PHN TCH NHN T KHM PH

L THUYT V NG DNG

NI DUNG

1. Tng quan v phn tch nhn t (FA)

2. Phn tch nhn t khm ph (EFA)

2.1 Khi nim v EFA

2.2 Mc tiu ca EFA

2.3 ng dng ca EFA

2.4 iu kin p dng EFA

2.5 Cc bc thc hin EFA

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3. Minh ha s dng EFA bng phn mm SPSS

1. Tng quan v phn tch nhn t(FA)

Phn tch nhn t(Factor Analysis, FA) l mt phng php thng k c s dng
thu nh v rt gn d liu. N thng hng n vic n gin ha mt tp hp cc
bin(variable) phc tp ban u thnh mt tp cc bin nh hn di dng cc nhn
t(factor).
Phn tch nhn t khc vi phn tch hi qui bi. Trong phn tch hi qui bi, mt bin
c coi l ph thuc, v cc bin khc c coi l bin c lp; nhng trong phn tch
nhn t khng c s phn bit ny, n khng c bin c lp v bin ph thuc, m n
da vo mi tng quan gia cc bin vi nhau. V vy, phng php phn tch FA
c xem xt nh l k thut ph thuc ln nhau (interdependence technique) m
tt c cc bin c xem xt mt cch ng b trong mi tng quan vi nhau.

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Phng php phn tch FA thng c s dng trong cc trng hp c bn sau y:

gim mt s lng ln cc bin thnh mt s cc nhn t nh hn cho cc

mc ch m hnh ha. V vy, FA c th c tch hp vo m hnh cu trc
tuyn tnh (Structural Equation Modeling, SEM)
chn mt tp hp nh cc bin t mt tp hp ln hn da vo cc bin ban
u, cc bin m c mi tng quan cao nht.
to ra mt tp hp cc nhn t, m tp hp cc nhn t ny c xem nh l
cc bin khng c tng quan vi nhau. y chnh l mt cch tip cn x l
vn a cng tuyn(multicollinearity) trong m hnh hi quy bi.
xc nh tnh hp l ca thang o

Phn tch nhn t c 2 dng c bn, l phn tch nhn t khm ph (Exploratory
factor analysis, EFA) v phn tch nhn t khng nh (Confirmatory factor analysis,
CFA)

Phn tch nhn t khm ph (EFA)hng n vic khm ph ra cu trc c bn

ca mt tp hp cc bin c lin quan vi nhau
Phn tch nhn t khng nh(CFA) hng n vic xc nh xem s lng
nhn t v cc bin o lng trn cc nhn t c ph hp vi ci c mong i
trn nn tng l thuyt c thit lp trc .

C hai phng php EFA v CFA u da vo m hnh nhn t chung(Common

Factor Model), c minh ha trong hnh 1.1 bn di.

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 Hnh 1.1: M hnh nhn t chung
Ngun: DeCoster(1998)

M hnh ny ch ra rng mi bin o lng t Measure 1 n Measure 5 b nh

hng mt phn bi cc nhn t chung c bn (factor 1 v factor 2) v cng
ng thi b nh hng mt phn bi cc nhn t duy nht c bn (E1, E2,
E3, E4, E5)

2. Phn tch nhn t khm ph (EFA)

2.1 Khi nim v EFA
Phn tch nhn t khm ph(EFA) l mt phng php phn tch nh lng dng rt
gn mt tp gm nhiu bin o lng ph thuc ln nhau thnh mt tp bin t hn(gi l
cc nhn t) chng c ngha hn nhng vn cha ng hu ht ni dung thng tin ca
tp bin ban u(Hair et al. 2009)

2.2 Mc tiu ca EFA

Hai mc tiu chnh ca EFA l phi xc nh:
i) S lng cc nhn t nh hng n mt tp cc bin o lng.

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 ii) Cng v mi quan h gia mi nhn t vi tng bin o lng

2.3 ng dng ca EFA

EFA thng c s dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc qun tr, kinh t, tm l, x hi hc,
. . ., khi c c m hnh khi nim(Conceptual Framework) t cc l thuyt hay cc
nghin cu trc. Trong cc nghin cu v kinh t, ngi ta thng s dng thang
o(scale) ch mc bao gm rt nhiu cu hi(bin o lng) nhm o lng cc khi
nim trong m hnh khi nim, v EFA s gp phn rt gn mt tp gm rt nhiu bin
o lng thnh mt s nhn t. Khi c c mt s t cc nhn t, nu chng ta s dng
cc nhn t ny vi t cch l cc bin c lp trong hm hi quy bi th khi , m
hnh s gim kh nng vi phm hin tng a cng tuyn. Ngoi ra, cc nhn t c
rt ra sau khi thc hin EFA s c th c thc hin trong phn tch hi quy a bin
(Multivariate Regression Analysis), m hnh Logit, sau c th tip tc thc hin phn
tch nhn t khng nh(CFA) nh gi tin cy ca m hnh hay thc hin m
hnh cu trc tuyn tnh (Structural Equation Modeling, SEM) kim nh v mi
quan h phc tp gia cc khi nim.
Sau y l mt vi th d minh ha cho vic s dng EFA t m hnh khi nim Vit
Nam trong thi gian qua:
i) Nguyn Th Trang (2010), trong mt nghin cu v Xy dng m hnh nh gi mc
hi lng ca sinh vin vi cht lng o to ti trng i hc kinh t, i hc
Nng, tc gi xy dng m hnh khi nim nh sau:

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Tc gi s dng 45 bin o lng m t cc thnh phn trong m hnh khi nim
trn:

ii) Nguyn Phng Ton (2011), trong mt nghin cu v Kho st cc yu t tc ng

n vic chn trng ca hc sinh lp 12 Trung hc ph thng trn a bn tnh Tin
Giang, tc gi a ra m hnh khi nim nh sau:

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Tc gi s dng 41 bin o lng m t cc thnh phn trong m hnh khi nim
trn:

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iii) Nguyn Th Cm Hi (2011), trong mt nghin cu v Nghin cu cc yu t nh
hng n vic ng dng thng mi in t(TMT) trong cc doanh nghip nh v
va trn a bn Thnh ph Nng, tc gi a ra m hnh khi nim nh sau:

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Tc gi s dng 71 bin o lng m t cc thnh phn trong m hnh khi nim trn.

2.4 M hnh ca EFA

Trong EFA, mi bin o lng c biu din nh l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc nhn t c
bn, cn lng bin thin ca mi bin o lng c gii thch bi nhng nhn t
chung(common factor). Bin thin chung ca cc bin o lng c m t bng mt s t cc
nhn t chung cng vi mt s nhn t c trng(unique factor) cho mi bin. Nu cc bin o

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lng c chun ha th m hnh nhn t c th hin bng phng trnh:
Xi = Ai1 * F1 + Ai2 * F2 + Ai3 * F3 + . . .+ Aim * Fm + Vi*Ui

Trong ,
Xi : bin o lng th i c chun ha
Aij: h s hi qui bi c chun ha ca nhn t j i vi bin i
F1, F2, . . ., Fm: cc nhn t chung
Vi: h s hi qui chun ha ca nhn t c trng i i vi bin i
Ui: nhn t c trng ca bin i

Cc nhn t c trng c tng quan vi nhau v tng quan vi cc nhn t chung; m bn

thn cc nhn t chung cng c th c din t nh nhng t hp tuyn tnh ca cc bin o
lng, iu ny c th hin thng qua m hnh sau y:
Fi = Wi1*X1 + Wi2*X2 + Wi3*X3 + . . . + Wik*Xk

Trong ,
Fi: c lng tr s ca nhn t i
Wi: quyn s hay trng s nhn t(weight or factor scores coefficient)
k: s bin

2.4 iu kin p dng EFA

2.4.1 Mc tng quan gia cc bin o lng
Phn tch EFA da trn c s mi quan h gia cc bin o lng, v vy, trc khi quyt nh
s dng EFA, chng ta cn xem xt mi quan h gia cc bin o lng ny. S dng ma trn
h s tng quan(correlation matrix), chng ta c th nhn bit c mc quan h gia cc
bin. Nu cc h s tng quan nh hn 0.30, khi s dng EFA khng ph hp(Hair et al.
2009)
Sau y l mt s tiu ch nh gi mi quan h gia cc bin:
i) Kim nh Bartlett:
Kim nh Bartlett dng xem xt ma trn tng quan c phi l ma trn n v (identity
matrix) hay khng ?. Ma trn n v y c hiu l ma trn c h s tng quan gia cc
bin bng 0, v h s tng quan vi chnh n bng 1.
Nu php kim nh Bartlett c p<5%, chng ta c th t chi gi thuyt H0 (ma trn tng
quan l ma trn n v), c ngha l cc bin c quan h vi nhau.

ii) Kim nh KMO:

Kim nh KMO(Kaiser Meyer - Olkin) l ch s dng so snh ln ca h s tng
quan gia 2 bin Xi v Xj vi h s tng quan ring phn ca chng.
s dng EFA, th KMO phi ln hn 0.50
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Kaiser(1974) ngh,
KMO >= 0.90: RT TT;
0.80 <= KMO < 0.90: TT;

0.70 <= KMO <0. 80: C;

0.60 <= KMO <0. 70: TM C;

0.50 <= KMO <0. 60: XU;

KMO <0. 50: KHNG CHP NHN C

2.4.2 Kch thc mu

s dng EFA, chng ta cn kch thc mu ln, nhng vn xc nh kch thc mu
ph hp l vic phc tp. Cc nh nghin cu thng da theo theo kinh nghim.
Trong EFA, kch thc mu thng c xc nh da vo kch thc ti thiu v s lng
bin o lng a vo phn tch, sau y l mt vi kin, ngh t cc chuyn gia v phn
tch nhn t, chng ta c th xem xt:
i) Hong Trng v Chu Nguyn Mng Ngc(2008), s lng quan st(c mu) t nht phi gp
4 n 5 ln s bin trong phn tch nhn t.

ii) Hair et al. (2009) cho rng s dng EFA, kch thc mu ti thiu phi l 50, tt hn nn
l 100. ng Hair ngh, c gng ti a ha t l quan st trn mi bin o lng l 5:1, c
ngha l c 1 bin o lng th cn ti thiu l 5 quan st.
iii) Stevens (2002, theo Habing 2003) mt nhn t c gi l tin cy nu nhn t ny c t 3
bin o lng tr ln.

2.5 Cc bc thc hin EFA

Quy trnh thc hin EFA, c nhiu nh nghin cu a ra cc bc(step) khc nhau:
i) Theo Hong Trng v Chu Mng Ngc(2010), c 6 bc thc hin EFA:

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i) Theo Rietveld & Van Hout (1993), c 7 bc chnh thc hin EFA:

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iii) Theo Williams, Onsman, Brown (2010), c 5 bc thc hin EFA:

Thng quan 3 kin trn v cc bc thc hin EFA, th ti nhn thy rng: khi thc hin
EFA, chng ta thng s dng phn mm thng k SPSS, v vy 5 bc ti iii) trn c th d
dng thc hin trong SPSS.

3. Minh ha s dng EFA bng phn mm SPSS

Nguyn Khnh Duy v cng s (2008) trong mt nghin cu v cht lng kha hc Thc s
v s hi lng ca hc vin cao hc ca mt trng i hc khi kinh t Tp.HCM a
mn hnh khi nim v bn cu hi phng vn hc vin cao hc nh sau:

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Hnh 3.1 M hnh khi nim th hin nh hng ca cht lng kha hc n s hi lng
chung

BN PHNG VN HC VIN CAO HC

I. CHT LNG KHA HC THC S
Anh/ch vui lng nh gi mc mc ng ca anh/ ch i vi mi pht biu di y. Quy c rng
i t ti trong cc cu hi (cc pht biu) l anh/ch, v im ca cc thang o nh sau:
Thang o mc ng
1. Rt khng ng
2. Khng ng
3. Hi khng ng
4. Phn vn, khng bit c ng hay khng (trung lp)
5. Hi ng
6. ng
7. Rt ng (pht biu hon ton ng)

Ging dy tt (Good Teaching Scale) Mc ng

i ng ging vin (GV) ca kha hc ng vin, thc y ti thc hin tt nht cng vic
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
hc tp nghin cu ca mnh
i ng GV dnh nhiu thi gian bnh lun, gp v vic hc tp nghin cu ca ti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
i ng ging vin n lc hiu c nhng kh khn m ti c th gp phi trong qu
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
trnh hc tp, nghin cu
i ng GV thng cho ti nhng thng tin hu ch v vic ti nn lm g tip tc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cc ging vin gii thch iu g u rt r rng, d hiu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
i ng GV lm vic tn ty, nghim tc lm cho cc ch ca h tr nn hng th 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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 Pht trin nhng k nng chung (Generic Skills Scale) Mc ng
Kha hc pht trin k nng gii quyt vn ca ti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kha hc lm cho k nng phn tch ca ti c su sc hn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kha hc gip ti pht trin kh nng lm vic nhm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Nh tham d kha hc, ti cm thy t tin trc nhng vn ang cn tr, hay nhng vn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
mi
Kha hc ci thin k nng vit trong khoa hc ca ti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kha hc pht trin kh nng lp k hoch cng vic ca bn thn ti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kha hc pht trin k nng s dng ngoi ng ca ti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kha hc pht trin k nng tin hc ca ti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cht lng tt nghip (Graduate Qualities Scale) Mc ng

Trng khuyn khch ti say m, am m trong vic hc su hn na, vi bc hc cao hn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
na
Kha hc cung cp cho lnh vc kin thc ca ti mt quan im rng hn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Qu trnh hc khuyn khch ti nh gi c nhng th mnh, nhng kh nng ca ti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ti hc p dng nhng nguyn tc, kin thc c hc vo nhng tnh hung mi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kha hc gip ti t tin khm ph nhng vn mi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ti cho rng nhng g ti c hc c gi tr cho tng lai ca ti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Mc tiu v tiu chun r rng (Clear Goals and Standards Scale) Mc ng

Cc tiu chun, yu cu ca vic hc tp/nghin cu c bit n mt cch d dng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ti thng bit r nhng k vng ca ti v kha hc, v iu m ti cn lm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ti tch cc khm ph v thc hin nhng g ngi ta mong i ti trong kha hc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
i ng ging vin lm r nhng g h k vng v yu cu hc vin t bui hc u tin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ca mn hc
Khi lng cng vic hp l (Appropriate Workload Scale) Mc ng
Ti lng hc tp khng qu nng n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ti khng ch thi gian hiu nhng iu ti buc phi hc, m cn c th dnh thi gian
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
nghin cu thm cc ti liu tham kho khc
Khng c qu nhiu p lc trong hc tp, nghin cu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Khi lng cng vic trong kha hc hp l c th lnh hi c kin thc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ngun lc hc tp (Learning Resources Scale) Mc ng

Ngun ti liu trong th vin p ng c nhu cu ca ti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Thit b cng ngh thng tin phc v ging dy &hc tp hot ng c hiu qu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Nh trng lm r nhng ti liu no sn c h tr vic hc tp ca ti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ti liu hc tp r rng v sc tch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cc ti liu hc tp ca kha hc thch hp, v c cp nht 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cng ng hc tp (Learning Community Scale) Mc ng

Ti cm thy mt b phn hc vin, ging vin, nhn vin cam kt thc hin tt vic vic hc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
tp, nghin cu, ging dy v phc v vic dy - hc
Ti c th tm hiu nhng vn hng th trong khoa hc vi i ng ging vin, v cc hc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
vin trong trng
Ti cm thy tin tng nhng ngi khc trong trng khi cng h khm ph nhng tng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Nhng tng v nhng ngh ca hc vin c s dng trong qu trnh hc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ti cm thy mnh cng thuc v cng ng i hc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Thc y tri thc khoa hc (Intellectual Motivation Scale) Mc ng

Ti nhn thy qu trnh hc tp, nghin cu ca ti rt hng th v mt tri thc khoa hc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ti cm thy c ng c hc tp tt khi tham d kha hc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kha hc khin ti hng th hn trong lnh vc khoa hc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ni chung qu trnh hc tp, nghin cu ca ti rt ng gi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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 T chc kha hc (Course Organisation Scale) Mc ng
Nhng hot ng lin quan n vic t chc kha hc c thc hin tt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ti nhn c nhng thng tin, li khuyn hu ch ln k hoch hc tp nghin cu ca
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
mnh
Cc mn hc trong chng trnh c t chc mt cch c h thng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kha hc c s linh hot, mm do hp l p ng c nhu cu ca ti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ti c cc la chn v cc mn hc m ti mun hc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cc mn hc hin i, nng cao trong chng trnh rt a dng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
S lng cc mn hc trong chng trnh rt ph hp 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cc mn hc trong chng trnh t c su v kin thc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Khoa sau i hc p ng c cc yu cu ca ti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

II. MC HI LNG CHUNG

Anh/ch vui lng nh gi mc ng ca mnh vi cc pht biu sau.
Quy c: 1 l Rt khng ng , , 7 l Rt ng

Mc hi lng chung (Overall Satisfaction Scale) Mc ng

Ni chung, ti cm thy hi lng v cht lng ca kha hc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kha hc p ng c nhng c nhng hy vng ca ti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hin nay, trng l ni hon ho v o to thc s theo suy ngh ca ti 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

III. THNG TIN C NHN. Anh ch vui lng cho bit cc thng tin c nhn sau:
1.Gii tnh: Nam N
2.Tui: 26 27-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51
3.Mc thu nhp trung bnh mt thng (triu ):
3,0 3,1- 5,0 5,1-7,0 7,1- 10,0 >10
4.C quan cng tc:
Cha i lm Doanh nghip nh nc
Trng THCN, Cao ng, i hc Doanh nghip ngoi quc doanh trong nc
Vin nghin cu Doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi
C quan qun l nh nc Khc (xin ghi r):
5. V tr cng tc (nu anh/ch i lm)
nhn vin Trng/ph phng hoc tng ng Gim c/ph gim c hoc tng ng
Khc (xin ghi r) .

Vi m hnh khi nhim trong hnh 3.1 trn, c 9 nhm yu t chnh tc ng n S hi

lng chung l:

Ging dy tt
Pht trin nhng k nng chung
Cht lng tt nghip
Mc tiu v tiu chun r rng
Khi lng cng vic hp l
Ngun lc hc tp
Cng ng hc tp
Thc y tri thc khoa hc
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 T chc kha hc

V 9 yu t ny c trnh by trong bn cu hi phng vn hc vin cao hc; ng vi mi

nhm yu t, c rt nhiu cu hi lin quan n nhm yu , th d:

Nhm yu t Ging dy tt gm c 6 cu hi
Nhm yu t Pht trin nhng k nng chung gm c 8 cu hi
Nhm yu t Cht lng tt nghip gm c 6 cu hi
Nhm yu t Mc tiu v tiu chun r rng gm c 4 cu hi
Nhm yu t Khi lng cng vic hp l gm c 4 cu hi
Nhm yu t Ngun lc hc tp gm c 5 cu hi
Nhm yu t Cng ng hc tp gm c 5 cu hi
Nhm yu t Thc y tri thc khoa hc gm c 4 cu hi
Nhm yu t T chc kha hc gm c 9 cu hi

Thng qua qu trnh kho st, nhm tc gi trn thu c 211 mu hp l, v d liu ny
c a vo phn mm SSPS nh bn di:

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 51 bin o lng thuc v 9 nhm nhn t trn c m ha v nhp vo phn mm
SPSS nh trn, c th hiu tn cc bin o lng c m ha, hy xem bng m t
sau y:

Bin
c
m
Tn nhm ha Din gii bin
i ng ging vin (GV) ca kha hc ng vin, thc y ti thc hin tt nht
gts1 cng vic hc tp nghin cu ca mnh
i ng GV dnh nhiu thi gian bnh lun, gp v vic hc tp nghin cu ca
gts2 ti
i ng ging vin n lc hiu c nhng kh khn m ti c th gp phi
gts3 trong qu trnh hc tp, nghin cu
i ng GV thng cho ti nhng thng tin hu ch v vic ti nn lm g tip
gts4 tc
gts5 Cc ging vin gii thch iu g u rt r rng, d hiu
Ging dy tt (Good i ng GV lm vic tn ty, nghim tc lm cho cc ch ca h tr nn
Teaching Scale) gts6 hng th
gss1 Kha hc pht trin k nng gii quyt vn ca ti
gss2 Kha hc lm cho k nng phn tch ca ti c su sc hn
gss3 Kha hc gip ti pht trin kh nng lm vic nhm
Nh tham d kha hc, ti cm thy t tin trc nhng vn ang cn tr, hay
gss4 nhng vn mi
gss5 Kha hc ci thin k nng vit trong khoa hc ca ti
gss6 Kha hc pht trin kh nng lp k hoch cng vic ca bn thn ti
Pht trin nhng k
nng chung (Generic gss7 Kha hc pht trin k nng s dng ngoi ng ca ti
Skills Scale) gss8 Kha hc pht trin k nng tin hc ca ti
Trng khuyn khch ti say m, am m trong vic hc su hn na, vi bc hc
gqs1 cao hn na
gqs2 Kha hc cung cp cho lnh vc kin thc ca ti mt quan im rng hn
Qu trnh hc khuyn khch ti nh gi c nhng th mnh, nhng kh nng
gqs3 ca ti
Ti hc p dng nhng nguyn tc, kin thc c hc vo nhng tnh
Cht lng tt gqs4 hung mi
nghip (Graduate gqs5 Kha hc gip ti t tin khm ph nhng vn mi
Qualities Scale) gqs6 Ti cho rng nhng g ti c hc c gi tr cho tng lai ca ti
Cc tiu chun, yu cu ca vic hc tp/nghin cu c bit n mt cch d
cgss1 dng
cgss2 Ti thng bit r nhng k vng ca ti v kha hc, v iu m ti cn lm
Mc tiu v tiu Ti tch cc khm ph v thc hin nhng g ngi ta mong i ti trong kha
chun r rng (Clear cgss3 hc
Goals and Standards i ng ging vin lm r nhng g h k vng v yu cu hc vin t bui hc
Scale) cgss4 u tin ca mn hc
Khi lng cng vic aws1 Ti lng hc tp khng qu nng n
hp l (Appropriate Ti khng ch thi gian hiu nhng iu ti buc phi hc, m cn c th
Workload Scale) aws2 dnh thi gian nghin cu thm cc ti liu tham kho khc

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 aws3 Khng c qu nhiu p lc trong hc tp, nghin cu
aws4 Khi lng cng vic trong kha hc hp l c th lnh hi c kin thc
lrs1 Ngun ti liu trong th vin p ng c nhu cu ca ti
lrs2 Thit b cng ngh thng tin phc v ging dy &hc tp hot ng c hiu qu
Ngun lc hc tp lrs3 Nh trng lm r nhng ti liu no sn c h tr vic hc tp ca ti
(Learning Resources lrs4 Ti liu hc tp r rng v sc tch
Scale) lrs5 Cc ti liu hc tp ca kha hc thch hp, v c cp nht
Ti cm thy mt b phn hc vin, ging vin, nhn vin cam kt thc hin tt
lcs1 vic vic hc tp, nghin cu, ging dy v phc v vic dy - hc
Ti c th tm hiu nhng vn hng th trong khoa hc vi i ng ging vin,
lcs2 v cc hc vin trong trng
Ti cm thy tin tng nhng ngi khc trong trng khi cng h khm ph
Cng ng hc tp lcs3 nhng tng
(Learning Community lcs4 Nhng tng v nhng ngh ca hc vin c s dng trong qu trnh hc
Scale) lcs5 Ti cm thy mnh cng thuc v cng ng i hc
Ti nhn thy qu trnh hc tp, nghin cu ca ti rt hng th v mt tri thc
ims1 khoa hc
Thc y tri thc ims2 Ti cm thy c ng c hc tp tt khi tham d kha hc
khoa hc (Intellectual ims3 Kha hc khin ti hng th hn trong lnh vc khoa hc
Motivation Scale) ims4 Ni chung qu trnh hc tp, nghin cu ca ti rt ng gi
cos1
Nhng hot ng lin quan n vic t chc kha hc c thc hin tt
cos2 Ti nhn c nhng thng tin, li khuyn hu ch ln k hoch hc tp
nghin cu ca mnh
cos3
Cc mn hc trong chng trnh c t chc mt cch c h thng
cos4
Kha hc c s linh hot, mm do hp l p ng c nhu cu ca ti
cos5
Ti c cc la chn v cc mn hc m ti mun hc
cos6
Cc mn hc hin i, nng cao trong chng trnh rt a dng
cos7
S lng cc mn hc trong chng trnh rt ph hp
cos8
T chc kha hc Cc mn hc trong chng trnh t c su v kin thc
(Course Organisation cos9
Scale) Khoa sau i hc p ng c cc yu cu ca ti

V khi nim S hi long chung c 3 bin quan st nh bn di:

oss1 Ni chung, ti cm thy hi lng v cht lng ca kha hc

oss2 Kha hc p ng c nhng c nhng hy vng ca ti
S hi lng chung oss3 Hin nay, trng l ni hon ho v o to thc s theo suy ngh ca ti

21
Da vo m hnh khi nim hnh 3.1 v d liu kho st ca nhm tc gi trn, ta c th s
dng phn mm SPSS (phin bn 16) gip thc hin EFA trn cc bin o lng thuc cc
nhm yu t trn:
Bc 1: Kim tra iu kin thc hin EFA
i) S lng cc bin o lng trong 9 nhm nhn t hnh 3.1 u ln hn 3, nn tha mn
yu cu m Stevens (2002) a ra.
ii) S mu l 211, cng p ng c yu cu ti thiu l 50 quan st theo Hair & ctg (2009).
Hn na, s mu 211 cng tha mn tiu ch m Hong Trng v Chu Nguyn Mng
Ngc(2008) a ra(ta c 51 bin, 51 * 4 = 204 quan st < 211 quan st)
iii) Kim nh Bartlett v KMO:
Ta c th hin kim nh Bartlett v KMO trong SPSS(phin bn 16) nh sau:

Chng ta a 51 bin ca 9 nhm yu t trn vo phn Variables, sau chn

Descriptives. nh di:

22
Sau hy chn Continue t mn hnh Factor Analysis Descriptives, sau chn OK trn
mn hnh Factor Analysis, ta c kt qu sau:

Kim nh KMO:

Ta thy KMO = 0.947 > 0.50, tha mn yu cu thc hin EFA. Hn na, theo
Kaiser(1974), nu KMO > 0.90 : RT TT, m theo kt qu ny, KMO = 0.947 > 0.90 nn rt
tt cho vic thc hin EFA.

Kim nh Bartlett:
Sig. = 0.000 < 0.05, ta c th t chi gi thuyt H0 (ma trn tng quan l ma trn n v), c
ngha l cc bin c quan h vi nhau nn ta c th thc hin EFA.

Nh vy, vi kt qu i), ii) v iii), th d liu ny ph hp thc hin EFA.

Bc 2: Rt trch cc nhn t

23
u tin, hy m mn hnh Factor Analysis nh bn di

24
Chn Extraction, sau ta chn cc thng s nh bn di:

25
Chn Rotation, sau ta chn cc thng s nh bn di:

Chn Scores, sau ta chn cc thng s nh bn di:

Chn Options, sau ta chn cc thng s nh bn di:

26
Ghi ch:
Chn Sorted by size nu chng ta mun sp xp cc bin quan st trong cng mt nhn t
ng gn nhau.
Chn Suppress absolute value less than, nu chng ta nhp gi tr 0.470, khi cc trng
s nhn t hay h s ti nhn t (factor loading) c gi tr tuyt i nh hn 0.470 s khng
c hin th trn bng kt xut Rotated Component Matrix

Sau khi chn xong cc mn hnh nh trn, chn OK t mn hnh Factor Analysis, ta c kt
qu sau y:
Hnh 3.2: Ma trn nhn t xoay (ln 1)

Rotated Component Matrixa

Component

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

gss5 .763

gss2 .708

gss6 .708

gqs4 .705

gss1 .697

gss4 .660

gqs5 .641

gqs3 .624

gqs6 .620

gss3 .579

gqs2 .574

27
gqs1 .535

lcs5 .668

lcs3 .646

lcs2 .644

cgss1 .625

cgss4 .620

cgss2 .601

lcs1 .589

cos1 .570

lcs4 .568 .473

cos2 .545

cgss3 .518

cos7 .727

cos8 .724

cos6 .723

cos5 .658

cos3 .645

cos9 .567

cos4 .486

lrs5 .473

gts6 .689

gts4 .633

gts3 .615

gts2 .596

gts5 .580

gts1 .555

lrs1 .743

lrs2 .706

lrs3 .656

lrs4 .596

aws3 .805

aws1 .795

aws2 .743

aws4 .569

ims3 .671

28
ims2 .655

ims1 .575

ims4 .493

gss7 .769

gss8 .766

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

a. Rotation converged in 7 iterations.

Bc 3: Phn tch kt qu rt trch nhn t

Ghi ch:
Cc con s c th hin trong bng trn, ngi ta gi l trng s nhn t hay h s ti nhn
t (factor loading).
Theo Hair & ctg (2009, 116), Multivariate Data Analysis, Prentice-Hall International, Inc,
Factor loading l ch tiu m bo mc ngha thit thc ca EFA:
Nu 0.3 <=Factor loading <=0.4 c xem l t c mc ti thiu
Nu Factor loading >= 0.5 c xem l c ngha thc tin

Nhn vo bng Rotated Component Matrix trn, c 8 ct ngha l c 8 nhn t c rt ra t

51 bin quan st v c 3 bin c Factor loading nh hn 0.5, l ims4 (Factor loading =
0.493), lrs5 (Factor loading = 0.473), cos4(Factor loading = 0.486). Trong 3 bin ny, bin lrs5
c Factor loading l 0.473 nh hn so vi 2 bin cn li (ims4, cos4) nn ta loi b bin ny ra
khi danh sch bin trn mn hnh Factor Analysis, v chy li EFA vi 50 bin, khi ta c
kt qu nh sau:
Hnh 3.3: Ma trn nhn t xoay (ln 2)

Rotated Component Matrixa

Component

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

gss5 .760

gss2 .716

gss6 .707

gqs4 .706

gss1 .700

gss4 .668

gqs5 .646

gqs3 .625
29
gqs6 .618

gqs2 .580

gss3 .578

gqs1 .537

lcs5 .670

lcs2 .644

lcs3 .643

cgss1 .624

cgss4 .620

cgss2 .598

lcs1 .588

cos1 .571

lcs4 .571

cos2 .543

cgss3 .514

cos7 .735

cos8 .729

cos6 .720

cos5 .659

cos3 .652

cos9 .581

cos4 .509

gts6 .695

gts4 .637

gts3 .621

gts2 .603

gts5 .575

gts1 .546

lrs1 .753

lrs2 .706

lrs3 .642

lrs4 .555

aws3 .805

aws1 .792

aws2 .747

30
aws4 .569

ims3 .685

ims2 .666

ims1 .594

ims4 .510

gss8 .769

gss7 .764

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

Bc 4: t tn v din gii ngha cc nhn t

Trong kt qu kt xut ti hnh 3.2 ny, c 8 nhn t c rt ra v tt c cc bin u c factor

loading ln hn 0.5.

Nhn t th nht: gm 12 bin quan st, l

gss5 gss2 gss6 gqs4 gss1 gss4 gqs5 gqs3 gqs6 gqs2 gss3 gqs1

Theo m hnh khi nim hnh 3.1, cc bin trong nhn t th nht ny thuc nhm yu
t :Cht lng tt nghip (Graduate Qualities Scale) v Pht trin nhng k nng
chung (Generic Skills Scale), v vy ta c th t tn cho nhn t ny l: Cht lng
tt nghip v Pht trin nhng k nng chung

Nhn t th hai: gm 11 bin quan st, l

lcs5 lcs2 lcs3 cgss1 cgss4 cgss2 lcs1 cos1 lcs4 cos2 cgss3

Tng t, cc bin trong nhn t th nht ny thuc nhm yu t: Mc tiu v tiu

chun r rng (Clear Goals and Standards Scale), T chc kha hc (Course
Organisation Scale), Cng ng hc tp (Learning Community Scale), v vy ta c th
t tn cho nhn t ny l: Mc tiu v tiu chun r rng - T chc kha hc -
Cng ng hc tp

31
 Nhn t th 3: gm 7 bin quan st, l
cos7 cos8 cos6 cos5 cos3 cos9 cos4

Tng t, cc bin trong nhn t th nht ny thuc nhm yu t: T chc kha hc

(Course Organisation Scale), v vy ta c th t tn cho nhn t ny l: T chc kha
hc

Nhn t th 4: gm 6 bin quan st, l

gts6 gts4 gts3 gts2 gts5 gts1

Tng t, cc bin trong nhn t th nht ny thuc nhm yu t: Ging dy tt (Good

Teaching Scale), v vy ta c th t tn cho nhn t ny l: Ging dy tt

Nhn t th 5: gm 4 bin quan st, l

lrs1 lrs2 lrs3 lrs4

Tng t, cc bin trong nhn t th nht ny thuc nhm yu t: Ngun lc hc tp

(Learning Resources Scale), v vy ta c th t tn cho nhn t ny l: Ngun lc hc
tp

Nhn t th 6: gm 4 bin quan st, l

aws3 aws1 aws2 aws4

Tng t, cc bin trong nhn t th nht ny thuc nhm yu t: Khi lng cng vic
hp l (Appropriate Workload Scale), v vy ta c th t tn cho nhn t ny l: Khi
lng cng vic hp l

Nhn t th 7: gm 4 bin quan st, l

ims3 ims2 ims1 ims4

Tng t, cc bin trong nhn t th nht ny thuc nhm yu t: Thc y tri thc khoa hc
(Intellectual Motivation Scale), v vy ta c th t tn cho nhn t ny l: Thc y tri thc
khoa hc

32
 Nhn t th 8: gm 4 bin quan st, l
gss8 gss7

Tng t, cc bin trong nhn t th nht ny thuc nhm yu t: Pht trin nhng k nng
chung (Generic Skills Scale), v vy ta c th t tn cho nhn t ny l: Pht trin nhng
k nng chung

Bc 5: Kim tra tin cy ca cc nhn t s dng Cronbachs alpha

t F1 l nhn t th nht
F2 l nhn t th hai,
. .. . .. .
F8 l nhn t th 8

Ta tin hnh kim nh cc nhn t (F1, . . , F8) s dng h s Cronbachs alpha

V mt nghin cu thc nghim, cc bin quan st c h s tng quan bin-tng (item-total
correlation) nh hn 0.3 s b loi v tiu chun chn thang o khi Cronbachs Alpha t 0.6 tr
ln (Nunnally v Burnstein 1994 theo Nguyn Khnh Duy v cng s 2008)

Kim nh F1:

33
H s Cronbachs Alpha = 0.941 > 0.6 nn thang o t tiu chun. ng thi, cc bin quan
st u c h s tng quan bin- tng cao v ln hn 0,3 nn cc bin t yu cu v tin
cy.

34
Kim nh F2:

H s Cronbachs Alpha = 0.919 > 0.6 nn thang o t tiu chun. ng thi, cc bin quan
st u c h s tng quan bin- tng cao v ln hn 0,3 nn cc bin t yu cu v tin
cy.

Kim nh F3:

35
H s Cronbachs Alpha = 0.916 > 0.6 nn thang o t tiu chun. ng thi, cc bin quan
st u c h s tng quan bin- tng cao v ln hn 0,3 nn cc bin t yu cu v tin
cy.

Kim nh F4:

H s Cronbachs Alpha = 0.885 > 0.6 nn thang o t tiu chun. ng thi, cc bin quan
st u c h s tng quan bin- tng cao v ln hn 0,3 nn cc bin t yu cu v tin
cy.

Kim nh F5:

H s Cronbachs Alpha = 0.814 > 0.6 nn thang o t tiu chun. ng thi, cc bin quan
st u c h s tng quan bin- tng cao v ln hn 0,3 nn cc bin t yu cu v tin
cy.

36
Kim nh F6:

H s Cronbachs Alpha = 0.801 > 0.6 nn thang o t tiu chun. ng thi, cc bin quan
st u c h s tng quan bin- tng cao v ln hn 0,3 nn cc bin t yu cu v tin
cy.

Kim nh F7:

H s Cronbachs Alpha = 0.899 > 0.6 nn thang o t tiu chun. ng thi, cc bin quan
st u c h s tng quan bin- tng cao v ln hn 0,3 nn cc bin t yu cu v tin
cy.

Kim nh F8:

37
H s Cronbachs Alpha = 0.860 > 0.6 nn thang o t tiu chun, tuy nhin, cc bin quan
st u c h s tng quan bin- tng cao v ln hn 0,3 nn cc bin t yu cu v tin
cy.

Tm li, thng qua kt qu tnh h s Cronbach Alpha ta thy 8 nhn t u c ngha

thng k v t h s tin cy cn thit. V vy, 8 nhn t ny c iu kin tip tc c
s dng trong cc phn tch tip.
Sau y l 2 th d minh ha cho vic s dng cc nhn t sau khi c rt ra s dng EFA:

Th d 1: Phn tch tng bin quan st nh hng, tc ng mnh hay yu, cng chiu hay
ngc chiu i vi tng nhn t t F1 n F8:
Da vo ma trn Component Score Coefficient bn di:

Component Score Coefficient Matrix

Component

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

aws1 -.058 .002 -.079 -.019 .005 .361 .024 .029

aws2 .037 -.058 -.058 .025 -.045 .335 -.009 -.038

aws3 -.002 -.007 -.032 -.004 -.025 .363 -.112 .010

aws4 -.051 -.011 .037 -.028 -.021 .214 .054 .010

cgss1 .015 .189 -.062 -.047 .085 -.057 -.060 -.084

cgss2 .046 .188 -.141 -.049 -.019 .038 .012 -.038

cgss3 -.043 .108 -.136 .031 .054 -.007 .141 .028

cgss4 .028 .197 -.089 -.026 .049 -.052 -.098 -.019

cos1 -.109 .137 .074 -.019 .065 -.080 .047 -.063

cos2 -.088 .117 .069 -.030 .040 -.076 .035 .019

cos3 -.004 -.034 .215 -.063 .000 -.038 -.045 -.023

38
cos4 -.009 .006 .122 .039 -.032 .030 -.059 -.062

cos5 -.001 -.076 .210 -.012 -.012 -.002 -.084 .029

cos6 -.008 -.052 .259 -.029 -.095 -.029 -.010 -.055

cos7 -.016 -.077 .256 -.046 -.010 .004 -.021 -.074

cos8 -.015 -.070 .249 -.025 -.029 -.061 -.023 -.009

cos9 -.038 .007 .146 .004 .043 -.012 -.052 -.042

gqs1 .063 -.095 -.044 .009 .020 .005 .120 .093

gqs2 .082 -.069 -.061 .086 .081 -.002 .061 -.094

gqs3 .145 .014 .001 -.097 .026 -.019 -.108 .040

gqs4 .167 -.060 -.012 -.008 -.037 .004 -.046 -.003

gqs5 .121 -.017 -.066 -.027 -.018 .012 .054 .009

gqs6 .141 -.038 .042 -.083 -.126 .062 .016 -.003

gss1 .143 -.042 -.041 -.044 .028 -.023 .049 -.036

gss2 .161 -.059 -.017 -.062 .058 -.044 .039 -.081

gss3 .148 .104 .021 -.065 -.045 -.045 -.229 .010

gss4 .164 .006 -.009 -.059 -.015 -.006 -.103 -.001

gss5 .235 .025 .018 -.076 -.078 -.023 -.181 -.078

gss6 .185 -.074 .002 .015 -.042 .002 -.112 .004

gss7 -.017 -.020 -.052 -.084 .014 .023 -.048 .532

gss8 -.029 -.038 -.042 -.058 .028 -.042 -.007 .526

gts1 -.061 -.038 -.055 .248 -.016 -.002 .079 .046

gts2 -.054 .019 -.032 .284 -.119 .021 -.058 .084

gts3 -.116 -.039 -.064 .308 -.099 .032 .075 .192

gts4 -.002 -.024 -.049 .312 -.069 .002 -.086 .016

gts5 .012 -.046 .024 .291 .009 -.005 -.111 -.181

gts6 -.033 -.089 -.012 .374 .053 -.047 .011 -.196

ims1 -.029 -.012 -.062 .005 -.028 .049 .307 -.026

ims2 -.037 -.028 -.053 -.083 .046 -.023 .368 .039

ims3 -.033 -.046 .036 -.060 -.018 -.061 .373 -.052

ims4 -.023 -.022 .096 .003 -.088 -.044 .230 -.086

lcs1 -.013 .176 -.055 -.019 -.003 .036 -.059 -.011

lcs2 -.077 .173 -.003 .051 -.055 .012 .038 -.084

lcs3 -.059 .205 -.083 -.042 -.089 .065 .096 .023

lcs4 -.035 .172 .104 -.122 -.059 -.015 -.125 .105

lcs5 -.035 .243 .051 -.086 -.140 -.001 -.090 .022

39
lrs1 -.021 -.071 -.029 -.119 .402 -.012 -.004 .066

lrs2 -.097 -.022 -.078 .003 .367 -.040 .075 .034

lrs3 .016 -.030 -.056 -.046 .307 .050 -.039 -.059

lrs4 .007 -.025 .033 -.041 .234 -.010 -.082 -.010

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
Component Scores.

Da vo bng ny, ta c th xy dng c cc phng trnh hi quy cho tng nhn t t F1

n F8 nh sau:
F1 = 0.063 * gqs1 + 0.082 * gqs2 + 0.145 * gqs3 + 0.167 * gqs4 + 0.121 * gqs5 + 0.141*gqs6
+ 0.143 * gss1 + 0.161 * gss2 + 0.148 * gss3 + 0.164 * gss4 + 0.235 * gss5 + 0.185 *gss6

F2 = 0.189 * cgss1 + 0.188 * cgss2 + 0.108 * cgss3 + 0.197 * cgss4 + 0.137 * cos1 + 0.117 *
cos2 + 0.176 * lcs1 + 0.173 * lcs2 + 0.205 * lcs3 + 0.172 * lcs4 + 0.243 * lcs5

F3 = 0.215 * cos3 + 0.122 * cos4 + 0.210 * cos5 + 0.259 * cos6 + 0.256 * cos7 + 0.249 * cos8
+ 0.146 * cos9
F4 = 0.248 * gts1 + 0.284 * gts2 + 0.308 * gts3 + 0.312 * gts4 + 0.291 * gts5 + 0.374 * gts6
F5 =0.402 * lrs1 + 0.367 * lrs2 + 0.307 * lrs3 + 0.234 * lrs4
F6 = 0.361 * aws1 + 0.335 * aws2 + 0.363 * aws3 + 0.214 * aws4
F7 = 0.307 * ims1 + 0.368 * ims2 + 0.373 * ims3 + 0.230 * ims4
F8 = 0.532 * gss7 + 0.526 * gss8
Nhn xt:
Qua phn phn tch nh hng ca tng bin quan st ti tng nhn t (t F1 n F8), th tt
c cc h s u ln hn 0, chng t cc bin tc ng thun i vi tng nhn t. V vy, bt
c mt s tc ng no tch cc n bt k mt bin quan st no u lm tng gi tr ca tng
nhn t.

Th d 2: Phn tch nh hng ca cht lng kha hc n s hi lng chung ca hc vin

cao hc
i) Tnh ton nhn s(factor score) cho 8 nhn t t F1, F2, . . ., F8
Tnh F1:

40
Tng t, ta tnh ton cho F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8
y l kt qu sau khi tnh ton xong F1, . ., F8

41
Ta thc hin EFA i vi khi nim S hi lng chung vi 3 bin quan st(oss1, oss2,oss3),
khi ta rt ra c 1 nhn t, t tn l Mc hi lng chung. Ta cng tnh ton c
nhn s cho nhn t Mc hi lng chung tng t nh F1, . . , F8 trn v ta t tn l
OSS.
y l kt qu:

xc nh, o lng v nh gi mc nh hng ca cc nhn t (t F1 n F8) n s

hi lng chung ca hc vin cao hc, ta c th s dng phng php hi quy tuyn tnh bi
sau:
OSS = 0 + 1F1+ 2F2+ 3F3+ 4F4+ 5F5 + 6F6 + 7F7+ 8F8
Kt qu chy hm hi quy ny trong SPSS:

Model Summary

Adjusted R Std. Error of the

Model R R Square Square Estimate

1 .858a .737 .726 .69031

a. Predictors: (Constant), F8, F6, F5, F7, F4, F2, F3, F1

ANOVAb

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

1 Regression 269.129 8 33.641 70.596 .000a

Residual 96.258 202 .477

42
 Total 365.387 210

a. Predictors: (Constant), F8, F6, F5, F7, F4, F2, F3, F1

b. Dependent Variable: OSS

Coefficientsa

Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients Collinearity Statistics

Model B Std. Error Beta T Sig. Tolerance VIF

1 (Constant) -.168 .232 -.726 .469

F1 .215 .072 .191 2.962 .003 .314 3.184

F2 .191 .072 .163 2.644 .009 .343 2.919

F3 .459 .062 .458 7.450 .000 .345 2.901

F4 -.042 .061 -.042 -.693 .489 .362 2.763

F5 .015 .047 .015 .310 .757 .551 1.814

F6 -.063 .042 -.064 -1.519 .130 .730 1.369

F7 .192 .058 .195 3.315 .001 .376 2.657

F8 .027 .039 .031 .681 .497 .617 1.619

a. Dependent Variable: OSS

Nhn vo bng Coefficients:

(i) VIF(Variance Inflation Factor, phng i phng sai) < 10, v vy khng c hin tng
a cng tuyn.
(ii) Cc bin F1, F3 v F7 u c ngha thng k v ct Sig. < 0.05
iii) Cc bin F2, F4, F5, F6 v F8 u khng c ngha thng k v ct Sig. > 0.05
(iv) Th t nh hng ca cc bin l: F3, F7 ri F1 v h s Beta c c chun ha ca F3
= 0.458 > F7 =0.195 > F1 = 0.191

Nhn vo bng Model Summary: ta thy rng R2 hiu chnh l 0.726(72.6%) => 72.6 %
thay i ca bin phc thuc OSS c gii thch bi 3 bin c lp (F1, F3, F7)
Nhn vo bng ANOVA ny, ta thy rng gi tr ct Sig. = 0.000, do h s hi
quy ca cc bin c lp khc 0.

Vy, m hnh hi quy bi l:

OSS = -0.168 + 0.215 * F1 + 0.495*F3 + 0. 192*F7

T phng trnh ny ta cng thy rng, h s ring ca F1, F3, F7 u > 0 nn cc bin ny
ng bin vi bin phc thuc OSS

43
 DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO

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44