403 - Vật Liệu Điện - Nhiều Tác Giả, 126 Trang

c
cccccccccccccccccccccccccc cVT LIU IN
NG 1 K I NIM V VT LIU IN

1.1.2.CU TO NGUYN T CA VT LIU
Nguyn t l phn t c bn nht ca vt cht. Mi vt cht u c cu to
t nguyn t v phn t theo m hnh nguyn t ca Bo.
Nguyn t c cu to bi ht nhn mang in tch dng (gm proton p v
ntron n) v cc in t mang in tch m (electron, k hiu l e) chuyn
ng xung quanh ht nhn theo mt qu o xc nh.
nguyn t : L phn nh nht ca mt phn t c th tham gia phn ng ho
hc, nguyn t gm c ht nhn v lp v in t hnh 1.1
- Ht nhn : gm c cc ht Proton v Nrton
- V ht nhn gm cc electron chuyn ng
xung quanh ht nhn theo qu o xc nh.
Ty theo mc nng lng m cc in t c xp
Thnh lp.
iu kin bnh thng, nguyn t trung ha v in
Do in t c khi lng rt nh cho nn linh hot ca tc chuyn
ng kh cao. mt nhit nht nh, tc chuyn ng ca electron rt
cao. Nu v nguyn nhn no mt nguyn t b mt in t e th n tr
thnh Ion (+), cn nu nguyn t nhn thm e th n tr thnh Ion ( -).
Qu trnh bin i 1 nguyn t trung ha tr thnh in t t do hay Ion
(+) c gi l qu trnh Ion ha.
Khi in t chuyn ng trn qu o c bn knh r bao quanh ht nhn,

th gia ht nhn v in t e c 2 lc:
Lc ht (lc hng tm): f = q
2
1 2
(1-1)
r
f2 = mv
2
v lc ly tm: (1-2)
r
trong :
m - khi lng ca in t,
v - vn tc di ca chuyn ng trn
1
c
1.1.3.CU TO PHN T CA VT LIU
L phn nh nht ca mt cht trng thi t do n mang y cc
c im, tnh cht ca cht , trong phn t cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau
bi lin kt ha hc.Vt cht c cu to t nguyn, phn t hoc ion theo
cc dng lin kt di y:
1.1.3.1. Lin kt ng ha tr
Lin kt ny c trng bi s kin l mt s in t tr thnh chung
cho cc nguyn t tham gia hnh thnh phn t.
Ly cu trc ca phn t clo lm v d: phn t ny gm 2 nguyn t clo
v nh bit, nguyn t clo c 17 in t, trong 7 in t lp ngoi
cng (in t ho tr). Hai nguyn t clo lin kt bn vng vi nhau bng
cch s dng chung hai in t nh trn hnh 1.3 . Lp v ngoi cng ca
mi nguyn t c b sung thm mt in t ca nguyn t kia .

Cl
Cl Cl Cl

1.3.
Phn t lin kt ng ho tr c th l trung tnh hoc cc tnh. Phn t

clo thuc loi trung tnh v cc trung tm in tch dng v in tch dng
trng nhau.
Axit clohydric HCl l v d ca phn t cc tnh. Cc trung tm in tch
dng v m cch nhau mt khong v nh vy phn t ny c xem nh
mt lng cc in.
Ty theo cu trc cc phn t i xng hay khng i xng m chia cc
phn t ra lm hai loi
- Phn t khng phn cc l phn t m trng tm in tch m trng vi
trng tm in tch dng
- Phn t phn cc l phn t m tm in tch m cch trng tm in
tch dng mt khong l
c trng cho s phn cc ngui ta dng m men lng cc
Pe = q.l
Trong :
q: l in tch
2
c
l: c chiu q n +q v c ln bng l( khong cch gia trng tm in
tch dng v trng tm in tch m)
1.1.3.2. Lin kt Ion
Lin kt ion c xc lp bi lc ht gia cc Ion (+) v Ion( -). Lin kt
ny ch xy ra gia cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ha hc c tnh cht
khc nhau.
c trng cho dng lin kt kim loi l lin kt gia cc kim loi v phi
kim to thnh mui, c th l Halogen v kim loi kim gi l mui
Halogen ca kim loi kim.
Lin kt ny kh bn vng. Do vy nhit nng chy ca cc cht c
lin kt Ion rt cao
V d: lin kt gia Na v Cl trong mui NaCl l lin kt ion ( v Na co
1 electron lp ngoi cng cho nn d nhng 1 electron to thnh Na +, Cl c
7 electron lp ngoi cng cho nn d nhn 1 ele ctron to thnh Cl - , hai ion
ny tri du s ht nhau v to thnh phn t NaCl, mui NaCl c tnh ht m
tnc =8000C, tsi <14500C.
" " ccc c

L li kt tro cc kim loi m t
cc t m ti t. Xu qua
t c cc i t li kt, oi ra
c c cc i t t do. Do , kim loi c
t ct d i, d it tt.
Ki k k cuy it
1.4. M ti t c b
t cc t ( m uy t, p t oc ca kim loi
io
mt v tr xc i l t. Cc t
c sp xp to mt trt t xc p
t m ti t.
Hnh 1.4 l mng tinh th lp phng (c bn) ca kim loi.

Dng lin kt ny gii thch c nhng tnh cht c trng ca kim loi:
- Tnh nguyn khi ( rn): Lc ht gia cc ion m v cc in t to nn tnh
nguyn khi, kim loi thng dng mng tinh th
- Tnh do: do s dch chuyn v trt ln nhau ca cc ion
- Do tn ti cc in t t do nn kim loi thng c nh kim, dn in v
dn nhit cao.
1.1.3.4. Lin kt VanDecVan:
3
c
Tng t nh lin kt kim loi nhng l lin kt yu, do vy nhit nng
chy thp (V d: paraphin).
1.1.4. NHNG KHUYT TT TRONG CU TO VT RN
Thc t cc mng tinh th c kt cu ng u hay khng ng u, tuy nhin
trong k thut ngui ta thng s dng cc nhng vt liuh c cu trc ng
u. S ph hy cc kt cu u v to nn cc khuyt tt trong vt rn
thng gp nhiu trong thc t. Nhng khuyt tt c th c to nn bng s
ngu nhin hay c trong qu trnh cng ngh ch to vt liu.
Khuyt tt trong vt rn : L bt k 1 hin tng no lm cho trng tnh in
ca mng tinh th mt tnh chu k.
Cc dng khuyt tt trong vt rn thng l : tp cht, on tng, khe rnh ....
Khuyt tt trong vt dn thng to nhng tnh cht vt l c bit, c ng
dng trong k thut cc vt liu v cc dng c khc nhau
V d : cht bn dn n p, cc hp kim in t.....
Cc tp cht L trng
Tinh th l tng
Cha tp cht
Cha l trng
Chn nguyn t Dch chuyn

vo gia
1.1.5. L THUYT PHN VNG NNG LNG VT CHT

Trn hnh 1.5 cho s phn b vng nng lng ca vt rn nhit
tuyt i 0oK.
4
c
Mi mt in t u c mt mc nng lng nht nh. Cc in t ha
tr ca lp ngoi cng nhit 0 oK chng tp trung li thnh mt vng, gi
l vng ha tr hay vng y (1).
Cc in t t do c mc nng lng cao hn tp hp li thnh di t do
gi l vng t do hay vng dn (2).
Gia vng y v vng t do c mt vng trng gi l vng cm (3).
W V t do (v d
3 V cm
W
1 V y (v o tr
1.5. S p b v l ca vt r 0 0K
mt in t ha tr vng y tr thnh trng thi t do cn cung cp

cho n mt nng lng W vt qua vng cm:
W x W ( W: nng lng vng cm).
Khi in t t vng y vt qua vng cm sang vng t do n tham gia
vo dng in dn. Ti vng y s xut hin cc l trng (hnh du ng nh mt
in tch dng) do in t nhy sang vng t do to ra. Cc l trng lin tc
thay i v khi mt in t ca mt v tr bt ra to thnh mt l trng th mt
in t ca nguyn t v tr ln cn li nhy vo lp y l trng v li
to ra mt l trng mi khc, c nh vy dn n cc l trng lin tc
c thay i to thnh nhng cp in t l trong vt cht. Khi c tc
ng ca ca in trng cc l s chuyn ng theo chiu ca in trng
ging nh cc in tch dng, cn cc in t s chuyn ng theo chiu
ngc li. C hai chuyn ng ny hnh thnh tnh dn in ca vt cht.
S lng in t tr thnh trng thi t do tu theo mc nng lng
t cao xung thp.
5
c
Da vo l thuyt phn vng nng lng, ngi ta chia ra v t liu k
thut in thnh: vt liu dn in, vt liu cch in v vt cch in (cht
in mi).
c i vi vt liu cc i (hnh 1.Vc): Vng dn (2) rt nh.
Vng cm (3) rng ti mc iu kin bnh thng cc in t ho tr tuy
c cung cp thm nng lng ca chuyn ng nhit vn khng th di
chuyn ti vng dn (2) tr thnh t do.
Nng lng W ca vng (3) ln, WC = 1,5 vi eV
Nh vy trong iu kin bnh thng vt liu c in dn bng khng
(hoc nh khng ng k).
W

3 3
3
1 1 1
a) b) c)
1.6
a
Vt liu d i b
Vt liu b d c
Vt liu cc i
c i vi vt liu b d c vng ho tr (1) nm st hn vng dn (2)

so vi vt liu cch in (hnh 1.Vb). Nng lng vng cm (3) ln
hn so vi vt liu cch in:
WBD = 1,2 1,5 eV.
nn iu kin bnh thng mt s in t ho tr trong vng (1 ) vi
s tip sc ca chuyn ng nhit c th chuyn ti vng (2)
hnh thnh tnh dn in ca vt liu.
c i vi vt liu d i (hnh 1.Va): c vng ho tr (1) nm st hn
vng dn (2) so vi vt liu bn dn, vi mc nng lng vng cm:
WD< 0,2 eV.
Cc in t ho tr trong vng (1) c th di chuyn mt cch khng
iu kin ti vng (2) v do loi vt liu ny c in dn rt cao.
c Vt liu dn in tt: W 0.
c Vt liu siu dn: W< 0.
V
c
c Vt liu in khng phi c nh hon ton. Chng c th chuyn i

t vt dn sang bn dn hoc cch in hoc ngc li... ty thuc vo nng
lng tc ng gia chng hay ph thuc vo iu kin tc ng ca mi
trng. iu kin ny c th l vt cch in nhng iu kin khc n li
tr thnh vt dn in.
Ngoi cch phn loi vt liu nu trn, da vo t thm ngi ta
cn phn loi vt liu theo t tnh.
Nhng cht c t thm:
> 1: gi l vt liu thun t.
<1: gi l vt liu nghch t.
>>1: gi l vt liu dn t.
1.2. PHN LOI VT LIU IN

1.2.1. Phn loi theo kh nng dn in
Trn c s gin nng lng ngi ta phn loi theo vt liu cch in (in
mi ), bn dn v dn in
" cc : l cht c vng cm ln n mc iu kin bnh thng
s dn in bng in t khng xy ra. Cc in t ha tr tuy c cung cp
thm nng lng ca chuyn ng nhit vn khng th duy chuyn ti vng
t do tham gia vo dng in dn. Chiu rng vng cm ca in mi W
nm trong khong t 1,5 n vi i n t von ( eV).
c cc l cht c vng cm hp hn so vi in mi, vng ny c
th thay i nh tc ng nng lng t bn ngoi. Chiu rng vng cm cht
bn dn b ( W=0,5-1,5eV), do nhit bnh thng mt s in t ha
tr vng y c tip sc ca chuyn ng nhit c th di chuyn ti vng
t do tham gia vo dng in dn.
cc l cht c vng t do nm st vi vng y thm ch c th
chng ln vng y ( W < 0,2eV). Vt dn in c s lng in t t do
ln, nhit bnh thng cc in t ha tr trong vng y c th chuyn
sang vng t do rt d dng, di tc dng ca lc in trng cc in t
ny tham gia vo dng in dn, chnh v vy vt dn c tnh dn in tt.
1.2.2.Phn loi theo t tnh
Nguyn nhn ch yu ca vt liu gy nn t tnh l do cc in tch chuyn
ng ngm theo qu o kn to nn nhng dng in vng. C th hn l
7
c
do s quay ca cc in t xung quanh trc ca chng spin in v s
quay theo qu o ca cc in t trong nguyn t .
- Cc in t chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn to nn dng in c bn m
n c c trng bi mmen t M. Mne t M tnh bng tch ca dng in
c bn vi mt din tch S c gii hn bi ng vin c bn:
M = i.S
Chiu vc t M c xc nh the o quy tc vn nt
chai . hnh 1.7 v theo phng thng gc vi din tch S.
Mmen t ca vt th l kt qu tng hp ca tt
c cc mmen t c bn nu trn.
- Ngoi cc mmen qu o nu trn, cc in t ny
cn quay xung quanh cc trc ca n, do 1.Biu di ciu mm t
cn to nn cc mmen gi l mmen Spin. Cc spin ny ng vai tr quan
trng trong vic t ha vt liu st t.
- Khi nhit di nhit curri, vic hnh thnh cc dng xoay chiu ny c
th nhn thy c bng mt thng, c gi l vng t tnh, vng ny tr
nn song song thng hng cng mt hng. Nh vy vt liu st t th hin
ch yu s phn cc t ha t pht khi khng c cc t trng t bn ngoi.
- Qa trnh t ha ca vt liu st t di tc dng ca t trng ngoi dn
n lm tng nhng khu vc m mmen t ca n to gc nh nht vi
hng ca t trng, gim kch c cc vng khc v sp xp thng hng cc
mmen t tnh theo hng t trng bn ngoi. S bo ha t tnh s t
c khi no s tng ln ca khu vc dng t li v mmen t tnh ca tt c
cc phn tinh th nh nht c t tnh ha th sinh tr thnh cng hng
theo hng ca t trng
i 1.8 t a k v d tro ti t St

- Khi t ha dc theo cnh hnh khi, n m rng theo hng ng cho,
ngha l co li theo hng t ha, hin tng gi l hin tng t gio.
8
c
1.9. co t a ca vt liu st t
1-c St c bit tinh khit

2-c St tinh khit (QQ,Q8% Fe)
3-c St k thut tinh khit (QQ,Q2%Fe)
4-c Pecmanli (78%Ni)
5-c S- Niken
V-c Hp kim St- Niken (2V%Ni)
Theo t tnh ngi ta phn vt liu thnh nghc t, thun t v dn t
" c c ccl nhng cht c t thm < 1 v khng ph thuc vo
cng t trng bn ngoi . Loi ny gm c Hyro, cc kh him, a s
cc hp cht hu c, mui m v cc kim loi nh : ng, km, bc, vng,
thy ngn...
c ccclcnhng cht c t thm >1 v cng khng ph thuc vo
cng t trng bn ngoi. Loi ny gm c oxy, nit oxit, mui st, cc
mui coban v niken, kim loi kim, nhm, bch kim
Q
c
c c cc l cc cht c >1 v ph thuc vo cng t trng
bn ngoi. Loi ny gm c : st, niken, coban, v cc hp kim ca chng
hp kim crom v mangan ...
1.2.3. Phn loi theo trng thi vt th
- Vt liu in theo trng thi vt rn
- Vt liu in theo trng thi vt lng
- Vt liu in theo trng thi the khi
U I NG 1
1.c Trnh by cu to nguyn t, phn t, phn bit cht trung tnh v cht
cc tnh ?
2.c Trnh by nguyn nhn gy ra nhng khyt tt trong vt rn ?
3.c Phn loi vt liu theo l thuyt phn vng nng lng ca vt cht
4. Tnh lc ht hng tm v lc ht ly tm mt nguyn t bit me= Q,1
.10 (Kg)qe = 1,V01 . 10-1Q (C), v = 1,2V.10 5m/s
-31
5. Tnh nng lng mt nguyn t bit me= Q,1 .10-31 (Kg), qe = 1,V01 .
10-1Q (C), v = 1,24.10V m/s
V. Trnh by cch phn loi vt liu in ?
10
c
CHNG 2
VT LIU DN IN
2.1. KHI NIM V TNH CHT CA VT LIU DN IN

2.1.1. Khi nim v vt liu dn in
Vt liu dn in l vt cht m trng thi bnh thng c cc in tch
t do. Nu t chng vo trong mt in trng, cc in tch s chuyn ng
theo mt hng nht nh ca trng v to thnh dng in. Ngi ta gi vt
liu c tnh dn in.
" cc
cc ccc l vt cht m s hot ng ca cc in
tch khng lm bin i thc th to thnh vt liu . Vt dn c tnh dn
in t bao gm nhng kim loi trng thi rn hoc lng, hp kim v mt s
cht khng phi kim loi nh than . Kim loi v hp kim c tnh dn in
tt c ch to thnh dy dn in, nh dy cp, dy qun dn in trong
cc my in v kh c in....
Kim loi v hp kim c in tr sut ln (dn in km) c s dng trong
cc kh c in dng si m, t nng, chiu sng, lm bin tr....
cc
cc cc l nhng vt cht m dng in i qua s to
nn s bin i ha hc. Vt dn c tnh dn Ion thng thng l cc dung
dch: dung dch axit, dung dch kim v cc dung dch mui.
Vt liu dn in c th th rn, lng v trong mt s iu kin ph
hp c th l th kh hoc hi.
Vt liu dn in th rn gm cc kim loi v hp kim ca chng
(trong mt s trng hp c th khng phi l kim loi hoc hp kim).
Vt liu dn in th lng bao gm cc kim loi lng v cc dung dch
in phn. V kim loi thng nng chy nhit rt cao tr thy ngn
(Hg) c nhit nng chy -3Q0C do trong iu kin nhit bnh
thng ch c th dng vt liu dn in kim loi lng l thy ngn.
Cc cht th kh hoc hi c th tr nn dn in nu chu tc ng ca
in trng ln.
11
c
Vt liu dn in c phn thnh 2 loi: vt liu c tnh dn in t v

vt liu c tnh dn Ion.
2.2.2. Tnh cht ca vtk liu dn in
2.2.2.1. in tr R
L quan h gia hiu in th khng i t ln vt dn v dng in chy
qua vt dn .
in tr ca dy dn c xc nh theo biu thc:
S
< = R. (2.1)
l
Trong : R- in tr (e)
<- in tr sut (e mm2/m)
S- tit din dy dn (mm 2)
l- Chiu di dy dn(m)
2.2.2.2. in dn G
in dn G ca mt dy dn l i lng nghch o ca in tr R
1
G= (2.2)

in dn G c tnh vi n v l (1/ e) = (S) - Simen
2.2.2.3 cc!#c$c<c
L in tr ca dy dn c chiu di l mt n v chi u di v tit din l
mt n v din tch.
Dng in i trong vt dn c cho bi cng thc:
i = no.S.vtb.e (2.3)
trong :
no : nhit phn t mang in.
S : tit din vt dn
vtb: tc chuyn ng trung bnh ca in t di tc dng
ca in trng E.
e : in tch ca phn t mang in.
Thay vtb = uE (u - di chuyn ca phn t mang in) vo (2.3), ta c
dng tng qut ca nh lut m:
i = no.e.u.E = E (2.4)
vi = no.e.u c gi l in dn sut.
2.2.2.4 ccc$cc
12
c
i lng nghch o ca in dn sut gi l in tr sut <

1
<= (2.5)

Vi mt vt dn c tit din S v di l khng i th < c xc nh bi
biu thc:

< = R. (2.V)
l
R l in tr dy dn.
n v ca in tr sut l e mm2/m hoc ecm hoc em hoc ecm,
1ecm = 10V ecm = 104 emm2/m = 10-2 em.
T (2.4), ta c:
l l
R = <. = (e) (2.7)
S
2.2.3. c tc nhn mi trng nh hng n tnh dn in ca vt liu
a. ca it :
in tr sut ca a s kim loi v hp kim u tng theo nhit , ring in
tr sut ca ccbon v ca dung dch in phn gim theo nhit .
Thng thng, in tr sut nhit s dng t 2 c tnh ton xut pht t
nhit t1(t1 thng l 200C) theo cng thc:
< = < [ 1+ (t2 - t1)] (2.8)
t2 t1
- l h s thay i in tr sut theo nhit (1/oC).
Qua nghin cu, ngi ta thy: Cc kim loi tinh khit th h s gn nh

ging nhau v c ly bng:
= 4. 10-3 (1/oC) (2.Q)
i vi khong chnh lch nhit (t 2 - t1) th trung bnh l:
< t <t
= 2 1
(2.10)
<t ( t 2 t1)
1
Bng 2.1 a ra nhit nng chy, in tr sut < v h s thay i in tr

sut theo nhit ca mt s kim loi hay dng trong k thut in.
13
c
B .1 Cc c t vt l c yu ca kim loi ( 0 0C
d tro k
tut i
Nhit nng in tr sut (<)
Kim loi 0 0 2 H s (1/0C)
chy ( C) 20 C (emm /m)
Vng 10V3 0,0220 - 0,0240 0,00350 - 0,003Q8
Bc QV1 0,01V0 - 0,01V5 0,00340 - 0,0042Q
ng 1083 0,01V8 - 0,0182 0,003Q2 - 0,00445
Nhm V57 0,02V2 - 0,0400 0,00350 - 0,003Q8
Vnfram 3380 0,0530 - 0,0V12 0,00400 - 0,00520
Km 420 0,0535 - 0,0V30 0,00350 - 0,0041Q
Niken 1455 0,0V14 - 0,1380 0,00440 - 0,00VQ2
St 1535 0,0Q18 - 1,1500 0,00450 - 0,00V57
Platin 1770 0,08VV - 0,11V0 0,00247 - 0,003Q8
Thic 232 0,1130 - 0,1430 0,00420 - 0,004V5
Ch 327 0,2050 - 0,2220 0,00380 - 0,00480
Thy ngn -3Q 0,Q520 - 0,Q5Q0 0,000Q0 - 0,000QQ
gn nhit 00K (nhit tuyt i), in tr sut ca kim loi tinh

khit gim t ngt, chng th hin tnh siu dn. V phng din l thuyt,
nhit 00K, kim loi c in tr bng 0.
Khi b chy do th in tr sut ca kim loi tng. Nhng nu tin hnh
nung cho n kt tinh li th in tr sut c th gim (gim do tc dng ca
s bin dng lm cho kt cu ca kim loi c cht ch v do s ph hu cc
mn oxit...).
b. ca p sut:
Khi ko hoc nn (p sut thay i) th in tr sut ca vt dn bin i theo
biu thc:
< = <0. (1 k) (2-11)
trong : <0: in tr sut ban u ca mu.
: ng sut c kh ca mu.
k: h s thay i ca in tr sut theo p sut.
du (+) tng ng vi bin dng do ko
du (-) tng ng vi bin dng do nn
14
c
S thay i ca < khi ko hoc nn l do s thay i bin dao ng ca
mng tinh th kim loi: khi ko th < tng, khi nn th < gim.
c. Cc yu t kc:
- Tp cht phi kim c trong kim loi cng c th lm < tng.
- Thc nghim cho thy in tr sut cn chu nh hng ca trng t v
nh hng ca nh sng.
2.2.4. iu in th tip xc v sc nhit ng

Khi hai kim loi khc nhau tip xc vi nhau th gia chng c mt hi u
in th gi l hiu in th tip xc. Nguyn nhn pht sinh hiu in th
tip xc l do cng thot ca mi kim loi khc nhau do s in t t do
trong cc kim loi (hoc hp kim) khng bng nhau. hnh 2.1
A
Theo thuyt in t, hiu in th tip x c gia
hai kim loi A v B bng
mV
oA
A A 2 ln (2-12)
0
B T2
Trong : UA v UB - in th tip
T1
xc ca kim loi A v B .1. S cu to cp it i
n0A v noB- mt in t trong kim loi A v B
Hiu in th tip xc ca cc cp kim loi dao ng vi p hn mi n
vi vn, nu nhit ca cp bng nhau, tng hiu in th trong mch kn
bng khng. Nhng khi mt phn t ca cp c nhit l T 1 cn cp kia l
T2 th trong trng hp ny s pht sinh sc nhit in ng(s.n..)
U = UAB + UBA
1 oA 2 0
= A 2 ln 2 A 2 ln (2-13)
0 0 A
T ta c:

(1 2 ) ln oA A(1 2 ) (2-14)
0
Biu thc (2-14) chng t s.n.. l hm s ca hiu nhit

S xut hin hiu in th tip xc ng vai tr quan trng hin tng
n mn in ha v c ng dng trong mt s kh c o lng, c bit l
15
c
ng dng ch to cc cp nhit ngu dng o nhit . Bng th in
ha ca cc kim loi so vi Hyr bng 2.2
B . B t i a ca cc kim loi so vi yr b .
Kim loi Th in ha Kim loi Th in ha
Vng +1,500 Thic - 0,100
Bc +0,081 Ch - 0,130
ng +0,345 St - 0,440
Hyr +0,000 Km - 0,7V0
Sc nhit in ng sinh ra ca hai kim loi khc nhau khi tipa xc
c ng dng ch to cp nhit ngu.
Ga tr ca sc nhit in ng tip xc:
EAB = 2,87.10-7..ln nA/nB (2-15)
Trong :
EAB sc nhit in ng tip xc tc dng gia2 thanh kim loi A v B
nA v nB s lng in t t do trong mt n v phn khi (1cm 3) ca
2 kim loi A v B
Nhit tuyt i ca ch tip xc
2.2.5. s nhit dn n di ca vt dn kim loi
H s dn n nhit theo chiu di ca vt dn kim loi:
1 dl
l TK l (-1) (2-14)
lt dT
Trong k thut cn phi ch n h s l tnh ton h s nhit ca vt

dn:
R = < - l (2-15)
Gia cc tr s ca h s dn n di theo nhit v nhit nng chy ca
kim loi c quan h vi nhau theo t l nht nh. Kim lo i c gi tr l cao
nng chy nhit thp, cn lim loi c h s l nh s kh nng chy
bng 2.2
B .3
1V
c
Kim loi Khi lng Nhit s nhit s nhit in
ring nng chy dn n di tr sut di -1 ,
(g/cm3) 0
1.10
6
, -1 <.
St 7,8 1535 11 0,00V

Niken 8,Q 1455 13 0,00V5
Coban 8,7 14Q2 12,5 0,00V
Ch 11,4 327 2Q 0,0037
Thic 7,3 232 23 0,0044
Km 7,1 420 31 0.004
Cadmi 8,V 321 30 0,0042
2.2. TNH CHT CHUNG CA KIM LOI V HP KIM

2.2.1. Tm quan trng ca kim loi ca kim loi v hp kim
n ngy nay, loi ngi bit c trn mt trm nguyn t ha hc, tt c
cc nguyn t c chia lm hai loi : kim loi v khng kim loi trong d
kim loi chim ti 7Q nguyn t. Kim loi cha nhiu nht trong v tri t l
nhm 7% sau l st 5%
Trong k thut in kim loi v hp kim ca n l cht liu khng th thiu,
n c s dng ph bin sn sut cc thit b kh c
in.
2.2.2. Tnh cht ca kim loi ca kim loi v hp kim
a. T ct l c
Tnh cht l hc ca kim loi v hp kim l v sngmt ngoi, tnh chy
long, tnh dn di khi t nng tnh dn nhit, nhit dung dn in,
thm t ( tnh nhim t)
- V sng ca kim loi: Theo v sng b ngoi ca kim loi c th chia thnh
kim loi en v kim loi mu. Kim loi en l cc hp kim ca st tc l gang
v thp, cn kim loi mu l tt c cc kim loi v hp kim cn li. Kim loi
khng trong sut, ngay c nhng tm kim loi c cn dt rt mng cng
khng cho nh sng xuyn qua n c, tuy vy kim loi li c phn
chiu nh sng mt ngoi ca n, mi kim loi phn chiu nh sng theo
mt mu sc nh sng ring m ta quen gi l mu ca kim loi, th d ng
c mu , thic mu trng bc, km mu xm v.v i khi trn mt ngoi
ca thp c mu khc nhau nh: vng, xanh, tm nhng mu khng phi l
mu ca thp, m l mu ca mt ngoi thp b ph mt lp oxt, lp ny to
17
c
nn do nhit ct gt nhit, mi nhit khc nhau, lp oxt ny c mu sc
khc nhau. Chnh nh s bin mu ca b mt ngoi ca thpm ta c th
phn on c nhit t nng ca thp khi nhit luyn hay rn.
- Tnh nng chy: Kim loi c tnh chy long khi t nng v ng c khi
lm ngui. Nhit kim ng vi kim loi chuyn t th c sang th lng
hon ton gi l im nng chy. im nng chy c ngha rt quan trng
trong cng ngh c, v khi c ta phi nu chy long kim loi ra rt vo
y khun, trong cng ngh im nng chy cng c ngha quan trng.
im nng chy ca nhiu hp kim li khc im nn g chy ca tng kim
loi to nn hp kim .
- Tnh dn nhit: l tnh cht truyn nhit ca kim loi khi b t nng hoc
lm lnh, kim loi c tnh cht dn nhit tt th cng d t nng nhanh v
ng u, cng nh cng d ngui nhanh. Cc vt c tnh dn nhit km
mun t nng hon ton phi mt nhiu thi gian v nu lm ngui qu
nhanh c th gy nn nt, v.
- Tnh dn n nhit: Ch c mt s kim loi c tnh nhim t, tc l n b t
ha sau khi c t trong mt t trng. St v hu ht cc h p kim ca st
u c tnh nhim t. Niken v Cban cng c tnh nhim t v c gi l
cht st t. Cn hu ht cc kim loi khc khng c tnh nhim t.
b. T ct a c
Tnh cht ha hc biu th kh nng ca kim loi v hp kim chng li tc
dng ha hc v cc mi trng c hot tnh khc nhau. Tnh cht ha hc
ca kim loi v hp kim biu th hai dng:
- Tnh chng n mn: L kh nng chng li s n mn ca hi nc hay oxy
ca khng kh nhit thng hoc nhit cao.
- Tnh chu axt: l kh nng chng li tc dng ca mi trng axt
c. T ct c c
k
Thng thng c tnh c c c trng bng gii
hn bn ko v gin n di tng i khi t l/l.
Trn hnh 2.2 trnh by hai ng cong
1
ca dy dn lm bng vt dn b ko: ng1
ng vi dy sn xut bng cch ko ngui, ng2 2 l/l
ng vi dy c , nh hng ca vic dy
.. Qua ia
lm gim gii hn bn ko 1,5 2 ln v tng sut c k ko dy d vi
i di t di
gin di tng i khi t ln 15 20 ln
18
c
2.3. NHNG H HNG THNG GP V CCH CHN VT LIU

DN IN
2.3.1. Nhng h hng thng gp
Trong vt liu dn in thng gp nhng hin tng h hng sau:
- Tnh dn in ca chng gim i ng k sau thi giam l vic lu di
- Hay b gy hoc b bin dng do chu tc dng ca lc c kh, lc in ng
v nhit cao gy ra
- B n mn ha hc do tc dng ca mi trng hoc ca cc dung mi
2.3.2. ch chn vt liu dn in
Chn vt liu dn in phi m bo c cc yu cu v tnh cht l ha, ph
ph hp cho vic s dng vt liu, thng thng phi m b o c cc yu
cu sau:
- dn in phi tt
- C sc bn c kh, m bo c iu kin n nh ng v n nh nhit
- C kh nng kt hp c vi cc kim loi khc thnh hp kim
- Phi m bo c tnh cht l hc nh: tnh nng chy, tnh dn nhit , tnh
dn n nhit
- m bo c tnh cht ha hc: tnh chng n mn do tc dng ca mi
trng v cc dung mi gy ra.
- m bo c tnh cht c hc
2.4. MT S VT LIU DN IN THNG DNG
Kim loi c in tr sut < nh (hay in dn sut ln) l vt dn in
tt. ng, nhm, st, km, vng, bc...v hp kim ca chng l nhng cht
dn in tt.
2.4.1. ng v hp kim ca ng
" c% (Cu)
ng l vt liu dn in quan trng nht trong tt c cc vt liu dn in
dng trong k thut in v n c nhng u im ni tri so vi cc vt liu
dn in khc
c&c c c
- L kim loi c mu nht sng rc
- in tr sut <Cu nh (ch ln hn so vi bc Ag nhng do bc t
tin hn nn t c dng so vi ng).
1Q
c
- C sc bn c gii ln.
- Trong a s trng hp c th chu c tc dng n mn (c sc
khng tt i vi s n mn).
- D gia cng: cn mng thnh l, ko thnh si.
- D un, d hn.
- C kh nng to thnh hp kim tt.
- L kim loi him ch chim khong 0,01% trong lng t
ng dng trong k thut in phi c tinh luyn bng in phn, tp
cht ln trong ng d mt lng rt nh th tnh dn in ca n cng gim
i ng k.
Qua nghin cu, ngi ta thy rng: nu trong ng c 0,5% Zn, Ni hay
Al th in dn sut ca n (Cu) gim i 25% 40% v nu trong ng c
0,5% Ba, As, P, Si th c th gim n 55%.
V vy lm vt dn, thng ch dng ng in phn cha trn QQ,Q%
Cu.
cc!#c$c'(cc)c*c+ c #ccc!#c$ c
ng c tiu chun ha trn th trng quc t 20 0C c:
- < = 1,7241.10-V(e.cm)
- = 0,58.10V (1/e.cm)
- = 0,003Q3 (1/ 0C)
Cc yu t nh hng n in tr sut
- nh hng ca cc tp cht
- nh hng ca gia cng c kh
- nh hng ca qu trnh s l nhit
Nhn chung cc nh hng trn u gim in dn sut ca ng.
c
cc
- ng khi ko ngui c gi l ng cng: n c sc bn cao,
gin di nh, rn v n hi (khi un).
- ng c nung nng ri ngui gi l ng mm: n t rn hn
ng cng, sc bn c gii km, gin khi t rt ln v c in dn
sut cao.
- ng c s dng trong cng nghip l loi ng tinh ch, n c
phn loi trn c s cc tp cht c trong ng tc l mc tinh khit,
bng 2.4
B .4
20
c
K hiu CuE CuQ Cu5 Cu0
Cu% QQ,Q5 QQ,Q0 QQ,50 QQ,00
Trong k thut ngi ta s dng ng in phn CuE v CuQ lm dy dn
in.
- c c c
c'(cc)c*c+ c # :
- nh hng ca cht thm vo : Cc kim loi thm vo : Al, Zn, Ni,
s lm tng sc bn c kh. Do ngi ta s dng nhiu hp kim ca ng.
- nh hng ca gia cng c kh:
+/ trng thi nhit ( mm) bn t khi ko: k = 22kG/cm2
+/ Khi ko thnh si (ngui ): k = 45kG/cm2
V vy, d dng khi s dng nn gia nhit vt liu ng
L : V sc bn c kh ca ng gim khi nhit 77 0C t 45kG/cm2
xung 35kG/cm2 sau khong thi gian l 80 ngy, nn nhng quy nh v
phng din k thut phi lm sao cho gii hn nung nng bnh thng ca
dy dn trn sao cho nhit ca chng khng vt qu 70 0C.
- c&c c c
c'(c$,c-c c*c'.c$,c/c 0 :
- nhit thng , ng l vt liu c sc khng tt vi s n mn
( do ng c in ha ln +0,340 so vi H l +0,000)
- ng c kh nng khng tt vi tc ng ca nc v nhng khi
thi tit xu v c to thnh lp xit ng c tc dng bo v.
c1c2:
- ng cng c dng nhng ni cn sc bn c gii cao, chu
c mi mn nh lm c gp in, cc thanh dn t phn phi, cc thanh
ci cc trm bin p, cc li dao chnh ca cu dao, cc tip im ca thit b
bo v...
- ng mm c dng nhng ni cn un ln v sc bn c gii
cao nh: rut dn in cp, thanh gp in p cao, dy dn in, dy qun
trong cc my in.
B.5 Cc t ct vt l a c c ca i p
c tnh n v o lng Ch tiu
Trng lng ring Kg/dm3 8,Q0
in tr sut nhit 20 0C emm2/m
-c Dy mm - 0,01748
-c Dy cng - 0,0178V
- H s thay i in tr sut theo nhit 1/0C 0,003Q3
( 00 C- 1500C ) W/cm.grd 3,Q2
- Nhit dn sut 0,Q38
21
c
- Nhit nng chy Calo/cm.s.grd 0C 1083
- Nhit lng ring trung bnh 25 0C C0
0,0Q18
- im si 7V0mm ct thy ngn Kcal/kg.grd 2325
- H s gin n di trung bnh 20 0C 0
C 1V,42.10-V
- Nhit kt tinh li 1/ ( grd) 200
0
- Modun n hi, E C 13000
- Sc bn t khi ko kG/mm2
- Dy mm kG/mm2 21
- Dy cng 45
Th in ha so vi H +0,34
V
c345c cc%c
Hp kim trong vt liu ng l thnh phn c bn, c c im l sc bn
c kh ln, cng cao, c dai tt, m u p v c tnh cht d nng chy.
Hp kim ca ng c th c thnh cc dng bnh phc tp; ngi ta d dng
gia cng trn my cng c v c th ph ln b mt ca cc kim loi khc
theo phng php m in. Nhng hp kim chnh ca ng c s dng
trong k thut in l: ng thanh, ng thau, cc hp kim dng lm in tr.
Ngoi vic dng ng tinh khit lm vt dn, ngi ta cn dng cc
hp kim ca ng vi cc cht khc nh: thic, silic, phtpho, brili, crm,
mangan, cadmi..., trong ng chim v tr c bn, cn cc cht khc c
hm lng thp. Cn c vo lng v thnh phn cc cht cha trong ng,
ngi ta chia hp kim ca ng thnh cc dng ch yu nh sau:
c%c c6%c78c
ng thanh l mt hp kim ca ng, c thm mt s kim loi khc
tng cng cng, sc bn v d nng chy.
Tu theo cc vt liu thm vo, ngi ta phn bit:
c ng thanh vi thic.
c ng thanh vi thic v km.
c ng thanh vi nhm.
c ng thanh vi Brili.
ng thanh c dng ch to cc chi tit dn in trong cc my in
v kh c in; gia cng cc chi tit ni v gi dy dn, cc c vt, ai
cho h thng ni t, c gp in, cc gi v gi,...
22
c
B . T ct vt l ca ta
-Trng lng ring Kg/dm3 7,2- 8,Q
-in tr sut nhit 20 0C ecm.10-V 1,Q2-11,1
-in dn sut e-1cm-1.10V 0,52-0,0Q
- H s thay i in tr sut theo nhit -
1/0C 0,004
- Nhit dn sut W/cm.grd 0,54- 0,43
- Nhit nng chy bnh thng 0
C Q00-1200
- Nhit lng ring trung bnh 25 0C Kcal/kg.grd 0,10
- H s gin n di trung bnh 0-1000C 1/ ( grd) 1V,V.10-V
- Nhit x l nhit ( ) 0
C V30-750
- Modun n hi, E kG/mm2 Q000-13000
- Sc bn t khi ko kG/mm2 50 - 85
- dn di ring khi ko t % 3-30
B . Cc c t c ca ta Nm oc s d tro k tut i

K hiu Mc cng Sc bn khi dn di cng Trng lng
2
Ko:Kg/mm tng i Brinell HB ring
(ti thiu) Khi t % (ti thiu) Kg/cm2
(ti thiu)
BzAl5 -c Mm 35-45 30 70 8,2

-c cng 42-45 15 110 8,2
-c Cng
50-V3 8 140 7,V
c%c c
ng thau l mt hp kim ng vi km, trong km khng vt qu
4V%. nhit cao, sc bn ca ng thau i vi s n mn do oxyt ha s
gim. Tc oxyt ha ca ng thau cng nh (so vi ng tinh khit) khi t
l phn trm ca km cng ln.
Nu t l phn trm ca km ln hn 25%, th lp bo v ca oxyt km
to nn trn b mt ca vt liu cng nhanh khi nhit cng ln.
Cn nu t l phn trm ca km nh th trn b mt ca vt liu s to
mt lp mu hi en giu oxyt ng. Tnh cht ny ca ng thau vi t l
ln hn 25% km to thnh mt lp bo v 300 0C v i khi c s dng
23
c
bo v cc chi tit chng li s n mn ca khng kh c Amniac nu
khng s dng mt phng php bo v no khc.
tng sc khng i vi s n mn in ho, ngi ta thng tm
thic hay trng km khi ng thau cn nng
ng thau c dng trong k thut in gia cng cc chi tit dn
dng nh cm in, cc phch cm, ui n, cc u ni n h thng
tip t, cc c, vt...
2.4.2. Nhm v hp kim ca nhm

1. Nhm (Al)
c&c c c
Sau ng, nhm l vt liu dn in quan trng th hai c s dng
trong k thut in
L kim loi mu trng bc, rt mm, rt t khng khi va chm v xy
xt, c trng lng ring nh ( nh). Chim 7,5% trong v tri t ( nhiu
nht trong cc kim loi)
- C in dn sut v nhit dn cao, ch sau Ag v Cu
- Gia cng d dng khi nng v khi ngui
- C sc bn i vi s n mn do c lp oxit rt mng to ra khi tip
xc vi khng kh.
- Sc bn c kh tng i b
- Lp oxit c in dn ln nn khi kh khn cho vic tip xc
B . Cc s vt l a c c ca dy d m( 99,5% l

0 3
-Trng lng ring 20 C Kg/dm 2,7
-in tr sut nhit 20 0C ecm.10 -V
2,Q4
-in dn sut 20 0C e-1cm-1.10V 0,34
200C 1/0C 0,004
- Nhit dn sut W/cm.grd 2,1
C Q3
- Nhit lng ring trung bnh 25 0C Kcal/kg.grd 0,225Q
- im si 7V0mm ct thy ngn 0
C 2270
- H s gin n di trung bnh 20-1000C 1/ ( grd) 23,81.10-V
C V30-750
24
c
- Modun n hi, E kG/mm2 Q000-13000
- Sc bn t khi ko kG/mm2 50 - 85
cc!#c$c'(cc)c*c+ c #ccc!#c$ c
in tr sut ca nhm 200C l 2,Q41.10-V(e.cm). H s thay i
in tr sut theo nhit = 0,004- 0,004Q (1/0C) ty thuc vo mc
tinh khit, in dn sut = 0,34.10V (1/e.cm)
So snh vi ng, nhm c tnh cht c v in t thun li hn. Trng lng
nh (trng lng Al nh hn Cu 3,5 ln), tnh do cao. So vi ng, nhm
km hn v cc mt in v c. Vi dy dn c cng tit din v di th
dy bng nhm c in tr ln hn ng khong 0,02Q5/0,0175 = 1,V8 ln.
Do nu c hai dy dn bng nhm v ng c in tr nh nhau th dy
nhm phi c tit din ln hn 1,VVQ ln so vi dy ng (hay ng knh
ca dy nhm ln hn do vi dy ng l 1,V8 = 1,3 ln).
V vy, nu b rng buc bi kch thc th khng th thay ng bng
nhm c.
Cc yu t nh hng n in tr sut
- nh hng ca cc tp cht
- nh hng ca gia cng c kh
- nh hng ca qu trnh s l nhit
Nhn chung cc nh hng trn u lm tng in tr sut v thay i h s
ca nhm.
B . p ca st v Silic i vi i tr sut ca m
Nhm c Cc cht thm vo, % in tr H s thay i
x l ( nhit) Fe Si sut 200C in tr sut theo
nhit 20 0C
-Nhm tinh 0,0005 0,0023 2,V3 4,33.10-V
khit 0,34 0,1 2,7V7 4,10.10-V
- Al QQ,5% 0,5V 0,32 2,78 4,13.10-V
- AL QQ,0% 0,QV 0,41 2,835 4,10.10-V
- Al Q8,5%
25
c
c
cc
Nhm dng trong cng nghip c phn loi trn c s t l phn trm
ca kim loi tinh khit v tp cht. Nhm c s dng lm dy dn in
trong k thut in thng phi m bo tinh khit, ti thiu QQ,5% Al, cc
tp cht khc nh st, silic ti a l 0,45%, ng v km ti a l 0,05%.
nhit thng, khi trong khng kh, nhm s c bc mt lp
mng, chc nt oxit, lp ny c in tr ln v n ngn nga vic oxyt ha
tip tc, do vy n m bo l mt lp bo v tt i vi s n mn, ngay c
trong iu kin mi trng kh hu m t v hay thay i. Song trong trng
hp tn ti cc kh khc trong kh quyn nh CO 2, NH3, SO2...v m ln
c th pht sinh n mn in ha. Hin tng n mn in ha c th xy ra
mi tip xc gia kim loi c bn v tu theo tnh hnh c th, c th dn n
s lin h tng phn t nh ca chng. Trong s tn ti ca m v cc tp
cht c trong khng kh s to ln hng lot nhng phn t in Ganvanic b
nh dn n s n mn dy dn. Nhng lin h y c th lm mt tnh tinh
khit ca nhm v do d dng t o nn s n mn nhanh, c bit nhng
v tr tip xc trong qu trnh lp t in.
Thng qua cc th nghim thc hin trn b bin trong khng kh vi gi
mnh, bi ct v khng kh m ca bin, i vi dy dn nhm c tinh
khit khc nhau, ngi ta thy rng: nhm vi tinh khit QQ,5% c gia
cng v lp rp d cho s chm sc cn thn n vn b n mn nhiu hn
ng.
c bit trong k thut in hay phi ni in ng vi nhm. Nu ch
tip xc b m th y s c mt sc in ng c chiu i t nhm sang
ng, do phn nhm ch tip xc b n mn rt nhanh. V vy ch tip
xc gia nhm v ng cn c ch bo v chng m (v d nh qut
sn).
Nhm c s dng trong cng nghip c phn loi trn c s t l % ca
kim loi tnh khit v tp cht, bng 2.5
B .6
K hiu AB1 AB2 A-00 A-0 A-1 A-2 A-3
Nhm% QQ,Q0 QQ,85 QQ,70 QQ,V0 QQ,50 QQ,00 Q8,00
2V
c
Theo tiu chun nc ngoi thi nhm c s dng trong k thut lm dy
dn in phi c tinh khit > QQ,5%
- c c c
c'(cc)c*c+ c # :
+ nh hng ca nhng cht thm vo: cc kim loi thm vo : Fe, Zn,
Si, Mg.. s lm tng sc bn c kh
+ nh hng ca gia cng c kh: khi gia cng c kh tnh cht c ca
nhm ph thuc vo tp cht: Nhm tinh khit th k = VkG/cm2, khi c tp
cht 0,5% th k = 11kG/cm2
- c&c c c
c'(c$,c-c c*c'.c$,c/c 0 :
Nhm tc dng mnh vi oxi, trong khng kh ngay nhit thng
nhm c bc mt lp mng, chc nch oxit. Lp ny c in tr cao v n
nagn cn vic oxi ha tip tc. Do vy n m bo s c mt lp bo v tt
i vi s n mn ngay c trong iu kin mi trng kh hu m ut
Song trong trng hp c tn ti trong kh quyn cc loi kh nh CO 2 ,
NH3 , S02 . V m t ln c th pht sinh n mn in ha, v nhm c
th in ha gn nh t nht so vi H (-1,34) v s tip xc vi cc kim loi
khc c in ha ln hn th s nguy hi i vi nhm, v d nh Cu ( +0,34),
trong trng hp ny s pht sinh dng in t nhm v ng lm cho nhm
b h hi nng.
Trong khng kh c hi nc, nn c cc ion H + , OH-, HCO3 , nn
ng v nhm v dung dch in to thnh 1 pin cc dng l Cu cc m l
Al, Cc Al b mn dn v Al+3 chy vo dung dch do lc ha hc ca cc
phn t nc. Cc in t tha trong nhm s chy sang cc ng v kh
in th ca cc ion H +, trong dung dch cc ion Al +3 kt hp OH- to thnh
Al(OH)3 ,
2Al Ve = 2Al +3, 4H+ +Ve = 3H2 , 2Al+3 + VOH- = 2 Al(OH)3
V th nhm b n nn kh mnh
c1c2:
Trong k thut in, nhm c s dng ph bin ch to:
c Dy dn in i trn khng truyn ti in nng.
c Rut cp in.
c Cc thanh ghp v chi tit cho trang thit b in.
c Dy qun trong cc my in.
c Cc l nhm lm t in, li dn t my bin p, cc rto
ca ng c in,...
27
c
c345c cc c
Nhm c nhiu hp kim dng c v ko dy dn in.
Cc hp kim chnh ca nhm dng c c th l nhng loi sau:
Al-Zn-Cu, Al-Cu, Al-Cu-Ni, Al-Si, Al-Si-Cu, Al-Si-Mg, Al-Mg, Al-Mg-Mn.
Mt hp kim c dng ph bin ch to dy dn l hp kim
"aldrey". Chng l hp kim ca nhm vi (0,3 0,5)%Mg, (0,40,7)% Si,
(0,20,3)% Fe. T hp lm cho hp kim c tnh cht c kh tt. Dy dn bng
hp kim loi "aldrey" nhn c thng qua vic ti hp kim (nung nng n
500V000C), ko n thnh si kch thc mong mun v lm gi ha nhn
to bng nung nng 150 2000C. Sc bn ca dy dn "aldrey" ln gp
khong 2 ln so vi dy dn Al tinh khit. V vy, khi dng dy dn "aldrey"
c th tng khong cch gia cc ct ca ng dy trn khng, gim chi ph
xy dng ng k.
2.4.3. h v hp kim ca ch
Ch c tinh luyn t cc m c trong t nhin nh: Galen (PbS),
Xezurit (PbCO3), Anglezit (PbSO4)...C th thu c ch mc tinh khit
(Q2QQ,Q4%).
Ch l kim loi c mu tro sng, rt mm, c th un cong, dt mng d
dng hoc ct bng dao ct cng nghip, nhit nng chy thp.
Ch c in tr sut cao < = 0,21 emm2/m v nhit dn sut nh. N l
vt liu bo v tt nht i vi s xuyn thng ca tia X (tia Rntge n).
Mt lp ch dy 1mm 200 300kV c tc dng bo v nh mt lp thp dy
11,5mm hay mt lp gch c chiu dy 110mm.
Ch v hp kim ca n c dng lm lp v bo v cp in nhm
chng li m t.
Ch cn c dng ch to cc bn cc ca acq uy, dng lm dy
chy bo v cc ng dy dn in v cc thit b in.
Ch c tinh luyn t cc m c trong t nhin nh: Galen (PbS),
Xezurit (PbCO3), Anglezit (PbSO4)...C th thu c ch mc tinh khit
(Q2QQ,Q4%).
Ch l kim loi c mu tro sng, rt mm, c th un cong, dt mng d
dng hoc ct bng dao ct cng nghip, nhit nng chy thp.
28
c
2
Ch c in tr sut cao < = 0,21 emm /m v nhit dn sut nh. N l
vt liu bo v tt nht i vi s xuyn thng ca tia X (tia Rntgen).
Mt lp ch dy 1mm 200 300kV c tc dng bo v nh mt lp thp dy
11,5mm hay mt lp gch c chiu dy 110mm.
Ch v hp kim ca n c dng lm lp v bo v cp in nhm
chng li m t.
Ch cn c dng ch to cc bn cc ca acquy, d ng lm dy
chy bo v cc ng dy dn in v cc thit b in.
B . Cc s vt l a c c ca C
0 3
-Trng lng ring 20 C Kg/dm 11.34
20,8
-in dn sut 20 0C e-1cm-1.10V 0,048
200C 1/0C 0,00428
C 327,3
- Nhit lng ring trung bnh 25 0C Kcal/kg.grd 0,0030Q
C 1740
- H s gin n di trung bnh 20-1000C 1/ ( grd) 2Q,3.10-V
- Modun n hi, E kG/mm2 1700
- Sc bn t khi ko kG/mm2 1,5
- Th in ha so vi H V - 0,13
2.4.4. St v hp kim ca st
c Trong v qu t, st l kim loi c nhiu th hai, sau Al (khong
5%).
St c sn xut tng i d dng nn gi thnh h so vi cc kim loi
khc. Trn c s t l Cacbon cha trong st m ngi ta phn thnh:
Ga: l st cha t l (1,7 4,5)% C
Tp: l st cha t l (0,5 1,7)% C
St r: l st cha t l di 0,5% C
2Q
c
St tinh khit (QQ,7 QQ,Q)% Fe trong k thut thc t rt t c s
dng.
B . Cc s vt l a c c ca st ti kit
0 3
-Trng lng ring 20 C Kg/dm 7,8V
0 -V
-in tr sut nhit 20 C ecm.10 10
-in dn sut 20 0C e-1cm-1.10V 0,10
0-1000C 1/0C 0,00V57
C 1535
- Nhit lng ring trung bnh 20-1000C Kcal/kg.grd 0,111
C 2740
- dn di ring khi t % 50
- Sc bn t khi ko kG/mm2 22
- Th in ha so vi H V 0,44
c Thp c dng lm vt dn thng dng loi thp c hm lng
Cacbon (0,10 0,1Q)%C, c gii hn chu ko (70 75)kg/mm2,
gin khi t (5 8)%, in tr sut ln hn ng (V 7) ln.
Nhc im ca thp l d b n mn thng qua hin tng r ngay
nhit bnh thng v c bit l r rt nhanh nhit cao v mi
trng m t. khc phc hin tng ny, b mt tip xc ca st thng
c ph mt lp vt liu n nh hn nh Cadmi, Zn,....Mc d vy, n
cng c mt s u im ni tri so vi cc kim loi khc nn c s dng
ph bin lm vt dn:
c Thp c sc bn c kh ln gp 2 2,5 ln so vi ng v do dy
dn thp c th dng nhng khong ct ln, nhng tuyn vt
sng rng...(c th s dng vi khong ct t 1500 1Q00m).
c S phong ph ca thp trong qung thin nhin v gi thnh h to
cho dy dn hoc thanh dn in bng thp c gi thp hn nhiu so
vi bng ng hoc nhm.
30
c
c i vi ng dy dn truyn ti in nng, ngi ta s dng dy
dn bng thp nhiu si hoc bn thnh cho hoc s dng cho
thp-nhm, vi thp c trng km c t gia.
dng thp lm thanh dn thng l thp cacbon dt mng khi nng
(C = 0,74%, Mn = 0,71%, S = 0,002%, Si = 0,25%, P = 0,03%) c in tr
sut < = 0,135 e mm2/m.
Thp hay c dng lm dy dn, thanh dn bo v qu in p
(chng st) v cc trang thit b bo v ni t.
Ngoi ra, thp cn c dng ch to cc in tr pht nng vi nhit
thch ng 300 5000C...
2.4.5. Km
2.4.5.1. Sn xut v ch to
Km c thy trong t nhin di dng hp cht ZnS , cc bonnat km
(ZnCO3), Silicat( Zn2SiO4), oxt ZnO v.v...
Cc phng php ly km t hp cht l :
- Phng php ly km bng cch lm kh thng qua s sn lc bng li
nhit 850- Q000C v lm gim oxt nh s gip ca cacbon 1300-
15000C trong phnh ng kn ngn cn oxt ha. Sau km th c
tinh ch theo phng php kh trong l c ngn la hoc theo phng php
in phn dung dch sulfat ZnSO4 . Chng ta s thu c km vi tinh
khit QQ.Q%
- Phng php ly km thng qua in phn t m calci v c sunfat chu
in phn nh ZnSO 4 trong bnh bng g bc ch.
Theo tiu chun mt s nc km c phn loi ty theo c tnh ca km,
mc tp cht vv...v c nhng loi sau: loi phm cht L, loi phm cht
O, v loi phm cht Z s cu thnh ca nhng loi km cc thnh phm trn
c gii thiu bng 2.7..
B . S cu t ca km luy kim
Phm K Zn% Hm lng tp cht %(max)
cht hiu (min) Pb Cd Fe As Sb Cu Sn Tp cht
khc
L ZnL Q8,V 1,50 0,1 0,04 0,005 0,015 0,005 0,002 Cn li
O ZnO Q8,V 1,25 0,2 0,04 0,005 0,015 0,05 0,002 Cn li
Z ZnZ Q7,5 2,00 0,2 0,10 0,010 0,015 0,05 0,05 Cn li
31
c
Gia cc tp cht trn, th Pb to cho km d dt dt, cn st Fe lm cho km

d v ( dn), km luyn kim c c thnh cc khi c trng lng 20
2kg. Km c dng trong k thut in cho cc phn t galvanic, phi c t
l phn trm ti a 1%Pb v 0,02%Fe
2.4.5.2. Hng s vt l v ha
Hng s vt l cho trong bng 2.8....
B . s vt l v a c c ca km
-Trng lng ring 20 0C Kg/dm3 7,14
-in tr sut nhit 20 0C ecm.10-V 5,Q2
-in dn sut 20 0C e-1cm-1.10V 0,17
200C 1/0C 0,0041Q
- Nhit dn sut 200C W/cm.grd 1,128
C 41Q,5
- Nhit lng ring trung bnh 250C Kcal/kg.grd 0,0Q4V
C Q07
- H s gin n di trung bnh 20-1000C 1/ ( grd) 3Q,5.10-V
C V30-750
- Sc bn t khi ko kG/mm2 11,2 13,3
- Th in ha so vi H V - 0,7V
2.4.5.2. c tnh
Km l kim loi c mu tro xm hi ng mu trng. N c tnh chiu sng v
sau mt thi gian n tr nn mu m c do v tc dng ca khng kh, khng
kh d to cho km mt lp oxt bo v, sau lp ny chuyn thnh kim
ccbonnat, chnh lp ny bo v cho km khng b n mn. Km c cu trc
tinh th, nhit bnh thng t chu dt mng, song nu nung nng 100 -
1500C th tnh dt mng tng ln, v do vy ngi ta c th dt mng, rn v
ko thnh si. nhit 200 2500C th km tr nn dn v vy c th p
v thnh bt. trng thi lng, n chy d dng v c th rtt y vo khun
d rng. N d b tc dng ca axt v cht kim vi nhng cht n to
32
c
thnh t hp cht c. Cc c tnh ca km dng lm dy dn so vi kim
loi khc c gii thiu bng 2..
B . T ct ca km v mai d lm dy d so s vi v m
Vt liu Trng in dn Sc bn Quan h ng tng ng
lng sut t khi dn ng knh Trng lng dy
2
ring m/emm ko di dy dn. dn trng lng
Kg/dm3 Kg/mm2 % ng knh ng
ng
- ng mm 8,Q 5V 2V 45 1 1
- Nhm 2,7 3V 8 20 1,25 0,47
- Magi QQ,7% 1,7 21,7 20 10 1,V 0,44
- Km QQ,Q% 7,1 1V,2 20 30 1,83 2,V7
- Km vi 0,13% Fe 7,1 15,5-15,8 18 40-43 1,8Q 2,8V
- Km vi V,4%Al v V,8 1V,8 24,V 47,Q 1,82 2.54
0,21% Cu
T bng 2chng ta c nhn xt l: Dy dn bng km, nhit bnh

thng, tnh cht c kh c th so snh vi tnh cht c kh ca ng mm.
Khi tng nhit , sc bn khi ko ca km s gim rt nhiu ( 100 0C gim
n V0- 70% trong khi , sc bn khi kp ca ng cng nhit s ch
gim n Q%, cn nhm ch gim 10%
2.4.5.3. ng dng
Nhng ng dng chnh ca km trong k thut in l :
- Dy dn bng km khi thm thnh phn ng hay nhm vo, i lc c
dng thay th cho dy dn bng ng hay bng nhm.
- Dy dn ZnAl-1 ( bng 2...) cho phm cht tt v n khng to nn ng
nt n. Tng t nh vy, dy dn vi 0,13%Fe c th ko thnh si nh khi
ngui m khng b nt n.
- Cc thanh gp bng km cho php p sut 20 -50kG/cm2
- Cc in cc dng cho cc phn t galvani
- Cc l km dng lm cu ch nng chy, sn sut theo phng php in
phn( QQ,Q5%)
b ...
Vt liu Sc bn t dn di % in dn sut
kG/mm2 m/e mm2
-c Zn QQ,QQ 14 V0 1V,5
-c Zn QQ,Q0 23 15 1V,0
33
c
-c Zn Q8,50 2Q 1Q 1V,0
-c Zn Al- 1 20 30 1V,7
-c Zn Al-4 22 V8 1V,Q
-c Zn Al- 10 30 50 18,V
2.4.6. Mt s kim loi v hi kim khc

.4.5.1. Wofram (W
Wofram (Tungsten) tm thy trong t nhin di dng m: Woframit

(FeOMnO)WO3, qung selit (CaOWO 3), thng qua cc phn ng ha hc
khc nhau, cc qung ny chuyn thnh Trioxyt Wofram (WO 3) ri iu ch
t y c Wofram (W) thng qua in phn nhit cao 1050 13000C.
Wofram l mt kim loi c sc bn t v cng rt cao, nhit
nng chy cao nht trong s tt c cc kim loi c s dng trong k thut
in, c ch to thnh si tc trong cc bng n in si t, ch to cc
in tr pht nng cho cc l in,...Tuy nhin, cn tr s oxyt ha dy tc
v s bay hi ca n, cc bng n nung sng c thc hin trong chn
khng hay vi mi trng kh tr (argon, nit), khi c t h lm vic
23000C.
Wofram tinh khit (QQ,5 QQ,8%) cn c dng ch to cc tip
im in c dng in nh. i vi tip im in cng sut ln (dng
in ln), ngi ta dng hp kim ca Wofram vi bc hay Wofram vi ng
nn li.
B . Cc s vt l a c c ca Wofram
-Trng lng ring 20 0C Kg/dm3 1Q,3
-in tr sut nhit 20 0C ecm.10-V 5,55
-in dn sut 20 0C e-1cm-1.10V 0,18
200C 1/0C 0,004V8
- Nhit dn sut W/cm.grd 1,QQ
- Nhit nng chy bnh thng C0 3380
C 5000
34
c
- Modun n hi, E kG/mm2 37000-40000
.4.5.. Nik (Ni
Niken cn c gi l kn, tn ti di dng m trong thin nhin:

c Sulfua a kim loi: qung Milerit (NiS), Penlandit ((FeNi) 2S8).
c Silicat: Canarit (2NiO3SiO2.H2O), Gac-ni-erit (NiMgSiO3)
c Sulfua v Asenua - Nikelen: NiAs, NiAs2.
Qua hng lot cc phn ng ngi ta c th ch to c Niken vi
tinh khit QQ,Q%.
Niken l kim loi mu trng-xm tro, n khng b oxyt ha trong khng
kh v trong nc iu kin bnh thng (ch b oxyt ha nhit trn
5000C) l kim loi bn, d dt mng v vut gin c c khi ngui v khi
nng.
Niken c dng ch to cc nhit ngu o nhit (Ni -Fe, Ni-Cr);
ch to cc tip im in lm vic trong mi trng Cacbua Hydro i vi
dng in nh v in p ln (i vi cng sut ln, tip im dng hp kim
Ni-Ag) ; ch to cc in tr pht nng, n Q00 0C ; dng m bo v cho
nhng chi tit bng st thp thng qua phng php in phn, dng ch
to cc my in cc dng (anot) ca cc acquy kim.
B . Cc s vt l a c c ca Nik
-Trng lng ring 20 0C Kg/dm3 8,Q
-in tr sut nhit 20 0C ecm.10-V 8,VQ nhit mm
Q,52 cng
-in dn sut 20 0C e-1cm-1.10V 0,15 nhit mm
0,105 cng
- H s thay i in tr sut theo nhit 1/0C 0,0044- 0,00VQ
200C
- Nhit dn sut W/cm.grd 0,5Q3
C 1453
- Nhit lng ring trung bnh 25 0C Kcal/kg.grd 0,108V
C 3000
35
c
0
- H s gin n di trung bnh 20-100 C 1/ ( grd) 13.10-V
- Sc bn t khi ko kG/mm2 40 nhit mm
80 cng

.4.5.3. Bc (
Bc c iu ch t cc m trong t nhin: Acgentit (Ag 2S), Pira-

Acgirit (Ag3SbS3), Kera-Acgerit [(AgCl)Ag2Sb]... ngoi ra cn tm thy Ag
trong nc bin (0,001mg/1lit).
Thng qua in phn tinh ch c th thu c bc tinh khit (QQ,80
QQ,QQQ)%.
Bc l kim loi c in tr sut nh < = 0,01V emm2/m nn dn in tt
nht trong tt c cc kim loi. N c mu trng v chiu sng, chiu sng ny
khng b mt i trong mi trng khng kh. nhit bnh thng, thm
ch c nhit cao bc vn khng b oxyt ha do vy Ag c lit vo
nhm kim loi qu.
Trong k thut in, bc c s dng
c Lm dy dn, dy qun, tip im trong k thut thu thanh, v tuyn,
lm dy chy bo v.
c Hp kim vi Mangan hay Niken c dng lm dy dn trong cc
my o.
c m cho cc kim loi khc, ngn oxyt ha, trng gng, trng
kim loi cho cc dng c chiu sng,...
B . Cc s vt l a c c ca Bc
0 3
-Trng lng ring 20 C Kg/dm 10,5
1,V
0
-in dn sut 20 C e-1cm-1.10V 0,0V25
200C 1/0C 0,003V-0,0041
C QV0,8
3V
c
0
- im si 7V0mm ct thy ngn C 2177
- H s gin n di trung bnh 20-1000C 1/ ( grd) 1Q,V8.10-V
- Sc bn t khi ko kG/mm2 1V nhit mm
2Q ko
- Th in ha so vi H V 0,808

.4.5.4. V ( u
Vng c tm thy trong thin nhin di dng ht, l, bi bt...bng

cch i theo phng php c bit ri chng ct, tinh luyn thng qua in
phn hoc thng qua kt ta chn lc c th thu c vng tinh khit (QQ,88
QQ,QQ8%).
Vng l kim loi c mu vng c trng, sng rc. Mu s ng ny khng
b mt i trong khng kh hay trong axit, khng b oxyt ha nhit cao.
Trong k thut in, vng c s dng:
c lm cc tip im in, thng di dng hp kim: 70% Au +
24%Ag + V% Pt.
c m cc vt liu khc chng n mn in.
c Lm dy dn (hp kim Au + 20% Cr), cc in tr trong in k, v
chng c h s bin i in tr sut theo nhit rt nh.
B . Cc s vt l a c c ca V
-Trng lng ring 20 0C Kg/dm3 1Q,2Q
-in tr sut nhit 200C ecm.10-V 2,20
-in dn sut 20 0C e-1cm-1.10V 0,045
200C 1/0C 0,003V5
- Nhit nng chy bnh thng C0 10V3
C 2700
- Modun n hi, E kG/mm2 7Q00
37
c
- Th in ha so vi H V 15
.4.5.5. Tic (S
Thic l kim loi c nh sng bc, sc bn i vi nh hng ca mi

trng, l kim loi rt mm (sau ch), d dt mng v d un do.
Thic c dng trong k thut in ch to ng thanh, lm lp v
bc bn ngoi bo v cc vt liu d b n mn bi mi trng, lm ch t
hn,...
B . Cc s vt l a c c ca Tic
-Trng lng ring 20 0C Kg/dm3 7,3
-in tr sut nhit 20 0C ecm.10-V 11,4
-in dn sut 20 0C e-1cm-1.10V 0,087
200C 1/0C 0,0044
- Nhit dn sut W/cm.grd 0,1V
C 231,Q
C 2300
- Sc bn t khi ko kG/mm2 2,75
.4.5.7. Ty (
Thy ngn l kim loi duy nht th lng v c th bay hi trong iu

kin thng.
Thy ngn tinh khit c mu trng bc, ch iu sng. nhit 38,870C,
n ng rn li, to thnh mt khi tinh th d dt mng v vut gin c.
Thy ngn c sc bn i vi s tc ng ca khng kh kh. Khi nung nng
trong khng kh n b oxyt ho ( nhit 350 0C, n b oxyt ha rt d dng).
Thy ngn c s dng trong cc n chiu sng, n chnh lu, n
chiu c bit dng trong y t, my chiu, my in,... Ngoi ra cn c dng
lm cc tip im trong k thut o, trong Rle v cc kh c in.
38
c
B . Cc s vt l a c c ca ty
-Trng lng ring 20 0C Kg/dm3 13,54V
-in tr sut nhit 20 0C ecm.10-V Q5,8
-in dn sut 20 0C e-1cm-1.10V 0,010438
- H s thay i in tr sut theo nhit - 0,Q0.10-3
200C 1/0C
C -38,87
- Nhit lng ring trung bnh 250C Kcal/kg.grd 0,0332
C 35V,Q5
- H s gin n di trung bnh 20-1000C 1/ ( grd) 18,2.10-5
- Sc bn t khi ko kG/mm2 1V nhit mm
2Q ko
- Th in ha so vi H V 0,8V
2.5. HP KIM C IN TR CAO

Hp kim c in tr cao c dng trong k thut in ch to cc
dng c o lng, in tr mu, bin tr, dng c nung nng.
i vi tt c cc thit b y u yu cu dy dn c in tr sut cao v
h s bin i ca in tr sut i vi nhit nh so vi cc phn t hp
thnh.
Hin nay thng dng cc hp kim c gc l ng: Manganin,
Constantanv Nikennin, Niken-Crm, Niken-Nhm.
2.5.1. p kim Manganin (86%u, 2%Ni, 12%Mn)

Hp kim Manganin l hp kim ch yu dng trong thit b nung v in
tr mu (in tr chnh xc). S d c dng lm in tr mu l bi n
khng lm sai lch kt qu o lng nhng dng in khc nhau cng nh
nhng nhit mi trng xung quanh khc nhau.
2.5.2. p kim onstantan (60%u, 40%Ni)

3Q
c
Constantan d hn v dnh rt cht, h s bin i in tr sut theo
nhit rt nh (Constantan vi ngha ca n l hng s), c tr s m.
Constantan c dng lm bin tr v phn t nung nng, Constantan
khng c dng nhit trn 450 0C v lc n s b oxyt ha.
Constantan ghp vi ng hay st c sc nhit in ng ln. l
nhc im khi dng in tr bng Constantan trong cc s o. Do c s
chnh lch nhit ch tip xc nn c sc nhit in ng xut hin, l
ngun sai s. c bit trong cc cu o ch khng v s phn in p.
Constantan c dng nhiu lm cp nhit ngu o nhit n
7000C.
2.5.3. p kim Nikenin [(2535)%Ni, (23)%Mn, 67%u]

Hp kim Nikenin r tin hn Constantan, d gia cng, c in tr sut
nh hn v h s bin i ca in tr sut i vi nhi t ln hn
Constantan.
Ngi ta thng dng hp kim Nikenin lm bin tr khi ng v iu
chnh.
2.5.4. p kim rm-Niken (Nicrom)

Hp kim Nicrom [1,5% Mn, (5578)%Ni, (1523)%Cr, cn li l Fe] c
sc bn tt nhit cao, in tr sut v h s bin i ca in tr sut
theo nhit nh.
Hp kim ny c dng lm cc phn t nung bng in nh bp
in, m hn,...vi nhit n 1000 0C.
2.5.5. p kim rm - Nhm

Hp kim Crm - Nhm l hp kim rt r c dng ch to cc thit
b nung ln v l in ln dng trong cng nghip.
Bng 2.V. Tng hp hnh phn v cc tnh cht c bn ca mt s hp kim c

in tr cao hay dng trong k thut in.
40
c
B .6
Thnh phn % c trong hp
Tnh cht c bn
kim
Sc
nhit
Tn hp in Gii hn
<
kim C M A ng nhit
Ni Cr Fe (emm2/ (10-
u n l V 0 vi lm vic
m) / C)
ng (0C)
(mV/gr
ad)
Mangani 8 0,420,
12 2 10-15 1-2 100-200
n V 8
Constant V 0,430,
40 -5 0,5 400-500
an 0 52
V 2 253
Nikenin 0,4 20 250
7 3 5
c
Crm- 557 15 0,000
1,5 n 1,01,2 1100
Niken 8 23 13
li
c
Crm- 0,000
30 4 n 1,21,5 1200
Nhm 14
li
2.V. VT LIU LM IN TR
2.6.1. Khi nim v phn loi
2.V.1.1 Khi nim
Vt liu dng ch to cc in tr phi c:
+ in tr sut ln
+ C h s bit i theo in tr sut phi nh m bo s n nh i vi
s bin i ca nhit ( R ln dn ti P ln dn ti T 0 ln lm cho < thay
i v thay i)
2.V.1.2. Phn loi
41
c
- Vt liu dng lm in tr chnh xc s dng nhng dng c o lng
in v in tr chun. Loi ny c cc yu cu l c tnh khng c thay
i theo thi gian n khng to ra sai s trong cc php o
- Vt liu dng lm b bin tr khi ng, loi ny c yu cu: Phi c sc
bn trong qu trnh nung nng v sc bn i vi s n mn.
- Vt liu c s dng nhng kh c in si nng v un nng, yu cu
phi c sc bn i vi thi gian ko di khi nhit cao.
Lu : Nhng kim loi tnh khit t c dng lm bin tr v: in tr sut
nh hn hp kim ca chng, ca hp kim tinh khit >> ca hp kim, b
n mn nhit cao.
2.V.2. Hp kim dng lm in tr
2.V.2.1. Hp kim dng lm in tr chnh xc v dng lm b bin tr
- Hp kim loi Mangan, thnh phn: 8V% Cu, 2% Ni, 12% Mn
c im: c sc nhit in ng nh
ng dng: Ch to cc in tr chnh xc v n khng lm sai lch kt
qu o lng nhng nhit khc nhau v nhng dng in khc nhau.
- Hp kim loi Constantan, thnh phn: V0% Cu, 40% Ni,
c im: H s bin i theo in tr sut rt nh
ng dng: Dng lm bin tr v phn t nung nng
2.6.2.2. p kim dng lm bin tr si nng v nung nng
- Hp kim trn c s Niken v Crm
Thnh phn hp kim c to thnh theo cch ha tan rn Niken v
Crm
c im: c sc bn tt nhit cao, in tr sut ln v h s bin
i theo in tr sut nh
- Ngoi ra cn c cc loi hp kim
+ Hp kim trn c s Ni , Fe, Crm
+ Hp kim trn c s Fe, Crm, Al
+ Dy lm in tr trn c s Cacbua Silic , Fe, Crm
2.7. VT LIU DNG LM TIP IM V C GP
2.7.1. Yu cu i vi vt liu lm tip im
- C sc bn c kh v rn tt ( tui th cao)
42
c
- C in dn sut v dn nhit tt khng nng qu nhit cho php khi
nhng tip im ny c dng in nh mc i qua
- C sc bn i vi s n mn do cc tc nh n bn ngoi ( Nc, khng kh
m ..)
- C nhit nng chy v ha hi cao, xi ca n phi c in dn sut ln (
tc l c th chu c dng ngn mch cao, R tx nh)
- Gia cong d dngm gi thnh h
Bn cnh nhng im nu trn, n phi tha mn cc iu kin ty thuc v
dng tip im ( c 3 dng tip im c nh, di ng v trt)
+ Vi tip im c nh: Phi c sc bn nn c th chu c p
sut ln, ( lc n ln), phi c in tr n nh trong thi gian lm vic lu
di (Rtx n nh )
+Vi tip im di ng: Chng lm vic theo cch n ( ng v m cc
MC in, Cng tc t, Rle in ) , phi c sc bn i vi s n mn do
tc ng c kh khi ng m, phi c sc bn i vi s tc ng ca h
quang khng b hn cht.
+ Vi tip im trt: Chng lm vic theo cch trt nh: C gp
my in, DCL Phi c sc bn i vi s mi mn c kh do ma st
2.7.2. Sc bn ca cc tip im v cc yu t nh hng ti sc bn
2.7.2.1. Bn cht b mt
- in tr ca tip im cng ln khi in tr sut ca vt liu cng ln v
in tr cng nh khi ng sut ca vt liu cng nh, v vt liu cng mm th
s bin dng ca vt liu cng d dng v s lng im tip xc cng ln,
tc l tng b mt tip xc cng tng ln
- Khi ph ti thay i hay ngn mch, s sinh ra ng sut rt ln s lm yu
tip im
- Bn cht ca vt liu v nhng iu kin lm vic nh hng n s n mn
cc tip im ( Tc ng ca khng kh, nc, ha cht ) to nn trn b
mt tip xc lp lm xu tnh cht dn in, do Rtx tng ln
trnh n mn , ngi ta ngn khng cho khng kh m xm nhp hay bo
v cc tip im bng phng php m in ( m thic hay bc i vi ng)
2.7.2.2. Lc n
43
c
L yu t rt quan trng nh hng n in tr tip im. Khi cng
mt din tch tip xc, nu lc n cng ln th din tch tip xc cng ln v
din tch tip xc thc th ph thuc vo lc n
Lc n nhng tip im c nh c ghp bng Bulng cn phi
tng i ln m bo R tx nh. Song cng khng c qu ln v s to
nn ng sut ln trong vt liu s lm mt tch n hi s lm xu mi tip
xc.
2.7.2.3. Nhit ca tip im
- Nhit t nhit bnh thng n 250 0 C, do in tr sut tng theo nhit
v th in tr m dng in i qua tip im s tng
- Nhit t 2500 C n 4000 C sc bn c hc ca vt liu gim lm tng
din tch tip xc s lm gim in tr m dng in i qua.
- Nhit ln hn 4000 C, in tr m dng in i qua s tng li cho n
lc nng chy v khi in tr s gim t ngt.
2.7.2.4. Trng thi ca b mt lc tip xc
Din tch tip xc cng ln bao nhiu th cng tt by nhiu ( bn cht ca
tip xc mt l tip xc im)
2.7.3. Vt liu lm tip im
2.7.3.1. Vt liu lm tip im c nh
thng s dng ng, nhm , st
- ng v hp kim ca n c phm cht cng nn c th s dng iu kin
bnh thng. c sc bn i vi s n mn c tt, ngi ta bc Ni tm
Silic m Ag
- Nhm c sc bn c gii thp, nn khng dng ni c dng in ngn
mch ln.
- Thp c < ln do ch dng khi Cng sut b v in p ln ( dng in
b)
2.7.3.2. Vt liu lam tip im di ng
- Platin: C tnh n nh cao i vi s n mn trong khng kh do khng to
mng oxi nn m bo n nh cho tip im dn ti R tx nh
- Bc: Bc tinh khit t dng lm tip im v b h quang n mn. Tip im
hp kim Ag v Cu c cng cao v n mn nh thng c s dng.
- Ngoi ra cn dng W, Mo, lm vt liu tip im.
2.7.3.3. Vt liu lm tip im trt
44
c
- Cu v hp kim ca n: dng tip im DCL, tip im MC, C gp
KC: my khoan, my in mt chiu
- Al dng lm tip im ca cc phng tin vn ti bng in ( xe in)
- C dng trong cc chi tit KC, cc phng tin vn ti bng in v n
khng n mn dy dn in v c tu i th kh cao.
2.7.3.4. Vt liu lm tip im c cng sut ln ( MC c U cao)
- L cc vt liu tng hp, chng c to nn t nhng kim loi kh nng
chy vi kim loi dn in tt, mt kim loi dn in tt cn kim loi kia c
sc bn c kh ln. Nhng vt liu ny gm Ag- W, Ag- Ni, Cu- Ni.
- c s dng nhng tip im c cng sut ln, p sut tip xc ln v c
cng cao.
2.8. LNG KIM LOI
2.8.1. Khi nim
Ngui ta gi nhng sn phm dng vt liu lng kim loi l nhng sn phm
k thut c ch to bng nhiu cch to thnh mt khi lin h cht ca
hai kim loi.
2.8.2. Dy dn v thanh gp bng lng kim- Thp - ng
Quanh h gia in tr dng in xoay chiu vi tn s f =5000Hz v in
tr dng in mt chiu i vi dy dn ng c ng knh 5mm l:
Rxc
3,Q
RAc
Dng in chy qua lp mt ngoi c chiu dy 0,5 -0,Vmm, cn trung tm
ca tit din tr thnh mt tc dng vic dn in. Kt qu cho thy : li ca
dy dn c th c lm bng thp, nh vy s tit kim ng m vn khng
h nh hng n in tr dng in xoay chiu. iu ny s l bin php
tt lm tng sc bn c kh ca dy dn, v lp ng bn ngoi cng s
l lp bo v rt tt i vi s n mn.
Do vy, ngi ta thc hin dy dn bng vt liu lng kim thp- ng
i vi ng dy thng tin lin lc c ng knh 1 - 4mm. Dy dn bng vt
liu lng kim loi trong mt s trng hp dng lm dy dn in trong
mch nh th tn s 50Hz. V c ch to thnh cc thanh gp trong cc
trong cc trang thit b dng ni.
2.8.3. Dy dn lng kim - ng- Nhm
45
c
T hp lng kim ng- nhm c ch to c bit di dng cc tm c
mt mt hay c hai mt v dng trong cc cu trc phn chiu, l si in
hoc cc chi tit dng ni vv
Cc tm lng kim- ng nhm c dng lm cc con ni dy dn in ,
con ni dy ng v dy nhm. Do thun li l c th d rng hn dnh bng
hp kim dnh cht da trn vt liu c bn l thic , vt liu lng kim ny c
th dng ch to cc chi tit t rong thit b thu v pht thanh nh lm cun
dy ngten b cm bin vv
CU HI CHNG 2
1.c Nu tnh cht c bn ca vt liu dn in, gii thch c th tng tnh
cht .
2.c Trnh by c tnh chung, phn loi, tnh cht c hc v cc ng dng
ca kim loi ng, Nhm, Bc v St.
3.c Trnh by khi nim v phn loi vt liu lm in tr.
4.c Trnh by khi nim v phn loi vt liu lm tip im.
4V
c
CHNG 3
VT LIU IN
3.1.KHI NIM V PHN LOI VT LIU CCH IN

3.1.1 K I NIM
Vt liu dng lm cch in (cn gi l cht in mi) l cc cht m
trong iu kin bnh thng in tch xut hin u th nguyn ch y,
tc l iu kin bnh thng, in mi l vt liu khng dn in, in dn
ca chng bng khng hoc nh khng ng k.
Vt liu cch in c vai tr quan trng v c s dng rng ri trong k
thut in, Vic nghin cu vt liu cch in tm hiu cc tnh cht, c
im, t chn la cho ph hp.
3.1.2. PHN LOI VT LIU CCH IN
3.1.2.1. Phn loi theo trng thi vt l
Theo trng thi vt l, c:
Vt liu cch in th kh,
Vt liu cch in th lng,
Vt liu cch in th rn.
Vt liu cch in th kh v th lng lun lun phi s dng vi vt
liu cch in th rn th mi hnh thnh c cch in v cc phn t kim
loi khng th gi cht c trong khng kh.
Vt liu cch in rn cn c phn thnh cc nhm: cng, n hi,
c si, bng, mng mng.
gia th lng v th rn cn c mt th trung gian gi l th mm
nho nh: cc vt liu c tnh bi trn, cc loi sn tm.
3.1.2.2. Phn loi theo thnh phn ha hc

Theo thnh phn ho hc, ngi ta phn ra: vt liu cch in hu c v
vt liu cch in v c.
" cc
c cc c chia thnh hai nhm: nhm c ngun gc trong
thin nhin v nhm nhn to.
c Nhm c ngun gc trong thin nhin s dng cc hp cht c bn c
trong thin nhin, hoc gi nguyn thnh phn ha hc nh: cao su,
la, php, xenluloit,...
47
c
c Nhm nhn to thng c gi l nha nhn to gm c: nha
phnol, nha amino, nha polyeste, nha epoxy, xilicon, polyetylen,
vinyl, polyamit,....
cc
c cc'c gm cc cht kh, cc cht lng khng chy, cc
loi vt liu rn nh gm, s, thy tinh, mica, aming...
3.1.2.3. Phn loi theo tnh chu nhit

Phn loi theo tnh chu nhit l s phn loi c bn, ph bin vt liu
cch in dng trong k thut in. Khi la chn vt liu cch in, u tin
cn bit vt liu c tnh chu nhit theo cp no. Ngi ta phn vt liu
theo tnh chu nhit nh bng 3.2.
B 3.
Cp Nhit
cch cho php Cc vt liu cch in ch yu
in (0C)
Giy, vi si, la, php, cao su, g v cc vt liu
Y Q0 tng t khng tm nha, cc loi nha polyetylen,
PVC, polistinol, anilin, abomit
Giy, vi si, la trong du, nha polyeste, cao su
A 105
nhn to, cc loi sn cch in c du lm kh
Nha trng Polyvinylphocman, poliamit, epoxi. Giy
p hoc vi p c nha phendfocmandehit (gi chung
E 120 l Bakelit giy). Nha Melaminfocmandehit c cht
ng xenlulo. Vi c tm thm Polyamit. Nha
Polyamit. Nha Phnol-Phurphurol c n xenlulo.
Nha Polyeste, amiang, mica, thy tinh c cht n.
Sn cch in c du lm kh dng cc b phn tip
xc vi khng kh. Sn cch in alkit, sn cch in
B 130
t nha phnol. Nha PhnolPhurol c cht n
khong, nha epoxi, si thy tinh, nha
Melaminfocmandehit.
F 155 Si amiang, si thy tinh c cht kt dnh
H 180 Xilicon, si thy tinh, mica c cht k t dnh
C >180 Mica khng c cht kt dnh, thy tinh, s,
48
c
Polytetraflotylen, Polymonoclortrifloetylen.
3.V. TNH CHT CHUNG CA VT LIU CCH IN

Khi la chn, s dng vt liu cch in cn phi ch n khng
nhng cc phm cht cch in ca n m cn phi xem xt tnh n nh ca
nhng phm cht ny di cc tc dng c hc, ha l hc, tc dng ca mi
trng xung quanh,...gi chung l cc iu kin vn hnh tc ng n vt
liu cch in. Di tc ng ca iu kin vn hnh, tnh cht ca vt liu
cch in b gim st lin tc, ngi ta gi l s lo a vt liu cch in.
Do vy, tui th ca vt liu cch in s rt khc nhau trong nhng iu kin
khc nhau.
Bi th cn phi nghin cu v tnh cht c l ho, nhit ca vt liu cch
in c th ngn cn qu trnh lo ho, nng cao tui th ca vt liu cch
in.
3.6.1. Tnh ht m ca vt liu cch in
Cc vt liu cch in vi mc khc nhau u c th ht m (ht hi
nc t mi trng khng kh) v thm m (cho hi nc xu yn qua).
Nc l loi in mi cc tnh mnh, hng s in mi tng i = 80 81,
in dn =10-5 10-V (1/cm) nn khi vt liu cch in b ngm m th
phm cht cch in b gim st trm trng.
Hi m trong khng kh cn c th ngng t trn b mt in mi, l
nguyn nhn khin cho in p phng in b mt c tr s rt thp so vi
in p nh thng.
" c9c: cc c c
Trong khng kh lun cha hi m, lng m trong khng kh c xc
nh bi tham s gi l m ca khng kh. m gm c m tuyt i
v m tng i.
a. m tuyt i:
m tuyt i l khi lng hi nc trong 1 n v th tch khng kh
3
(g/m ). nhit xc nh, m tuyt i khng th vt qua m max (mmax
c gi l m bo ho). Nu khi lng nc nhiu hn gi tr m max th
hi nc s ri xung di dng sng.
Quan h gia m bo ha v nhit cho trn hnh 3.V.
90 mMax3
(cm
80
4Q
70
60
c
b. m t i, %
m
m tng i l t s: % = .100% (3-12)
m max
trng thi bo ha ca hi nc trong khng kh s c % = 100%.
Thng cc m k ch cho s liu v m tng i % nn khi cn xc
nh m tuyt i s phi tnh theo cng thc:
h. m max
m= (3-13)
100
v do mmax l hm ca nhit mi trng khng k h (t) nn m = f( %, t).
Nh vy, t cc s liu v m tng i v nhit ca khng kh c
th xc nh c m tuyt i m (bng cch tnh ton, tra bng s,
th...).
Theo quy c quc t, iu kin kh hu chun ca khng kh c qui nh:
p sut p = 7V0 mmHg.
Nhit t = 200C.
m tuyt i m = 11g/m 3 ( m tng i % khong V0 70%).
Kh hu Vit Nam khc xa vi kh hu chun. Kh hu Vit Nam thuc
vng kh hu nhit i. min Bc, nhit trung bnh hng nm l 22,7 0C,
nhit cc i c th t ti 42,8 0C. m thng xuyn cao l mt trong
cc c im ni bt ca kh hu nc ta. m tuyt i trung bnh hng
nm ng bng Bc b l m = 24 2V g/m3, trong cc thng h c th ln
ti 30 33g/m3 v trong cc thng ma ng cng ti mc 13 17g/m3.
c9c: cc'c
c
50
c
m ca vt liu l lng hi nc trong mt n v trng lng
ca vt liu.
Khi t mu vt liu cch in trong mi trng khng kh c m %
v nhit t (0C) th sau mt thi gian nht nh, m ca vt liu s t
ti gii hn c gi l m cn bng ( cb).
Nu mu vt liu vn kh ro c t trong mi trng khng kh m
(vt liu c m ban u < cb) th vt liu s b m, ngha l n ht hi
m trong khng kh khin cho m s tng dn ti tr s cn bng cb nh
ng 1 trn hnh 3.7 (vt liu b ngm m).

Nc li, ki mu vt liu
b m trm tr (c m ba (vt liu sy kh)
u > cb
t m mu s cb
im ti tr s cb 1 (vt liu ngm m)
tr 3.7. (vt liu sy k
.
0 t (
3.7
i vi vt liu xp, loi vt liu c kh nng ht m rt mnh, ngi ta

a ra m quy c. l tr s cb khi vt liu c t trong khng kh
iu kin kh hu chun.
c c c: c
Tnh thm m l kh nng cho hi m xuyn thu qua vt liu cch in.
Khi vt liu b thm m th tnh nng cch in ca n gim: < (), ,
tg Et.
Nu vt liu khng thm nc s hp th trn b mt mt lng nc
hoc hi nc.
Cn c vo gc bin dnh nc ca git nc trn b mt phng ca
vt liu (hnh 3.V), ngi ta chia vt liu cch in hp ph tt v hp ph
yu.
< Q00: vt liu hp ph tt (hnh 3.8a).
51
c
0
> Q0 : vt liu hp ph yu (hnh 3.8b).
a) b)
3.8
Vt liu hp ph tt s d b phng in, dng d ln do < (). S hp

ph ca vt liu cch in ph thuc vo loi vt liu, kt cu vt liu, p
sut, nhit , m,...ca mi trng.
/ c c;<c
Qua phn tch, ta thy rng tnh ht m ca vt liu cch in khng
nhng ph thuc vo kt cu v loi vt liu m n cn ph thuc vo nhit
, p sut, m...ca mi trng lm vic. N s lm bin i tnh cht ban
u ca vt liu dn n lo ha v lm gim phm cht c ch in ca vt
liu, tg, c th dn n ph hng cch in. c bit l i vi cc vt liu
cch in th rn.
hn ch nguy hi do hi m i vi vt liu cch in cn s dng cc
bin php sau y:
c Sy kh v sy trong chn khng hi m tho t ra bn ngoi.
c Tm cc loi vt liu xp bng sn cch in. Sn tm lp y cc l
xp khin cho hi m mt mt thot ra bn ngoi, mt khc lm tng
phm cht cch in ca vt liu.
c Qut ln b mt cc vt liu rn lp sn ph nhm ngn chn hi m
lt vo bn trong.
c Tng b mt in mi, thng xuyn v sinh b mt vt liu cch in,
trnh bi bn bm vo lm tng kh nng thm m c th gy phng
in trn b mt.
3.6.3. Tnh cht c hc ca vt liu cch in
52
c
Trong nhiu trng hp thc t, vt liu cch in cn phi chu ti c
hc, do khi nghin cu vt liu cch in cn xt n tnh cht c hc ca
n.
Khc vi vt liu dn in kim loi c bn ko k , nn n v un u
hu nh gn bng nhau, cn vt liu cch in, cc tham s trn chnh lch
nhau kh xa. Cn c cc bn ny, ngi ta tnh ton, ch to cch in ph
hp vi kh nng chu lc tt nht ca n.
V d: Thu tinh c bn nn n = 2.104 kG/cm2 trong khi bn ko
2 2
k = 5.10 kG/cm . V th thu tinh thng c dng vt liu cch in .
Ngoi ra, khi chn vt liu cch in cng cn phi xt n kh nng

chu va p, rn, gin n theo nhit ca vt liu. c bit ch khi gn
cc loi vt liu cch in vi nhau cn phi chn vt liu c h s gin n v
nhit gn bng nhau.
3.6.2. Tnh ha hc ca vt liu cch in

Tnh chu nhit ca vt liu cch in l kh nng chu tc dng ca
nhit cao v s thay i t ngt ca nhit . Mi loi vt liu cch in
ch chu c mt nhit nht nh (tc l c bn chu nhit nht
nh). bn chu nhit c xc nh theo nhit lm thay i tnh nng
ca vt liu cch in.
i vi vt liu cch in v c, bn chu nhit c biu th bng
nhit m n bt u c s bin i r rt cc phm cht cch in nh tn
hao tg tng, in tr cch in gim st...
i vi vt liu cch in hu c, bn chu nhit l nhit gy nn cc
bin dng c hc, nhng bin dng ny ng nhin s dn n s suy gim
cc phm cht cch in ca n.
V mt ha hc, nhit tng s dn n tc ca cc phn ng ha
hc xy ra trong vt liu cch in tng (thc nghim cho thy tc phn
ng ha hc tng dng hm m theo n hit ). V vy, s gim st phm cht
cch in ca vt liu gia tng rt mnh khi nhit tng qu mc cho php.
53
c
Bi th, y ban k thut in quc t IEC (International Electrical
Commission) phn loi vt liu cch in theo nhit lm vic ln nht
cho php ( nu bng 3.2).
3.1. HIN TNG NH THNG IN MI V BN CCH IN

Mc ch ca vic s dng vt liu cch in trong k thut in l
duy tr kh nng cch in ca chng trong in trng. Bi vy, khi nghin
cu vt liu cch in khng th khng xt n nh hng ca in mi trong
in trng.
3.1.1. Khi nim v in trng

S d cc in tch c tc dng lc tng tc vi nhau v in tch to ra
trong khng gian quanh n mt in trng.
c trng cho s mnh yu ca in trng, ngi ta a ra khi
nim cng in trng E:
F
E= , (V/m) (3-1)
q
trong :
F: lc in tc dng ln in tch th ti im ta xt (N).
q: in tch th dng (C).
C i tr ti mt im l i l vt l c tr co
i tr v p di tc d lc, c o b t s ca lc
i tr tc d l mt i tc t t ti im v l ca i
tc t .
3.1.2. in mi
in mi l nhng cht khng khng dn in v t rong in mi khng
c hoc c rt t cc in tch t do.
Hng s in mi: t cng thc
D = .0.E (3-2)
D: l cm ng in thng gi l vc t dch chuyn in tch
E: l in trng
54
c
: l hng s in mi
0: hng s in mi trong chn khng 0 =1/4 .Q.1011 (F/m)
Trong chn khng - thc tin- trong khng kh
D = 0.E (3-3)
Cn trong mi trng c hng s in mi th
D = .0.E (3-4)
Khi ta t gia hai in cc mt tm cch in hnh 3.1 th c s khc nhau
gia in trng trong khng kh v in trng trong tm cch in. Trong
khng kh s ng sc in trng v s ng dch chuyn bng nhau, v
t cng thc(3-3) in trng l:
E= D/0 (3-5)
=1 =3 =1
A C B
3.1.Tm cc i m ia i mi
Trong cch in C c hng s in mi , inh trng gim t l nghc

vi . Trn hnh 3.1 cho thy vi =3 s ng sc in trng bng 1/
=1/3 s ng sc trong khng kh. in tch dch chuyn n b mt ca
cch in C, th mt s in tch b gi li, cn li s in tch t do chuyn
ng qua c cch in. S in tch t do ny to ra in trng trong cch
in.
Nu khe h E0 l in trng trong khng kh theo cng thc(3.3) ta c:
D = 0.E = E0
Cn trong cch in C vi hng s in mi , th in trng gim ln tc
l E= E0/
3.1.3. c im in mi t trong in trng
Khc vi kim loi v cc cht in phn, trong in mi khng c cc
ht mang in t do. S phn b in tch m v in tch dng trong phn
t thng i xng, cc trng tm in tch dng v in tch m trng
nhau. Ngi ta gi cc phn t l loi phn t khng phn cc.
55
c
Khi t in mi thuc loi khng phn cc trong in trng (hnh 3.2),
in trng s chuyn cc phn t thnh cc lng cc in. Cc lng cc
in u dng hng v pha cc m ca in trng, u m hng v pha
cc dng ca in trng. Kt qu l trong in mi hnh thnh in trng
mi gi l in trng phn cc E P, ngc chiu vi in trng ngoi.
Cng in trng phn cc E P nh hn cng in trng ngoi E ng
nn cng in trng tng hp E trong cht in mi c chiu cng vi
chiu ca in trng ngoi v c tr s cng in trng nh hn cng
in trng ngoi cho trc.
Nu cng in trng trong chn khng l E 0 th khi t in mi vo,
cng in trng s l:
E = E0 (3-V)

-gi l hng s in mi tng i ca cht in mi .
|
_ + _ + _ +
|
_ + _ + _ +
+ |p
_ + _ + _ +
_ + _ + _ +
Hnh 3.2 S phn cc ca in mi
Tuy nhin khi in mi t trong in trng th c nhng bin i c bn khi

in mi chu tc dng ca cng in trng E c xc nh nh
sau:

(3-7)
U h
Trong : U l in p t ln hai cc in mi
h l chiu dy khi in mi
3.3.i mi ki t
tro i tr
in mi trong in trng ph thuc vo:

- Cng in trng (mnh, yu, xoay chiu , mt chiu)
- Thi gan in mi nm trong in trng ( di, ngn)
5V
c
- Yu t mi trng: nhit , m, p sut
V c bn di tc dng ca in trng c th xy ra bn hin tng c bn
sau:
- S dn in ca in mi
- S phn cc in mi
- Tn hao in mi
- Phng thng in mi
3.1.4. bn cch in
Trong in mi c ln tp cht c kh nng to ra mt s in t t do.
Trong iu kin bnh thng dn in ca in mi rt thp, dng in qua
in mi gi l dng in r, tr s rt b.
Khi cng in trng ln, lc tnh in tc dng ln in t, c
th bt in t ra khi mi lin kt vi ht nhn tr thnh in t t do.
dn in ca in mi tng ln. Dng in qua in mi tng ln t ngt,
in mi tr thnh vt dn. l hin tng nh thng cch in.
Cng in trng u gy ra hin tng nh thng in mi gi l
cng nh thng E t. in mi c Et cng ln th bn cch in cng
tt. V th cng nh thng c gi l bn cch in.
Cng nh thng ca in mi ph thuc vo trng thi ca vt liu
cch in nh: m, nhit , tc dng ca cc tia bc x,...
m bo cho in mi lm vic tt, cng in trng t vo
in mi khng vt qu tr s gii hn gi l cng cho php E cp. Thng
thng chn tr s E cp nh hn Et t hai n ba ln:
Et = kat Ecp (3-Q)
(kat - h s an ton, thng ly k at= 2-3 ).
Cn c vo dy (d) ca in mi c th xc nh tr s in p nh
thng Ut v in p cho php U cp ca thit b:
Ut = Et .d (3-10)
Ucp = Ecp.d (3-11)
57
c
Bng 3.1 nu ln thng s c trng ca mt s vt liu cch in thng
gp.
c 2 Xc nh in p cho php v in p nh thng ca mt
tm cctng cch in c b dy d = 0,15 cm p st vo hai in cc, cho bit
h s an ton bng 3.
Gii
Tra bng (3-1), c cng nh thng ca cctng cch in ly trung
bnh Et = 100 kV/cm. Ta c in p nh thng theo (3 -10):
Ut = Et .d = 100. 0,15 = 15 kV
in p cho php: Ucp = Ut/ kat = 15/3 = 5 kV
B 3.1
Vt liu Et, kV/cm < , ecm
Giy tm du 100 250 3,V
Khng kh 30 1
VI sn 100 400 34 1011 1013
hoa 30 50 78 108 1011
Paraphin 200 250 2 2,2 101V 1017
Polietylen 500 2,25 1014 101V
Cao su 150 200 3V 1013 1014
Thy tinh 100 150 V 10 1014
Thy tinh hu c 400 500 3 1014 101V
Vi thy tinh 300 400 34 5.1013
Mica 500 1000 5,4 5.10-3 1014
Du Xovon 150 5,3 5.1014 5.1015
Du bin p 50 180 2 2,5 1014 1015
S 150 200 5,5 1015 101V
Ebonit V00 800 3 3,5 108 1010
Cctng cch in 80 120 3 3,5 1011 1013
3.2. IN DN IN MI
58
c
Xc nh bi cch in c hng ca cc in tch t do tn ti trong
cc cht in mi di tc dng ca in trng ngoi t ln in mi. Di
tc dng ca lc in trng F= E.q cc in tch dng cch in theo chiu
in trng, cc in tch m cch in ngc li. Nh vy trong i n mi
xut hin mt dng in gi l dng in in dn, dng in ny ph thuc
vo mt in tch t do trong in mi, dng in in dn cn gi l dng
in r (thng c gi tr rt nh)
in dn in mi gm :
- in dn in t : Thnh phn mang in l cc in t t do
- in dn ion : Thnh phn mang in l cc ion dng v ion m
- in dn in ly : Thnh phn mang in l cc nhm cc phn t
tch in, cc tp cht tn ti trong in mi.
3.3. PHN CC IN MI
3.3.1. in tng phn cc in mi
Khi a mt thanh in mi vo trong in trng ca mt vt mang in ,
th trn cc mt gii hn ca thanh in mi s xut hin cc in tch tri
du. Mt i din c tch in tri du , mt cn li tch in cng du
Hin tng trn thanh in mi, khi t trong in trng c xut hin
cc in tch gi l hin tng phn cc in mi. Hin tng ny trng b
ngoi ging nh hin tng in trng trong kim loi, nhng v bn cht th
khc hn nhau. Trong hin tng phn cc in mi, ta khng th tch ring
cc in tch ch cn li mt loi in tch. Trn thanh in mi in tch
xut hin u th s nh hng , khng dch chuyn t do c, v vy
chng c gi l cc in tch lin kt.
3.3.2. Phn t phn cc v phn t khng phn cc
Mi phn t hay nguyn t gm c ht nhn mang in tch dng cn cc
in t mang in tch m.
Khi xt tng tc ca mi electron vi cc in tch bn ngoi coi mt cch
gn ng nhe e ng yn ti mt im no
Tc dng ca e trong phn t tng ng vi tc dng ca mt in tch
tng cng -q ca chng ti mt im no trong phn t, im ny gi l
trng tm ca in tch m.
Tng ng nh vy, tc dng ca ht nhn tng ng vi tc dng ca
in tch tng cng +q ca chng t ti trng tm ca in tch dng.
5Q
c
Phn t khng phn cc l loi phn t c phn b cc e i xng xung
quanh ht nhn, tc l tm in tch dng trng vi tm in tch m, phn
t khng phi l lng cc in c m men in ca n bng khng.
Phn t phn cc l loi phn t c phn b cc e khng i xng
xung quanh ht nhn, tc l tm in tch dng khng trng vi tm in
tch m, phn t l lng cc in c m men in ca n khc khng.
3.3.3. Phn cc in mi
*/Trng hp in mi cu to bi phn t phn cc
- Khi cha t in mi trong in trng ngoi, do chuyn ng nhit cc
lng cc phn t cch in hn lon nn tng m men in ca lng cc
bng khng.
- Khi t in mi trong in trng ngoi, cc lng cc phn t trong in
mi quay theo hng in trng ngoi, nn tng m men in ca lng cc
khc khng
*/ Trng hp in mi cu to bi phn t khng phn cc
- Khi cha t in mi trong in trng ngoi, phn t in mi cha phi
l mt lng cc ( v tm ca c hng trng nhau)
- Khi t in mi trong in trng ngoi, cc phn t trong khi in mi
tr thnh cc lng cc in do s bin dng ca lp v e ca phn t ( s
dch chuyn trong tm in tch m)
*/ Trng hp in mi tinh th
- in mi tinh th ion c mng tinh th ion lp phng, c th coi tinh th
nh mt (phn t khng l) cc mng ion m v dng trng nhau.
- Di tc dng ca in trng cc mng ion dng dch chuyn theo chiu
in trng, cc mng ion m dch chuyn theo chiu ngc li gy ra hin
tng phn cc in mi gi l phn cc ion.
Kt lun: Nh vy phn cc l qa trnh x dch trong phm vi nh ca cc
in tch rng buc hoc s xoay hng ca cc phn t lng cc di tc
dng ca in trng ngoi.
Trong cht in mi tn ti ry t cc in tch t do, cn li a s cc
in tch c lin kt cht ch vi nhng phn t bn cnh gi l nhng in
tch rng buc.
Di tc dng ca in trng, chng khng th cch in xuyn sut
qua in mi to thnh dng in, m ch c th x dch rt t hoc xoay
hng theo chiu in trng.
V0
c
*/ Cc dng phn cc chnh ca in mi
- Phn cc in t : l dng phn cc do s x dch c gii hn ca cc qu
o chuyn ng ca cc in t di tc dng ca E ngoi.
- Phn cc ion: l dng phn cc do s x dch ca cc ion lin kt di tc
dng ca E ngoi.
- Phn cc lng cc : l dng phn cc gy nn bi s nh hng ca cc
lng cc ( cc phn t c cc tnh)
- Phn cc kt cu: l dng phn cc c trng cho in mi c kt cu khng
ng nht.
- Phn cc t pht: l dng phn cc c trng cho cc scnht in ( in
mi sc nht c c im ni bt l phn cc khi E ngoi bng khng).
3.4. TN HAO IN MI
Trong in mi xy ra qu trnh phn cc, pha cc dng xut hin in
tch m, pha cc m xut hin in tch dng. in mi s to thnh t in.
Hai qu trnh in dn v phn cc ni trn tc ng ln in mi lm cho n
pht nng gy tn hao in mi.
Phn in nng tiu hao cc ht in tch thng lc lin k t khi
chuyn ng trong in mi di tc dng ca in trng bn ngoi E ng gi
l tn hao in mi.
Khi khai thc cc thit b in, vn tn hao in mi cn c ch
n, c bit khi chng lm vic in p cao hoc tn s cao. Bi trong in
trng, tn hao in mi c th ph v s cn bng nhit hoc ph v cc lin
kt ha hc trong in mi, c th dn n ph hng cch in dn n in
mi mt hn kh nng cch in.
Tn hao in mi c th c trng bi sut tn hao in mi, l cng
sut tn hao tnh trong mt n v th tch ca in mi.
in p xoay chiu, ngi ta thng dng gc tn hao in mi v
ng vi n l tg. Gc tn hao in mi l gc ph ca gc lch pha gia
dng in i v in p u trong in mi.
n gin, ta xt tn hao in mi ca cht in mi gia hai bn cc
ca mt t in.
Bit hng s in mi l , t c ni vo mt in p xoay chiu U.
Khi : Dng in tch in cho t in I t s gm hai thnh phn (hnh 3.2):
V1
c
0
c Dng tch in thc s, IC sm pha Q0 so vi in p t vo t mang
tch cht in dung c tr s:
I R
IC = .C.U, (
(31

I C
I

ay IC = f.C.U, (
(313
t
tro
C: i du ca t (F

f: t s d i (
0
U: i p t vo t (V
UC
: t s c, = f (rads
3.4. S pc ca d i
v i p tr t i
c Dng in IR gy tn hao, lm nng

in mi, ng pha vi in p U.
I Dng tch in:
2 2
It = I 2 I (3-14)
trong :
I = It cos
I = It sin
I IR tg hay IR = ICtg = .C.U.tg (3-15)

IC
Cng sut tn hao in mi:
P = U.IR = .C.U2.tg (W) (3-1V)
nu thay: C = .C0
C0: in dung ca t in vi cht in mi l khng kh
: hng s in mi tng ng
vo (3-10), ta c:
P = ..C0.U2.tg (3-17)
Vi:
: gc tn hao in mi
tg: h s tn hao in mi, tg IR .

IC
.tg: s tn hao.
T (3-17) ta thy P thay i t l thun theo tg .
V2
c
S thay i thnh phn I C chng t cch in b xung cp (s thay i
ca IC c th do in mi: b m hoc c cc lp b ngn mch, kch thc
hnh hc thay i). Thnh phn I R c trng cho tn hao cng sut trong in
mi do dng in r.
tnh tn hao in mi, c th s dng s thay th khc nhau ca
in mi ph thuc vo yu cu v mc ch tnh ton. Dng s thay th s
cho php gii tch ha mt cch n gin cc qu trnh xy ra trong in mi
(tn hao, phn cc,...) v cn m hnh ha chng trn cc m hnh m ch
in.
S thay th gm hai thnh phn in dung C v in tr R. Cc s
thay th cn c chn sao cho tha mn iu kin cng sut tn hao ca s
thay th phi bng cng sut tn hao trong in mi v gc lch pha ca
chng cng phi bng nhau cng mt in p v cung mt tn s.
Mt s thng hay dng trong cc m hnh mch in l s n
gin u song song phn t R v C (hnh 3.5).

3.5. S tay t ca i mi t

tro i tr. C
U
*/Cch tnh tn tht in mi
-c D s thay th dng bt k cng a v hai dng s chnh l s
song song v s ni tip
-c V th vc t
-c Xc nh gc lch pha, gc tn hao in mi
*/ Tnh tn hao in mi trong s ni tip
CS RS
V gin vc t: IRS I
I/CS
U
V3
c
T gin vc t ta c
I . S
t S .C S .
I /( .C S )
Cng sut tn hao in mi

U2 U2 t
S S .I 2 S 2
S .( C S ) 2
C S U 2
( S C S2 . 2 ) ( S C S ) 2 1 1 t 2
*/ Tnh tn hao in mi trong s song song

p
Cp
V gin vc t:
U.CP.
U
U/RP

R 1
t
. . R
Cng sut tn hao in mi

2
2 2
S R .I 2 R 2 t
R 2

R R
V vy trong hai s tn hao in mi u ph thuc tg

*/ Mi quan h gia hai s
Do hai s u thay th cho cng mt khi in mi nn cho nn tn hao
in mi v gc tn hao in mi trong hai s phi bng nhau
Tn hao in mi trong hai s :
t
S nn S 2 2 t
1 2 t 2

CS
nn C
1 t 2
gc tn hao in mi bng nhau:
V4
c
1
t S .C S .
C
1 t 2
th Cp vo ta c: S C S
C
1 t 2 1 t 2
V vy: S S
( C ) 2 t 2
*/ sut tn hao in mi
P = ..C0.U2.tg
1
0 /A
4j Q.10 Q
S
0 0 vi d l khong cch gia hai bn cc (m), S din tch b mt bn

cc (m2)
U=E/d , E cng in trng trong khe h (V/m)
=2f l tn s t vo
1 S 1
2 t . .2 . f . 2 . 2 .t . . f . 2 .S . .t
4 Q.10
Q
18.10 Q
*/ Cc nguyn nhn gy ra tn hao in mi
- Tn hao in mi do phn cc: Tn hao ny do hin tng phn cc gy
ra, thng thy cc cht c cu to lng cc v cu to ion rng buc
khng cht ch. Tn tht ny gy ra do s chuyn ng nhit ca cc ion
hoc cc phn t lng cc di tc dng ca in trng, s ph hy
trng thi ny lm mt mt nng lng v lm cho in mi b nng ln.
Tn hao do phn cc tng theo tn s in p t vo in mi. Tn hao
do phn cc ph thuc vo nhit , tn hao t cc i ti mt nhit
nht nh c trng cho mi cht in mi.
- Tn hao do dng in r: Trong bt k in mi no lun tn ti cc in
t t do, di tc dng ca in trng cc in t t do ny s dch
chuyn theo chiu tc dng ca in trng, to nn dng in r. Dng
in r ny kt hp vi in tr in mi gy nn tn tht nhit. Tn hao
do dng in r c xc nh theo biu thc sau y:
1,8.1012

. f .<
Trong : - l hng s in mi
f l tn s in p
V5
c
< - l in tr sut ca khi in mi
Khi nhit tng th tn hao in mi cng tng
.t
P = P0 .e
Trong P0 l tn hao in mi nhit 20 0C,
l h s nhit
T l chnh nhit so vi 20 0C
- Tn hao do ion ha: Tn hao ny thng gp trong cc cht kh, khi trong
mi trng c xy ra ion ha, Tn hao ny c xc nh theo biu thc:
Pi = Ai.f(U-U0)3
Trong : Ai l hng s i vi tng cht kh
F l tn s t vo
U0 l in p bt u gy ion cht kh
Tr s Uo ph thuc vo tng loi cht kh, nhit v p sut lm vic ca
tng cht kh, tuy nhin cn ph thuc vo mc ng nht ca in
trng, Cng mt gi tr in p t vo nhng in trng u s kh gy
ion ha hn so vi in trng u.
- Tn hao do cu to khng ng nht: Tn hao ny xy ra trong cc vt liu
co cu to khng ng nht, xc nh tn hao in mi trong trng hp
ny ta phi xem in mi gm hai in mi ghp ni tip nhau.
C1 C2
1 2
1 2
R1 R2
E
Gc tn hao in mi
2 . 2 A
t
2 3
Vi m= R1 + R2
n = C22 R22 R1+ C21 R21 R2
M= C1 R21 + C2 R22
N= C22 R22 C1 R21 + C21 R21 C2 R22
VV
c
3.7. VT LIU CCH IN TH KH

- in mi gn bng1, l hng s
- in tr cch in rt ln
- Tn hao in mi nh
Cc kh cch in thng dng trong k thut in l: khng kh, sunfua
haxaflo(SFV ), Hyr (H2), Nit (N2)...
3.7.1. Khng kh
Trong s vt liu cch in th kh va nu, trc tin phi k n
khng kh bi n c s dng rt rng ri lm cch in trong cc thit b
in, phi hp vi cht cch in rn v lng, trong mt s trng hp n l
cch in ch yu (V d: ng dy ti in trn khng). Nu ly cng
cch in ca khng kh l n v th mt s loi kh c dng trong k
thut in cho bng 3.3
B 3.3
Tnh cht Khg kh N2 CO2 H2
T trng 1 0,Q7 1,52 0,07
H s tn nhit 1 1,03 1,13 1,51
Cng cch in 1 1,00 0,Q0 0,V0
Nhn xt: a s cht kh c cng cch in km hn khng kh tuy
nhin chng vn c s dng nhiu: V d: N 2 v n khng c oxi nn n
khng b oxi ha cc kim loi tip xc vi n.
Trong thc t in p nh thng ca khng kh c xc nh nh sau:
Vi U xoay chiu c f =50 Hz th c 1cm khong cch khng kh chu c
3,2 n 3,5Kv ( ng vi trng hp in trng rt khng ng nht) nh vy
khong cch a cn thit khi b nh thng l :

cm (3-14)
3,2
3.7.2. Sunfua haxaflo (SF6 )

SFV cn c tn gi lgaz l cht kh nng hn khng kh 5 ln, ha lng
nhit -180C. trng thi bnh thng, SFV khng mi, khng v, khng
c, khng n mn, khng chy v rt tr. Cng cch in ca n cao
V7
c
hn cng cch in ca khng kh 2 3 ln, c n nh cao, c kh
nng dp tt h quang tt.
N c dng lm mi trng cch in ch yu trong cc my ct cao
p, trung p. Ngoi ra cn c dng trong t in, cp in lc,.
Tuy nhin, khi s dng cn ch : SF V l kh t phc hi. l do kh hp
th cc in t t do do h quang to ra lm ion ha kh. Cc ion ti hp li
to kh SFV. Khng phi tt c ion v nguyn t t do ti hp li, v vy kh
SFV b h quang to nn cc sn phm c hi, thng l sunfua.
Sau nhiu ln thao tc kh c mi trng thi, nu c mi ny cn tin hnh
cc bc sau:
c Tho kh khi thit b.
c M ca, thng gi cng bc.
c Tch cc sn phm h quang (th rn) trc khi a vo thit b
c Cc sn phm h quang phi cha trong thng cht do v t trong
thng kn m bo an ton.
3.7.3. Nit (N2)

Nit i khi c dng thay khng kh trong cc t in kh do n c
cng cch in gn khng kh (Nu ly cng cch in ca khng
kh l 1 th ca Nit cng khong gn 1). Mt khc, v n khng cha oxy O 2
nn khng c hin tng oxyt ha cc kim loi n tip xc.
3.7.4. yr ( 2)
Hydro l mt loi kh rt nh (nu ly t trng ca khng kh l 1 th t

trng ca H2 l 0,07) li c h s tn nhit cao (nu khng kh 1 th H 2 l
1,51) cho nn n c dng nhiu lm mt cc my in thay cho khng
kh. Do khng c oxy nn n s lm chm c tc lo ha vt liu cch
in hu c v kh c s c chy cun dy khi c ngn mch bn tr ong
my in. Khi lm vic trong mi trng H2 cch in, chi than c ci
thin hn.
Song khi dng H2 cch in cn phi bc kn my in li v phi gi
cho p sut ca kh H 2 ln hn p sut kh quyn khng cho khng kh lt
vo trnh xy ra chy n.
V8
c
3.7.5. c kh khc
Ngoi cc kh k trn ngi ta cn dng cc kh nh Argon, Non, hi
thy ngn, hi Natri, ... trong cc dng c chn khng. Chng hn cc loi
n in dng chiu sng trong k thut v i sng sinh hot.
3.8. VT LIU CCH IN TH LNG

Trong s vt liu cch in th lng, du m v cc loi du khc c
ngun gc t du m c dng nhiu trong k thut in.
Du m c khai thc trong thin nhin. Sau khi qua cc bin php lc
n gin kh nc v bn ri qua c c bin php tinh luyn tng i phc
tp s c loi du tt c s dng nhiu trong cng nghip.
Du m l hp cht ca cc cacbua hyro (hm lng C khong 85 87%
cn H l 1114%), ngoi ra cn c mt s hp cht khc ca oxy, hp cht
sunfua, hp cht Nit...).
Trong du m c nhiu loi cacbua hyro, v d parafin C nH2n+2, loi
cacbua khng no C nH2n, loi cacbua thm C nH2n-V...
Hp cht ca oxy ch yu l cc loi axit, v d axit naptenic
CVH11COOH, cc cht keo, hc n,...lm cho du c mu sc v c cn.
Hp cht sunfua c nhiu toi nh t sunfit hyrogen (kh sunfur H 2S)
n bisunfit cao phn t.
Ngoi ra do qu trnh tinh luyn trong du m cn c thm mt s cht
khc, v d sunfit sodium (SO 4Na), cc ht cao lanh rt nh v cha lc c
ht.
Nh vy, trong du m c nhiu thnh phn v hm lng ca mi thnh
phn khc nhau, v th nh hng ca chng n tnh cht ca du cng khc
nhau.
Di y ta xt mt s loi du m ph bin thng dng trong k thut
in.
3.8.1. Du my bin p
Du my bin p l hn hp ca cacbua hyr th lng, c mu sc khc
nhau.
Loi du y c d tro cc my bi p vi mc c:
VQ
c
c Lp kn cc l xp ca vt liu cch in si, lp kn cc khong trng
gia cc cun dy, gia cc cun dy v v lm tng kh nng cch
in ca vt liu.
c Ci thin iu kin tn nhit do tn hao cng sut trong cun dy v li
my bin p (du tn nhit tt hn khng kh trung bnh khong 28
ln).
c Ngoi ra, du my bin p cn c dng trong cc my ct in c
du, t in, cp in lc,...
c=>c?c ccc@ c$c
+/ bn cch in cao: khong 1V0kV/cm vi du mi
+/ Hng s in mi = 2,2 2,3 gn bng mt na in mi cht rn
+/ Sau khi nh thng, kh nng cch in kh nng cch in ca du
ph hi tr li.
+/ C th xm nhp vo cc khe rnh hp, va c tc dng cch in
va c tc dng lm mt.
+/ C th s dng lm mi trng dp tt h quang trong MC ( my
ct du hin nay t dng)
c=>c?c cc 4c@ c$c
+/ Kh nng cch in ca du bin i ln khi du b bn, si bng,
giy nc, mui than
Vi du MBA sch, bn cch in: 20-25 kV/mm, nhng nu hm lng
nc trong du ln hn 0,05% th bn cch in ch cn 4 -5kV/mm.
+/ Khi c nhit cao, du c s thay i v ha h c, s thay i l
c hn, l s ha gi ca du.
+/ D n, d chy.
c=>c?c ccc c cc$c
+/ in tr sut ln 1014 101V ecm
+/ Hng s in mi = 2,2 2,3 gn bng mt na in mi cht rn
+/ Nhit lm vic ch di hn Q0- Q50C khng b ha gi nhiu
+/ bn cch in rt cao
Quy c cc i v t ao i mi cc cp i p:
Tiu chun v cng cch in ca du my bin p cc cp in p cho
bng 3.4
B 3.4
Cp in p Cng cch in ca Cng cch in ca du
70
c
(kV) du mi (kV/mm) trong vn hnh (kV/mm)
n V kV 12 8
V kV 35 kV 12 10
Trn 35 kV 1V 14
Nc, kh m c nh hng nhiu n cng cch in ca du. Cng xu

hn na khi trong du c cc si vi, giy l cc v t liu d ht m.
V vy nu kt qu th nghim thp hn cc tr s nu bng 3.3 th cn phi
thay th du hoc lc v ti sinh.
+/ Tn hao in mi b:
tg khng c vt qu 0,003 khi nhit 20 0C.
tg khng c vt qu 0,025 khi nhit 70 0C.
nht cng quan trong i vi kh nng lm mt ca du bin th < V,V3
E(Engler ) nhit l 20 C hoc < 1,8 E nhit 50 0 C
0
( ) (3-15)

Td : thi gian chy ca 200ml du nhit th nghim

Tn : thi gian chy ca 200ml nc ct nhit 20 0 C
ng knh l cha =2,8mm, chiu di l chy l=2mm vt liu l thp
trng
+/ Nhit chp chy: l nhit ti thiu ti d ngn la xut hin
khi hi du tip xc vi ngn la trn sau li tt ngay gi l nhit chp
chy, nhit chp chy ca du MBA > 135 C
+/ Tr s xit (mg KOH /G du ) hm lng nc : Nh hn quy nh
ty tng loi du .
Trong qu trnh vn hnh, du thng b su i, phm cht ca n gim
l s gi cui ca du. Khi du b gi cu i, thng c mu ti hoc c,
l du hnh thnh nhiu mng keo, nha hc n tc lo ha ca du tng
khi
- C s xm nhp ca khng kh lng: m, xi
- C nhit cao
- C tip xc vi cc kim lai: ng, st, ch
Khi du b g ci, dng li th phi ti sinh n bng cacg lc v hp th
nhm loi b nc v tp cht
- Vic lc c tin hnh trong cc trng hp: trc khi cho du mi
vo TB hay khi pht hin trong du c nc cn hay cc ch tiu k thut
vt qu quy nh.
- lc b nc ngi ta dng phng php lc ly tm lc b cn
ngi ta dng giy lc, lc cc thnh phn khc ngi ta dng cc cht hp
th nh: Siliccagen kim, Siliccagen cao lanh
71
c
ccAc cc5c c c
+/ Trng hp in trng ng nht ( hai in cc phng hoc in
cc tr v in cc phng)
t 40. 2 25( k ) (3-1V)
a: l khong cch in cc vi a= 3- 40cm v bn knh
in cc hnh tr ln hn 25cm
+/ Trng hp in trng rt khng ng nht ( gia hai in cc
nhn)
t 40 3 2 ( k ) (3-17)
+/ Trng hp in trng khng ng nht ( in cc nhn v in

cc phng)
U t 1Q3 a 4 ( kV ) (3-18)
ccB9c$*c@ c>c
c c c$c2c>c )c?c5 c
a. Cc yu t s lo a ca d u:
Trong qu trnh vn hnh, du thng b xu i, phm cht cch in ca
n gim. l s lo ha ca du. Khi du b lo ha thng c mu ti v
c, iu l do trong du hnh thnh nhiu keo, nha, hc n...gi chung l
b nhim bn trong qu trnh vn hnh. Tc lo ha ca du tng nhanh
khi:
c K k xm p vo du,
Trong khng kh cha nhiu hi nc v du li rt nhy cm vi m.
Mt khc, qu trnh lo ha ca du cn lin quan n s oxyt ha bi oxy
c trong khng kh.
c Nit cao.
Du c s thay i v ha, s thay i ny c hi v to bt trong du,
lm cho nht gim v lm nght cc khe h trong cun dy v trong
cc b phn ca my bin p.
c Tip xc vi s, mt s kim loi nh Cu, Fe, Pb...v mt s ha
cht khc c tc dng nh cht xc tc ca s lo ha du khi du tip
xc vi nh sng.
b. Bi pp kc pc lo a du:

gim s lo ha du my bin p, cn c cch lm hn ch cc yu t
nh hng nu trn trong qu trnh s dng, lm tng tui th thit b.
72
c
Khi du b lo ho, c th thay th du mi hoc mun s dng li cn
phi ti sinh li n (tc l kh cc sn phm do s gi ci cch in sinh ra v
khi phc tnh cht ban u).
Trong vic ti sinh du, c th dng cc bin php:
c Lc bng xiphng nhit.
c Dng cc hn hp hay cc cht hp th ti sinh nh: hn hp axit
sunfuaric-kim-caolanh, hn hp axit sunfuaric-caolanh, hn hp
silicagen-kim, hn hp silicagen-caolanh.
3.8.2. Du tng hp
Du my bin p nu trn c nhiu u im: c th sn xut vi gi
thnh r, sau khi b nh thng do lo ha, kh nng cch in c th phc hi
tr li. Khi c lm sch tt th tg b nn cng cch in cao (c th
t ti 200250 kV/cm). Tuy nhin, n cng c mt s khuyt im, l: d
chy, khi chy pht sinh khi en, hi bc ln ha ln vi khng kh lm
thnh hn hp n, t n nh ha hc khi nhit cao v tip xc vi khng
kh, hng s in mi nh ( = 2,22,5 tng ng mt na vt liu cch
in rn).
V vy, trong nhng nm gn y, ngi ta nghin cu, ch to c cc
loi du tng hp c mt s c im tt hn so vi du m.
" c =>c A' Loi ny l do s clo ha cacbua, ngha l thay bt mt s

nguyn t H bng nguyn t Cl.
Du Xvn l do s clo ha cacbua hyro i phanyl (C12H10 thay 5
nguyn t Cl c C12H5Cl5).
nhit bnh thng v tn s thp, hng s in mi ca n = 5
(ngha l ln hn du m khong 2 ln) v quan h vi nhit n nh hn
so vi du m khi t trong in trng.
V hng s ln hn du my bin p nn du Xvn thng c dng
thay cho du my bin p lm in mi trong cc t in. Lc , th tch
ca t c th gim i 2 ln m cng sut phn khng khng i.
Du A' cng c mt s nhc im: nht ln, kh thm nhp vo
cc khe, rnh hp nn khng dng c trong cc my bin p v t hn du
m nhiu.
73
c
c =>c A Du Xtn l du Xvn c pha long bng triclobenzen

CVH3Cl3 c th s dng c trong cc my bin p. Song cng nh du
Xvn, n chu nhit tt nhng khng dng trong cc my ct in c du
v khi b hunh quang t chy sinh ra nhiu b hng n mn kim loi. Mt
khc n rt c hi i vi con ngi.
3.8.3. Du thc vt
Ngoi du m v du tng hp, ngi ta cn dng du thc vt lm vt
liu cch in. Du thc vt c ly t mt s loi cy trong thin nhin.
" c=>c,c c6>c8c

L loi du m di tc dng nhit, nh sng v tip xc vi khng kh,
n s chuyn sang trng thi rn c cng cch in cao v c th chu
c tc dng ca dung mi. S kh ca n khng phi l do s bc hi ca
dung mi m l mt qu trnh phc tp c lin quan n s hp th mt lng
oxy, v th trng lng ca n tng ln khi kh.
C th dng loi du ny ngm tm cc cun dy trong cc my in
v thit b in.
c=>c >c>c
Loi ny khng phi l du t kh, n kh rt chm hoc khng kh nn
khng c gia cng ha hc. Thng c dng tm giy t in.
3.Q. VT LIU CCH IN TH RN

Vt liu cch in th rn ng vai tr rt quan trng trong k thut
cch in. Khng th no lm cch in cho thit b in m khng dng vt
liu cch in th rn. C nhiu chng loi vt liu cch in th rn, vi
nhiu cu to l ha khc nhau. Do ngoi nhng hiu bit cc tnh cht v
quy lut khi qut, cn thit phi c nhng hiu bit chi tit v loi vt liu
c s dng.
74
c
Di y gii thiu mt s vt liu cch in th rn hay c dng trong k
thut in.
3.9.1. Mica v sn phm gc mica

Mica l loi vt liu khong sn cch in rt qu an trng, bi n c
nhiu tnh cht tt nh: cng cch in, tnh chu nhit, chu m rt tt so
vi cc vt liu khc. Ngoi ra, mica c cng c gii, un cao nn n
c s dng lm cch in trong cc thit b quan trng, c bit lm
cch in ca cc my in c in th cao, cng sut ln v lm in mi
ca t in.
Trong thin nhin, mica dng tinh th, c th bc thnh tng ming mng.
Theo thnh phn ha hc, mica c chia thnh hai loi:
c Mica mutscvit c thnh phn biu th bng cng thc:
K2O.3Al2O3.VSiO2.2H2O, dng mng trong sut khng mu (mu
trng) hoc c mu hng hoc xanh, b mt nhn v bng, bn c
gii cao, tn hao in mi tg nh.
c Mica flogopit: vi thnh phn K2O.VMgO.Al2O3.VSiO2.2H2O, c mu
vng sng, nu hoc xanh l cy, i khi c mu en, b mt s s, c
ng vn chng cht.
So snh theo tnh cht v in th loi mica mutscvit c tnh nng in
mi tt hn loi mica flogopit. Ngoi ra n cn rn hn, chc hn, n hi v
d un hn so vi loi mica flogopit.
Tuy nhin, nhit V00 7000C, mutscvit b mt nc tinh th, mt
tnh trong sut v tr nn dn (ha vi). Cn flogppit th n Q00 10000C
vn cn gi nguyn c cc tnh nng, tr kh nng cch in th n
7008000C mt hn.
Khi mica b nng ln n nhit no th nc trong mica bt u bc
hi. Khi , mica khng cn trong sut, dy ca n tng ln (do b phng)
v cc tnh cht c in s gim. Mica chy nhit khong 1250 13000C.
Khng c s dng mica trong du v n s b phn hu v nho ra.
Mica c s dng ch yu lm cch in c gp v cch in cc
cun dy trong my in. Ngoi ra n cn c dng trong k thut v tuyn
lm cc t in v cc chi tit cch in trong thit b v tuyn...
75
c
Gn y, nng cao phm cht cch in ca mica, ngi ta ch to
c mica nhn to c kt cu ging mica t nhin nhng chu nhit tt hn,
c ngun gc t mica, l: micanit v micalec.
" cBc

Micanit l do mica dn ln cc vt liu si (giy hoc vi) bng keo hoc
nha. Micanit c u im hn so vi mica thun ty ch: nh hn, chu nn
tt hn, t cng hn cho nn d gia cng hn, khng c bt kh...do ,
bn cch in ln hn.
Ty theo thnh phn v cng dng, ngi ta c cc loi micanit khc
nhau:
c Micait d co v p my i: dng tm cng, c t
xen vo gia cc phin ng ca vnh gp trong my in cch
in gia cc phin y.
c Micait d to : nhit bnh thng, loi micanit ny
cng nhng khi t nng li c th dp c theo mt hnh dng
no m n vn gi nguyn sau khi ngui hn. Loi micanit ny
c dng ch to vng m ca vnh gp (lp cch in gia
cc vnh gp v trc ca my in, khung cun dy,...).
c Micait d m lt: Loi ny dng lm nhng tm lt cch
in theo nhng nhng hnh dng khc nhau v dng lm vng
m (long en).
c Micait mm: Loi ny un c nhit bnh thng, dng lm
lp cch in trong cc rnh my in v cc thit b in khc
cch in gia cc cun dy dn in vi v my v gia cc phn
dn in vi nhau.
c B
C L loi vt liu gc mica c phm cht rt cao, tnh chu nhit,
kh nng chu va p v chu h quang tt, c tn hao in mi nh (nh hn
so vi vt liu s cch in t 4 5 ln).
Thnh phn ca micalec gm V0% mica v 40% thy tinh d chy (c
BaO) v c p mng nhit V00 0C vi p lc 500 700 kG/cm2 trong
khun thp thnh bn sn phm c mu xm sng trng nh .
7V
c
Micalec c dng lm bung dp h quang trong my ct in, tay nm
cch in, phch cm, cc gi n cng sut ln, bng panen trong k thut v
tuyn in...
3.9.2. Thy tinh

Thy tinh l vt liu v c c kt cu v nh hnh dng nhit do (cht
m khi nung nng chy, dn dn mm ra, bt u loang ra v dn d n tr nn
trng thi lng, khi lm lnh, n dn dn rn li v ta khng th pht hin thy
mt du vt no ca tinh th ch v ca chng).
Thy tinh l hn hp phc tp ca cc loi oxyt nh: Na 2O, K2O, CaO,
BaO, PbO, ZnO, Al2O3,..., SiO2, P2O5,... trong thnh phn ch yu l SiO 2.
Tnh cht ca thy tinh ph thuc nhiu vo thnh phn cc oxyt v qu
trnh gia cng nhit ca n. Theo cng dng, c cc loi thy tinh nh sau:
c Tu ti t i: loi thy tinh ny c dng lm in mi trong cc
t in (thng l t dng trong cc b lc cao th, trong cc my pht
in p xung kch v cc mch dao ng cao tn).
c Ty ti v: dng ch to s cch in: s , s xuyn, s
chui.
c Ty ti lm ciu s: dng lm bng hoc lm chn ca cc
n chiu sng. Yu cu ca loi thy tinh ny l phi c tnh lin kt
vi kim loi.
c M ty ti: l thy tinh d chy, c mu c dng ph mt ngoi
cc sn phm, c tc dng bo v chng n mn v lm tng v p
mt ngoi.
Si ty ti: l thy tinh c ko thnh si mm dng ch to vt
liu dt v cc mc ch khc nhau. Thu tinh dng tm l loi vt
liu dn d v nhng nu lm thnh si cng mnh th c un cng
cao nn c dng dt. T cc si thu tinh c th dt thnh vi v
bng thu tinh. Vi v bng thu tinh lm cch in thng dy 0,025
0,28 mm.
Si thu tinh c dng lm cch in cho cc cun dy.
77
c
u im ca si thu tinh c tnh chu nhit cao, c sc bn tt, t
ht m so vi cc si hu c khc. V vy cch in thu tinh c
dng lm vic trong mi trng c nhit v m cao.
Khuyt im ca si thu tinh l t n hi, un km, t chu
c mi mn hn so vi si hu c. V th cch in thu tinh rt d
b hng khi b va p vo mp nhn.
3.9.3. Vt liu cch in gm s

" cD.c c
Vt liu gm s cch in l vt liu v c, dng ch to cc chi tit
cch in c hnh dng khc nhau.
Trc kia, vt liu gm c to thnh ch yu t t st v c nung
nhit cao c cc chi t it c mt s tnh cht cn thit. Hin nay cn
c nhiu vt liu gm khc c hm lng t st t, thm ch khng cha t
st na.
Trong k thut in, thng dng loi gm cch in, trong loi vt
liu s c nhiu ngha quan trng trong k thut c ch in. Cho n nay, s
vn l loi vt liu cch in ch yu, c bit l cch in in cao p.
Vt liu s c thnh phn t: cao lanh (Al 2O3.2SiO2.2H2O), fenspat
(Al2O3.VSiO2.K2O hoc Al 2O3.VSiO2.Na2O) v thch anh (SiO 2). Cht cao
lanh chu nhit, fenspat m bo bn cch in v thch anh m bo tnh
c.
ch to s, em hn hp ny nghin tht nh, kh ht cc tp cht v
ha vo nc to nn mt cht do. Khi cht do y sau khi kh ht nc
c a vo khun theo cc hnh dng, chi t it mong mun. Sau chng
c trng men v nung nng t t n nhit khong 1300 13500C (nu
dng cho cao p cn nhit nung n 1300 14100C) trong thi gian t 20
70 gi.
V s c tnh xp v khi nung nng, b mt ca n khng bng, do c n
phi trng men cc l xp v cc ch lm trn b mt s c lp kn s
ngn cn c tnh ht m ca s, lm cho s cch in c th lm vic
ngoi tri. Ngoi ra men cn lm cho mt ngoi ca s p hn, t bm bi, t
b r in v nng cao c in p phng in mt ngoi.
78
c
c c
c Ccc2cc
Trong k thut in, s c dng ch to cc loi s cch in cho
ng dy ti in cao p v h p, cho cc trm bin p, cc my ct in,
dao cch ly, thit b chng st (chng st ng, c hng st van) v cc chi tit
bng s. Cn c vo cng dng ca n, ngi ta chia s thnh mt s loi
nh sau:
c S : c chn bng kim loi (thng l st) bt cht vo gi
hoc tng. S dng v gi cht cc phn dy dn trn
cc ct ng dy ti in v cc dy dn, thanh dn trong cc trm
bin p phn phi in ( cp in p di 35 kV).
c S xuy: dng a dy dn in cao p t trong my bin p ra
ngoi v lm cch in cho dy dn qua tng.
c S tro: s cch in treo thng gm hng chui cc bt, dng
treo v gi cht dy dn trn cc ng dy ti in in p 35kV
v trn 35kV trn khng. S lng cc bt cch in ph thuc vo
in p ng dy.
V d: i vi ng dy 35 kV: trong chui c 2 3 bt s.
i vi ng dy 110 kV: trong chui c V 7 bt s.
i vi ng dy 220 kV: trong chui c 12 14 bt s.
c S kp dy: dng gi v kp cht dy dn, ch yu dng trong
cc mng in h p.
3.9.4. Nha
Nha l nhm vt liu c ngun gc v tnh cht khc nhau rt nhiu.
Chng l mt hn hp hu c phc tp, ch yu dng cao phn t.
Nha c dng trong k thut in l loi nha khng ha tan trong
nc, t ht m. Theo ngun gc ca nha, ngi ta chia ra lm hai loi:
c
" c ,c c nha thin nhin l sn phm ca mt s loi ng vt
v thc vt.
a. Na c ki: l loi nha do mt loi cn trng sng vng nhit
i sinh ra. V hnh thc, n l cc vy mng dn mu nu hoc hi .
7Q
c
Thnh phn c bn ca cnh kin l cc axit hu c c t hnh phn ha
hc phc tp. N d b ha tan trong ru hoc cn nhng khng ha tan
trong cacbua hyro. Nha cnh kin c:
< = 10510V(em) = 3,5 tg = 0,01 Et = 2030
kV/mm.
nhit 50 V00C th d un, khi nhit cao hn n s b mm v
chy, nhng nu tip tc nung nng th n ng li.
Nha cnh kin c s dng trong k thut in ch to sn dn,
vecni v c bit l ch to micanit.
b. Na t: l loi nha c c khi trng ct du thng, c mu

vng hoc nu en. Nha thng c:
< = 10141015(em) Et = 1015 kV/mm.
Nha thng b ha tan trong du m, c bit khi nung nng. V vy,
trong k thut in n c dng to nn cc dung dch dng vi du m
ngm, tm cc vt liu khc.
c ,c cc
Nha nhn to l sn phm ca s trng hp, chng l mt hn hp hu
c phc tp dng cao phn t.
Sau y s gii thiu mt s loi nha nhn to hay c dng trong k
thut in.
a. Na polfocmadyt (baklit
: y l sn phm ca s ngng t
phenol (CVH5OH) v focmandehyt (H 2CO) vi cht xc tc thng l
amoniac.
Nha bakelit c s dng rt rng ri v vo loi quan trng nht trong
k thut in t khi ch to c (1Q07). Bt bakelit p thnh cun dy, hp,
v cch in. Nhng ng cch in c hnh dng, kch thc khc nhau c
p t giy bakellit c cng dng rt a dng.
Nha bakelit dng tinh ch cc cht do, vi tm nha, giy tm
nha, sn, keo. c bit n c th chu c tc dng ca h quang in nn
hay c dng trong cc thit b ng ct in, cc thit b chng st,...
80
c
b. Na polyst: l loi nha c ch to t s trng hp, ngng t
ca cc loi ru, cn nhiu ha tr (Etylenglycol, glyxerin,...) v axit hu c
khc nhau (hoc cc anhydric ca chng).
Trong s ny c nha gliptan v nha lapxan hay c dng trong k thut
in:
c Nha Gliptan c ch to t ptalicenhyrit (C 8H4O3) v glyxerin
(C3H8O3). Nha ny c bm tt, chu c m, du v chu c
tc dng ca h quang in. Ngi ta dng nha gliptan ch to
sn, keo dn micanit, tm cch in ca ng c v cc thit
b in khc.
c Nha Lapxan (polyetylenterafatalat): c cng thc ( -CH2-CH2-O-
CO-CVH4-CO-) v c ch to t glucol [CH2(OH)-CH2(OH)] v
axit terafatalat (COOH-CVH4-COOH). Loi nha ny c dng
lm cch in gia cc lp dy trong cun dy ca my bin p, ca
cun cm khng in, ch to cc t in c nhit lm vic
cao (n 150 0C).
c. Na poxy: l loi nha c trng bi nhm epoxy trong thnh phn
ca n:
C C
u im ca loi nha ny l c dnh cao v sau khi ng li c c

tnh c cao, tnh chng m tt. nha epoxy tng bn c gii thng cho
thm vo n cc cht n nh mica, thch anh, bioxyt -tian,...
Nha epoxy c dng nhiu ch to cc hn hp cch in tm
ngm cc b phn ca cc thit b in t v tuyn in, ch to cc loi
sn bo v, keo c dnh cao, cc cht do cch in. c bit trong nhng
nm gn y, ngi ta cn ch to cc epoxy c th dng thay cc loi s
ng (s t), s xuyn tng, s cch in . S dng n cho php gii
quyt n gin cc vn v hnh dng, cu trc v bn cch in. M,
ngi ta dng hng lot cc vt liu cch in bng nha epoxy trn cc
ng dy ti in n 110 kV. Trong tng lai, vt liu c ch in ny c th
dng treo cc ng dy, cc thanh dn cp in p cao hn.
81
c
Mt nhc im ln ca epoxy l c hi i vi c th ngi, do vy
cn c cc bin php phng khi tip xc vi n.
d. Na xilico: c lch s ch to nm 1Q44, c coi l mt trong

nhng nha mi nht dng trong k thut in. N c tnh chng nc, chu
nhit cao (n 180 0C), c bm tt, n hi. Nha ny dng bc cch
in dy dn, dng tm cc cun dy trong my in. Ngoi nha xilicon
cn c du xilicon.
. Na olytyl (PE) c cng thc cu to (-CH2- CH2-)n l vt liu

cch in do, nng chy nhit thp (110 0C), h s dn n nhit cao, c
tnh c in tt, chu m, chu c tc dng ca axt v baz, d ch to, gi
thnh h. Nhit lm vic n 750C, thng dng c s dng lm cch
in cho cp in lc h p v cao trung p. Ngoi ra cn c dng lm cc
in cho cp cao tn ca thit b v tuyn truyn hnh, cp thng tin, (k c
khi cp i di lng t v di lng i dng).
f. Na olyviiclo (PVC) c cng thc cu to (H2C=CH-Cl)n l vt

liu cch in do, n hi , chu m, kim, axit long, du, ru, c c tnh
c v in tt. Thng c s dng cch in in p n V00V v nhit
lm vic cc i V0 0 C. PVC c th c s dng lm v bo cp; cch
in cc dy in thoi v cc loi dy dn khc; ch to sn, si nhn to,
cc cht do v cc vt liu c c tnh ging nh cao su.
. olyobutyl: cn c tn gi l oppanal, l loi nha nhn to c tnh

nng nh cao su, iu ch bng cch polyme ha Isobutylen. N c tnh n
hi tt, chu c nhit trn 110 0C, chu c axit, xt, m, ozon, chu
c nc hon ton (khi n vi mt t b hng hoc grafit) nhng c th
tan trong xng, du. C th dng nha ny thay v ch bc dy cp.
3.9.5. ao su
Cao su v mt s vt liu tng t gn vi cao su c tm quan trng
trong lnh vc k thut v i sng.
82
c
c tnh ni bt ca cao su l tnh n hi v t thm m, c dng lm
vt liu cch in nhng ni i hi chng m, kn nc v d un nh: dy
dn in, cp in ngm (t di lng t), cc phn cch in ca cc my
in cm tay, dng c in hay phi di chuyn...
Cao su c hai loi: cao su t nhin v cao su nhn to.
" cc$c,c l nha ly t cy cao su, do ngng t m cao su v cc

tp cht.
Thnh phn ha hc ca n l cacbua hyro c cng thc phn t C 5H8
v trong cng thc cu to c lin kt i. Cao su t nhin c:
< = 10V(em) = 2,4 tg = 0,002
nhit 500C th n tr nn mm v dnh. Do khng chu c tc dng
nhit cao nn trong thc t khng c dng lm cch in. Khi mun
s dng, ngi ta phi khc phc nhc im ny bng cch "lu ha" (cho
thm lu hunh). Khi , kt cu ca n mt tnh chui, chuyn sang tnh
cht khng gian v thuc loi nhit cng.
Tu theo hm lng lu hunh m c cc loi cao su khc nhau:
c Rrin: l loi cao su t nhin c hm lng (1 3)%S, mm v c tnh
co dn, n hi. Loi ny thng c dng lm cch in trong cc
mch tn s thp (k thut in t), dng cch in trong dy dn v
dy cp. Ngoi ra cn c dng ch to cc dng c phng h nh:
gng tay, ng, thm cch in...
c Ebonit: vi hm lng (30 35)%S, l loi vt liu rn c kh nng chu
c ti trng, chu c du, lo ha chm.
cc$c cc60c

c
(cc$cEc 458 c
a. Cao su butadi: l cao su nhn to u tin do kt qu ca s trng hp
cacbua hyro butadien c cng thc ha hc: (-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-)n
a ,t 200300 C
nH2C=CH-CH-CH2 Bxt
0
BB BBBB B (-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-)n
Cao su ny dng thay th cao su t nhin trong vic ch to Rrin v

bonit. c cng c gii, tnh chu nhit cao v chu c tc dng ca
axit v dung mi hu c. Cao su butadien trong k thut cn gi l Excapon
v c cc thng s nh sau:
< = 1017(em); = 2,73; tg = 0,0005
83
c
Cao su ny c dng lm vt liu cch in cho mch cao tn.
Trong thc t cn dng cao su buna N (Butdien acrilonitril) c to ra
t axetylen c tnh chu nhit v chu du rt t t, thng dng m kn du
trong cc my bin p du v cc thit b khc.
b. Cao su olyclorop: cn c tn khc l Neopren hoc Dupren, cng c

ch to t axetylen. Cao su ny t b oxy ho, n hi tt, kh chy, chu c
m, chu tc dng c hc nhng s mt tnh n hi khi nhit cao, t chu
c du, ozon. N c s dng bc bo v cp in rt tt.
c. Cao su butadi styrol: l kt qu ca s ng trng hp butadien v

styrol. V tnh cht cch in th gn nh cao su t nhin nh ng c tnh chu
nhit, chu du cao hn.
3.9.6. Sn cch in
Sn l dung dch keo ca nha bitum (bitum l nhm vt liu thuc loi
v nh hnh gm hn hp phc tp ca cacbua hyro v mt t oxy, lu
hunh), du kh v cc cht t to nn gc sn trong dung mi bay hi. Khi
sy th dung mi s bay hi cn gc sn s chuyn sang trng thi rn to nn
mng sn.
Theo cng dng, trong k thut in, c th chia sn cch in ra thnh cc
loi: sn tm, sn bo v, sn dn.
c S tm: Dng sn, tm cc cht cch in rn, xp nh giy cc
tng, sn vi, cch in ca cc cun dy my bin p. Sau khi sn
tm th in p nh thng U t tng cao, tnh ht m gim, tnh chu
nhit cao.
c S bo v: Dng to ln mt mng sn chc, bng, gim bm bi,
chu m trn mt c qut sn. Sn ny hay dng qut ln b mt
vt liu cch in rn c tm nhm nng cao thm cc tnh cht
cch in ca vt liu c sn.
c S d: Dng dn cc vt liu cch in rn hay dn vt liu
kim loi rn vi kim loi.
3.9.7. Vt liu cch in g, giy
84
c
Vt liu cch in g, giy l vt liu c ngun gc t xenlulo (si thc
vt) c cng thc phn t (C VH10O5)n.
" cDFc
G l loi vt liu d gia cng v sau khi gia cng xong, ngi ta
thng tm bng parafin (Hyro cacbon no CnH2n+2 vi n =103V), du gai,
nha v du my bin p nng cao cng cch in (tng 1,5 2 ln so
vi khi cha tm).
Trong k thut in, g c dng lm cu truyn ng ca dao cch ly v
my ct in, cc chi tit v gn trong my bin p, lm nm trong rnh
cc my in, ct v x ca ng dy ti in, ng dy thng tin.
cD)c'(c'c
cc c c>c'.cc c
a. Giy: thnh phn ch yu ca giy l xenlulo v n c ch to t
g. Ty theo cng dng ca n trong k thu t in, ngi ta chia ra lm hai
loi: giy t in v giy cp.
c Giy t i: L loi giy dng lm in mi trong t in giy.
Giy cch in dng trong t in khc vi cc loi giy cch in
khc l rt mng (0,007 0,022mm), thng lm vic cng rt
cao v nhit khong 70 1000C nn i hi phm cht ca giy
rt cao.
c Giy cp: Thng c dy khong 0,08 0,17mm, dng lm cch
in ca cp in lc, cp thng tin. i vi giy cp cn ch n
sc bn c gii v s ln xon m n c th ch u c.
Nhn chung, lm vic c m bo, cc loi giy ny u phi tm
du hoc hn hp du-nha thng.
b. Vt liu i iy:

c Cc t: dng trong k thut in v cng c ch to t si thc
vt nh giy nhng c dy ln hn.
C hai loi giy cc tng:
- Loi dng trong khng kh c rn v c tnh cao, c s dng
lt rnh cc my in, v cun dy, tm m.
85
c
- Loi dng trong du: mm hn cc tng dng trong khng kh v c
th thm du. Ty theo dy yu cu ca loi cc tng n y m c
ch to thnh cun (0,1 0,8mm) hoc thnh tm (1 3mm).
c Vi s: l vi (bng hoc la) c tm bng sn du. Vi c tc
dng v mt c, cn lp sn c tc dng v mt cch in. Vi sn
c dng cch in trong cc my in, cc thit b kh c v
cp...
3.10. CCH IN CA KH C IN
3.10.1 Tng qut
Chng ta s quan tm n cch in ca nhng loi kh c in sau y:
-c Kh c in ng ct
-c Cun khng
-c T in
-c Kh c in lp t trong mng in gia dng
-c Dng c v kh c in cm tay, in t r t nng
Trc tin chng ta kho st cc b phn cch in ch yu ca kh c
in, l ci cch in , ci cch in xuyn. Ngoi ra cn phi ni cch
in ca cc b phn khc nh bung p h quang, khong cch in gia
cc b phn mang in, nhng b phn chuyn ng lm bng cht cch in.
3.10.2. c b phn cch in
3.10.2.1. i cch in . S
Chiu cao ti thiu ca s l khong cch cn thit gia hai in cc
nh - mt phng di in p cho.
Trong trng hp s t trong in trng ng nht, th kinh nghim
cho thy rng in p nh thng nh hn in p nh thng khng kh, b
mt ca s cng m t, cng bn th in p nh thng cng nh hn. S
phn b in p trn b mt s xem nh ng u, th in trng l:
Ei = Ui / a
8V
c
in trng Ei khng hn l mt hng s nh in trng nh thng ca
khng kh, m n ph thuc vo cc yu t nh: khong cch a; a cng ln th
Ei cng gim
bit c s c th chu c in p phng in b mt bao nhiu,
ta c th tnh theo biu thc (3.1Q, 3.20)
1a) U50 = 3,5a +10KV (3.1Q)
1b) U1/50 = 5a + 40KV (3.20)
: U50 in p xoay chiu tn s 50 Hz
U1/50 in p xung kch, cc tnh dng.
a, cm, khong cch in cc.
Trong cc ti liu cn c th tm thy cc biu thc sau:
2a) U50 = 5a - a2/75, KV (1 < a < 120cm), (KAPPLER)
3a) U50 = 3,3Va, KV (30 < a < 250cm), (ROTH)
4a) U50 = 3,05a + 18, KV (20 < a < 170cm), (HOLZER)
5a) U50 = 3,3a + 28, KV
V:
3b) U1/50 = 5,05a, KV, (ROTH)

Biu thc (3.1Q v 3.20) gi l biu thc Mihailop, p dng vi a > 10cm.
Tt c cc biu thc trn p dng i vi s t trong nh, b mt kh
v sch. ng nhin v l nhng biu thc c kt trn c s kt qu do thc
t, cho nn c nhng khc bit gia cc biu thc. V d vi a = 50, c nhng
kt qu sau trong trng hp tnh vi in p tn s cng nghip.
1a) U50 = 3,5 . 50 + 10 = 185 KV
2a) U50 = 5 . 50 - 502/75 = 217 KV
3a) U50 = 3,3V . 50 = 1V8 KV
4a) U50 = 3,05 . 50 + 18 = 170,5 KV
5a) U50 = 3,3 . 50 + 28 = 1Q3 KV
Vi in p xung kch:
1b) U1/50 = 5 . 50 + 40 = 2Q0 KV
2b) U1/50 = 5,05 . 50 + 28 = 252,5 KV
87
c
S khc bit gia cc kt qu trn cho php suy lun rng v cc biu
thc trn c kt trn c s kt qu o, m kt qu o ph thuc vo m
khc nhau. Chng ta cng thy c tm quan trong ca vic th nghim
kho st trong iu kin thc t ca t nc trc khi s dng mtt l oi cch
in no , k c trong trng hp cch in mua ca nc ngoi m
ngi ta th nghim. kin ny khng phi ch lin quan n cch in
l s m c lin quan chung vi k thut vt liu cch in.
S t ngoi tri phi c tn ngn cn ma bn vo thn s
Mt trn ca tn phi nghing ma c th tri d dng
Mt di ca tn phi ngn c nc r t mp tn vo pha trong, v
khng git ma bn ln t tn di lt vo pha trong. Mt di c cc
ngn m rnh gia hai ngn lun lun c kh nhng khng to iu kin
bi bn dnh vo. Khong cch gia hai tn so vi chiu di nh ra ca tn
theo nguyn l c t l l: p2 : 1
s cao th t ngoi tri cn phi ch : trn mt trong khng
hnh thnh lp m lin kt vi nhau nu khng phng in vng quang c th
sinh ra, lm ra axt nitric, b mt s tr nn dn in. Hin tng ny khng
nhng nh hng n s phn b in p trn mt ngoi, m cn gy nn s
nh thng s di m s hoc im yu ca thnh s. H quang chy
bn trong s nung nng khng kh, dn n lm n tung s. ngn nga
hin tng ny c hai cch: Mt l bm kh nit vo bng s n p sut 1,2
n 1,5 atm, sau nt kn l thot di. Cch khc l qut ln mt trong
s mt lp sn ngn khng cho lp m lin kt vi nhau, v d sn xilicon
3.10.2.2. i cch in xuyn S xuyn
Nh bit mc 11.13 v cch in xuyn, s xuyn phi c thit
k v phng din in p nh thng, in p phng in, in p ngng
ca s phng in c vng quang, in p ngng ca tia la in do r in.
in trng tc dng trn thanh dn t xuyn qua s khng c ln hn
bn cch in ca mi trng, nu khng th b mt ca thanh dn s c
phng in c vng trng, l iu khng th c ho php trong vn hnh.
88
c
S xuyn l mt trong nhng b phn phc tp ca thit b in cao
th.
in p ngng ca phng in c vng quang theo biu thc :
TOEPLER KAPPLER (3.21) l :
Ung = K1 / C0,45, KV (3.21)
: K1 = 1,0V . 10-5 i vi khng kh

C = F / cm2 : in dung trn cm 2 b mt
in p ngng ca U ng phi ln hn in p lm vic, in p pha
Vi in p, KV 10 20 35 V0 120 220
Th in p pha KV 5,8 11,V 20,2 34,8 VQ,V 127
in dung b mt :
1
1
10 11
1 / 0,45 2,22 2, 22

Vi in p pha: KV, ta c: C,F/cm 2

5,8 0,204 . 10-12
11,V 0,0435 . 10-12
20,2 0,0125 . 10-12
34,8 0,00385 . 10-12
VQ.V 0,000831 . 10-12
127 0,000212 . 10-12
V d t in hnh tr, in dung trn n v b mt ngoi l:
. O F
C .
r cm 2
r ln
rtr
rn : Bn knh ngoi ca s xuyn

rtr : Bn knh trong ca s xuyn
Vi = 1, th: C O
.
r
r ln
rtr
8Q
c
Gi thit: rtr = 1cm, v in p 220KV,
0,0884.1012
Th r . ln r O
. 41V
C 220 0,000212 .10 12
T rn = Q2 cm
Con s ny qu ln, khng th chp nhn c v ch cho chng ta
thy rng cao th khng th cu to n gin s xuyn dng hnh tr nh
tnh ton trn. Vi = 1 nh gi thit, chng ta mun c tr s in dung
C nh nht. Trong thc t c th ln hn nhiu nh vy kch thc ca s
cn ln hn. Nu lm s c th vt liu tr nn d tha pha ngoi, v in
trng gim khi bn knh tng theo biu thc:

E=
r
r ln
rtr
T nhng vn nu trn, chng ta c th xc nh nhng bin php

k thut khi thit k v ch to, s dng s xuyn nh sau:
S xuyn c ch s dng h th. in th cao hn, s dng s
rng, trong ng rng l khng kh, hoc du. C th to s xuyn mt cch
kinh t vi in p khong 35 KV. C th ch to vi in p cao hn, nu
c s c trn lp bn dn nh trong trng hp in thanh dn ca my pht
in p 120 KV.
Th nn c kt cu phn b u in trng, in p cao hn th nht

thit phi lm nh vy. S xuyn kiu t in c kt cu nh vy . cch in
lp mng v d: Giy c qun nhiu lp trn b mt ngoi qun mt lp
kim loi mng k tip l cch in v lp kim loi mng, vi chiu di ngn
hn dn dn. Mi lp vt dn, cch in, vt d n l mt t v cc t nh vy
c ni tip v nhau vi tr s in dung khc nhau theo bc thang, sao cho
trong mi t tr s in trng ln nht v in trng nh nht khc nhau
Q0
c
trong phm vi nh v hiu s ging nhau tt c mi t. Nhung c t h
thy r rng mp ca lp mng kim loi c th sinh ra phng in c vng
quang. Tuy nhin iu ny khng ng lo ngi c th gii thch nh sau:
T hnh tr mng c th ct dc v tri ra, xem nh t phng (hnh3.V)
in p ngng ca phng in nh bit l:
0 , 45

Ung = 2
, k
Vi K2 = 8,1 i vi khng kh
K2 = 25 i vi du
a = B dy cch in, cm
Gi thit in p lm vic U = 100 KV in trng cho php E cp = 100
KV / cm v = 4
a=1cm
3.6
B dy cch in phi c:
100
1cA
100
in p ngng:
0 , 45 0 ,5
1
1
U 25 25 1, 25 KV c 100 KV
4 4
in p ngng nh hn in p lm vic. Nu t vo lp cch in 1

cm QQ lp kim loi mng th s c 100 ci t ni tip nhau v trn mi t c 1
KV. in p ngng s l:
0,5
1

25 100 1,25
4

Q1
c
Do vy in p ngng ln hn in p lm vic trn mi t t 1Kv.
3.10.2.3. ch in ca t in
- Quan im khi qut: T in tch ly nng lng in di dng nng
lng tnh in trong khng gian c cch in giu hai in cc
Nng lng c tch l:
1 V| 2
W CU 2 0
2 2
: V- th tch ca cch in, cm 2
E- in trng. kV/cm

1 s
- hng s in mi, 0 11
,
4 Q.10 V .cm
Nng lng tch cng ln nu th tch in trng v hng s i n mi cng
ln. V phng din kinh t th th tch cn nh, nh vy phi i hi phi
dng cch in c th chu in trng ln.
h th dng nhng mng cch in rt mng c din tch ln kt qu c
c in dung ln, theo biu thc:
. 0 .A

Tn hao nhit l :
W=U2Ctg = . 0VE
2
tg = Nr tg
Nrgi l cng sut tng i v c quy nh. Vi tn hao cho php, cng
sut tng i vi tr s quy nh, i hi vt liu cch in phi c tg
tng ng.
Trnh t thit k nh sau:
a.c Tnh ton tg cho php vi cng sut tng i v vi 80% tn hao
quy nh
b.c Chn vt liu chch in trong s cc loi c th ch to mng mng c
tg theo tnh ton v c v E ln
c.c Tnh ton th tch V
Nu bit, cch in cng mng th cch in cng l n, b dy ln nht
ca mng cch in l:
Q2
c
U
a
|copp
Khng nn dy hn v khng kinh t

V d giy t in ngm du, in p 220V, in trng cho php E cho php =
10Kv/mm, v vy b dy cch in l:
220
4
2,2.10 2 AA
10
Nh vy b dy cch in nn chn l 0,02mm hoc 0,03mm
Khi ng mch t in in p t in tng gp i in p lm vic, mc du
thig gian tn ti rt ngn, nhng cng phi ch khi xc nh kh nng chu
in p ca t in.
in p ngng ca phng in b mt v n tnh ton theo biu thc:
1
U k .
C 0, 45
S lng phn t t in gp ni tip vi nhau l:
U
s
U pt
: s: s lng phn t t in gp ni tip vi nhau

U: in p lm vic
Upt: in p trn phn t t
Q3
c
CU HI CHNG 3
1.c Trnh by c im ca in mi khi t trong in trng.
2.c Th no l in dn in mi v cc loi dng in i trong in mi.
3.c Hy nu c im cc dng v loi phn cc xy ra trong in mi.
4.c Nu cc dng tn hao xy ra trong in mi.
5.c Trnh by cng thc tnh tn hao in mi in p mt chiu v xoay
chiu.
V.c Trnh by cch phn loi vt liu cch in.
7.c Trnh by tnh cht c l ha ca vt liu chc in.
8.c Nu tnh cht v cng dng ca mt s loi kh ang c s dng
rng ri trong k thut in.
Q.c Trnh by c tnh v cng dng ca du my bin p.
CHNG 4
DY DN V DY P
4.1. KHI NIM CHUNG

Trong cc mng in, ngi ta ng dy dn trn hay cch in v cc
thanh gp.
Dy tr lm bng ng, nhm hay thp v khng bc cch in. Dy
trn ch c dng trong nhng iu kin con ngi khng ng chm c
Q4
c
n n. Chm vt dn in vo mt hay vi dy dn s a ti ngn mch v
lm cho mt phn ca mng in phi ngng lm vic.
Dy cc i l dy dn bng ng, nhm hay thp v c bc cch
in bo v. i a s cc mng in t trong nh u dng dy cch in.
Vn xy dng cc ng dy ca mng in v cc ng dy in
thoi, in tn t ra rt cp thit trong s pht trin cc thnh p h v cc khu
dn c ng c. c bit cc phn xng cn rt nhiu ng dy dn ti,
ng thi cc my mc thit b bn trong cng vy, nn nu dng cc ng
dy trn khng s ngn ngang c th gy mt an ton, kh khn trong qu
trnh sn sut v lm vic ca cng nhn.
Bi vy ngi ta thng khng dng ng dy trn khng m t cc
dy cp m di t vi cu to c bit c v cch in bo v.
4.2. CC VT LIU DN IN CA DY DN V DY CP
Vt liu dng dn dng in ca dy dn v dy cp l ng, nhm,
cc hp kim ca chng v thp. Cc vt liu dn in ny ta xt tng i
c th chng 2. y ch ch thm mt s chi tit khi dng chng lm
dy dn v dy cp dn in.
l mt trong nhng vt liu dn in t t nht, c kh nng chng li
cc s bin i kh hu bn ngoi v mt s ln phn ng ho hc trong
khng kh tng i tt. Bn ngoi cc si dy ng nh c lp oxt ng bao
bc v chng khng b ph hoi tip tc. Do lp mng mng oxt dn in
xu, nn dng in ca dy dn c chia ra nhiu dng in khc nhau chy
trong cc si nh ca dy dn.
Nm khng tt bng dy ng v in dn sut ca nhm b hn in

dn ca ng (khong 1,V ln); ng sut nh do khi lm dy dn trn
khng s c vng ln hn dy dn bng ng v bng cc kim loi khc.
vng ca dy tng lm cho cho ct in phi lm cao ln.
V s chu ng s nh hng ca mi trng, dy nhm tt ngang vi dy
ng (vi iu kin dy dn nhm phi rt nguyn cht).
Q5
c
Khi cn kt hp dy dn c in tr nh m sc bn c hc ln, ngi ta
dng dy ng li thp hoc hp kim "aldrey" li thp (ng sut ca
"aldrey" gp 2 ln nhm, in tr sut ca n ln hn nhm khong 10 -12%).
Trong tt c cc trng hp, khi m dy dn bng kim loi mu khng th s
dng c trit , th s dng dy tp.
in tr, in khng ca dy thp tng i cao
hn cc dn in bng kim loi mu, v vy vy
phm vi s dng dy thp b gii hn. Ch yu
ch dng cho cc mng in nng thn v cc
mng thnh th c cng sut nh.
Dy dn trn khng theo cc iu kin lm 4.. Mt ct ca dy d
vic khc nhau i hi cc ng dy dn khc nhau. cho tin, cc

nh ch to Lin x (c) k hiu: M l ng, A l nhm, C l thp.
- Dy dn nhm li thp AC c t s tit din nhm (S A) v thp (SC):
SA
= 5,5 M V.
SC
- Dy dn nhm li thp cu to nh ACO c t s tit din nhm v
thp:
SA
= 7,8 M 8
SC
- Dy dn nhm li thp cu to chc ACY c t s tit din nhm v
thp:
SA
= 4,5
SC
Cc ng dy c in p 35 - 220 KV v cao hn lm bng nhm li
thp c dng ph bin.
Dy ACO thng ch to vi tit din phn nhm 150 mm 2 v ln hn
s dng tin li nht. Khi tit din ca phn nhm trong dy dy di 120
mm2 dng dy nhn hiu AC. Dy dn ACY c dng khi cn phi vt
nhng khong vt ln v trong nhng trng hp c bit khc.
4.3. CP IN LC
QV
c
Cp ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic truyn dn nng lng v tn
hiu in t. Cc c tnh v in, c l v mi trng l yu t trong vic
chn v s dng cp trong truyn ti v phn phi in.
Cc loi cp u gm 3 b phn chnh l: li thng l dy ng hoc
nhm (mt hay nhiu li cch in xon vi nhau), tip theo l cc lp cch
in v iu chnh in trng, ngoi cng l lp v bo v c th t cp
trong hm di t.
Sau y s xt c th mt s loi cp in lc hay dng.
4.3.1. p in lc cch in bng giy tm du in p 1 n 35 KV

"c>c
Gcccc
c ch to bng cc si ng hay nhm. Li ng c lm bng cc
si ng mm c in tr nh hn lm bng ng ko ngui.
Cc si nhm khng c nung nng v dn in ca dy khng ph
thuc vo mc nung nng.
gim ng knh ca li, iu ny cng lm gim chi ph vt liu
cch in v vt liu khc trong cp, cng nh gim s chy ca cc giy
tm du, cc thnh phn ca li cp phi tht cht v kht nhau. Cc si dy
trn bin thnh a gic gip kht si n vi si kia (Hnh 4.1)
4.. Cp i lc
Q7
c
2
Tt c li dn in tit din 2,5 n 1V mm u ch to bng mt si tit
din trn. Trong cp mt li 25 mm 2 th li c ch to bng nhiu si ghp
li thnh hnh trn, trong cp 3 li hay 4 li th cc li do to bng nhiu si
ghp li thnh cc hnh qut ghp kht vi nhau.
c >c ccc
Cch in gia cc pha ca li dy cp dng cc bng giy tm du cun
nhiu lp (Hnh 4.4). Cc dy c cch in, xon ly nhau, sau cc
khe h gia chng c lp kn bng cc nm g iy, c t trong cht cch
in bng giy. Giy cch in ca cp c tm du.
Mt ngoi lp cch in ngoi cng, bo v m bo cch in khi
b m t v khi b lc c gii ph hoi, ngi ta bc mt lp v kn bng
ch hay nhm (hnh 4.2)
Cp 35 KV vi cch in bng giy du c ch to vi li bc ch
ring bit, mi li hnh trn cch in c bc mt lp v ch. Lp v ch
ny c mc ch to nn mt in trng rt u.
Ngy nay ngi ta ch to c cc loi cp mi c cu to hon ho
hn v c s dng rt rng ri trong thc t. Cu to ca loi ny: c li
ng hoc nhm cch in bng lp v PE, mt ngoi lp v c lp mng
bng cc bng ng mng, ngoi bng ng c lp v bc kn bng nha
PVC
4.3.2. p in lc 35 n 220 KV
cp in p 35-220 KV trong trng hp dn in vo cc trm h p
trong trung tm thnh ph khng th dng ng dy trn khng, cp c cu
to nh k trn cng khng th m bo cp in p ny. Lc ngi
ta phi ch to nhng cp in lc vi nhng yu cu cch in kht khe hn
rt nhiu v cht lm cch in.
Di y gii thiu mt vi loi cp 35 -220 KV.
c
" c5c>)c c
Cch in gia li dn in v c ch vn dng cch in bng bng giy
tm du, nhng lp trung gian gia cc b ng giy c hi (kh) p. in p
35 KV p sut 3-5 at, cn cp 110 KV 10-15 at. kh cha trong cp phi c
bn v in cao, dn nhit tt, phi l kh tr, r tin (thng dng kh nit
Q8
c
nguyn cht trn QQ,5%, nu ln oxy v hi nc s lm gi m cch in).
Ph bin nht l loi cp y kh 110 KV
Ba li ca cp cch in bng giy, t trong ng thp. Trong ng c kh
tr (nit) p sut 10-15 at cha trong lp trung gian gia lp giy cch in
v khong trng trong lp cch in.
c
c5c> c cch in bng giy tm du, trong khong trng cha y du
c p sut, dng trong cc mng in 110 - 400 KV.
Ph bin nht l loi cp c p sut du trung bnh 2 -4 at trong khi lm
vic. Cp du p sut cao 10-15 at dng thch hp vi in p n 400 KV.
Cp du p sut cao yu cu v ch rt kin c, cc khp ni vo cc thit b
rt phc tp.
Cp cha y du mt li trn hnh 4.V c li rng lm bng cc si trn
un quanh mt li hnh xon c hay l dy ct c cc vt kha c bit, m
bo cho du chy t ng dn du trung tm n cch in. Du chy theo
ng dn du trong ng rng. S tm ca cp y du c thc hin nh
du t nht (du c nht thp) c bn v in cao v c tnh in n
nh cao trong khng kh, ng v ch.
p sut ca du bin i ph thuc dng in ph ti ca dy cp v
nhit mi trng xung quanh. duy tr p sut du trong mt gii hn
nht nh ngi ta dng mt thng iu ho p sut.
Lp v bo v bn ngoi ca cp t trong hm lm bng nha ng v
bao gm t trong ra ngoi: lp nha ng, bng giy, lp si cp c tm du
v v cng.
CU HI CHNG 4
1.c Trnh by khi nim v tnh dn in ca dy dn v cp
2.c Trnh by vt liu lm dy dn.
3.c Trnh by cu to ca dy dn v cp in lc.
QQ
c
CHNG 5
VT LIU BN DN
5.1. C IM DN IN CA VT LIU BN DN
Vt liu bn dn (VLBD) gm nhm vt cht c tnh trung gian gia
vt liu dn in v vt liu cch in. c im ca n l in tr sut ln
hn vt liu dn in nhng nh hn ca vt liu cch in ( =10-4 M 1010
cm). Tuy nhin khng c mt danh gii r rt gia ba loi vt liu k trn.
100
c
im kc bit qua tr (bn dn)

ia vt liu b d v vt liu d
i l s bi ti ca i tr
sut to it : ki it t ,
i tr sut ca vt liu d i
t l, c i tr sut ca vt 0 T (K)
liu b d li im i c d

5.1
t 5.1
N vy it tp ct b
d c t cc i i mi, W
(nng
c it cao t ct b d lng Vng dn
li d i tt. iu y c t ii in t)
tc sau : Vng cm W

N ta bit cu trc cc v
l ca ct b d OK Vng ho tr
c m t tr 5..
i t t do 5.
l tr tro v o tr
Vng ho tr v vng dn cch nhau bi vng cm. OK, vng ho tr

hon ton y, vng dn cn trng, cht bn dn c tnh cch in.
Khi nhit tng cao hn th in t t do c th bt khi vng ho tr,
vt qua vng cn vo vng dn, nn cht bn dn c tnh dn in.
Cc cht c tnh bn dn in tn ti rt ph bin trong t nhin v c
ng dng rt nhiu trong k thut in, c bit trong k thut in t.
Cht bn dn trong thc t c th di dng nguyn cht, cn gi l
cht bn dn thun (Si, Ge, As, C, P, S, Se,...) hoc dng hp cht, gi l
bn dn tp cht (tt c cc oxit kim loi, cc slelua v telurua ca nhiu kim
loi).
5.2. VT LIU BN DN NGUYN CHT

5.1.1. Dng in trong cht bn dn nguyn cht
hiu c bn cht s dn in ca bn dn ta nghin cu cu trc
bn trong ca n. Ta hy xt tinh th Silic l mt bn dn in hnh.
101
c
Trong mng tinh th, mi nguyn t Si lin kt vi 4 nguyn t Si khc
bn cnh bng 4 mi lin kt ng ho tr (Hnh 5.3).
it tp li
kt y rt b v. Do ct
b d Si c t d i.
Si Si Si
Ki t , m ti t
ct b d Si tu tm Si Si
l. Do cuy it, mt
s uy t mt li kt vi t Si Si Si
, tr t i t t do.
Si Si
5.4 ip ta du c
t tr ca ct b d lc 5.3 M cu trc uy t Si
y.
Eng
- 3
1 4
5.4
Gi s khi mt in t tch khi nguyn t s 1, nguyn t ny tr thnh

ion dng, xem nh mt l trng c th ly in t ca mt nguyn t 2 no
gn lp l trng v tr thnh trung ho. Nguyn t s 2 va mt in
t li tr thnh l trng v li ly in t ca nguyn t 3 no gn. Hin
tng c tip din nh vy gy ra s chuyn dch ca v tr l trng. Nu
khng c in trng ngoi E ng tc ng, hin tng xy ra hn n, trong
cht bn dn khng c dng in. Cn nu c in trng ngoi E ng, in t
s chuyn dch ngc chiu in trng (hnh 5.4) to thnh dng in. Tnh
dn in ca cht bn dn Si tng ln.
102
c
Vy bn cht ca dng in trong cht bn dn l dng chuyn di c
hng ng thi ca in t ngc chiu in trng v l trng thun chiu
in trng.
5.1.2. Mt s cht bn dn thng gp

1. Silic, (Si)
Si l mt trong nhng nguyn t c rt nhiu trong thin nhin di
dng SiO2 trong cc m khc nhau v di dng Silicat (Si chim khong
28% trong lp v tri t). Nhng, k thut sn xut Si tin h khit rt phc
tp nn nhng dng c s dng bn dn Si rt t so vi cc dng c bn dn
s cc cht khc mc d cc cht ny trong thin nhin him hn nhiu so vi
Si.
in dn sut ca Si bin i trong phm vi rng, = (7.102 10-2) 1/ cm.
Silic nguyn cht c ch to lm cc in tr phi tuyn trong mch
in tn s cao, dng lm cht bn dn in trong cc my tch sng, trong
cc b khuych i,...
Silic c s dng nh cht kh oxy trong luyn kim.
Silic trong hp hp kim St - Silic (4% Si) c ch tao di dng tm,
l dng lm li thp dn t ca cc my bin p. Ngoi ra n cn c s
dng ch to cc hp kim khc ca st - Si ; ng thanh, ng thau - Silic,
... c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip
2. Giecmani, (Ge)
Ge rt him trong t nhin, c mt trong cc hp cht di dng m:
c-gir-t (GeS24Ag2S), Canfidit 4 g 2 ( en) 2 , Cu3 e , ngoi ra cn tm
thy rt t trong cc m km v trong tro.
in dn sut ca e, = (103 10-2) 1/ e cm.
e c dng ch to cc cht bn dn trong cc my tch sng, cc
b chnh lu phng, cc transisto v cc b khuych i....
3. c bon, (C)
Cc bon c tm thy nhiu trong t nhin. Trong k t hut, chia cc
bon thnh 3 dng: Kim cng (diamant), graphit v cc bon v nh hnh
(carbone amorphe), trong kim cng, graphit khai thc t cc m trong t
103
c
nhin cn cc bon v nh hnh c th c iu ch bng nhiu phng php
khc nhau.
Hng s vt l ca chnh ca cc loi cc bon bng 5.1
B 5.1
Trng lng in tr sut in dn sut
Loi cc bon ring 180C 200C, 150C,
(kg/dm3) ( cm) (1/ cm)
Kim cng 3,514 4,74.1014 0,211.10-14
Graphit 2,21V 0,002V3 353
Cc bon v nh 1,2218-1,Q1Q 4 0,25
hnh
Cc bon c dng rt nhiu trong k thut in, in t ch to:

-c Cc in cc cc bon (in cc in phn, hn h quang in).
-c Chi than (graphit, cc bon v nh hnh).
-c Tip im in.
-c in tr t nng, in tr ho hc.
-c Dng trong cc Micro, ng ni di dng ht nh, khi hoc mn.
5.3. VT LIU BN DN TP CHT

5.3.1. Dng in trong vt liu bn dn tp cht
Trong thc tin, ch to cc cht bn dn nguyn cht rt kh khn.
Cc bn dn thng c ln mt t tp cht, hn na trong k thut ngi ta
cn ch ng pha thm tp cht vo cht bn dn nguyn cht.
Nu c mt t tp cht ln vo (d l mt lng rt nh, khng ng
k) cng lm cho dn in ca cht bn dn tng ln nhiu ln, thm
ch hng chc nghn ln.
V d, nu cho vo Si mt t Ge l cht c 5 in t ho tr; khi vo
mng tinh th Si, 4 in t ho tr ca Ge kt cht tng i mt vi 4 in t
ca cc nguyn t Si lng ging, cn in t th 5 tr thnh in t t do
chuyn ng t do trong mng tinh th (hnh 5.5). Khi mt in t t
do trong cht bn dn Si tng ln rt nhiu. Di tc dng ca in trng,
cc in t t do ny chuyn ng c hng to thnh dng i n. Loi bn
dn c tnh cht dn in ch yu bng in t t do gi l ct b d loi
hay bn dn in t.
104
c
Si Si Si Si
- Si Si
Si Ge Si Si
Si Si Si
5.5
Nu ta cho vo Silic mt cht cc nguyn t thuc nhm III trong bng

h thng tun hon Mendeleep, chng hn Indi (In) : vnh ngoi cng ca
In c 3 in t ho tr, nn khi vo mng tinh th Si, n to ra mt l trng
trong mi lin kt gia cc nguyn t. in t ca nguyn t bn cnh d
dng nhy vo l trng ny v to thnh l trng mi, qu trnh c tip din
mi; l trng chy t do trong tinh th. Khi mt l trng trong cht bn
dn tng ln rt nhiu. Di tc dng ca in trng, in t chuyn di c
hng ngc chiu in trng, cn l trng th chuyn dch thun chiu in
trng. Ta xem l trng tng t nh in tch dng v dng in chy
trong cht bn dn ny l dng nhng l trng chuyn ng. Cht bn dn
ny gi l ct b d loi p hay bn dn l trng.
5.3.2. Nhng ng dng ch yu ca vt liu bn dn tp cht

Bng cch ghp cc bn dn loi n vi loi p, ngi ta ch to c
rt nhiu dng c in, in t quan trng.
1. it bn dn (n bn dn 2 cc).
it bn dn gm 2 cht bn dn loi p v n tip xc nhau. in t t do
bn n khuch tn sang p v l trng bn p khuch tn sang n. R anh gii gia 2
cht to thnh in trng tip xc E tx chiu t n sang p ngn khng cho l
trng v in t khuch tn sang na.
Si I G I CuO Cu p
p p p
105
a
b
c
d
c
Nu t mt in p thun vo hai cht bn dn (Cc dng p v cc

m n) th in trng do ngun in ngoi E ng sinh ra s ngc chiu vi
in trng tip xc Etx v c tc dng kh nh hng ca E tx . in t v
l li d dng chuyn qua mt tip xc, it dn in tt.
Nu t mt in p ngc li, it gn nh khng dn in.
Vy it ch dn in i theo 1 chiu t cht bn dn loi p sang loi n.
Do tnh cht ny, it bn dn c dng lm chnh lu dng in (nn in).
Trn hnh 5.V l cc loi it hay dng trong k thut.
2. Transisto (n bn dn 3 cc).
Transisto l mt loi n bn dn c kh nng khuych i. N gm 3
lp bn dn c tnh dn in khc nhau hp thnh.
Transisto loi p-n-p nh hnh 5.7 v transisto loi n-p-n nh hnh 5.8.
| C | C
p p p
a) B B a)
| C | C
B B
b) b)
5.7 Trasisto loi p 5.8 Trasisto loi pp

Quy c, phn gia ca transisto, cc ni vi cht bn dn p gi l cc
gc hay bad (B). Cc t in p thun vi cc gc l cc pht hay met
(E), cc cn li l cc gp hay clect (C).
Sau y, ta xt nguyn l lm vic ca loi n -p-n (hnh 5.Q), cn loi p-
n-p cng xt tng t, ch cn thay i vai tr ca in t v l trng.
Khi cho 3 lp n-p-n tip xc vi nhau, gia chng s to ra nhng in
trng tip xc. Gia 2 cht bn dn n v p (bn tri) t mt ngun in p
10V
c
thun E1 nh cn gia 2 cht bn dn n v p (bn tri) t mt ngun in p
ngc E2 ln (thng E2 ln hn E1 t 5 n 10 ln).
p
| C
IE B IC
IB
_ _ +
+
E1 E2
5.9
V in p gia cc pht E v gc B thun nn dng in d dng t cc

pht sang cc gc. Lp p rt mng nn a s cc in t t n lt sang p cha
kp lp vo l trng th b in trng mnh ca in p ngc ko v cc
gp C. Ch c mt s t in t lp vo l trng lp p v to nn dng in
cc - gc rt nh.
Nh vy c th ni dng in cc gp xp x bng dng in cc pht
nhng v gia cc pht v cc gc c in p thun nn ch cn mt s thay
i nh ca E1 cng lm thay i dng in cc pht v cc gp nhiu, nn
in p ly ra s thay i ln. Do transisto c tnh khuch i lin tc.
Transisto c ng dng rt nhiu trong k thut hin i: cc mch
khuch i, to ra dao ng in, cc vi mch in t bn dn,.. .trong my thu
thanh, v tuyn truyn hnh v trong cc my tnh.
CU HI CHNG 5
1.c Hy nu khi nim chung v bn dn.
2.c Trnh by cc c tnh ca loi bn dn nguyn cht v bn dn tp
cht.
107
c
CHNG V
VT LIU T
V.1. KHI NIM V TNH CHT VT LIU DN T

6.1.1. Khi nim
Ta bit nu xung quanh dng in c mi trng vt cht th cm
ng t trong mi trng ny khc cm ng t ca t trng trong chn khng
gy ra bi cng dng in . V khi mi trng vt cht t trong t trng
ca dng in th trong mi trng s xut hin thm t trng ph. Ta
ni mi trng b nhim t. Mi trng c kh nng nhim t gi l cht
t hay vt liu t.
gii thch t tnh ca nam chm, Ampe l ngi u tin nu ln gi
thuyt v cc dng in kn tn ti trong lng nam chm gi l dng in
phn t. Theo Ampe th t trng ca nam chm chnh l t trng ca cc
dng in phn t trong lng nam chm . Ngy nay ta hiu dng in phn
t chnh l do cc in t chuyn ng bn trong nguyn t, phn t to
thnh. C th dng khi nim dng in phn t gii thch s nhim t ca
cc cht thun t v nghch t, cn i vi s nhim t ca cc cht st t th
khng th gii thch bng dng in phn t m bng mt l thuyt khc. Tuy
nhin ci chnh ca gi thuyt Ampe l dng in sinh ra t trng th vn
gi nguyn gi tr.
6.1.2. c tnh cht ca vt liu dn t
" c3c$*cc : c cc'c
c$Hcc!c
.c
H s t thm ln nht Max ca mt s cht bng V.1.
B 6.1
STT Vt liu st t s Max
1 St nguyn cht 280.000
2 St non 8.000
3 Thp Silic k thut in 15.000
4 Pecmaloi (78%Ni, 22%Fe) 80.000
5 Siu hp kim (7QNi, 15Fe, 5M 0, 0,5 Mn) 1.500.000
3c$*cc : c cc'c
c$Hcc c5 +c
(c c$*c
Qu trnh t ho ca vt liu t c c trng bng quan h gia t cm
B v cng t trng H, B = f(H) gi l ng cong t ho (khng phi l
108
c
ng thng). ng cong t ho ca tt c cc vt liu st t gn ging nhau
(hnh V.1). ng cong ny l ng cong t ho ban u (c bn).
6.1.3. c c tnh ca vt liu dn t

Ti mi im trong t trng, h s t thm bng t s gia cng
t cm B v cng t trng H.
Mi trng l chn khng, c cc tr s cng t cm B 0 v t
trng H0, th:
B0
0 = (V.1)
H0
0-h s t thm tuyt i ca chn khng, v tr s 0= 4.10-7 es/m.

n v es/m cn gi l Henry/mt (H/m).
Trong mi trng khc chn khng, ta c:
B
0 = hay B = 0H (V.2)
H
- h s t thm tng i ca mi trng t trng khc chn khng, cho
bit h s t thm tuyt i ca mi trng so vi h s t thm ca chn
khng 0 l bao nhiu.
Theo h s t thm v t tnh ca vt cht, ngi ta chia ra cc cht
thun t, nghch t v dn t.
" c c c l cht c t thm > 1 v khng ph thuc vo cng

t trng ngoi. Loi ny gm c oxy, nit, oxyt, mui st, mui cban,
mui niken, kim loi kim, nhm, bch kim.
c c c l cht c t thm < 1 v khng ph thuc vo cng

t trng ngoi. Loi ny gm c hydro, cc kh him, a s cc hp cht
hu c, ng, km, bc, vng, thu ngn, antimon, gali,... .
Cc cht thun t v ngch t ging nhau ch t yu, tc l cng c
t thm sp s bng 1. V d nhm l cht thun t c = 1,000023, cn
ng l cht nghch t c = 0,QQQQQ5.
10Q
c
c cc l cht c t thm >> 1 v ph thuc vo cng t
trng ngoi. Loi ny gm c st, niken, cban v cc hp kim ca chng,
hp kim crm - mangan, galonit v ferit c cc thnh phn khc nhau.
V " / cccc c

Tnh t d th hin ch khi
ct b t trng ngoi (cho H = B
0, khi ct b dng in t ho trong
cc cun dy) th cht st t vn Bd
cn gi t tnh (duy tr mt t
trng c t cm B). C
T ct t d c ko st

tro qu tr t o vt liu st K 0
t b cc tay i ciu v C
c t tr tc l
mi tr st t.

Hnh V.2 v ng cong biu
din quan h B = f(H) trong vt 6. co t tr
liu st t.
u tin khi tng dng in t ho trong cun dy, t trng H tng v
t cm B cng tng theo OA. Sau nu gim H th B gim theo ng
ACA.
Tip tc li tng H ti im A th t cm B cng s tng nhng theo
ng ACA. ng cong ACACA ng vi qu trnh t ho nh trn gi
l chu trnh t tr (thng gi l ng cong t tr).
Ni mt cch khc, khi t ho vt liu st t vi cng t trng
thay i c tr s v chiu th t cm B trong vt liu st t lun bin thin
chm tr hn.
Cc kt qu ca qu trnh t tr cn ch :
T d Bd : Khi t trng H = 0 th t cm B trong li thp vn cn tr s B d
gi l cm ng t d.
110
c
- C t tr k t K (cn gi l lc kh t): Mun kh t d
trong vt li st t, B = 0 th phi i chiu cng t trng H v tng n
tr s HK. Nh vy khi H = HK th B = 0 t d b kh hon ton.
- T ao t tr: Trong qu trnh lm vic, khi bin thin lin tc cng t
trng H v t cm B, vt liu st t xut hin tn hao nng lng lm chng
nng ln. Ta gi l tn hao t tr. Ngi ta nhn thy rng khi vt liu c
t cm Bd ln, lc kh HK ln th tn hao t tr s ln. Nh vy tn hao t tr
t l vi din tch ng cong t tr.
V.2. MCH T V TNH TON MCH T
6.2.1.c cng thc c bn
6..1.1. Ki im
Cc thit b in nh rle, cng tc t, khi ng t, p t mt,...u c b
phn lm nhim v bin i t in nng ra c nng. B phn ny gm c
cun dy v mch t gi chung l c cu in t , chia lm hai loi xoay chiu
v mt chiu. nm c nhng quy lut in t ta xt mch t v phng
php tnh ton mch t.
3I cV c
Mch t c chia lm cc phn :
- Thn mch t.
- Np mch t.
- Khe h khng kh ph p v khe h khng kh chnh c
- Khi cho dng in chy vo cun dy th i qua, t thng ny cng chia
lm ba phn trong cun dy c t thng :
a) T thng chnh l thnh phn qua khe h khng kh gi l t thng lm
vic lv
b) T thng tn t gi l thnh phn i ra ngoi khng kh xung quanh
c) T thng r l thnh phn khng i qua khe h khng kh chnh m khp
kn trong khng gian gia li v thn mch t .
6..1.. T to mc t
111
c
Tnh ton mch t thc cht l gii hai bi ton :
- Bi ton thun: Bit t thng tnh sc t ng
F = IW
loi ny gp khi thit k mt c cu in t mi .
- Bi ton nghch : bit sc t ng F = IW tnh t thng
(gp khi kim nghim cc c cu in t c sn ).
gii quyt c hai bi ton trn cn phi da vo cc c s l thuyt sau :
- Bit ng cong t ha ca vt liu st t .
- Nm vng cc nh lut c bn v mch t .
- Bit c t dn khe h.
6..1.3. Cc l tuyt c s
ng cong t ha B = f(H) hnh minh ha
6.4
Cc nh lut c bn mch t:
I 1W1 IW I1 I2
Wt 1 , Wt 2 2 2 , W ( 2 1 ) ,
2 2 2
- nh ton dng in F=IW
IW
- nh lut Ohm trong mch t: = 2 2
R R
- nh lut Kic Khp 1 cho mch t : i=0
- nh lut Kic Khp 2 cho mch t: iMi=Fi (tng i s st t p
trn mt mch t kn bng tng i s cc sc t ng tc dng trong mch t
).
T dn ca khe h
V mch t c t thm (h s dn t) ln hn khng kh nhiu nn t tr
ton b mch t hu nh ch ph thuc vo t tr khe h khng kh. Trong
tnh ton thng dng t dn G = 1/RM
Tng t nh mch in th trong mch t dn G t l thun vi tit din
mch t, t l nghch vi chiu di khe h khng kh .
S
G 0. .

G: t dn khe h khng kh
112
c

0 = 1,25.10 8 h s t thm khng kh
AcA
Chiu hiu di khe h.

S (cm2): din tch t thng i qua ( tit din).
Cng thc ny dng trn c s gi thit : t thng qua khe h khng kh phn
b u n ( cc ng sc t song song vi nhau), cng thc ch ng khi
khe h rt b, (khe h ln th cng ra mp cng khng song song). Thc t
tnh t dn rt phc tp, ty yu cu chnh xc m c cc phng php tnh t
dn khc nhau.
6.2. 2. S thay th ca mch t v tnh t dn khe he khng kh ca
mch t
6...1 T t d b p pp p cia t tr
Xt v d : C mt cc t tit din ch i t cc t nht t song song vi
mt phng. Gi thit chiu xung mt phng (hnh minh ha).
6.5
Nu tnh t dn khe h bng phng php phn chia t trng ta s phn t
trng thnh nhiu phn nh sao cho mi phn t trng phn b u (c
cc ng sc t song song vi nhau) p dng cng thc c bn tnh t
dn c trn. y ta chia lm 17 phn gm :
+) 1 hnh hp ch nht th tch: a. b.
+) 4 hnh 1/4 tr trn c ng knh 2 chiu cao a v b
+) 4 hnh tr 1/4 rng c ng knh trong 2 ng knh ngoi 2+2mm
113
c
Cc c tc t t d ca cc p
T dn ca tng phn cho theo bng trn trong l ca tr ch nht, tng cc

t dn cn li t dn chnh G l t dn tn. C G = _
i 1
i
Nu c hai t dn ni song song th ni t dn tng ng

Gt= G1 + G2.
12
Nu ni tip th t dn tng ng l t
1 2 2
u im : tnh bng phng php ny c u im l chnh xc , r rng d

kim tra.
Nhc im : c nhiu cng thc nn ch dng tnh kim nghim
114
c
6.... T t d b c tc ki im ( d ki t to s b
6.6
a) T dn khe h khng kh (hnh a) T dn khe h khng kh gia np v li
to thnh gc
G = K . G0
Vi: K: h s iu chnh
K=2,75 4 ( tnh theo raian)
S
0. .

S :tit din li [cm2].
: di trung bnh khe h khng kh (cm).
b ) T dn gia cc t trn vi mt phng (hnh b)
S 2,0Q
G 0. .
d
c) T dn gia hai cc t ch nht (hnh c)
G=K.0.
d) T dn gia mt phng v cc t t u mt phng (hnh d)
G = K .G0
6.3. M T XOAY IU
Mch t xoay chiu khc mch t mt chiu v nhng c im sau :
a) Trong mch t xoay chiu: i=i(t) nn i = Im Sin t dng bin thin c hin
tng t tr, dng xoy, dng in chy trong cun dy ph thuc vo in
115
c
khng ca cun dy, m in khng ph thuc t dn mch t nn t tr ton
mch t cng ln (khe h khng kh cng ln) th in khng cng b v dng
in trong cun dy cng ln . Khi np mch t m dng in khong
I = (4 15)Im
Ch : khi ng in c cu in t, phi kim tra np xem ng cha , nu
np m c th lm cun dy b chy .
b) Lc ht in t F bin thin F=F(t) c thi im F=0 c thi im F=Fmax
dn n mch t khi lm vic b rung , hn ch rung ngi ta t vng ngn
mch. T thng bin thin lm xut hin sc in ng trong vng ngn
mch, trong vng c dng in mc vng khp kn , lm vng ngn mch
nng ln. Gi Wnm l s vng ngn mch (thng Wnm=1). Theo nh lut
ton dng in c:
IW+ InmWnm =
c) Trong mch t xoay chiu c tn hao dng xoy t tr lm nng mch t ,
c th xem nh tn hao trong vng ngn mch . Nu gi Pxt l cng sut hao
tn do dng xoy v t tr th c th biu din di dng tng ng nh
mt vng ngn mch.
2
xt I m .rm
d) T dn r quy i
Khc vi mch mt chiu v :
x
Sc t ng tng F = IW sc t ng on X l I .W
l
x
W W t thng mc vng on x l yrx =Wx.frx
l
ql
Cui cng c Gr = l t dn r trong mch xoay chiu .
3
V phng php tnh ton mch t xoay chiu cng ging mch t mt
chiu nhng phi lu bn c im trn . V d mch t xoay chiu nh hnh
minh ha:
6.7
11V
c
Khi v mch t ng tr phi xt n tc dng ca vng ngn mch , tn hao
dng xoy v t tr.
- Khi np ng, b qua t thng r nhng phi k n t tr v t khng mch
t nn dng nh hnh minh ha a .
- Khi np mch t m, c th b qua t tr v t khng ca mch t , nhng
phi xt n t thng r cho nn mch t ng tr c dn g nh hnh minh ha
b.
6.8
V.4.MCH T MT CHIU
+ Mch t mt chiu khi lm vic, trong mch = const nn khng c tn
hao dng xoy, c dng khng i I, t thng li c lm bng vt liu st
t khi d gia cng c kh .
Trnh t tnh ton mch t:
* V mch t ng tr.
* Tnh t dn G ca khe h khng kh v ton mch .
* Gii mch t, tm cc tham s cha bit.
Trong qu trnh lm vic khe h khng kh bin thin do vy ta chia c ra
cc trngthay i lm t thng hp:
a) Tnh mch t mt chiu khi khng xt t thng r
Vi mch t khe h khng kh b, cun dy phn b u trn mch t th c
th b qua t thng r.
V d: xt mch t hnh xuyn nh hnh c t thong minh ha; phn st t
chiu di l, tit din S, khe h r = 0.
117
c
6.9
V.5. VT LIU ST T
6.5.1. Vt liu st t
Vt liu quan trng nht c s dng trong k thut in, in t l
st t v cc hp cht st t (ferit).
Trong t nhin c mt s t cht (st, cban, niken v cc hp kim ca
chng) c tnh nhim t rt mnh. Cc vt liu ny gi chung l vt liu st
t. t thm ca cc cht ny ln hng nghn ln, thm ch c trng hp
cao hn rt nhiu. Tnh cht st t th hin khi cc cht tr ng thi tinh th.
6.5.2. S nhim t ca st
Tnh nhim t mnh ca st gii thch ti sao nam chm v st bao gi
cng ht nhau. Mt ming st t gn mt nam chm s b nhim t rt mnh
v cng tr thnh mt nam chm. u ming st gn cc bc ca nam chm,
s tr thnh cc nam v ngc li. Hai cc khc tn bao gi cng ht nhau.
Tnh nhim in ca st khng th gii thch bng cc dng in phn
t m bng cc min nhim t t nhin. Khi khng c t trng ngoi cc
min nhim t t nhin ny c sp xp sao cho t trng ca cc min
nhim t t nhin kh ln nhau. Khi t vo t trng ngoi th s xy ra s
phn b li cc min nhim t t nhin dn n kt qua l st b nhim t
mnh.
V.V.CC VT LIU ST T
118
c
6.6.1. Vt liu t mm
Vt liu t mm c s dng lm mch t ca cc thit b v dng c
in c t trng khng i hoc bin i.
Vt liu t mm l t trng kh t HK nh (di 400 A/m), t
thm ln v tn hao t tr nh. Vt liu st t mm gm c thp k thut,
thp t ccbon, thp l k thut in, hp kim st - niken (pecmaloi) v ferit.
a. Tp k tut (gm c gang) c dng lm t trng trong mch t

khng i. Thp k thut c cng t cm bo ho cao (ti 2,2 Tesla),
hng s t thm ln v cng kh t nh.
b. Tp l k tut i l hp cht st-silic (1-4%Si). Silic ci thin c

tnh t ca st k thut: tng hng s t thm, gim cng kh t, tng
in tr sut ( gim dng in Fuc hay dng in xoy).
c. cmaloi l hp kim st - niken (22%Ni), ngoi ra cn c mt s tp

cht: Molipden, crm, silic, nhm. Pecmaloi c hng s t thm ln gp 10 -
50 ln so vi thp l k thut in, ch cn mt cng t trng nh vi
phn n vi chc phn trm A/m, thp t ti cng t cm bo ho.
d. Frit l vt liu st t gm c bt oxt st, km v mt s nguyn t

khc. Khi ch to, hn hp c p trong khun vi cng sut ln v nung
n nhit khong 1200 0C, thnh phm s c dng theo mun. Ferit c
in tr sut rt ln, thc t c th coi gn nh khng dn in, nn dng in
xoy chy trong ferit rt nh. Bi vy cho php dng ferit lm mch t ca t
trng bin thin vi tn s cao. Ferit niken-km bng cch nhit phn mui,
gi l Oxyfe. Ferit v Oxyfe c hng s t thm ban u ln, t d nh (0,18-
0,32 Tesla) v t trng kh t nh (8-80 A/m). Chng c s dng rt rng
ri lm mch t ca cc linh kin in t, khuch i t, my tnh,....
6.6.2. Vt liu t cng
11Q
c
Vt liu t cng c dng ch to nam chm vnh cu. c i m ca
loi ny l c t d ln. Thnh phn, t d v trng kh t ca mt s vt
liu t cng cho bng V.2.
B 6.
Thnh phn tp cht (%) trong st T Cng
Vt liu t Won trng t
cng -fram Al Cr Co Ni Cu Si kh t, cm d,
HK (A/m) Bd (T)
Wonfram V 4800 1
Thp crm 3 4800 0,Q
Thp cban 5 5 7200 0,Q
Anni 14 25 5 44000 0,44
Annisi 14 34 1 V4000 0,4
Annico 10 12 17 V 40000 0,7
Macnico 8 24 13 3 44000 1,25
Gm annico 45000 1,1
Ferit bary 130000 0,35
CU HI CHNG V
1.c Nu khi nim chung v tnh cht t ca vt liu t tnh.

2.c Trnh by c tnh v cng dng ca vt liu t mm.
3.c Hy nu thnh phn, tnh cht v cng dng ca vt liu t cng.
120
c
CHNG 7
KIM NG IM IN
7.1 PHN NHM KIM NGHIM CCH IN
Vic kim nghim cch in chia lm 3nhm
" " cJ@ c c!cKc!I c ccc
c thc hin trn vt liu cch in, hay trn nhng phn cch in
nhm mc ch:
- Ngn nga vic t vo thit b nhng vt liu cch in hoc phn
cch in do khuyt tt .
- Kim tra quy nh ch to v cch in c th b km dokhng tun
th ng quy trnh ch to .
" cJ@ c cc$cKc!I c ccc
Mc ch l trong thit b c khuyt tt no ln khng ? Thit b c
ch to ng thit k khng ? Nhng thng s ca thit b c ph hp vi quy
trnh khng ?
" J@ c c!cKc!I c'c ( c
c thc hin theo mt k hoch c h thng, gi l trim tra bo
dng nh k theo k hoch. N c mc ch l theo di. Trim tra xem cch
in c b h hng (ho gi , b m ) trong qu trnh vn hnh khng .
Tnh cht quan trng ca cch in l bn cch in. Mun th
bn cch in th th bng cch nh thng cch in. R dng phng php
ny khng th p dng i vi cch in thnh phm.Vy phi tm cch
kim nghim m khng lm hng cch in l phng php th nghim
khng ph hu bng cch o cc thng s ca cch in, theo di s bin i
ca chng i vi in p, nhit tn s, Nh ng thng s c th o bng
phng php th khng ph hu l dng in r, h s tn hao in mi, in
p ngng ca ion ho Thng s c o cho ta kt lun v cht ca
ph hu bn cch in, nhng khng th kt lun v lng c .
7.2. TH CCH IN KHNG PH HY
Th thch in khng ph hu gm ba loi nh sau:
7.2.1. cEc c cc'(cc!#c ccc c
Mc ch: nhm pht hin c tnh trng ht m ca cch in .
Ch : tr s tg v Rc ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit v in p. V vy
cc ln o u phi tin hnh trong cc iu kin ging nhau .
ccc!#c cc?cc5c 9c - .
Sau khi t in p ln cch in, th ban u cch in nh l mt t
in tch in l LC, R l in tr ph ni tip cch in C nh hnh7.1
in dung ca cch in thng nh( 10 -7 10-8 F). Nu R=4 e, th
RC c gi tr 10-4 10-5 ms.
Vic chn Mga m k c in p bao nhiu tuy thuc vo in p nh
mc ca thit b th.
K R C
121
c
in p nh mc ca thit b , V in p ca Mgam k, V
< 100 500
100-380 1000
> 1000 2500
Tiu chun in tr tu thuc tng loi sn phm:
Theo quy trnh TB th Um < 1000V th R c > = 0,5M e
Um > 1000V th Rc tu thuc tng loi TB
Thng thng chn in tr cch in, ngi ta c tr s o c thi
im V0. Vi thit b quan trng, ngoi tr s V0 , ngi ta cn c tr s o
c thi im 15 . T s ca hai tr s ny gi l h s hp th
Kht = RV0/R15.
Nu Kht >= 1,3 th cch in ca TB cn tt .
Nu Kht<1,3 th cch in ca TB b m cn phi sy li, hoc thay th
cc. Phng php cng o tng t nh trn, ngi ta c tr s o c
thi im 15v 10 pht. T s ca hai tr s ny gi l h s hp th
Kht =R10/R15.
Nu >=4 th cch in ca TB cn tt .
Nu>=8 th cch in ca TB cn rt tt .
-ccEc cc cc
o tg bng cu o tg , cu o da trn nguyn l cu Schering (tham
kho thong ti liu).
in p tng lm cho cng xut tn hao in mi tg tng (gi tt tn
hao in mi tg tng P = U2. C . .Tg )
Trong trng hp cch in c bt kh th s c im ghi r rt sau
im ny biu th s tng vt t bin ca tg , l hu qu ca s tn hao
ion ho trong khng kh. in p m xy ra s tng vt ca tg gi l in p
ngng ca ion ho U ion.
c?cc5c
Mc ch : pht hin h hng cc b
My vn cn ch :
- Ch th mt ln vi ton phn tr s in p th quy nh (100 % U
th quy nh) Khi kim nghim cch in theo bo dng nh k, th ch
c th 50 -80 % tr s in p th quy nh.Vi TB quan trng, th theo
quy nh ca nh ch to
122
c
- Khi th vi in p tn s cng nghip ,U t = (2 3) Um th gian duy
tr l 1 pht. Vi TB quan trng, th theo quy nh ca nh ch to .
-Th bng in p 1 chiu p dng cho my in 1chiu, MF, cp
in,thi gian th l 1 pht, tr s in p th theo quy nh ca nh ch to
-Th bng in p xung ( xc nh kh nng chu ng ca TB vi qu
in p khi quyn ) mc cch in theo d t ho ca IEC-71/1Q72.
7.3. KIM NGHIM CCH IN CA MY BIN P
" cJ@ c c cc!cKc!I c c .
- Cn kim nghim bng o lng hoc t nht phi kim tra bng mt
tht k vt cch in nh: nm, ng
- o Rc v tg kim tra cht lng ca vic sy chn khng.
- Th ngn mch gia cc vng dy bng in p xung hoc bng in
p tn s cao trong vi giy .
J@ c c!c )c *c cc c
Th cch in bng in p tn s cng nghip trong thi gian mt
pht.in p t ln cun dy c cch in vi cc cun dy khc c
tip t vi li thp v vi thng my bin p. in p th c quy nh
trong tiu chun.
phng s nh thng c th xy ra trong khi th, ngi ta ni
gia cun dy c th vi mt ci phng in c kh nng phng in nh.
Trong qu trnh th, khng c c ting ku lch cch, khng c khi bc
ln. Tiu chun quc t gi vic th ny l th vi ngun in p ngoi.
J@ c c ccBLc!cKc!I c'c ( c c
c cVic kim nghim c tin hnh theo k hoch bo dng dnh k
khongc2-5 nm mt ln c
- c th d dng so snh nhnh s liu o c trong mi ln kim
nghim. Th ngay sau mi ln lp t MBA mi ta phi ly mu du ca n
v kim nghim k.
-Trc mi ln kim nghim nh k, ta li phi ly mu du MBA
c th. Nu du gim st v phm cht ( kinh nghim thc t cho thy, nu
mu du kim nghim ln sau thp di 70% kt qu th nghim so vi ln
trc th phi lc li v a vo ch theo di c bit ) sau mi tin
hnh kim nghim vi ni dung sau
- o in tr cch in
Vi Mgam k t nht l 2500V.
in tr cch in RV0 theo quy nh ca nh ch to. R= f(T 0C).
cJ +c$c$,c : c c6cc c$*c 5c 2J 8c
Kht = RV0/R15
Cch in cng ht m th Kht cng b, nhit bnh thng K ht > =1,3
(Kht =f (T0C))
Ngoi ra nh gi tnh trng ht m ca cch in, cn o in dung hai tn
s khc nhau, c th tn s 2Hz v 50Hz c k hiu l C2 v C50 o tn
s c nh hng r rt n tr s ca in dung, nn C2 v C50 s khc nhau
nhiu. Cch in cng ht m th C2/C50 cng ln, nu C2/C50 >1.3 th in
b m trm trng .
c?cc5c>c$*cc 5c &cc5c 9c - c
123
c
Th bng in p tn s cng nghip th U t = <70% Ut i vi my mi ch
to.
Th bng in p mt chiu theo quy nh ca nh ch to, thng c tin
hnh trc khi th in p tn s cng nghip, v trong qu trnh th thng
kt hp vi o dng r nhm xc nh m ca cch in.
- o tn hao in mi tg
Nhm xc nh mc m ca cch in
Tin hnh cc php o : +) CA HA + t .
+) HA CA + t .
+) CA + HA - t .
Vi cun dy c Um = < 35KV khng cn o tg v cch in cun dy in
p thp thng rt tt.
7.4. KIM NGHIM CCH IN CA MY PHT IN
/ " cJ@ c c!cKc!I c c c
- o Rc.
- o tg
- Th bng in p U
/ J@ c c!c )c .c c c
- o in tr cch in v mc thm thu .
- o tg v ng thi o in p ion ho : U ion
- Th bng in p tn s cng nghip: U .
- o li Rc nhm kim tra h hng cc b nu c trong qu trnh th
bng in p.
/ cJ@ c c ccBMc!cKc!Ic'c ( c c
Trong qu trnh vn hnh, cch in ca my pht in thng b gi
ho, nguyn nhn ch yu l do nhit , rung ng, thi gian
- o in tr cch in v mc thm thu : R c, Kht
- o tg v ng thi o in p ion ha : Tg v Uion
- Th bng in p mt chiu v in p tn s cng nghip: U -, U
- o li Rc nhm kim tra h hng cc b nu c trong qu trnh th
bng in p.
7.5. KIM NGHIM CCH IN MY CT
Cch in chnh ca my ct gm :
- Cch in so vi t ca my ct .
- Ct in gia tip im c nh v tip im di ng khi my ct v
ch ct.
Kim nghim cch in gm:
- o Rc (2 mc trn )
- o tg
7.V. KIM NGHIM CCH IN CA KH C IN H TH
- Vi thit b c Um< 1000V th ch cn o RV0 , th Rc > = 0,5M e
- Vi thit b mi lp t trong qu trnh vn hnh nu b s, cn th
bng in p xoay chiu tng cao, vi U t = 2kV trong thi gian mt pht.
Hoc nu do in tr cch in bng Mgam k loi 2500V th khi cn th
124
c
bng in p, (thc t th quy nh th U l Ut = 1KV, trong thi gian 1
pht)
CU HI CHNG 7
1.c Hy phn loi nhm kim nghim cch in?

2.c Trnh by nhm kim nghim khng cch in?
3.c Trnh by cch kim nghim cch in ca My bin p?
4.c Trnh by cch kim nghim cch in ca My pht in?
5.c Trnh by cch kim nghim cachs in c a My ct in?
125
c
12V

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c

cccccccccccccccccccccccccc cVT LIU IN

NG 1 K I NIM V VT LIU IN

Khi in t chuyn ng trn qu o c bn knh r bao quanh ht nhn,

Phn t lin kt ng ho tr c th l trung tnh hoc cc tnh. Phn t

Hnh 1.4 l mng tinh th lp phng (c bn) ca kim loi.

Chn nguyn t Dch chuyn

1.1.5. L THUYT PHN VNG NNG LNG VT CHT

1.5. S p b v l ca vt r 0 0K

mt in t ha tr vng y tr thnh trng thi t do cn cung cp

c i vi vt liu b d c vng ho tr (1) nm st hn vng dn (2)

c  Vt liu in khng phi c nh hon ton. Chng c th chuyn i

1.2. PHN LOI VT LIU IN

i 1.8 t a k v d tro ti t St

1.9. co t a ca vt liu st t

1-c St c bit tinh khit

2.1. KHI NIM V TNH CHT CA VT LIU DN IN

Vt liu dn in c phn thnh 2 loi: vt liu c tnh dn in t v

i lng nghch o ca in dn sut  gi l in tr sut <

Qua nghin cu, ngi ta thy: Cc kim loi tinh khit th h s gn nh

Bng 2.1 a ra nhit nng chy, in tr sut < v h s thay i in tr

gn nhit 00K (nhit tuyt i), in tr sut ca kim loi tinh

2.2.4. iu in th tip xc v sc nhit ng

Biu thc (2-14) chng t s.n.. l hm s ca hiu nhit

Trong k thut cn phi ch n h s l tnh ton h s nhit ca vt

St 7,8 1535 11 0,00V

2.2. TNH CHT CHUNG CA KIM LOI V HP KIM

2.3. NHNG H HNG THNG GP V CCH CHN VT LIU

B . Cc c t c ca ta Nm oc s d tro k tut i

BzAl5 -c Mm 35-45 30 70 8,2

2.4.2. Nhm v hp kim ca nhm

c tnh n v o lng Ch tiu

Gia cc tp cht trn, th Pb to cho km d dt dt, cn st Fe lm cho km

T bng 2chng ta c nhn xt l: Dy dn bng km, nhit bnh

2.4.6. Mt s kim loi v hi kim khc

Wofram (Tungsten) tm thy trong t nhin di dng m: Woframit

.4.5.. Nik (Ni

Niken cn c gi l kn, tn ti di dng m trong thin nhin:

Bc c iu ch t cc m trong t nhin: Acgentit (Ag 2S), Pira-

Vng c tm thy trong thin nhin di dng ht, l, bi bt...bng

.4.5.5. Tic (S

Thic l kim loi c nh sng bc, sc bn i vi nh hng ca mi

.4.5.7. Ty (

Thy ngn l kim loi duy nht th lng v c th bay hi trong iu

2.5. HP KIM C IN TR CAO

2.5.1. p kim Manganin (86%u, 2%Ni, 12%Mn)

2.5.2. p kim onstantan (60%u, 40%Ni)

2.5.3. p kim Nikenin [(2535)%Ni, (23)%Mn, 67%u]

2.5.4. p kim rm-Niken (Nicrom)

2.5.5. p kim rm - Nhm

Bng 2.V. Tng hp hnh phn v cc tnh cht c bn ca mt s hp kim c

3.1.KHI NIM V PHN LOI VT LIU CCH IN

3.1.2.2. Phn loi theo thnh phn ha hc

3.1.2.3. Phn loi theo tnh chu nhit

3.V. TNH CHT CHUNG CA VT LIU CCH IN

i vi vt liu xp, loi vt liu c kh nng ht m rt mnh, ngi ta

Vt liu hp ph tt s d b phng in, dng d ln do < (). S hp

Ngoi ra, khi chn vt liu cch in cng cn phi xt n kh nng

3.6.2. Tnh ha hc ca vt liu cch in

3.1. HIN TNG NH THNG IN MI V BN CCH IN

3.1.1. Khi nim v in trng

Trong cch in C c hng s in mi , inh trng gim t l nghc

Hnh 3.2 S phn cc ca in mi

c Vt liu in khng phi c nh hon ton. Chng c th chuyn i

i 1.8 t a k v d tro ti t St

i lng nghch o ca in dn sut gi l in tr sut <

B . Cc c t c ca ta Nm oc s d tro k tut i

Vt liu hp ph tt s d b phng in, dng d ln do < (). S hp

I IR tg hay IR = ICtg = .C.U.tg (3-15)

tg: h s tn hao in mi, tg IR .

3.5. S tay t ca i mi t

" c =>c A' Loi ny l do s clo ha cacbua, ngha l thay bt mt s

c =>c A Du Xtn l du Xvn c pha long bng triclobenzen

" c=>c,c c6>c8c

" cBc

b. Na t: l loi nha c c khi trng ct du thng, c mu

. Na olytyl (PE) c cng thc cu to (-CH2- CH2-)n l vt liu

. olyobutyl: cn c tn gi l oppanal, l loi nha nhn to c tnh

" cc$c,c l nha ly t cy cao su, do ngng t m cao su v cc

cc$c cc60c

b. Cao su olyclorop: cn c tn khc l Neopren hoc Dupren, cng c

b. Vt liu i iy:

Nm khng tt bng dy ng v in dn sut ca nhm b hn in

im kc bit qua tr (bn dn)

5.7 Trasisto loi p 5.8 Trasisto loi pp