1 3
Trong : a = e j 2p / 3 = - + j (3.6)
2 2
Php bin hnh thc hin nh trn c gi l php bin hnh vector khng

gian v i lng v c gi l vector khng gian ca i lng ba pha.
Hng s k c th chn vi cc gi tr khc nhau. Vi k = 2/3 ta c php bin

hnh khng bo ton cng sut. Vi k = 2/3 php bin hnh bo ton cng sut.
minh ho c th cho khi nim ny ta xt cc i lng ba pha dng cosin

nh sau:
55
v a = Vm . cos( x - o )
2p
vb = Vm . cos( x - o - )
3 (3.7)
4p
vc = Vm . cos( x - o - )
3
Vector khng gian theo nh ngha s l :
2 2p 4p
v = Vm . cos( x - o ) + a .Vm . cos( x - o - ) + a 2 .Vm . cos( x - o - )
3 3 3

v = Vm cos( x - o ) + j.sin( x - o ) = Vm .e j ( x -o )

Nh vy, trong to vung gc - , vector khng gian v c bin Vm
bt u t v tr Vm .e o s quay quanh trc to vi tn s gc .

j
b) Vector khng gian ca b nghch lu p a bc :
Qu trnh ng ngt cc linh kin to ra in p ba pha ti. Theo l thuyt v

khng gian vector th in p ba pha c th biu din di dng vector khng
gian. V n s thay i nhy cp trn hnh lc gic a bc. V tr ca mi vector
in p trong khng gian s ph thuc vo cc trng thi ng ngt linh kin. Tin
hnh kho st c th cho cc b nghch lu ba v nm bc xc nh gin
vector khng gian in p.
+ Gin vector in p b nghch lu ba bc:
Nh bit, kh nng iu khin kch dn linh kin to nn 27 trng thi khc

nhau. Ta xt mi trng thi minh ho bi t hp (ka kb kc), vi:
ka = 0,1,2
kb = 0,1,2
kc = 0,1,2
V ka, kb, kc l h s trng thi tng ng ca cc pha a, b, c. Cc h s ny
ph thuc vo cch quy c trc, gi s quy c nh sau: (s quy c ny da
vo bng trng thi ng ngt).
56
0 khi S a' 1 = S a' 2 = 1

k a = 1 S a1 = S a' 2 = 1
2 S a1 = S a 2 = 1

0 khi S b' 1 = S b' 2 = 1

k b = 1 S b1 = S b' 2 = 1
2 S b1 = S b 2 = 1

0 khi S c' 1 = S c' 2 = 1

k c = 1 S c1 = S c' 2 = 1
2 S c1 = S c 2 = 1

Trong qu trnh kch, quy lut ng ngt i nghch phi tun th:
S x 2 + S x' 2 = 1
(3.8)
S x1 + S x' 1 = 1
Vi x = a, b, c.
V d:
Trng thi (111) l : Sa2 = Sa1 = 1; Sb2 = Sb1 = 1; Sc2 = Sc1 =1.

Trng thi (100) l :Sa2 = Sa1 = 1 ; S b' 1 = S b' 2 = 1 ; S c' 1 = S c' 2 = 1

Theo nh ngha vector khng gian, tng ng 27 trng thi kch dn linh kin
ta thu c 19 v tr vector khng gian ca vector in p to thnh, bao gm 12
vector nm trn nh v trung im ca hnh lc gic ln bao ngoi, su vector in
p nm trn 6 nh ca hnh lc gic bn trong v vector khng ti tm ca hnh lc
gic. i vi cc vector nm ti nh cc hnh lc gic bn trong, tn ti hai trng
thi kch dn khc nhau ca linh kin nhng li c cng chung v tr vector khng
gian. Ngoi ra, tn ti ba trng thi kch dn khc nhau cho cng v tr vector khng.
57
Hnh 3.9. Gin vector in p b nghch lu p 3 bc
3.4.4 Phng php iu khin PWM dng in

Phng php iu khin theo dng in c nguyn l c bn l gin kch
ng cc cng tc c xc nh trn c s so snh dng in yu cu ca ti v
dng in thc t o c.
Trong thc t, iu khin dng in c th thc hin theo k thut dng mch
kch tr (hystereris current control) hoc dng khu hiu chnh dng in (ramp
comparison current control). Cc cu trc iu khin i hi thng tin v cc dng
in thc t. iu ny c th thc hin c bng ba cm bin dng hoc xc nh
hai dng in pha qua hai cm bin dng v dng in th ba xc nh theo diu
kin cn bng.
3.4.4.1 Phng php dng mch to tr (hystereris current
control)
Hnh 3.11 trnh by cu trc mch iu khin b nghch lu p theo dng in,
s dng mch to tr. Dng in pha ti s c iu khin theo dng in yu cu
vi sai bit cho php thit lp trong mch tr.
58
Hnh 3.11: iu khin theo dng in s dng mch to tr
u im ca mch iu chnh dng in dng mch tr l p ng qu
nhanh v c th thc hin d dng. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca n l sai s trong
qu trnh qu c th t gi tr ln v tn s ng ngt thay i nhiu. Sai s
dng in cc i c th t hai ln gi tr sai s cho bi mch tr. Cc nhc im
va nu lm cho kh nng ng dng ca phng php b hn ch i vi cc ti c
cng sut ln.
3.4.4.2 Phng php iu khin dng in s dng khu hiu chnh PI (ramp
comparison current control)
Phng php thc hin ng ngt vi tn s c nh. Hnh 3.12 trnh by
nguyn l iu khin dng trong ta ng yn (stationary frame), sai bit gia
tn hiu dng t yu cu iyc v tn hiu dng in o c tc ng ln khu hiu
chnh dng in. Tn hiu p iu chnh ng ra ca n c so snh vi tn hiu
sng mang tn s cao, v t tc ng xung kch ln cho cc cng tc.
59
Hnh 3.12: iu khin theo dng in s dng mch hiu chnh
Do s dng mch iu ch sng mang c tn s khng thay i nn phng
php loi b mt s khuyt im ca phng php iu khin dng mch tr.
Tuy nhin trng thi xc lp lun tn ti s sai bit dng in v s chm pha ca
p ng so vi tn hiu t v khu hiu chnh PI khng th theo kp mt cch chnh
xc cc i lng xoay chiu bin thin theo hnh sin, c bit tn s cao.
3.4.5 Phng php iu khin vector dng in (Space vector current control)
Trong h ta quay: Phng php iu khin dng in c th thc hin
vi khu hiu chnh PI thit k trong trong h ta quay (rotating synchronnous
coordinates d-q) vi vn tc quay bng vn tc sng hi c bn. Vector ca i
lng ba pha hi c bn trong h ta quay tn s ng b s tr thnh ng yn
v cc thnh phn vector id, iq ca n trong h ta mi s tr thnh i lng mt
chiu. Cc i lng trong h ba pha abc qui i sang h ta quay ng b d-q
ln lt theo cc h thc:
ia

r 1 -1/ 2 -1/ 2
i 2
i = = .
ib
i

3 0 3 / 2 - 3 / 2 ic

60
cos g S
id
sin g S i
= .
- sin g S
iq
cos g S
i

t
gS =
S dt
0
Trong S l vn tc ng b ca in p ra b nghch lu, n quan h n tn s

p ra fs (tn s ng b) theo h thc S = 2p. fs.
Hnh 3.13: S iu khin phng php vector dng in trong h ta quay.

Cc khu hiu chnh PI s thc hin iu chnh sai s ca cc thnh phn mt
chiu (hi c bn) n trit tiu. Cc tn hiu ng ra ca hiu chnh PI l cc thnh
phn in p yu cu trong h ta d-q . Trn c s cc thnh phn vector in p
ny, vic to gin kch cho b nghch lu c th thc hin bng k thut iu ch
rng sin (SPWM) trong h ta abc hoc bng k thut iu ch vector khng
gian (SVM) trong h ta -. Php qui i cc i lng t h ta dq sang
cc h ta cn li c m t bi cc h thc sau:
ura
1 0 *
u*
cos g S - sin g S ud* = u
=
* . * v u - 1/ 2 3 / 2 .
*
u
sin g S cos g S uq rb
u

urc
-1/ 2 - 3 / 2

Trong h ta ng yn: V nguyn l, iu khin vector dng in c th

thc hin trong h ta bt k. Trong h ta ng b ng yn -
(synchronous stationary coordinate), cc gi tr dng in t v dng in o trong
61
h ta abc s c qui i sang dng cc thnh phn vector h ta . Hai khi
hiu chnh PI c thit lp iu chnh sai s ca cc thnh phn vector dng
in v to nn cc thnh phn vector in p . Tuy nhin, ch xc lp, ng ra
ca cc khi hiu chnh phi iu khin thay i vector in p ngay c trong iu
kin sai s cc thnh phn dng in ng vo bng khng. lm c iu ny,
h thng c trang b thm khi tnh ton (1) thc hin b i lng vector
in p t cc tn hiu trng thi ca ti nh dng in, tn s ng b.
Hnh 3.14: S iu khin phng php vector dng in trong

h ta ng yn.
3.5 Phn tch thut ton PWM cho BNL lai 5 bc c ghp t 2 b nghch
lu 3 pha 3 bc & 2 bc
Da theo nguyn l ca thut ton iu khin sng mang cho b nghch lu 3
bc v 2 bc.
Vic x l in p t ging nh trong b nghch lu diode kp NPC. Vi mt
gi tr in p t, gi tr ca thng s iu khin 1x , 2 x , 3 x s c xc nh cho
mi b pht sng mang PWM .
62
Hnh 3.15: Thut ton PWM cho b nghch lu 3 bc & 2 bc.
3.5.1 Mch kho st
S mch c biu din nh trong hnh 3.15.
Mch s dng mt b nghch lu 3 pha 2 bc chnh tc chu dng cng sut

cao v b nghch lu 3 pha 3 bc chu dng cng sut nh.
Thnh phn ca b nghch lu lai 5 bc trn c 3 b ngun DC c lp c gi
tr in p l V1 = V1= Vd v V2 = 2Vd.
Hnh 3.16: S mch b nghch lu lai 3 pha 3 bc & 2 bc

Thut ton tng hp iu khin PWM c ng dng cho c 3 pha. Phn
nghch lu pha cao (ngun 2Vd) hot ng vi tn s hi c bn trong khi phn
thp ca b nghch lu (ngun V d) th c th ng ct tn s cao. Quan st cc
thnh phn hi ta thy phn th nht ca b nghch lu cp ngun chnh cho ti c
sinh ra mt s hi nhng li c b bi thnh phn th 2. Chc nng ging nh
mt b lc.
63
3.5.2 Phn tch mch.
b xung cho mt thut ton PWM kt hp in p tham chiu ca mi pha

c th c suy ra t in p ng ra ca hai b nghch lu tng ng:
Hnh 3.17: M hnh tng ng t mch kho st (a) v

Mch tng ng cui cng (b).
3.5.3 Gii thut cho m hnh xut
Xt trng hp V1 =V1 =Vd v V2 =2Vd
Chn cp linh kin c iu khin bi cc sng iu ch: 1a , 2 a , 1b , 2b ,
1c , 2c , 3a , 3b , 3c .Cc sng iu khin ny ln lt iu khin ng ngt cc cp

kinh kin S1a, S2a, S1b, S2b, S1c, S2c, S3a, S3b, S3c.
Quan h gia tr trung bnh p nghch lu v sng iu ch c th m t bng
cc hm sau:
V1a0 = 1a .Vd V1b0 = 1b .Vd V1c0 = 1c .Vd
V2a0 = 2 a .Vd V2b0 = 2b .Vd V2b0 = 2b .Vd
V3a0 = 3a .2Vd V3b0 = 3b .2Vd V3c0 = 3c .2Vd
Theo mch hnh 3.16a ta c: V12a0 = V1a0 + V2a0

V12b0 = V1b0 + V2b0
V12c0 = V1c0 + V2c0
Theo mch hnh 3.16b ta c:
64
V10 = V12a0 - V3a0
V20 = V12b0 - V3b0
V30 = V12c0 - V3c0
Mt cch tng qut ta c: Vj0 = V12x0 V3x0 = ( 1x + 2 x -2 3 x ).Vd

Trong : j = 1,2,3 ; x = a,b,c ; (0 2 x 1x 1) ; 0 3x 1
Cc thng s 1x , 2 x , 3 x c tnh c th cho mt b iu khin PWM

tuyn tnh vi in p ng ra v c th dng c trng cho hiu sut ca b
PWM th hin mi quan h gia cc in p tm ngun.
in p pha tham chiu so vi in p im trung tnh DC c th c biu
din nh sau:
V j 0 = (1xV + 2 xV - 3 x 2V ) = (1x + 2 x - 2 3 x )V (3-15)
Bng 3.3 in p v cc ch s iu ch ca b nghch lu lai 5 bc (V=Vd).
V j0 [ V1x 0 , V2 x 0 , 1x 2 x 3x
V3 x 0 ]
-2V [ 0,0,2V] 0 0 1
- 2V V j 0 -V [X,0,2V] (Vj0+2Vd)/Vd 0 1
-V [V,0,2V] 1 0 1
- V V j0 0 [V,X,2V] 1 (Vj0+Vd)/Vd 1
0 [V,V,2V] 1 1 1
[ 0, 0, 0 ] 0 0 0
0 V j0 V [ X, 0, 0 ] Vj0/Vd 0 0
V [ V, 0, 0 ] 1 0 0
V V j 0 2V [ V, X, 0] 1 (Vj0-Vd)/Vd 0
2V [V, V, 0 ] 1 1 0
3.5.4 K thut iu ch sng mang PWM cho BNL lai 5 bc xut
T s gii thut hnh 3.14 ta c th tnh p nghch lu theo in p ti

ngun 3 pha Vtj nh sau:
V j 0 = Vtj + V0
(3-16)
Vtj: in p ti th j
65
Hm V0 c th chn bt k trong khong sau:
( Vo min Vo Vo max )
Trong :
V0 max = 2.Vd - Max

(3-17)
V0 min = -2Vd - Min
Max = Max(Vt1 ,Vt 2 ,Vt 3 )

Min = Min(Vt1 ,Vt 2 ,Vt 3 )
- Hm offset chn theo phng php Minimum Common-Mode:
V0 max if V0 max 0

V0 = 0 if V0 max 0 V0 min (3-18)
V if V0 min 0
0 min
- Phm vi iu khin p ti:
( n - 1).Vd
Vt max = (n: s bc) (3-19)
3
V d: Trong bng 3.3, i vi cp in p: -2Vd <Vj0 <-Vd , nhng tn hiu

iu ch cho 3 cp linh kin ca 1 pha c xc nh nh sau:
2 x = 0; 3 x = 1 v 1x = (V j 0 + 2Vd ) / Vd
Bi v: Vj0 =( 1 x + 0 -2).Vd
- So snh PWM gia jx v dng sng mang n v s cho ra tn hiu iu
ch. in p pha A v dng 3 pha thu c c m phng trong hnh 3.17 v hnh
3.18.
3.6 M phng v nh gi cht lng iu ch BNL lai 5 bc xut

Vi cu trc b nghch lu xut v k thut iu ch phn 3.5. Tc gi
tin hnh lp trnh m phng trn Matlab-Simulink. Cc thng s ca m hnh nh
sau:
- Tn s p ra 50Hz.
- Ti 3 pha vi R = 10, L = 100mH
- Tn s sng mang: fsw = 6kHz
66
- T s iu ch m = 0.9
- p ngun Vd = 100V
Hnh 3.18: S m phng tng qut trong Simulink.
Sau y l m t cc khi trong m hnh:

* Khi in p ti yu cu Vtai :
Phng trnh m phng khi in p iu khin :
Vra=A*m*(n-1)/sqrt(3))*cos(2*pi*f*t+pi/6
Vrb=A*m*(n-1)/sqrt(3))*cos(2*pi*f*t+pi/6-2*pi/3
Vrc =A*m*(n-1)/sqrt(3))*cos(2*pi*f*t+pi/6+2*pi/3
Vi :
m : ch s iu ch.
n : s bc b nghch lu.
f : tn s p iu khin.
Dng sng in p iu khin:
67
Hnh 3.19 : in p iu khin
T 3 gi tr in p iu khin Vra,Vrb,Vrc ta a vo khi khi to xung kch

trn thc hin iu ch Minimum Offset.
* Khi khi to xung kch gm c:
Khi hiu chnh Offset.
Khi so snh tn hiu xut tn hiu ng ct cc cp linh kin.
Hnh 3.20: Khi khi to xung kch.
68
- Khi hiu chnh Offset c m t qua chng trnh nh sau :
function
[max1,min1,v0max,v0min,vrav0,vrbv0,vrcv0,v0,ea,eb,ec,ax1,ax2,ax3,b
x1,bx2,bx3,cx1,cx2,cx3] = fcn(vra,vrb,vrc)
% This block supports an embeddable subset of the MATLAB language.
% See the help menu for details.
%Vmax=max([vra,vrb,vrc]);
%Vmin=min([vra,vrb,vrc]);
%Vmid=vra+vrb+vrc-Vmax-Vmin;
%Vomax= 2-Vmax;
%Vomin=-2-Vmin;
%Vro=(Vomax+Vomin)/2;
n=5;
max1=vra*(vra>=vrb)*(vra>=vrc)+vrb*(vrb>vra)*(vrb>=vrc)
+vrc*(vrc>vra)*(vrc>vrb);
min1=vra*(vra<=vrb)*(vra<=vrc)+vrb*(vrb<vra)*(vrb<=vrc)
+vrc*(vrc<vra)*(vrc<vrb);
%max1=max([vra,vrb,vrc]);
%min1=min([vra,vrb,vrc]);
% Offset- minimum common mode
% n1,n2,n3 analyzer
v0max= (n-1)-max1;
v0min= -min1;
%vr0av=-min;
% Reference modulating signal
v0=v0max*(v0max<2)+v0min*(v0min>2)+2*((v0max>2)*(v0min<2))
;
%vr0av=(v0max+v0min)/2;
vrav0 = (vra + v0) ;
vrbv0 = (vrb + v0);
vrcv0 = (vrc + v0);
%: Nominal modulating signal ea,eb,ec
% inta=int16(vrav);
% intb=int16(vrbv);
% intc=int16(vrcv);
ea=rem(vrav0,1);
eb=rem(vrbv0,1);
ec=rem(vrcv0,1);
%: modulating signals for individual IGBTs -Phase A
% : Reference for Switching pair S1
ax1 = ea*((vrav0>0)*(vrav0<1)) + 1*((vrav0>=1)*(vrav0<=2))+
ea*((vrav0>2)*(vrav0<3))+ 1*(vrav0>=3);
ax2 = ea*((vrav0>1)*(vrav0<2))+ 1*(vrav0==2)+ea*((vrav0>3)*
(vrav0<4))+1*(vrav0==4);
ax3 = 1*((vrav0>=0)*(vrav0<=2));
% : modulating signals for individual IGBTs -Phase B
bx1 = eb*((vrbv0>0)*(vrbv0<1)) + 1*((vrbv0>=1)*(vrbv0<=2))+eb*
((vrbv0>2)*(vrbv0<3))+1*(vrbv0>=3);
bx2 =eb*((vrbv0>1)*(vrbv0<2))+ 1*(vrbv0==2)+ eb*((vrbv0>3)*
(vrbv0<4))+1*(vrbv0==4);
bx3 = 1*((vrbv0>=0)*(vrbv0<=2));
%: modulating signals for individual IGBTs -Phase C
69
cx1 = ec*((vrcv0>0)*(vrcv0<1)) + 1*((vrcv0>=1)*(vrcv0<=2))+
ec*((vrcv0>2)* (vrcv0<3))+1*(vrcv0>=3);
cx2 = ec*((vrcv0>1)*(vrcv0<2))+ 1*(vrcv0==2)+ ec*((vrcv0>3)*
(vrcv0<4))+1*(vrcv0==4);
cx3 = 1*((vrcv0>=0)*(vrcv0<=2));
- Tn hiu iu ch cc pha nh sau:

1
S o n g d ie u c h e p h a A
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
Time (s)
Hnh 3.21: Tn hiu sng iu ch pha A
b
1
0.9
0.8
S ong dieu che pha B
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
Time (s)
Hnh 3.22: Tn hiu sng iu ch pha B

c
70
1
0.9
0.8
S ong dieu che pha C
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
Time (s)
Hnh 3.23: Tn hiu sng iu ch pha C
- Nhim v khi to xung kch:

Thc hin so snh tn hiu PWM gia e jx (vi e = a,b,c ; j=1,2,3) v dng
sng mang n v s cho ra tnh hiu iu khin ng ct cc cp linh kin. on
code lp trnh trong khi to xung kch nh sau:
function [a1,a2,a3,a4,b1,b2,b3,b4,c1,c2,c3,c4,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6] =
fcn(Usm,Ura1,Ura2,Ura3,Urb1,Urb2,Urb3,Urc1,Urc2,Urc3)
% This block supports an embeddable subset of the MATLAB language.
% See the help menu for details.
%determination of active voltages
%determination of exciting pulses
if (Ura1>=Usm) a1=1;a3=0;
else a1=0;a3=1;
end;
if (Ura2>=Usm) a2=1;a4=0;
else a2=0;a4=1;
end;
if (Ura3>=Usm) h1=1;h4=0;
else h1=0;h4=1;
end;
if (Urb1>=Usm) b1=1;b3=0;
else b1=0;b3=1;
end;
if (Urb2>=Usm) b2=1;b4=0;
else b2=0;b4=1;
end;
if (Urb3>=Usm) h3=1;h6=0;
else h3=0;h6=1;
end;
if (Urc1>=Usm) c1=1;c3=0;
else c1=0;c3=1;
end;
if (Urc2>=Usm) c2=1;c4=0;
else c2=0;c4=1;
71
end;
if (Urc3>=Usm) h5=1;h2=0;
else h5=0;h2=1;
end;
* Khi khi to sng mang:
S dng sng mang c tn s 6kHz , bin [0,1] c dng nh sau :

1
0.9
B ie n d o s o n g m a n g
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (s) -3
x 10
Hnh 3.24: Sng mang PD

So snh tn hiu PWM gia e jx (vi e = a,b,c ; j=1,2,3) v dng sng mang
n v s cho ra tn hiu iu khin tng cp linh kin nh sau:
S1a
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time (s)
Hnh 3.25: Xung kch S1a
72
S1a'
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time (s)
S2a
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time (s)

S2a'
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time (s)
73
S3a
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time (s)

S3a'
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time (s)

* Dng sng dng in v in p trn ti thu c nh sau:
Hnh 3.31: Dng sng dng in ti 3 pha.
74
Hnh 3.32: Dng sng in p 1 pha ti.
Hnh 3.33: Dng sng in p dy ca ti.
Hnh 3.34: Dng sng in p pha tm ngun.

* nh gi cht lng iu ch:
75
S dng chc nng phn tch FFT ca phn mm Matlab, kt qu phn tch
FFT thu c nh trn hnh 3.35.
Hnh 3.35: Ph hi ca dng in pha ti.
Hnh 3.36: T l cc bc hi ca dng in pha ti.

76
Hnh 3.37: Ph hi ca in p pha ti.
77
Hnh 3.38: Ph hi ca in p pha-pha ti.
* Nhn xt :
T kt qu phn tch sng hi ca cu trc b nghch lu lai 5 bc xut, ta
nhn thy cht lng dng v p ng ra t gi tr tt, c th nh sau:
- THD ca dng ti ch bng 0,17% (hnh 3.35)
- Tng t l bc hi 2 n 10 ca dng in ng ra bng 0,31% (hnh 3.36)
- THD ca p ti ch bng 16,64% (hnh 3.37)
So snh cc gi tr ny vi cc gii hn v THD ca tiu chun IEC1727,
IEEE1547 v cc cu trc cho b nghch lu ni li PV [4], c th khng nh b
nghch lu lai 5 bc a ra s thch hp cho h thng iu khin kt ni PV vi li
in c p dng trong ti ny.
78
Chng 4
S DNG LOGIC M IU KHIN TI U CNG
SUT
4.1. Thut ton logic m:
4.1.1. Phng php iu khin:
Khi thay i cng bc x ca mt tri, ta thu c mt h cc ng c
tnh PV. ng vi mi ng c tnh cng c mt im MPP m ti cng sut
cc i . thu c cng sut cc i cn xc nh im MPP, v t c
iu ny ngi ta dng b MPPT tnh ton im lm vic cc i, sau iu
khin b dc/dc t c im lm vic ny hnh 4.1. B MPPT c tc dng theo
di dng in v in p hin hnh iu khin cng sut cp cho ti l ln nht,
bt k nhit v cng bc x thay i. B iu khin MPPT phi p ng cc
yu cu sau:
- im vn hnh ca PV cng gn im MPP cng tt, khng phn bit s
thay i ca kh quyn.
- Chi ph thp v hiu sut cao.
- Cung cp cng sut u ra ph hp vi yu cu ti.
Hnh 4- S khi ca b MPPT . [15]

Trong nghin cu ca lun vn s dng b b iu khin logic m (FLC) (FLC:
fuzzy logic controller) theo di im MPP ca h thng PV. B iu khin logic
m (FLC) lm vic vi hiu sut cao, chc chn v thit k n gin. Ngoi k
thut FLC lm vic vi u vo khng chnh xc, khng cn mt m hnh ton hc
chnh xc v n c th x l phi tuyn. N da trn kin thc v kinh nghim ca
ngi dng ch khng phi l s hiu bit k thut ca h thng. Cc khi chnh
ca FLC (hnh 4-2) bao gm: Hai bin r u vo sai s E v s thay i ca sai s
CE ti k ln ly mu xc nh theo biu thc (4.1) v (4.2); m ha (Fuzzification);
79
cc qui tc iu khin m (rules); suy din m (inference); gii m
(defuzzification); bin ra l t s rng xung D.
Hnh 4- S khi ca b FLC . [17]
Pph ( k ) - Pph (k - 1)
E( k) = (4.1)
V ph ( k ) - V ph (k - 1)
CE ( k ) = E ( k ) - E ( k - 1) (4.2)
Trong :
- Pph(k): Cng sut tc thi ca PV.
- Vph(k): in p ca PV
u vo E(k) th hin ti thi im k im lm vic nm bn tri hoc bn phi
im MPP, trong khi u vo CE (k) th hin hng di chuyn ca thi im ny.
4.1.2. Gii thut:
Hnh 4- Lu gii thut thut ton FLC . [17]

80
4.1.3. Bin m:
Hm thnh vin c biu din bng nm gi tr ngn ng l: m nhiu
(NB:negative big), m t (NS: negative small), bng khng (ZE: zero), dng t (PS:
positive small), v dng nhiu (PB: positive big). Mi gi tr ngn ng ny c
m t bng mt tp m c hm thuc c chn nh hnh 4-4. Nm gi tr ngn
ng c s dng chung cho cc bin vo v bin ra.
Hnh 4- M t cc gi tr ngn ng ca sai s ng vo E, thay i ca sai s CE v

ng ra t s rng xung D bng cc tp m . [14]
- u vo sai lch E c min gi tr vt l ca cc bin ngn ng ny l t
-0.32 n 0.32.
- u vo thay i sai lch CE c min gi tr vt l ca cc bin ngn ng
ny l t -100 n 100.
- u ra t s rng xung D c min gi tr vt l ca cc bin ngn ng ny
l t -0.32 n 0.32.
81
Qu trnh m ha u vo E l nh x t gi tr r E thnh vct [18]
NB (E)

NS (E)
r

E = (E)
ZE (4.3)

(E)
PS

PB (E)
Vi cc gi tr NB(E), NS(E), ZE(E), PS(E), PB(E) c xc nh theo cc

cng thc (4.4), (4.5), (4.6), (4.7), (4.8). [14]
-E-0.08
ne
u -0.16 <E <-0.08
NB (E)= 0.08 (4.4)

1 ne
u E <-0.16
E+0.16
0.08 ne
u -0.16 <E <-0.08

-E
NS (E)= ne
u -0.08 <E <0 (4.5)
0.08
0 ne
u E <-0.16 hoa
c E >0

E +0.08
0.08 ne
u -0.08 <E <0

0.08 - E
ZE (E)= neu 0 <E <0.08 (4.6)
0.08
0 neu E <-0.08 hoa
c E >0.08

E
0.08 ne
u 0 <E <0.08

0.16 - E
PS (E)= ne
u 0.08 <E <0.16 (4.7)
0.08
0 ne
u E <0 hoa
c E >0.16

E - 0.08
ne
u 0.08 <E <0.16
PB (E)= 0.08 (4.8)

1 ne
u E >0.16
82
Qu trnh m ha u vo CE l nh x t gi tr r CE thnh vct [18]
NB (CE)

NS (CE)
r

CE = (CE)
ZE (4.9)

(CE)
PS

PB (CE)
Vi cc gi tr NB(CE), NS(CE), ZE(CE), PS(CE), PB(CE) c xc nh theo

cc cng thc (4.10), (4.11), (4.12), (4.13), (4.14). [18]
-CE - 40
ne
u -80 <CE <-40
NB (CE)= 40 (4.10)

1 ne
u CE <-80
CE +80
40 ne
u -80 <CE <-40

-CE
NS (CE)= ne
u -40 <CE <0 (4.11)
40
0 ne
u CE <-80 hoa
c CE >0

CE +40
40 ne
u -40 <CE <0

40 - CE
ZE (CE)= neu 0 <CE <40 (4.12)
40
0 ne
u CE <-40 hoa
c CE >40

CE
40 ne
u 0 <CE <40

80 - CE
PS (CE)= ne
u 40 <CE <80 (4.13)
40
0 ne
u CE <0 hoa
c CE >80

CE-40
ne
u 40 <CE <80
PB (CE)= 40 (4.14)

1 ne
u CE >80
83
Qu trnh m ha u ra D l nh x t gi tr r D thnh vct [18]
NB (D)

NS (D)
r

D = (D)
ZE (4.15)

(D)
PS

PB (D)
Vi cc gi tr NB(D), NS(D), ZE(D), PS(D), PB(D) c xc nh theo cc

cng thc (4.16), (4.17), (4.18), (4.19), (4.20). [18]
-D-0.08
ne
u -0.16 <D <-0.08
NB (D)= 0.08 (4.16)

1 ne
u D <-0.16
D +0.16
0.08 ne
u -0.16 <D <-0.08

-D
NS (D)= ne
u -0.08 <D <0 (4.17)
0.08
0 ne
u D <-0.16 hoa
c D >0

D +0.08
0.08 ne
u -0.08 <D <0

0.08 - D
ZE (D)= neu 0 <D <0.08 (4.18)
0.08
0 ne
u D <-0.08 hoa
c D >0.08

D
0.08 ne
u 0 <D <0.08

0.16 - D
PS (D)= ne
u 0.08 <D <0.16 (4.19)
0.08
0 ne
u D <0 hoa
c D >0.16

D - 0.08
ne
u 0.08 <D <0.16
PB (D)= 0.08 (4.20)

1 ne
u D >0.16
6.1.4. Qui tc iu khin m:
Mc ch ca iu khin l xc nh im lm vic MPP bt k nhit v
cng bc x thay i. Suy lun m s dng phng php Mamdani v da vo
lut hp thnh m, rt d dng xy dng ln ti 25 quy tc iu khin nh th hin
trong Bng 4-1.
84
Bng 4. Bng chn t s D ca FLC [17]
Mi quy tc iu khin t bng 4.1 c th c m t bng cch s dng cc

bin u vo l sai s E, thay i sai s CE v bin u ra D. T xy dng c
ma trn quan h m R nh trong biu thc 4.21:
Ri: nu E l Ai v CE l Bi th D l Di (4.21)
Trong : Ai, Bi, l cc gi tr u vo bin m E, CE th i ca bng 4.1
Di l gi tr u ra r tng ng vi u vo th i
Theo bng 4.1 v biu thc (4.21) ta c 25 qui tc iu khin nh sau:

- 1. If (E is PB) and (CE is PB) then (D is ZE)
- 2. If (E is PS) and (CE is PB) then (D is ZE)
- 3. If (E is ZE) and (CE is PB) then (D is NS)
- 4. If (E is NS) and (CE is PB) then (D is PS)
- 5. If (E is NB) and (CE is PB) then (D is PB)
- 6. If (E is PB) and (CE is PS) then (D is ZE)
- 7. If (E is PS) and (CE is PS) then (D is ZE)
- 8. If (E is ZE) and (CE is PS) then (D is ZE)
- 9. If (E is NS) and (CE is PS) then (D is PS)
- 10. If (E is NB) and (CE is PS) then (D is PB)
- 11. If (E is PB) and (CE is ZE) then (D is NB)
- 12. If (E is PS) and (CE is ZE) then (D is NS)
- 13. If (E is ZE) and (CE is ZE) then (D is ZE)
- 14. If (E is NS) and (CE is ZE) then (D is PS)
- 15. If (E is NB) and (CE is ZE) then (D is PB)
- 16. If (E is PB) and (CE is NS) then (D is NB)
- 17. If (E is PS) and (CE is NS) then (D is NS)
- 18. If (E is ZE) and (CE is NS) then (D is ZE)
- 19. If (E is NS) and (CE is NS) then (D is ZE)
- 20. If (E is NB) and (CE is NS) then (D is ZE)
- 21. If (E is PB) and (CE is NB) then (D is NB)
- 22. If (E is PS) and (CE is NB) then (D is NS)
- 23. If (E is ZE) and (CE is NB) then (D is PS)
- 24. If (E is NS) and (CE is NB) then (D is ZE)
85
- 25. If (E is NB) and (CE is NB) then (D is ZE)
Php suy din m trong ng dng ny p dng qui tc Mamdani da trn lut
hp thnh min-max. Cc gi tr A, B, v D ph thuc cc hm thnh vin A(E),
B(CE) v D(D) tng ng. Cc gi tr cc hm thnh vin H i ti v tr th i theo
qui tc hp thnh min.
Gi Hi l ph thuc ca E v CE vo cc gi tr ngn ng u vo ta c:
Hi = min(Ai(E), Bi(CE)) (4.22)
Gi Hi l ph thuc ca E v CE vo cc gi tr ngn ng u vo ta c:
Gi Ri ma trn u ra theo lut iu khin ta c:
Ri = min(Hi, Di(D)) (4.23)
Hp m s dng phng php tiu chun max. Bng phng php ny gi tr
ti u r nt u ra c s dng iu khin ng ct b DC - DC.
25
Dj =max Ri (4.24)
i=1
Hnh 4- Hot ng ca lut iu khin m
86
6.1.5. Gii m:
thc hin gii m ta chn phng php gii m thng dng l phng php
im trng tm tnh ton gi tr r nt u ra ca FLC l t s rng xung, biu
thc (4.25).
(4.25)
Ton b h thng logic m c th nh hnh 4-7. M ha t hp vi mi bin

u vo xc nh qui tc iu khin m. Sau gii m c p dng suy gi
tr r nt u ra.
Rule 1: If (E is PB) and (CE is PB) then (D is ZE)
Rule 2: If (E is PS) and (CE is PB) then (D is ZE)
Iput 1 MF Rule 3: If (E is ZE) and (CE is PB) then (D is NS)

E (NB, NS, ZE, PS, PB)
Rule 4: If (E is NS) and (CE is PB) then (D is PS) Output

Max
D
Iput 1 MF Rule 5: If (E is NB) and (CE is PB) then (D is PB)
CE (NB, NS, ZE, PS, PB)
Rule 25: If (E is NB) and (CE is NB) then (D is ZE)
Gi tr r M ha Gii m Gi tr r
ca cc (hm thnh Ton b lut suy din m cc bin ra
(Min- Max)
bin vo vin) Hnh 4- S h thng FLC
87
4.2. M hnh ha v kt qu m phng cc thnh phn ca h thng:
4.2.1. Pin qunag in:
Quan h gia IPV v VPV nh biu thc (6.27).
(4.27)
Trong :
( I sc ( 1 + K1 ) - I mpp )

K4 K 3 = ln
K1 = 0.01175 K2 = K1 I sc
( Voc )
m
;
;
K 3
( 1 + K1 ) ln K
K 4 = ln ; m = 4
K1 Vmpp
ln
Voc

Hnh 4- Mch in tng ca PV [15]

T biu thc (4.27) xy dng m hnh pin trn matlab m phng v c tnh
ca pin nh hnh (4-8)
File.M xy dng trn Matlab xem phn ph lc.
M phng pin MSX 120, c cc thng s c bn sau:
ns=72; %S cell pv ni tip
Iscst=3.87; %Dng ngn mch theo iu kin chun
Vocst=42.1; %in p h mch theo iu kin chun
aIsc= 6.5e-4; %Hng s nhit ca dng ngn mch
aVoc=-160e-3; %Hng s nhit ca in p h mch
88
Hnh 4- c tnh ca PV
Khi cng sng v nhit mi trng thay i c tnh I-V vn p dng
biu thc (4.27).
bin thin cng sng v nhit c xc nh bi (4.28) v (4.29)
[15].
T =T -TSTC (4.28)
G
G = (4.29)
GSTC
Trong : T: Nhit mi trng
TSTC: Nhit tiu chun chn bng 250C
G: Cng chiu sng
GSTC: Cng chiu sng tiu chun
bin thin ca dng v p PV khi cng sng v nhit thay i c
xc nh bi (4.30) v (4.31) [15].
89
G G
I pv = sc Tc + ( - 1) I sc.stc (4.30)
Gstc Gstc
V pv =-oc Tc - R s I pv (4.31)
Trong : SC: H s nhit dng in ngn mch (mA/0C)
0C: H s nhit in p h mch (mv/0C)
Dng in v in p mi c xc nh bi (4.32) v (4.33) [15].
I pv _ m
i = I pv + I pv (4.32)
V pv _ m
i = V pv + V pv (4.33)
c tnh PV khi chi cho cng chiu sng thay i (G = 1 n 3) v T =
TSTC = 250C hnh (4-9)
File.M xy dng trn Matlab xem phn ph lc.
Hnh 4- c tnh ca PV khi cng bc x thay i

Khi thay i cng chiu sng ta thy dng in ngn mch thay i rt ln
t l thun vi cng chiu sng, trong khi in p h mch V 0 thay i
khng ng k.
90
4.2.2. B chuyn i DC DC:
4.2.2.1. B chuyn i buck:
Hnh 4- B chuyn i Buck trong simulik[19]

Thng s m phng b chuyn i Buck:
- Vin = 8 10 DCV, L = 4.1mH, C = 376 F, R = 1
Hnh 4- in p vo v t s D b chuyn i Buck
91
Hnh 4- in p v dng in ng ra b chuyn i Buck
4.2.2.2. B chuyn i Boost:
Hnh 4- B chuyn i Boost trong simulik[19]

Thng s m phng b chuyn i Boost:
- Vin = 80 100 DCV, L = 69 H, C = 550 F, R = 20
92
Hnh 4- Kt qu m phng b chuyn i Boost
4.2.2.3. B chuyn i Buck Boost:
Thng s chuyn i Buck Boost:

- V = 150 300 DCV
in
- L = 2 mH
- C = 1000 F
- R=1k
Hnh 4- B chuyn i Buck Boost trong simulik [19]
93
Hnh 4- Kt qu m phng b chuyn i Buck Boost
4.2.3. M hnh ha b iu khin MPPT:
4.2.3.1. Phng php P&O:
a. M hnh b
MPPT PO
94
b. M hnh b DC-DC Boost
Hnh 4- M hnh b MPPT dng phng php P&O trong simulink

Kt qu m phng phng php PO:
Hnh 4- Cng
bc x ca
nng lng mt tri
95
Hnh 4- Dng in, in p v v cng sut ca PV
96
Hnh 4- p ng in p,dng in v cng sut theo phng php PO
97
4.2.3.2. Phng php FLC:
a. M hnh b MPPT FLC
b. M hnh b DC-DC Boost
c. M hnh b FUZZY
Hnh 4- M hnh b MPPT dng phng php FLC trong simulink

98
Kt qu m phng phng php FLC:
Cng sng nh phng php P&O
99
100
Hnh 4- p ng in p,dng in v cng sut theo phng php FLC
4.2.3.3. So snh phng php P&O v FLC:
Hnh 4- M hnh b MPPT dng phng php P&O v FLC trong simulink
Kt qu m phng phng php P&O v FLC:
101
Hnh 4- Cng bc x ca nng lng mt tri
102
103
Hnh 4- p ng dng in
104
Hnh 4- p ng in p
105
Hnh 4- p ng cng sut
Qua p ng in p, dng in v cng sut ca phng php P&O v phng
php FLC iu khin ti u cng sut, ta nhn thy p ng ca phng php FLC
nhanh, t dao ng v thi gian i vo trng thi n nh ngn hn phng php
P&O trong trng hp cng sng thay i v bin v thi gian.
4.3 Kt lun :
Kt qu m phng thu c ca b iu khin m c so snh vi b iu
khin quan st nhiu lon (P&O). Kt qu cho thy b iu khin m lm vic vi
hiu sut cao, chc chn v thit k n gin.
Nh vy, qua nghin cu v kt qu m phng ca phng php xut kt
hp c bi ton iu khin m v bi ton ti u cng sut trong h thng
pin mt tri.
106
Chng 5
M HNH HA V M PHNG H THNG
KT NI PV VI LI IN DNG
BIN TN LAI
5.1 Cc tiu chun ni li h thng PV

Trc khi thit k b chuyn i cho vic ni li h thng PV, cn tm hiu
mt cch khi qut v cc quy nh phi tun theo c php ni li. Tuy
nhin, cc quy tc ny khng ging nhau trn th gii. Ty theo loi li m
cn xem xt mi nc. Cc yu cu i vi mng in a phng thng c
da vo tiu chun quc gia hay quc t c lin quan n s kt ni cc ngun in
phn tn. Cc tiu chun ny thng kh tng t, nhng c th c mt s thay i
mc gii hn v cc khi nim c dng. Bng 4.1 trnh by cc tiu chun
ca hai t chc quc t l IEC v IEEE [4]. Ngoi cc tiu chun chnh trong bng
5.1, h thng PV ni li cn phi c kh nng chng c lp (Anti-islanding) v ti
ni li (Reconnection) khi li in b s c.
Bng 5.1 Cc tiu chun ni li h thng PV [4].
107
5.2 M hnh ha cc khi trong h thng
Sau khi tm hiu cu trc b nghch lu a bc lai v cc phng php iu
khin b nghch lu ni li PV, tc gi xy dng s ca h thng iu khin
nh hnh 5.1.
Hnh 5.1: S khi ca h thng iu khin c a ra.

Trong s ny, tc gi s dng phng php iu khin dq. m bo s
ng b gia cc thng s ca h thng pht v li, cc tn hiu dng v p li
c chuyn sang trc dq v so snh vi cc gi tr t, sai lch ny c a vo
khu iu khin PI hiu chnh v to ra tn hiu in p yu cu trong h ta dq.
Sau , cc tn hiu ny c chuyn li thnh cc tn hiu p trong h trc abc so
snh vi sng mang chun v to tn hiu ng ngt cc kha ca b nghch lu.
108
5.2.1 Khi PV array
Khi ny gm 5 mun mc ni tip to ngun Vd v 10 mun mc ni
tip to ngun 2Vd nh hnh 5.2 v 5.3.
Hnh 5.2: S mch ngun Vd kp ca khi PV Source.
109
Hnh 5.3: S mch ngun 2Vd ca khi PV Source.
tng p ng ra ca h PV ta mc ni tip cc mun PV. Cc tn hiu p V pv
v dng ng ra Ipv c a vo khi MPPT (c trnh by phn 5.2.2.1) tm
im cng sut cc i ca h PV ng vi cc chiu khc nhau.
khi ny, cc mun PV c m hnh m phng trong Matlab/Simulink,
mun PV c thnh lp da theo cc thng s ca hng sn xut EVERGREEN
SOLAR ca M [18], [PL4.1].
T cc cng thc (2.6) v (2.7), ta chuyn thnh cc cng thc sau:
110
[V+Isc*Rs = Vd*(1+(Rs/Rp)+Io*(exp(38.9*Vd)-1)*Rs] lp m hnh PV
theo V.
[Isc-I = Io*(exp(38.9*Vd)-1)+(Vd/Rp)] v [V = Vd I*Rs] lp m hnh PV
theo I.
- S m hnh mun PV theo I c thnh lp nh hnh 5.4:
Hnh 5.4: S m hnh mun PV

s hnh 5.4, Insolation v I ref ln lt l chiu v dng in ng vo
ca PV; Vp v Ppv ln lt l in p v cng sut ng ra ca PV.
- Chng trnh m phng mun PV EC-110-G c m t ph lc PL4.2.
- c tnh mun PV EC-110-G c m phng vi cc thng s bng 5.2:
Bng 5.2: Cc thng s mun PV EC-110-G.
Thng s K hiu ln n v
Cng sut ti MPP Pp 110 W
in p ti MPP Vp 17 V
Dng in ti MPP Ip 6,47 A
in p h mch VOC 21,3 V
Dng in ngn mch ISC 7,48 A
S cell trong 1 mun n 72 cell
0
Nhit c bn T 25 C
- Kt qu nh cc hnh 5.5, 5.6:
111
a) b)
Hnh 5.5: th c tnh mun PV EC-110-G ng vi chiu G = 1000W/m2
a) c tnh I-V ; b) c tnh P-V
a) b)
Hnh 5.6: th c tnh mun PV ng vi G = 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000W/m2
a) c tnh I-V ; b) c tnh P-V
- Nhn xt: t th m phng, c th thy khi chiu thay i th dng PV
thay i mnh, trong khi p PV t thay i; cng sut ca PV b nh hng nhiu
bi chiu (tng khi chiu tng v ngc li).
5.2.2 Khi 5-level Hybrid Inverter
112
- Khi Hybrid Inverter c chc nng bin i in p DC c cp t h PV
thng qua khi Buck-Boost converter thnh p AC bm vo li hoc cp cho
ti cc b khi cn. S chi tit bn trong ca khi ny c m t trn hnh 5.15.
- Phn m phng v nh gi kh nng ng dng ca BNL ny c thc
hin chng 3 nn khi ny tc gi khng thc hin m phng li.
a)
b)
Hnh 5.7: S cu trc b nghch lu lai 5 bc xut.

a) BNL 3 bc NPC ; b) BNL 2 bc thng thng.
113
5.2.5 Khi my bin p v li
- Khi my bin p v cc thng s c chn nh hnh 5.15.
Hnh 5.8: Cc thng s m hnh khi my bin p.
Hnh 5.9: Cc thng s m hnh khi li ba pha.

114
4.2.6 Cc khi chuyn i tn hiu
* Khi chuyn tn hiu dng li ba pha Iabc sang h trc -
- Chng trnh hm Matlab vit cho khi chuyn trc Iabc I nh sau:
function y = converseI(z)
ia = z(1);
ib = z(2);
ic = z(3);
c = [ia;ib;ic];
a = sqrt (2/3);
b = [1/2 1/2 1/2;1 -1/2 -1/2;0 sqrt(3)/2 -sqrt(3)/2];
[y] = a*b*c ; % [Io;Ialfa;Ibeta]
* Khi chuyn tn hiu dng trong h trc - sang h trc d-q nh sau:
* Khi vng kha pha PLL:
* Khi chuyn tn hiu p trong h trc d-q sang h trc - nh sau:
115
* Khi chuyn tn hiu p trong h trc - sang h trc abc lm p iu
ch cho b nghch lu nh sau:
* Khi iu ch v so snh sng mang iu khin b nghch lu nh sau:
5.3 M hnh h thng iu khin hon chnh

Sau khi m hnh ha cc khi cho h thng, ta c m hnh h thng iu
khin hon chnh nh trn hnh 5.17.
5.4 M phng h thng kt ni PV vi li in bng bin tn lai
Cc thng s chnh cho vic m phng t m hnh a ra hnh 5.17 c m
t nh bng 5.5.
116
Bng 5.5: Cc thng s chnh cho vic m phng m hnh a ra.
Khi Thng s Gi tr
Cng sut ti MPP (Pp) 110W
in p ti MPP (Vp) 17V
Dng in ti MPP (Ip) 6,47A
Module PV
in p h mch (VOC) 21,3V
Dng in ngn mch (ISC) 7,48A
S cell trong mt module 72
Tng cng sut 2,2kW
2 ngun Vd, mi ngun gm 5 module mc 2 x 550W
PV array ni tip
1 ngun 2Vd, mi ngun gm 10 module 1100W
mc ni tip
Cng sut 20kVA
3-phase in p dy s cp (rms) 220V
Transformer in p dy th cp (rms) 380V
Tn s 50Hz
3-phase Grid in p dy (rms) / Tn s 380V/ 50Hz
3-phase Load in tr / cun dy 10/100mH
Carrier wave Tn s 6kHz
Kt qu m phng thu c nh sau:
Hnh 5.10: Dng sng p iu khin.
117
Hnh 5.11: Dng sng sng mang 6kHz.
Hnh 5.12: Dng sng p pha ng ra b nghch lu.
Hnh 5.13: Dng sng dng in ng ra b nghch lu.
Hnh 5.14: Dng sng in p dy ti im kt ni chung (PCC).
Hnh 5.15: Dng sng dng in ba pha ti PCC.
118
Hnh 5.16: Dng sng dng in ti PCC vi trng hp
li b mt in (0.04-0.06s).
Hnh 5.17: Dng sng dng in ba pha ti PCC.
Hnh 5.18: Dng sng p pha A ca h thng pht v li c ng b.
119
Hnh 5.19: Ph hi ca dng in pha A ti im kt ni chung.
Hnh 5.20: T l ca dng hi bc 2 n bc 10 ti im kt ni chung.
120
Hnh 5.21: Ph hi ca in p pha A ti im kt ni chung.
5.5 Nhn xt v nh gi kt qu m phng

T m hnh m phng phn 5.4, ta tin hnh phn tch ph sng hi ca
dng v p ti im kt ni chung. Kt qu nh cc hnh 5.18, 5.19 v 5.20.
T kt qu m phng v phn tch ph sng hi, ta rt ra mt s nhn xt sau:
- Dng in bm vo li c mo dng rt thp, THD I = 0.33% (hnh
5.18), nh hn nhiu so vi cc cu trc a ra cc bi bo c kho st trong
chng 1: [1] (THDI = 7.5%), [2] (THDI = 1.85%), [3] (THDI = 2.5%).
- Tng dng hi t bc 2 n bc 10 ti im kt ni chung ch bng 0.46%
(hnh 5.19), so vi gii hn trong tiu chun IEC61727, IEEE1547 [4] l 4%.
- T l dng DC bm vo li bng khng (hnh 5.19).
121
- in p pht ra t h thng v li ng b v bin , gc pha v tn s
(hnh 5.17).
- Khi li b s c mt in, b nghch lu ngng cp in cho li trong
vng 0.007s. Khi li c in tr li, sau khong 0.01s b nghch lu tip tc bm
dng vo li. (hnh 5.15 v 5.16).
So snh cc thng s m phng (s ng b, ch s THD, t l bm dng
DC vo li, tng dng hi bc 2 n bc 10, v.v.) thu c vi cc tiu chun ni
li h thng PV theo tiu chun IEC61727, IEEE1547 bng 5.1 v cc cu trc
cho h thng ni li PV [4], c th khng nh cu trc b nghch lu lai 5 bc a
ra rt thch hp cho vic iu khin h thng kt ni PV vi li.
122
Chng 6
KT LUN
6.1 Nhng vn gii quyt trong lun vn

- Nghin cu, tm hiu nhng vn lin quan PV, cc thut ton MPPT, cc
dng h thng PV ni li v hot ng c lp; cc vn kt ni PV vi li.
- M hnh m phng c c tnh ca PV, array PV kt hp mch Buck-
Boost converter qua thut ton MPPT trn c s logic m.
- tm hiu cc cu trc b nghch lu a bc v cc phng php iu
khin.
- phn tch thut ton PWM, m phng v nh gi c cht lng iu
ch b nghch lu lai 5 bc. T p dng vo h thng iu khin kt ni PV vi
li.
- M hnh m phng c h thng iu khin kt ni PV vi li dng bin
tn lai 5 bc.
* Kt qu t c c th nh sau:
Vi thut ton MPPT trn c s logic m, cng sut thu c t h PV t
c gi tr cc i ng vi mi chiu sng khc nhau.
Vic iu khin b nghch lu bng phng php vector dng in, cc tn
hiu p v dng li c hi tip v so snh vi cc gi tr t, cc sai lch to ra
p iu ch PWM cho b nghch lu. Do , vn ng b gia h thng pht
in t PV vi li c m bo.
Dng in bm vo li t cht lng rt tt (ch s THD rt thp, khng
bm dng DC vo li, tng dng hi bc 2 n bc 10 thp) so vi cc tiu chun
ni li h thng PV theo tiu chun IEC61727, IEEE1547 [4].
6.2 Nhng vn cn tn ti
oCha xt n qu trnh qu khi ni li.
oCha xt n mt s hin tng tc ng khi ni li (hin tng c lp,
ngn mch, qu hoc di in p, qu hoc di tn s,).
123
oCha thi cng mch thc kim chng kt qu m phng.
* Cc hng pht trin ca ti
Nghin cu cc phng php khc phc hin tng c lp, ngn mch, qu
hoc di in p, qu hoc di tn s.
Nghin cu gii quyt qu trnh qu khi ni li h PV.
Thi cng m hnh thc nghim kt ni li dng cu trc b nghch lu lai
5 bc.
124
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] N.A. Rahim, J. Selvaraj, C. Krismadinata, Five-level inverter with dual

reference modulation technique for grid-connected PV system, Crown Copyright
2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
[2]. Longhua Zhou, Qing Fu, Xiangfeng Li, and Changshu Liu, A Novel
Photovoltaic Grid-connected Power Conditioner Employing Hybrid Multilevel
Inverter, 2009.
[3]. Seul-Ki Kim, Jin-Hong Jeon, Chang-Hee Cho, Eung-Sang Kim, Jong-Bo
Ahn, Modeling and simulation of a grid-connected PV generation system for
electromagnetic transient analysis, Korea Electro-technology Research
Institute, Seongju-dong 28-1, Changwon, Republic of Korea, 2009.
[4]. Gabriele Grandi, Darko Ostojic, Claudio Rossi, Dual Inverter Configuration
for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Generation Systems, Department of Electrical
Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy, 2007.
125

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Chng 1

1.1 Tng quan v hng nghin cu

2.1 Nng lng mt tri

Hnh 2.2: Cu to cc lp PV.

Vi: I0 l dng in ngc ca diode

Hnh 2.3: Mch tng ng ca PV.

Hnh 2.4: S ngn mch v h mch ca PV.

2.2.3 Mch PV khi c tnh n cc tn hao

Hnh 2.6 : c tnh I-V nh hng bi Rs

Hnh 2.7 : c tnh I-V nh hng bi Rp

Hnh 2.10: Hnh thc ghp v ng c tnh I-V ca mun PV

Hnh 2.11: Array PV ni tip

Hnh 2.13: Array PV ni song song

Hnh 2.14: ng c tnh I-V ca Array PV ni song song

Hnh 2.16: ng c tnh I-V ca Array PV ni kt hp song song v ni tip

c tnh ca PV b nh hng bi nhiu yu t nh cng chiu sng, nhit

2.3.1 Cng chiu sng

Bin dng quang in l ln nht trong iu kin y nh sng. Vo

Hiu sut chuyn i quang in ca t bo quang in rt nhy vi bc x

Hnh 2.18: Hiu sut chuyn i quang in theo bc x, hiu sut ny

2.3.2 Gc chiu sng

Hnh 2.19: ng cong cosin Kelly i vi pin quang in ti gc t 0 n 90

Bng 2.1: Gi tr cosin Kelley ca dng quang in trong t bo Silic

2.3.3 Hiu ng bng m

H thng pin quang in c th bao gm nhiu dy pin ni tip mc song song.

2.3.4 Hiu ng nhit

Khi nhit tng, dng ngn mch ca t bo tng trong khi in p h

Isc=Io(1+.T) and Voc=Vo(1.T) (2.8)

Bi v dng v in p hot ng thay i xp x t l vi dng ngn mch v

P = V.I = Io(1+.T).Vo(1.T) (2.9)

C th c rt gn bng cch b i lng nh khng ng k

i vi nhng t bo Si n tinh th in hnh, l 500u/C v l 5mu/C.

P = Po.[1+(500u 5 mu).T] hoc Po[10.0045T] (2.11)

nh hng ca vic thay i nhit i vi cng sut ng ra c ch ra

2.3.5 Hiu ng thi tit

im hot ng ca bt k h thng nng lng no l giao ca ng c tnh

Vic ha hp ti vi ngun nh th lun cn thit cho vic trch cng sut cc

Vic hot ng vi ti cng sut l hng s c ch ra trn hnh 2.24 (c) v

iu kin cn thit cho s n nh vn hnh in ca pin quang in l

Mt vi loi ti nh l hi c in tr c nh, cng sut thay i t l bnh

2.3.7 Vic thay i chiu quay theo hng mt tri

Loi b xoay mt trc: s xoay theo mt tri t hng ng sang hng Ty

Thit k b xoay theo hng mt tri c th tng nng lng cung cp ln ti

2.4 im lm vic c cng sut cc i (MPP) v iu khin MPPT

Hnh 2.26 : Nhng im cng sut cc i theo chiu

Hnh 2.27: im lm vic ph thuc vo thng s ca R

Hnh 2.29: Cc im lm vic ca ti thun tr.

Hnh 2.30: S khi b MPPT iu khin DC-DC converter.

Hnh 2.31: S b bin i DC/DC (Buck-Boost Converter).

Khi cng sut trn L l:

Khi ta c cng sut trn ti:

Hnh 2.34: Lu thut ton P&O.

Hnh 2.35: H PV pht nng lng v li in

Hnh 2.38: c tnh P- I ca mun PV khi chiu thay i.

Hnh 2.39: Lu thut ton INC

2.5 Cc dng cu trc b chuyn i PV

chuyn i ngun p DC t h PV thnh p AC cho cc mc ch khc

2.6 Cc dng pin quang in ni li v hot ng c lp

2.6.1.1 H thng pin quang in khng c b c qui

H thng pin quang in ni li c thit k hot ng song song v phi

Hnh 2.41: H thng pin quang in khng c b c qui

Mi h thng nh vy c th cung cp cng sut cho ti DC. Vi s kt hp

Critical Load Inverter/Power