Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha

1. S LC V POLYMER

1.1 Khai niem Polyme

1.1.1 nh ngha
Polyme l nhng hp cht cao phn t gm nhng nhm nguyn t c ni
vi nhau bng nhng lin kt ha hc to thnh nhng mch di c khi lng phn t
ln. Trong mch chnh ca Polyme, nhng nhm nguyn t ny c lp i lp li
nhiu ln.
Cao phn t l; nhng cht c trng lng phn t ln: cellulose, cht do tng
hp, si, keo dn, gm s
1.1.2 Phn loi
Polyme rt a dng v phong ph. Ty theo tng tnh cht v kh nng ng
dng ta c th chia ra nh sau:
1.1.2.1 Phn loi da vo thnh phn ha hc mch chnh
Polyme mch cacbon (Polyme ng mch) la cc Polyme trong mch chnh ch
c cc nguyn t cacbon nh PE, PS, PP.
Polyme d mch l cc Polyme m trong mch chnh c cha cc nguyn t
khc khc cacbon nh N, O, polyester, polyamit
1.1.2.2 Phn loi da vo cu trc
Polyme mch thng: mch phn t di, tnh bt ng hng rt cao.
Polyme mch nhnh: c cc mch chnh di v c nhng mch nhnh 2 bn
mch chnh.
Polyme mch khng gian (Polyme mng li): cu to t cc mch i phn t
kt hp vi nhau bng lin kt ha hc ngang: nha rezolic, nha reformandehit
Ba nhm Polyme trn khc nhau v tnh cht vt l.
1.1.2.3 Phn loi da vo thnh phn ca monome (mt xch c bn)
Polyme ng ng: khi mch phn t ch cha mt mt xch c s:
-A-A-A-A-A-
Polyme ng trng hp: trong thnh phn mch phn t cha trn hai loi mt
xch c s:
-A-A-B-A-B-A-B-B-B-A-

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha
1.1.2.4 Phn loi da vo cch sp xp cc nhm chc khng gian
Polyme iu ha lp th: cc nhm th ch 1 pha so vi mch chnh
(Isotactic), cc nhm th ln lt 2 bn so vi mch chnh (Syndiotactic).
Polyme khng iu ha: cc nhm th phn b mt cch ngu nhin trn mch
chnh (atactic).
1.1.2.5 Phan loai da tren tnh chat c ly:
Nha nhiet deo
Nha nhiet ran
Vat lieu compozit - ng dung cua nha nhiet ran

1.2 Mot so khai niem c ban

1.2.1 Trung hp goc

Trung hp goc noi chung la phan ng tao polyme t monome cha cac lien
ket etylen.
Trong trung hp chuoi th viec hnh thanh va o ben cua cac goc t do la rat
quan trong no phu thuoc vao cac nhom chc lan can.
Goc t do hnh thanh t s ket hp cua monome vi goc t do ban au cang
ben, do hieu ng cong hng th monome nay cang de ket hp vi cac goc t do:
C6H5 > CH=CH2CO N > R > COOH.
Th t tren phu thuoc vao s gia tang o ben do cong hng cua goc t do
hnh thanh t monome.
Hp chat khong no cho goc t do ben do ien t linh ong tao nen s
cong hng che phu ben:
CH2CH=CHCH2 CH2CHCH=CH2
Nhom the nh halogen, ete, t hoat ong hn v e - t do cua halogen hay
oxygen ch tac dung oi vi goc t do.

1.2.2 ong trung hp

ong trung hp la qua trnh trung hp ong thi hai hay nhieu monome vi
nhau. San pham cua phan ng ong trung hp la polyme ong trung hp
(copolyme) co cha trong mach phan t t hai hay nhieu mac xch c s khac nhau.

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha
Co hai loai phan ng tong hp copolyme la: phan ng ong trung hp va
phan ng ong trung ngng:
ong trung hp (ong trung ngng) c ng dung nhieu trong thc te v
lam thay oi, cai thien tnh chat cua cao phan t theo muc ch s dung.
Cac polyme thien nhien thong thng la cac homopolyme, tuy nhien protein
va nucleit axit la copolyme. Tng t a so polyme tong hp la homopolyme, tuy
nhien ta cung co cac copolyme nh SBR (tong hp t Styren va Butadien), ABS
(Acrylonnitrile Butadien Styren).
V du: PS chu c nhiet o, gia thanh re, tuy nhien co nhc iem la gion va
kho nhuom mau. e cai thien tnh chat cua PS ta tien hanh nh sau:
Giam tnh gion, ong trung hp PS vi cao su butadien ta co c cao su
SBR:
nCH2=CHCH=CH2 + mCH2=CHC6H6 (CH2CH=CHCH2CH2CHC6H6)z
Tang kha nang nhuom mau, ong trung hp PS vi vinyl pridil.
Phan ng ong trung hp c s dung nhieu trong cao su tong hp.
Cao su butadien-nitryl (NBR) co kha nang chu c dung moi khong phan
cc nh xang dau:
(CH2CH=CHCH2CH2CHCN)z
Cao su butyl c trung hp t isobutylen va mot lng nho isopren co kha
nang chong tham kh cao.
Copolyme co the la eu an phan bo (M1M2M1M2), co the la thong ke
(M1M1M2M1M1M2M2), co the la copolyme khoi (M1nM2n) hoac la copolyme
ghep nhanh

1.2.3 Trung ngng

Cha co nhng nh ngha thong nhat.
Trong hoa hoc hu c, phan ng trung ngng theo c che cong va co phan t
nho. Tuy nhien trong phan ng trung ngng cao phan t oi khi khong loai phan t
nho.

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Phan ng trung ngng la phan ng tong hp cac cao phan t ma c s phat
trien mach la cac phan ng hoa hoc co ien gia nhng nhom chc hoa hoc mang
hai au mach.
Hoat o cua nhng phan t trung gian (oligimer) giong nh hoat o cua cac
monome khi au. Gia tr phan t mach polyme se gia tang tuan t va t t.
C che tong hp:
Mi + Mj Mi + j
Mi + M Mi + 1
Mi, Mj polyme ang phat trien; M monome.

1.2.4 Ket tinh hoa va thuy tinh hoa

Chung ta co hai con ng e chuyen t trang thai can bang long sang trang
thai can bang ran: s ket tinh hoa (chuyen ket tinh) va thuy tinh hoa (chuyen thuy
tinh):
Ket tinh hoa: la s chuyen hoa t trang thai co trat t gan sang trang thai
co trat t xa. Qua trnh tao ra mot pha mi va thuoc ve chuyen pha bac mot.
Thuy tinh hoa: la qua trnh chuyen t trang thai long chuyen ong sang
trang thai ran nhng khong thay oi trang thai pha, van cau truc trat t gan. Nh
vay s thuy tinh hoa la qua trnh chuyen pha bac hai.
Ket tinh hoa xay ra nhiet o xac nh (nhiet o chay hay ket tinh hoa),
di nhiet nay trang thai can bang cua he la trang thai ket tinh bi v the nhiet
ong cua he ket tinh nho hn cua he long.
Cung mot loai vat chat ta co the ha nhiet o xuong thap hn nhiet o thuy
tinh hoa nhng van trang thai pha long (thuy tinh hoa) ta goi trang thai nay la
trang thai qua lanh. Trang thai pha long qua lanh la trang thai khong can bang
va oi khi thay oi mot vai ieu kien ben ngoai co the a en qua trnh ket tinh.
Khi trang thai qua lanh, o nht tang (trong mot vai trng hp o nht
tang gan 103 poise, o la o nht cua chat ran) va nang lng chuyen ong cung

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha
tang (E = kT), he qua nay gay kho khan cho viec sap xep lai mang li theo hng
ket tinh.
Nhiet o khi o nht cua he tang en khoang 1013 poise c goi nhiet o
thuy tinh hoa Tg.
Khi chuyen sang trang thai thuy tinh, toan bo tnh chat thay oi, chuyen t
tnh chat cua chat long sang tnh chat cua chat ran. S thay oi nay khong xay ra
ot ngot ma chuyen t t trong khoang nhiet o t 100C en 200C. Do o nhiet o
thuy tinh hoa khong phai la mot iem ma la trung bnh cua khoang nhiet o nay.

1.2.6 Trang thai an hoi cao

Quan he Maxwell:
f S

T p ,L L p ,T

Quan he nay ch ra rang: Khi tang lc tac dung va nhiet o (tc ve trai
dng), se lam tang chieu dai mau th va lam giam entropi cua he (giam o hon
on). S giam entropi nay dan en viec sap xep trat t cac mach phan t.
an hoi cao bao gom an hoi tuyet oi va thanh phan entropi tham gia vao:
an hoi tuyet oi, khi bien dang nhiet o va ap suat khong oi, noi
nang thay oi.
Khi bien dang, entropi cua he thay oi. The hien phng trnh sau:
E f
f T
L P ,T T L ,T

Thanh phan:
E
+ : the hien s thay oi noi nang do bien dang nhiet o va ap suat
L P ,T

khong oi (thay oi goc hoa tr, an hoi tuyet oi co he so poison rat nho)
f S
+ T : The hien s thay oi entropi cua he do bien dang sinh
T L,T L P ,T

ra.
Ghi chu:

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha
Phng trnh tnh ng suat theo nh luat Hook :
Trong khong gian 3 chieu, ng suat theo truc z c tnh : zz E. zz

zz : bien dang theo truc z

E : modun Young ( N/m2)

V
S thay oi the tch khi an hoi : zz (1 2 ) vi : he so poisson t
V

le bien dang ngang tren bien dang doc khi co lc tac ong mot chieu tren chieu
doc .

1.2.7 Cau truc ket tinh

Polymer co cau truc mach phan t c sap xep eu an trong khong gian
goi la polymer ket tinh .
Polymer ket tinh la viec sap xep eu an cac phan t, khong phai la s co
nh nguyen t nh trong kim loai. o eu an theo chieu dai mach va thang goc
vi chieu dai mach la rat khac nhau.
Khi trang thai chay nhao hay ran, s ket tinh co the giam hoac thuan li
hn di tac dung cua lc keo dan. Di tac dung cua ngoai lc, mach phan t sap
xep lai theo hng tac dung lc, thuan li cho ket tinh.
Cao phan t khong the trat t 100%, cac au mach co cau truc khac vi
mach phan t. Do vay khong the co Polymer ket tinh 100%.

1.2.8 Cau truc vo nh hnh .

Khi cac mach phan t khong the sap xep trat t, ta co cau truc vo nh hnh.
Cau truc vo nh hnh lien he trc tiep en o mem deo cua mach. o mem
deo nay lien he vi o dai mach hay goc hoa tr cua lien ket hoa hoc - chu yeu la
do s quay chung quanh lien ket .
Cac mo hnh ly thuyet cua polymer vo nh hnh :
Mo hnh cac mach cng kien ket.
Mo hnh quay t do.
Mo hnh quay gii han.

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1.2.9 Dung dch polymer
1.2.9.1 Dung dch that: La mot he nhieu phan t co cac tnh chat :
Cac cau t co ai lc vi nhau, nhng chat de phan cc de hoa tan vi nhau.
S hoa tan khong can ngoai lc tac ong.
Nong o khong thay oi theo thi gian khi ieu kien ben ngoai (p,t) khong
thay oi.
ong nhat, ca he ch co mot pha.
Ben ve nhiet ong.
1.2.9.2 He Gel: Polymer trong dung dch co the tao he trng hay khong
tan th ta co cau truc Gel.
Gel loai 1 : Hnh thanh trong cac trng hp:
Polymer mach khong gian trng trong dung moi.
Trung hp hay trung ngng 3 chieu trong dung moi.
Qua trnh ong ran tao mang ngang trong dung moi.
ac tnh : Cac lien ket khong the b pha huy bi nhiet o, khong the co hien
tng thay oi nhiet o. Do vay, Gel loai 1 khong the chay bat c nhiet o nao.
Gel loai 2: c thanh lap t tng tac cua Polymer mach thang hoac nhanh
vi dung moi. Trong he nay, Polymer co cha cac nhom khong phan cc, dung moi
la loai khong tot vi polymer, hay dung moi tng tac tot vi nhom phan cc nay
nhng khong tng tac tot vi nhom phan cc kia.
ac tnh: Lien ket phan t la lien ket lien phan t co ban chat khac nhau
(lien ket vat ly). Cac lien ket nay ben trong nhng ieu kien nhat nh nhng khi
thay oi mot so ieu kien nh nhiet o hay dung moi, lien ket se b pha v, gel se
chuyen thanh dung dch polymer thc. Khi lap lai cac ieu kien ban au th gel lai
thanh lap lai .
1.2.9.3 He phan tan keo
He phan tan keo c hnh thanh khi khong co s tan do khong co ai lc
gia dung moi va polymer .

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Cac tnh chat ien hnh sau:
He khong t ong tap hp tao thanh nhng hat, bau polymer.
Khong ben vng nhiet ong do ton tai be mat phan chia pha rat ro gia
pha polymer va pha dung moi.
He keo la he ton tai hai pha.

1.2.10 Hoa deo polymer

e mot polymer co c mot so tnh chat yeu cau, ngoai viec tong hp cac
monomer co thanh phan hoa hoc khac nhau, ta con thay oi cau truc cua no. Hoa
deo la mot trong nhng phng phap quan trong e thay oi cau truc polymer.
Hoa deo la a vao trong the tch polymer mot lng chat long hay ran
nham lam deo polymer, tang kha nang trt tng oi gia cac mach phan t va de
gia cong hn.
Hoa deo lam thay oi toan bo cac tnh chat c ly cua he. ien hnh nh
trong gia cong nha nhiet deo. Chat hoa deo se lam giam nhiet o chay deo (T f).
Nhiet o nay oi khi gan sat nhiet o phan huy cua nha nen viec them chat hoa
deo tao thuan li cho gia cong.

1.2.11 Mot so khai niem khac

Qua trnh hoi phuc la qua trnh thay oi tnh chat c hoc cua polyme theo
thi gian. Nguyen do cua qua trnh hoi phuc la do polyme co chieu dai phan t ln,
nen co s ap ng tre oi vi tac ong cua ngoai lc va yeu to thi gian tr thanh
mot thong so anh hng en tnh chat c hoc cua polyme. Hien tng hoi phuc co
the xem nh la s pha huy can bang nhiet ong cua vat the polyme.
Co 3 hien tng lien quan en van e hoi phuc cua polime:
Hien tng rao: la hien tng polyme tiep tuc bien dang khi ng suat tac
dung khong thay oi. Khi ta tac dung mot lc keo mau polyme ban au, polyme se
at ti can bang mot o bien dang nao o, neu ta tiep tuc duy tr lc keo nay
mau polyme se tiep tuc dan dai them.

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Hien tng ni: la hien tng polyme giam dan ng suat theo thi gian
khi bien dang gi khong oi.
Hien tng an tre: la hien tng mau polime ap ng vi qua trnh at
tai va cat tai khac nhau. ieu nay la do o bien dang luon luon cham hn s thay
oi lc cang. o bien dang khi tang lc luon luon nho hn o bien dang khi giam
lc. Ta co mot nut tre. Nut tre co gia tr cc ai mot van toc at lc trung gian va
mot nhiet o trung gian, ngha la khi van toc at lc hoac nhiet o qua ln hoac
qua nho dien tch nut tre se nho.

1.3 Mot so tnh chat c hoc va vat ly cua nha

1.3.1 Tnh chat vat ly:

a) Ty trong nha
Vat lieu nha tng oi nhe, ty trong dao ong t 0,92.
Ty trong nha phu thuoc vao o ket tinh: o ket tinh cao th ty trong cao.
b) Ch so nong chay (MI)
La tr so the hien tnh lu ong khi gia cong cua vat lieu nha. Ch so nong
chay cang ln the hien tnh lu ong cua nha cang cao va cang de gia cong.
Phng phap th nghiem: at mot lng hat nha nhat nh vao mot dung cu
co mieng chay =2,1mm nhiet o va ap suat nhat nh trong thi gian 10 phut.

Lng nha chay ra khoi mieng dung cu xac nh ch so chay cua nha.
c) o hut am (o hap thu nc)
o hut am c xac nh bang mc hut nc cua nha.
Phng phap o: lay mot mau nha, say kho, can trong lng. Ngam mau
nha vao nc trong 24 gi, lay ra can lai. T le % gia tang trong lng la mc hap
thu nc.
Nha co nhom phan cc : o hap thu nc cao.
Nha khong phan cc: o hap thu nc thap.
o hut am thap th tot v nc hap thu lam giam mot so tnh chat c ly va

anh hng en o on nh kch thc san pham.

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d) o co rut cua nha
o co rut cua nha la % chenh lech gia kch thc cua san pham sau khi a
lay khoi khuon c nh hnh va on nh kch thc so vi kch thc cua khuon.
o co rut cua nha ket tinh ln hn nhieu so vi o co rut cua nha vh.
e) Tnh cach ien
a so cac loai nha cach ien tot nen c ng dung lam cac thiet b ien
gia dung, thiet b vien thong, vo tuyen truyen hnh, cac thiet b cao tan.
Xac nh tnh cach ien bang th nghiem ien the xuyen thung qua mot tam
vat lieu nha co chieu day tnh bang mm (KV/mm) nhiet o 20oC.
f) Tnh truyen nhiet
a so cac loai nha co o truyen nhiet thap nen cach nhiet tot.

1.3.2 Tnh chat c hoc

Nhng tnh nang c hoc cua nha anh hng ti o ben san pham.
a) o ben keo
La sc chu ng cua vat lieu khi b keo ve mot pha, bieu th bang n v
lc tren mot n v dien tch (n v o: Kg/cm2 hoac N/m2).
Ch so cng o keo cang ln tc vat lieu co o ben keo cang cao.
b) o dan dai:
La t le gia o dai khi lc keo tang en iem t tren o dai ban au, bieu
th bang %.
Vat lieu co o dan dai ln, o ben keo ln th co o deo ln hn vat lieu co
o ben keo ln ma o dan dai nho.
c) o cng:
Bieu th kha nang chong lai tac dung cua mot vat ran e khong b nt, v
hoac st me be mat.
Thiet b o o cng: Shore A,D, thiet b Rockwell, Brinene.
d) o chu va ap:
Bieu th kha nang chong lai mot tai trong ri xuong, va ap vao san pham
ma khong lam nt v san pham.
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Xac nh o chu va ap bang thiet b co mot qua can t o cao nhat nh ri
xuong san pham a c co nh.
e) o chu mai mon:
Bieu th kha nang chong lai tac dung bao mon cua lc lam hao mon vat lieu,
bieu th bang %
oi vi cac san pham nha nh e giay dep, ch tieu nay rat quan trong.
f) o bam mau:
PE co the nhuom mau trang bang cac thuoc nhuom va cac bot mau khac
nhau trong hon hp nong chay trong thiet b tron.
Lng chat mau hu c co the dung la t 0.005-0.2% theo ty le trong lng,
vat lieu nhuom bot mau vo c: TiO2, CrO3 vang da cam va o dung 0.2-1%.
g) Mot so tnh chat khac:
PE tron hp rat kem vi a so Polyme, hon hp Polyme co o on nh tot
neu cho vao PE cac tnh chat sau:
Parafin trong lng cao phan t, polyizobutylen, cao su, polystyrol,
etylcellulose.
Neu tron parafin co nhiet o nong chay tren 520C vi PE th lam tang o
ben c hoc, o cng, giam o tham kh, nhng ong thi cung lam giam o dan
dai, hon hp hai chat nay co the san xuat bnh ng hoa chat.
Hon hp PE vi polybutylen (co trong lng phan t 100000-200000) co
tnh cach nhiet tot va ben hoa hoc cao. Neu polyizobutylen them vao khoang 50%
trong lng polyetylen th lam tang tnh an hoi va chu lanh cua mang.

1.4 Phan loai cac phng phap gia cong

1.4.1 Phan loai theo chc nang.

Nhom tao hnh: nhiem vu la tao hnh san pham. Nhom nay bao gom gan het
cac phng phap gia cong, co the ke: uc ep, un, ep phun, tao hnh nhiet,
Nhom bien tnh: la cac phng phap lam thay oi tnh chat cua vat lieu, san
pham th du tron, keo cang, x ly be mat.

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Nhom tao lien ket: la cac phng phap lien ket cac chi tiet e tao thanh san
pham. Cac phng phap thuoc nhom nay co the ke en phng phap han va dan.

1.4.2 Phan loai theo ieu kien gia cong va trang thai vat lieu.

Nhom 1: vat lieu c gia cong nhiet o cao, ap suat cao va trang thai
chay nht. Th du: un, uc ep, ep phun
Nhom 2: Vat lieu c gia cong nhiet o trung bnh, ap suat trung bnh va
trang thai cao su. Th du: tao hnh nhiet.
Nhom 3: Vat lieu c gia cong nhiet o thng, ap suat thng va trang
thai ran. Th du: gia cong c kh.
Nhom 4: Vat lieu c ot nong chay va rot vao khuon nh hnh.
Nhom 5: Vat lieu trang thai long nhiet o thng c rot vao khuon va
ong ran nguoi. Th du: gia cong cac loai nha epoxy, poliester, PMMA t MMA.

1.5 Cac dang polymer trong cong nghiep

Nha nhiet deo
Nha nhiet ran
Vat lieu Compozit (composite)

2 NHA NHIET DEO

2.1 Khai niem:

Nha nhiet deo la nhom vat lieu Polyme co kha nang lap lai nhieu lan qua
trnh chay mem di tac dung nhiet va tr nen ong ran (nh hnh) khi c lam
nguoi. Trong qua trnh tac ong nhiet cua no ch thay oi tnh chat vat ly khong co
phan ng hoa hoc xay ra.
Do ac tnh nh vay ma nha nhiet deo co kha nang tai sinh nhieu lan, chnh
v vay ma nhng phe pham phat sinh trong qua trnh san xuat eu co kha nang tai
che c.

2.2 Mot so loai nha nhet deo thong dung

2.2.1 PE ( Polyethlene )

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2.2.1.1 Cong thc cau tao

(- CH2 - CH2 -)n

2.2.1.2 Phan loai

Ch so chay
STT TEN T TRONG
(g/10phut)
1 HDPE (high density 0.95 0.97 (o ket tinh ln co 0.1 - 20
polyethylene) cau tao mach thang)

2 LDPE (low density 0.91 0.93 (o ket tinh thap) 0.1 60

polyethylene)

3 LLDPE (linear low Co khoi lng rieng thap, 0.9 50

density mach thang, co T0nc thap.
polyethylene)

2.2.1.3 Cac thong so c ban

Thong so HDPE LDPE

T trong 0.95 0.96 0.92 0.93

o hut nc trong 24 gi < 0.01% < 0.02%

o ket tinh (%) 85 95 60 70

iem hoa mem (0C) 120 90

Nhiet o chay (0C) 133 112

Ch so chay g/10phut 0.1 20 0.1 60

o cng Shore 60 65 30 35

o dan dai (%) 200 400 400 600

Lc keo t (kg/cm2) 220 300 114 150

2.2.1.4 Tnh chat

M va mau trang, t trong nho hn 1.

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La polymer ket tinh, mc o ket tinh phu thuoc mat o mach nhanh, mach
nhanh nhieu th o ket tinh thap.
o hoa tan:
+ nhiet o thng, PE khong tan trong bat c dung moi nao, nhng
e tiep xuc lau vi kh hidrocacbon thm a clo hoa th b trng.
+ nhiet o tren 70oC, PE tan yeu trong toluene, xilen, amin axetat,
dau thong, paraffin
+ nhiet o cao, PE cung khong tan trong nc, ru beo, acid axetic,
acetone, ete etylic, glyxerin, dau lanh va mot so dau thao moc khac
Khi ot vi ngon la co the chay va co mui paraffin.
Cach ien tot.
o khang nc cao, khong hut am.
PE khong phan cc nen co o chong tham cao oi vi hi cua nhng chat
long phan cc.
Khang hoa chat tot.
Khang thi tiet kem, b lao hoa di tac dung cua oxi khong kh, tia cc tm,
nhiet. Trong qua trnh lao hoa o dan dai tng oi va o chu lanh cua polymer
giam, xuat hien tnh gion va nt.
o bam dnh kem.
2.2.1.5 ng dung
Giay cach ien, day cap va chi tiet ien, mang va tam
San pham khang dung moi va dau nht: thung cha dung moi, chai lo, bao
b
San pham cong nghiep: ket nc ngot, ket bia (can chat chong UV), nap
chai nc tng, nap chai tng t (khong can chat chong UV)

2.2.2 PP (polypropylene)
2.2.2.1 Cong thc cau tao

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha

CH2 - CH
CH3
n

2.2.2.2 Cac thong so c ban

+ T trong : 0,9 - 0,92
+ o hap thu nc trong 24h: <0,01%
+ o ket tinh : 70%
+ Nhiet o nong chay : 160oC 170oC
+ Ch so chay : 2 60 g/10 phut
+ o cng Shore (ASTM D2240 ) : 90-95
+ Lc keo t : 250 400 kg/cm2
+ o dan dai : 300 800%
2.2.2.3 Tnh chat
+ Khong mau, ban trong suot.
+ o ben keo, o cng cao hn PE.
+ Cach ien tan so cao tot.
+ Chu va ap kem.
+ Khang nhiet tot hn PE, ac biet tnh chat c hoc tot nhiet o cao.
+ Don nhiet o thap.
+ Kem ben UV.
+ De chay.
+ Bam dnh kem.
2.2.2.4 ng dung
San pham can o cng : nap chai nc ngot, than va nap but mc, hop n
trang, hop ng tht
San pham khang hoa chat : chai lo thuoc y te, mang mong bao b, ong dan,
nap thung cha dung moi
Dung cach ien tan so cao : tam, vat kep cach ien

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha
2.2.3 ABS (Arylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)
2.2.3.1 Cong thc cau tao

(CH 2CH CHCH 2 ) (C6 H 5CH CH 2 ) (CH 2 CHCN ) n

2.2.3.2 Cac thong so c ban
T trong: 1,04 1,06
Nhiet o bien dang nhiet: 60 1200C
o ben t: 350 600 Kg/cm2
o dan dai: 10 50%
2.2.3.3 Tnh chat
ong trung hp, o ket tinh thap.
o ben nhiet, o ben va ap tot hn PS.
Tnh chat phu thuoc vao cac thanh phan ong trung hp.
Khi ham lng acronitrile tang th:
Giam o ben keo, modun an hoi, o cng va o cach ien tan so
cao.
Tang o ben va ap, khang dung moi, khang nhiet.
Khi ham lng Butadiene tang th:
Giam o ben keo, modun an hoi, o cng.
Tang o ben va ap, khang mai, mon o dan dai.
Khi ham lng Styrene tang: o chay khi gia nhiet tang, cng hn nhng
gion.
2.2.3.4 ng dung
Lam suot ch, nut tivi, vo tivi, vo may giat, vo ien thoai, canh quat ien,
vo may anh, vo vali
Ep un ra cac loai tam s dung cho nhieu phng phap gia cong khac
nhau cho ra nhieu san pham khac nhau.

2.2.5 PET (Polyethylene Terephtalate)

2.2.5.1 Cong thc cau tao

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha

HOCH2CH2OOC CO OCH2CH2OOC CO OCH2CH2OH

n

2.2.5.2 Cac thong so c ban

T trong : 1,33 1,4
Nhiet o gia cong: 240 - 260 oC.
Nhiet o hoa thuy tinh: 78 80 oC
o ben keo t: 1000 1500 kg/cm2.
o dan dai : 50 60 %
2.2.5.3 Tnh chat
Trong nh thuy tinh
o hut am thap, on nh kch thc.
Kha nang gi kh cao (chai nc co gas)
Khang va ap tot.
Kha nang chu nhiet kem ( 70 oC chai PET a b bien dang)
Chu ky ep san pham rat ngan.
2.2.5.4 ng dung
Chi tiet trong xe hi, ien va ien t
Chai nc giai khat.
Mang bao goi thc pham, si

2.2.6 PS ( Polystyren)
2.2.6 .1 Cong thc cau tao

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha
2.2.6 .2 Cac thong so c ban
T trong: 1.05 1.1
Ch so chay: 1 8 g/10phut

o ben keo t : 400 450 kg/cm2
o dan dai thap: 1 2 %
o cng Brinel: 14 16 kg/mm2
2.2.6 3 Tnh chat
Vo nh hnh
Khong phan cc, o ket tinh thap, o trong suot cao, de nhuom mau.
o ben c hoc thap, o dan dai thap, o ben va ap kem, gion.
Nhiet o bien dang nhiet thap.
Cach ien tan so cao tot.
Hoa tan trong benzen, aceton, MEK.
Chu hoa chat (kiem, H2SO4, HCl, cac axit hu c) va nc cao.
2.2.6 .4 ng dung
San pham nha tai sinh: ly, hop
Cach ien tan so cao: vo hop, thung ien, ong, vat lieu cach ien
Sn: nha Alkyd bien tnh Styren, sn Epoxy bien tnh Styren

2.2.7 POM (Polyoxymethylene)

2.2.7.1 Cong thc cau tao

[O CH2]n
2.2.7.2 Cac thong so c ban
T trong: 1.41 1.425.
o ket tinh: khoang 75%.
Chu c nhiet o: 120 1500C
2.2.7.3 Tnh Chat
Nha ket tinh, mau trang sa, nha ban trong suot.
o keo cang cang, o ben uon va module an hoi cao.

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha
Hut am thap.
Chu hoa chat kha tot.
2.2.7.4 ng dung
Banh rang, hop so, sot cam, tay quay.
Lo xo an hoi, lo xo a.

II.2.2.8 PBT(polybutylene terephtalate)

2.2.8.1 Cong thc cau tao:

2.2.8.2 Cac thong so c ban

Nhiet o thuy tinh hoa: 220C.
Nhiet o nong chay: 224 - 2280C.
o ben keo: 560 kg/cm2.
2.2.8.3 Tnh chat:
Nha ket tinh.
Khang nhiet cao.
Hap thu nc thap, on nh kch thc.
Khang hoa chat.
Khang mai mon cao.
Cach ien tot
Neu c gia cng si thuy tinh th o ben keo tang, ien the xuyen thung
tang.
2.2.8.4 ng dung
Cong tac ien, vo ong c ien, nap bugi, chop en, tay nam ca xe oto, nap
thung cha nhien lieu,

II.2.2.9 PA (Poliamide)

2.2.9.1 Cong thc cau tao:

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha

2.2.9.2 Cac thong so c ban

T trong: 1.02 1.16.
o ben t: 350 900 kg/cm2
o dan dai: 10 40 %
Nhiet o nong chay: 135 238 0C
2.2.9.3 Tnh chat
o ket tinh cao, mau trang sa.
o hap thu nc cao.
Tnh chong ma sat va tnh bi trn tot.
Cach ien tot.
Khang hoa chat (tr phenol, crezol, acid manh).
2.2.9.4 ng dung
Gia cong ep un e san xuat:
Mang mong bao b cho cac san pham.
Keo si dat li anh ca, si ban chay rang, si cho cac loai dung cu the
thao...(thng dung Nylon 6; Nylon 6,6).
San xuat ong cac loai ( Nylon 11 12 ).
Boc day cap ien ( Nylon 6 10 )
Gia cong ep phun: banh rang hop so, banh xe nha, dung cu the thao, vo
oto, chi tiet quat ien.

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha
3. NHA NHIET RAN

3.1 Khai nim

La loai Polyme khi b tac ong cua nhiet hoac cac giai phap x l hoa hoc
tr nen cng ran (nh hnh san pham ) hay noi mot cach khac di tac ong cua
nhiet, chat xuc tac hay chat ong ran va ap suat loai nha nay xay ra phan ng hoa
hoc va tao ben trong mang li cac lien ket ngang (khau mach) tao thanh cau truc
khong gian ba chieu.

3.2 Cac loai nha nhit ran thong dng va ng dng

3.2.1 Nha UPE ( Unsaturated Polyester )

3.2.1.1 Gii thiu
Nha polyester c s dng rng ri trong cng ngh composite, polyester
loi ny thng l loi khng no, c kh nng ng rn dng lng hoc dng rn
nu c iu kin thch hp. Thng thng ngi ta gi polyester khng no l nha
polyester hay ngn gn hn l polyester.
V mt ha hc, n cn c kh nng tham gia phn ng ha hc vi cc nhm
khc (tc l to lin kt) nh cht xc tc, xc tin, to ra sn phm cui cng ng
rn. Qu trnh phn ng ny sinh nhit, c gi l phn ng kt ni ngang.
Ph thuc vo loi v t l hm lng nguyn liu th, ngi ta to ra nhiu loi
nha ( resin ) khc nhau c c tnh c l tri khc nhau cho nhiu mc ch s dng.
V d: Resin a dng, Resin chng chy, Resin chu ho cht, Resin gim mi
Styren, Resin c, Resin do, Resin chy.
Cng thc cu to: -R-COO-R-
Vi R l nhm c ni i,khng no.
Ty thuc vo nguyn liu tng hp.V d nh anhydrite maleic:

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha
3.2.1.2 Phan loi
Polyester c nhiu loi, i t cc acid, glycol v monomer khc nhau, mi loi
c nhng tnh cht khc nhau.
C hai loi polyester chnh thng s dng trong cng ngh composite:
Nha orthophthalic cho tnh kinh t cao, c s dng rng ri, dng
lm cc sn phm compozit a dng ch yu t di mi che, t chu nh hng thi
tit v nh sng mt tri .
Nha isophthalic c kh nng chu mi trng ngoi tri,chu ho cht
tt hn ortho-resin. Loi ny ng dng lm Gelcoat, lm khun, cc sn phm t
ngoi tri (thng cha, b bi.)
3.2.1.3 Tnh cht
N c hiu l tnh cht vt l v cn ph thuc nhiu vo cc yu t:
+ Thnh phn nguyn liu (loi v t l tc cht s dng)
+ Phng php tng hp
+ Trng lng phn t
+ H ng rn (monomer, cht xc tc, cht xc tin)
+ H cht n
Bng cch thay i cc yu t trn, ngi ta s to ra nhiu loi nha UPE c
cc tnh cht c bit khc nhau ty thuc vo yu cu s dng.
Tnh khng ho cht ca UPE :
Khng Acid long : Tt
Khng Kim long: Tt
Khng du, m : Va phi
Khng Hydrocacbon bo : Km
Khng Hydrocacbon thm: Km
Khng Hydrocacbon Halogen: Km
Khng cn : Tt
c tnh vt l ch yu :
Trng lng ring : 1,1 1,46 kg/l
cng (Rockwell) : 70-115
Sc bn ko (MN/m2): 42-91
Mun ko (GN/m2): 2-4,5

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha
Sc bn nn (MN/m2): 90-250
Co ngt (%): 0,004-0,008
H s thm nc (%): 0,15-0,6
Nhit ring (Kj/g.oC): 0,3
H s dn nhit (W/m.oC): 0,21
H s dn n di (/oC): (9,9-18)*10-5
3.2.1.4 ng dng
Nha Polyester c ng dng rng ri nh nhng vt liu Compozit. S pht
trin ca n hng ngnh cng nghip nha to ra nhng sn phm ng dng th
v.C l hu ht trong lnh vc xy dng v hng khng v tr.
3.2.2 Nha Vinylester
3.2.2.1 Gii thiu
Vinylester c cu trc tng t nh polyester, nhng im khc bit ch yu
ca n vi polyester l v tr phn ng, thng l cui mch phn t do vinyl ester
ch c kt i C=C hai u mch.
3.2.2.2 Tnh cht
Ton b chiu di mch phn t u sn chu ti, ngha l vinylester dai v n
hi, chu ng sut mi tt hn polyester. Vinylester c t nhm ester hn polyester
(UPE), nhm ester rt d b thy phn, tc l vinylester khng nc tt hn cc
polyester khc, do vy n thng c ng dng lm ng dn v bn cha ho cht.
Vinylester chu nhit tt (ch bin dng nhit cao)
3.2.2.3 ng dng
Khi so snh vi polyester th s nhm ester trong vinyl ester t hn, ngha l
vinyl ester t b nh hng bi phn ng thy phn. Thng dng vt liu ny nh l
lp ph bn ngoi cho sn phm ngp trong nc, nh l v ngoi ca tu, thuyn.
Gi thnh Vinylester t gp 2-3 ln UPE.
3.2.3 Nha Epoxy
3.2.3.1 Gii thiu
Nha epoxy c to thnh t nhng mch phn t di, c cu trc tng t
vinylester, vi nhm epoxy phn ng v tr cui mch.

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha
Epoxy l i din cho mt s nha c tnh nng tt nht hin nay. Ni chung,
epoxy c tnh nng c l, khng mi trng hn hn cc nha khc, l loi nha c
s dng nhiu nht trong cc chi tit my bay. Vi tnh cht kt dnh v kh nng
khng nc tuyt vi ca mnh, epoxy rt l tng s dng trong ngnh ng tu,
l lp lt chnh cho tu cht lng cao hoc l lp ph bn ngoi v tu hay thay cho
polyester d b thy phn bi nc v gelcoat.
Cng thc cu to:

3.2.3.2 Tnh cht

Kh nng khng nc ca epoxy rt tt do nha epoxy khng c nhm ester.
Do :
Chu ng sut c v nhit tt , dai v khng nhit tt hn mch thng do c hai
vng thm v tr trung tm.
C nha epoxy lng v tc nhn ng rn u c nht thp thun li qu
trnh gia cng.
Epoxy ng rn d dng v nhanh chng nhit phng t 5-150oC, tu cch
la chn cht ng rn.
co ngt thp trong khi ng rn. Lc kt dnh, tnh cht c l ca epoxy
c tng cng bi tnh cch in v kh nng khng ha cht.
c tnh vt l ch yu :
Trng lng ring : 1,11 1,4 kg/l
cng (Rockwell) : 80-110
Sc bn ko(MN/m2): 28-91
Mun ko(GN/m2): 2,4
Sc bn nn(MN/m2): 100-175
Co ngt(%): 0,001-0,004
H s thm nc(%): 0,08-0,15
Nhit ring (Kj/g.oC): 0,25
H s dn nhit (W/m.oC): 0,21
H s dn n di (/oC): (8,1-11,7)*10-5

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha
3.2.3.3 ng dng
ng dng ca epoxy rt a dng, n c dng lm: keo dn, hn hp x l b
mt, hn hp , sealant, bt trt, sn.
4. VAT LIEU COMPOSITE ( COMPOZIT )

4.1 Gii thiu

Vt liu Composite l vt liu c ch to tng hp t hai hay nhiu vt liu
khc nhau nhm mc ch to ra mt vt liu mi c tnh nng u vit hn hn vt liu
ban u. Vt liu Composite c cu to t cc thnh phn ct nhm m bo cho
Composite c c cc c tnh c hc cn thit v vt liu nn m bo cho cc
thnh phn ca Composite lin kt, lm vic hi ho vi nhau.
4.2 Tnh cht
Trong iu kin s dng cc vt liu ng tiu chun th vt liu composite c
nhng u im ch yu sau :
+ Nh nhng cng vng, chu va p, un, ko tt
+ Chu ho cht, khng st g, chng n mn. c tnh ny thch hp cho bin
v kh hu vng bin.
+ Chu thi tit, chng tia t ngoi, chng lo ho nn rt bn .
+ Chu nhit, chu lnh, chng chy.
+ Cch in, cch nhit tt.
+ Chu ma st, cng lc, nhit cao (th hin composite si carbon)
+ Hp th sng in t tt (composite thy tinh)
+ Khng thm nc, khng c hi.
+ Bo tr, bo dng, sa cha d dng, chi ph thp.
+ Mu sc a dng, p bn v c pha ngay trong nguyn liu.
+ Thit k, to dng thun li, a dng, c nhiu cng ngh la chn
4.3 Phan loi
4.3.1 Vt liu composite n dng si: Khi vt liu tng cng c dng si,
ta gi l composite n dng si, cht n dng si gia cng tng c l tnh cho
polymer nn.

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha
4.3.2 Vt liu composite n dng ht : Khi vt liu tng cng c dng ht,
cc tiu phn ht n phn tn vo polymer nn. Ht khc si ch n khng c kch
thc u tin. Phn loi theo bn cht, thnh phn:
Composite nn hu c (nha, ht) cng vi vt liu ct c dng: si hu c
(polyamide, kevlar), Si khong (thy tinh, carbon), si kim loi (Bo, nhm...)
Composite nn kim loi: nn kim loi (hp kim Titan, hp kim Al,) cng
vi n dng ht: si kim loi (Bo), si khong (Si, C)
Composite nn khong (gm) vi vt liu ct dng: si kim loi (Bo), ht
kim loi (cht gm), ht gm (cacbua, Nit)
4.4 Cu truc vt liu Composite
a. Polymer nn
L cht kt dnh, to mi trng phn tn, ng vai tr truyn ng sut sang
n khi c ngoi lc tc dng ln vt liu. C th to thnh t mt cht hoc hn hp
nhiu cht c trn ln mt cch ng nht to th lin tc.
Trong thc t, ngi ta c th s dng nha nhit rn hay nha nhit do lm
polymer nn:
Nha nhit do: PE, PS, ABS, PVCn c trn vi nha, gia cng
trn my p phun trng thi nng chy.
Nha nhit rn: PU, PP, UF, Epoxy, Polyester khng no, gia cng di p
sut v nhit cao, ring vi epoxy v polyester khng no c th tin hnh iu
kin thng, gia cng bng tay (hand lay- up method). Nhn chung, nha nhit rn cho
vt liu c c tnh cao hn nha nhit do.
b. Cht n (ct)
ng vai tr l cht chu ng sut tp trung v n thng c tnh cht c l cao
hn nha. Ngi ta nh gi n da trn cc c im sau:
Tnh gia cng c hc.
Tnh khng ho cht, mi trng, nhit .
Phn tn vo nha tt.
Truyn nhit, gii nhit tt.
Thun li cho qu trnh gia cng.
Gi thnh h, nh.

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha
Tu thuc vo tng yu cu cho tng loi sn phm m ngi ta c th chn
loi vt liu n cho thch hp. C hai dng n:
n dng si: si c tnh nng c l ho cao hn n dng ht, tuy nhin,
si c gi thnh cao hn, thng dng ch to cc loi vt liu cao cp nh: si
thy tinh, si carbon, si Bo, si cacbua silic, si amide
n dng ht: thng c s dng l : silica, CaCO3, vy mica, vy kim
loi, n khong, cao lanh, t st, bt talc, hay graphite, carbon kh nng gia
cng c tnh ca cht n dng ht dc s dng vi mc ch sau:
Gim gi thnh.
Tng th tch cn thit i vi n tr, tng bn c l, ha, nhit, in,
kh nng chm chy i vi n tng cng.
D c khun, gim s to bt kh trong nha c nht cao.
Ci thin tnh cht b mt vt liu, chng co rt khi ng rn, che khut
si trong cu to tng cng si, gim to nhit khi ng rn. Ct si cng c th l
si t nhin (si ay, si gai, si lanh, x da, x tre, bng), c th l si nhn to
(si thu tinh, si vi, si poliamit). Tu theo yu cu s dng m ngi ta ch to
si thnh nhiu dng khc nhau : si ngn, si di, si ri, tm si
Vic trn thm cc loi ct si ny vo hn hp c tc dng lm tng
bn c hc cng nh bn ha hc ca vt liu PC nh : kh nng chu c va p;
gin n cao; kh nng cch m tt; tnh chu ma st - mi mn; nn, un do
v ko t cao; kh nng chu c trong mi trng n mn nh: mui, kim,
axt Nhng kh nng chng t tnh u vit ca h thng vt liu PC mi so
vi cc loi Polyme thng thng. V, cng chnh v nhng tnh nng u vit y m h
thng vt liu PC c s dng rng ri trong sn xut cng nh trong i sng.
c. Cht pha long
Tnh cht cu polyester ph thuc khng nhng vo hm lng ni i v
nhm ete, vo mch thm hay thng, mc a t m cn ph thuc vo tnh cht ca
tc nhn ni ngang monomer.
Cc monomer khu mch ngang c dng ng trng hp vi cc ni i
trong nha UPE, to kt ngang, thng l cht c nht thp (dng lng) nn cn c
tc dng lm gim nht ca hn hp, do vy chng cn c gi l cht pha long.
Monomer pha long phi tha mn cc iu kin sau:

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha
ng trng hp tt vi polyester, khng trng hp ring r to sn phm
khng ng nht, lm nh hng n tnh cht cu sn phm, hoc cn st li
monomer lm sn phm mm do, km bn.
Monomer phi to hn hp ng nht vi polyester, tt nht l dung mi
cho polyester. Lc n ha tan hon ton vo gia cc mch phn t polyester, to
thun li cho phn ng ng rn v to nht thun li cho qu trnh gia cng.
Nhit si cao, kh bay hi trong qu trnh gia cng v bo qun.
Nhit phn ng ng trng hp thp, sn phm ng trng hp t co rt.
t c.
ng rn polyester, ngi ta dng cc monomer : styrene, metyl meta
acrylat (MMA), vinyl, triallil xianuarat, trong styrene c s dng nhiu nht
do c nhng tnh cht u vit:
C nht thp.
Tng hp tt vi polyester, kh nng ng trng hp cao, t trng hp
thp.
ng rn nha nhanh.
Sn phm chu thi tit tt, c l tnh cao, cch in tt.
Kh nng t bc chy thp.
d. Cht tch khun, cht lm kn v cc ph gia khc
Cht rc khun:
Cht rc khun c tc dng ngn cn nha bm dnh vo b mt khun.
Cht rc khun dng trong p tay l loi cht rc khun ngoi c bi trc
tip ln khun.
Mt s cht rc khun: wax, silicon, du m, m heo
Cht lm kn:
Vi khun lm t cc vt liu xp nh g, thch cao th cn phi bi cht lm
kn trc khi dng cht rc khun.
Cc cht lm kn xm nhp vo cc l xp, ngn chn nha bm vo.
Mt s cht lm kn: Cellulose acetate, wax, silicon, stearic acid, nha
furane, vc ni, sn mi
Cht ty bt kh:

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Ti liu K thut Polymer - Nha
Bt kh lm sn phm composite b gim chu lc, chu thi tit v
thm m b mt.
Lng thng s dng: 0.2-0.5% lng nha.
Lu : nn cho cht ty bt kh vo nha trc khi dng cc thnh phn
khc.
Cht thm t si:
C tc dng tng kh nng thm t si gip s dng n nhiu hn.
Lng dng: 0.5-1.5% so vi n.
Cht tng phn tn.
Cht ngn thot hi styrene.
e. Xc tc Xc tin
Xc tc:
Cc cht xc tc ch c cho vo nha trc khi gia cng. Vai tr ca chng l
to gc t do kch ng cho qu trnh xc tc phn ng ng trng hp.
Tc nhn kch thch cho s to thnh gc t do c th l cht xc tin, bc x
nh sng, tia t ngoi hay nhit . Cht xc tc gm cc loi:
Xc tc Peroxide:
Peroxide : thng dng nht l benzoil-peroxide. N l loi bt trng, tn ti ba
dng: kh (khong 5% m), paste trong nc (khong 25% nc), v thng dng nht
l paste trong tricresyl-phosphonate hay dimetyl phthalate (khong 70% peroxide). N
c dng ng rn nha polyester ( nhit khong trn 80Oc) v thng c
dng vi t l 0,5-2% so vi nha. Khi cho vo nha n thng dng paste. Ngoi ra
cc cht xc tc thuc loi peroxide cn c:
+ Di-t-butyl peroxide (CH3)3-C-O-O-C-(CH3)3
+ Di-acetyl peroxide (CH3)3-CO-O-O-OC-(CH3)3
+ Hydroperoxide
+ t-butyl-hydroperoxide (CH3)3-COOH
+ Cumen-hydroperoxide C6H5-C-(CH3)2-O-OH.
Hai loi MEKP v HCH c dng ng rn ngui cho nha polyester:
MEKP l tn vit tt ca Metyl Ethyl Keton Peroxide, n thc cht l hn
hp ca mt s hp cht peroxide, thnh phn thay i ty thuc vo nh sn xut. N
l cht oxi ho mnh nn phi trnh tip xc vi oxi.

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HCH l sn phm phn ng gia Hydroperoxide vi Cyclohexanol peroxide
v c gi tn l cyclo-hexanol peroxide. Tuy nhin n l hn hp ca t nht hai
trong bn cht sau (theo Criegree, Schorenberg v Becke)
Xc tc azo v diazo
Diazo aminobenzen: C6H5-NH-N=N-C6H5
Dinitric cu acid diizobutyric: NC(CH3)2-N=N-C(CH3)2-COO-CN
Dimetyl ester cu acid diizobutyric: C2H5-OOC-C(CH3)2-N=N-C(CH3)2-COO-C2H5
Cht xc tin:
Cht xc tin l cht ng vai tr xc tc cho phn ng to gc t do ca cht
xc tc. Dng cht xc tin s gim c nhit v thi gian ng rn mt cch
ng k v c th ng rn ngui. Gm cc loi:
Xc tin kim loi: Xc tin kim loi l mui ca kim loi chuyn tip nh:
cobalt, ch, mangan, ceri, v cc acid nh: naphthenic, linoleic, octonic, ho tan
tt trong polymer. Loi xc tc ny thng dng chung vi cc cht xc tc dng
hydroperoxit (MEKP, HCH). Naphthenic-cobalt l loi thng dng nht thng dng.
Ngoi xc tin kim loi dng mui, ngi ta cn dng dng phc, v d: Ferrocen,
dng phc dicyclopentadienyl cu st dng xc tin cho cumen peroxit khi cn
ng rn nhanh nhit khong 800C. Amin bc ba.
4.5 Cac cong ngh gia cong vt liu Composite
Trong cng ngh composite nht thit phi c khun. Sau khi tch khi khun,
b mt sn phm (mt hay c hai mt ty phng php gia cng) bong lng, c mu
sc y , khng qua bc hon tt sn phm nh khi gia cng nha nhit do. V
th, khun ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic quyt nh cht lng,v p ca sn
phm.
Cng ngh ng dng rng ri nht trong ngnh ti Vit Nam cng nh trn th
gii l cng ngh c tip xc cho sn phm bng lng mt mt, gm hai loi sau :
Tri lp bng tay (Hand lay up).
Tri lp bng sng phun bn (Spray up).
c sn phm bng lng c hai mt,dng cc cng ngh sau :
Cng ngh c chuyn (RTM-Resin transfer moulding)
Cng ngh c nn (compression moulding)
Cng ngh qun si (Filament Winding)

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Cng ngh c ko (Fultrusion)
Cng ngh to lp lin tc (continuous laminating)
Cng ngh c va thy tinh (Plaster Glass)
Cng ngh p phun (injection moulding thermoplastics)
Cng ngh c p c phn ng gia cng (RRIM-Reinforced reaction
injection moulding).
4.6 ng dng
Tu thuyn, bn cha nc, bn cha ha cht
Cu kin nh my ha cht, phng th nghim.
Cu kin trong my in t, vch cch nhit.
V my bay, b phng tn la, cu kin cho ngnh hng khng v tr.
Vm mi che, h bi.
5 CHAT PHU GIA

5.1 Chat boi trn

Chat boi trn noi: gom s ma sat gia cac mach hay cac oan mach cao
phan t cua chat deo va cai thien tnh chat chay di tac dung nhiet.
Chat boi trn ngoai: tranh s bam dnh gia nha vi be mat trong nong
xylanh, be mat truc vt va khuon.
Cac loai boi trn: ru beo, acid beo, xa phong kim loai, paraffin, cac

polyetylen phan t thap.

5.2 Chat hoa deo

Cai thien s hoa deo, s de dang chay ay vao khuon va ac biet tao s
mem deo cho san pham.
Chat hoa deo gom 2 loai: chat hoa deo chnh va chat hoa deo phu.
Chat hoa deo chnh: nhng loai ester cua acid hay cua ru, nhng acid
co vong (Terephtalic, benzoic) hay thang (Adipic, Azelaic, Sebanic, Photphoric)
con nhng ru co the la monohydric (Ethynulhexanol, Isodecanol, Butanol,
Isononyl) hay polyhydric (glycol, pentaerthritor).
Chat hoa deo phu: cac dau thm va dau beo paraffin cloro hoa va ester.

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5.3 Chat on nh
Bao gom cac loai on nh nhiet, on nh tia t ngoai (con goi la on nh tia cc
tm UV, anh sang ), chat lao hoanham muc ch tranh b pha huy ac biet trong
qua trnh gia cong san pham.
Chat on nh nhiet chu yeu dung cho nha PVC cng va mem, chat on nh
nhiet nham tranh tao thanh noi oi trong qua trnh gia cong.
San pham chat deo c gia cong nhiet o gia nhiet o nong chay va nhiet
o phan huy. Chat on nh them vao chat deo e am bao gia cong c khoang
nhiet o tren.
Cac loai chat on nh nhiet: chat hu c, muoi, cadmium, calcium, kem dung
cho PVC thng chat on nh s dung di dang hon hp. V du: he thong s dung
nhiet Ca/Zn, Ba/Cd
Chat on nh anh sang: bot mau, hydroxybenzo, ester cua acid Acrylic,
hydroxyphenyl, benztriazoles, bao ve chat deo di anh sang mat tri bang cach
lam cham qua trnh giam cap chat lng khi s dung ngoai tri.

5.4 Chat phong lao

Chat chong lao: nham m rong khoang nhiet o s dung cho chat deo, thi
gian s dung tang len, han che hay lam cham qua trnh phat trien phan ng do
oxygen hay proxide tac dung vao.
Co 2 loai chat chong lao hoa: gom chong lao Phenonic, chong lao Amine,
hon hp cha chat lu huynh hay phosphor nh Thioesters.

5.5 Chat chong tnh ien

S tch ien tren be mat vat lieu khong dan ien co the c kh bang cach
s dung chat chong tnh ien e tao nen mot lp be mat hao nc.
Cac loai chat chong tnh ien : bao gom cac chat hoat ong be mat muoi vo
c, ru ponyhydric

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5.6 Chat lam cham chay
Chat cham chay tao nen s khang chay cho chat deo, c che cua chat cham
chay bao gom khong cho phat trien phan ng vi oxygen tren be mat chat deo tiep
xuc vi la hoac sc nong bang cach tao nen mot lp be mat bao ve. Cac loai chat
lam cham chay: thng cha cac nguyen to Aluminium, antimony, boron, brom,
fluor, molibden, sulfur, nitrogen va phosphor. Chat cham chay thng di dang
oxide vo c hay phan t hu c co cha yeu to halogen.
Co hai loai chat cham chay: loai phu gia tac dung vat ly va loai phu gia
phan ng hoa hoc.

5.7 Chat tao xop

Chat tao xop lam cho chat deo san pham co nhng lo xop pha trong. Co 2
loai chat tao xop.
Chat tao xop vat ly: co lo xop tao thanh do thay oi trang thai vat ly cua
chat tao xop nh s gian n kh nen boc hi chat long hay do hoa tan cua chat ran.
Chat tao xop hoa hoc: cac lo xop tao thanh do s phong thch khi chat tao
xop b phan huy di dang dung nhiet.
Cac loai chat tao xop vat ly: gom dang kh nh kh nen nitrongen khong kh,
CO2 dang long nh nhng hydrocacbon beo mach ngan (khoang C 5-C7 ). Loai chat
tao xop hoa hoc nh azodicabonamide (ADC), azisobutylric, benzene, sullfonyl
hydazide.

5.8 Chat tao mau

Chat tao mau chia lam 2 loai: thuoc nhuom (dye), chat mau (pigment)
Thuoc nhuom: la loai chat hu c, tan trong nha, khong chu nhiet.
Chat mau: la loai chat vo c, khong tan trong nha, khang nhiet cao hn
thuoc nhuom.
Chat tao mau c phan loai: bot mau tc mau kho dung cho PVC cng, PS,
ABS, mau dang paste nhao dung cho PVC mem, mau dang vay c tao mau t

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bot mau, mau nc dung cho PVC mem, mau chu (Masterpatch) la mau tao t chat
deo, la chat mau vi nong o cao co the dang hat, vay, tam, mieng
Cac loai bot mau thong dung dung trong nha:
1. Trang : TiO2
2. Vang : mau cua Crom.
3. Xanh: mau cua oxyt ong

5.9 Chat on
Chat on hay con goi la chat bo cng, chat nay co the tang lc keo t va
cai thien mot so tnh chat cua nha nh tang o cng.
Chat on c them vao trong chat deo e cai thien o ben, o chu ng va
giam gia thanh.
Co 2 loai chat on: chat on vo c va hu c nh: Carbonate Litium va
Caolin, Bot Talc c s dung nhieu.

5.10 Chat gia cng

Chat gia cng la phu gia dang si c tron vi chat deo e cai thien nhng
tnh chat c hoc va chu nhiet cao. Chat deo c tron vi phu gia, gia cng si
thuy tinh (FRP), si thuy tinh thng c s dung nhieu nhat ke en si carbon,
amiang, si tong hp
Nha nhiet deo c gia cng si cacbon, si amiang, si cotton, si
polyester, si acrylic ac biet si thuy tinh gia cng nha nhiet deo goi la nha
nhiet deo gia cng, si thuy tinh gia cng nha nhiet ran goi la nha nhiet ran
gia cng.

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