Kelompok : 13

Nama Kelompok :

1. Riska Hariyadi
2. Taufik Firmanto

Kelas : 1 Elektronika B

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically

supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other
features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a
non-conductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided
(one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers)
or multi-layer (outer and inner layers). Multi-layer
PCBs allow for much higher component density. Conductors on different layers are connected
with plated-through holes called vias. Advanced PCBs may contain components - capacitors,
resistors or active devices - embedded in the substrate.

FR-4 glass epoxy is the primary insulating substrate upon which the vast majority of rigid PCBs
are produced. A thin layer of copper foil is laminated to one or both sides of an FR-4 panel.
Circuitry interconnections are etched into copper layers to produce printed circuit boards.
Complex circuits are produced in multiple layers.

Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs
include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs require the additional design effort to
lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Manufacturing circuits
with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods as components are mounted
and wired with one single part. Furthermore, operator wiring errors are eliminated.

When the board has only copper connections and no embedded components, it is more correctly
called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. Although more accurate, the term
printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is
called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly
(PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA), and for
assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for
bare and assembled boards.

The world market for bare PCBs reached nearly $60 billion in 2012.
Design

A board designed in 1967; the sweeping curves in the traces are

evidence of freehand design using self-adhesive tape.

Initially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on

a clear mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size.
Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads were
laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of
common component footprints increased efficiency. Traces were made with self-adhesive tape.
Pre-printed non-reproducing grids on the mylar assisted in layout. To fabricate the board, the
finished photomask was photolithographically reproduced onto a photoresist coating on the
blank copper-clad boards.

Modern PCBs are designed with dedicated layout software, generally in the following steps:

1. Schematic capture through an electronic design automation (EDA) tool.

2. Card dimensions and template are decided based on required circuitry and case of the
PCB.
3. The positions of the components and heat sinks are determined.
4. Layer stack of the PCB is decided, with one to tens of layers depending on complexity.
Ground and power planes are decided. A power plane is the counterpart to a ground
plane and behaves as an AC signal ground while providing DC power to the circuits
mounted on the PCB. Signal interconnections are traced on signal planes. Signal planes
can be on the outer as well as inner layers. For optimal EMI performance high frequency
signals are routed in internal layers between power or ground planes.
5. Line impedance is determined using dielectric layer thickness, routing copper thickness
and trace-width. Trace separation is also taken into account in case of differential
signals. Microstrip, stripline or dual stripline can be used to route signals.
6. Components are placed. Thermal considerations and geometry are taken into account.
Vias and lands are marked.
7. Signal traces are routed. Electronic design automation tools usually create clearances
and connections in power and ground planes automatically.
8. Gerber files are generated for manufacturing.

PCB characteristics

Much of the electronics industry's PCB design, assembly, and quality control follows standards
published by the IPC organization.

Through-hole technology
 Through-hole (leaded) resistors

The first PCBs used through-hole technology, mounting

electronic components by leads inserted through holes on
one side of the board and soldered onto copper traces on
the other side. Boards may be single-sided, with an
unplated component side, or more compact double-sided
boards, with components soldered on both sides.
Horizontal installation of through-hole parts with two axial leads (such as resistors, capacitors,
and diodes) is done by bending the leads 90 degrees in the same direction, inserting the part in
the board (often bending leads located on the back of the board in opposite directions to
improve the part's mechanical strength), soldering the leads, and trimming off the ends. Leads
may be soldered either manually or by a wave soldering machine.

Through-hole PCB technology almost completely replaced earlier electronics assembly

techniques such as point-to-point construction. From the second generation of computers in the
1950s until surface-mount technology became popular in the late 1980s, every component on
a typical PCB was a through-hole component.

Circuit properties of the PCB

Each trace consists of a flat, narrow part of the copper foil that remains after etching. The
resistance, determined by width and thickness, of the traces must be sufficiently low for the
current the conductor will carry. Power and ground traces may need to be wider than signal
traces. In a multi-layer board one entire layer may be mostly solid copper to act as a ground
plane for shielding and power return. For microwave circuits, transmission lines can be laid
out in the form of stripline and microstrip with carefully controlled dimensions to assure a
consistent impedance. In radio-frequency and fast switching circuits the inductance and
capacitance of the printed circuit board conductors become significant circuit elements, usually
undesired; but they can be used as a deliberate part of the circuit design, obviating the need for
additional discrete components.

Materials

Excluding exotic products using special materials or processes all printed circuit boards
manufactured today can be built using the following four materials:

1. Laminates
2. Copper-clad laminates
3. Resin impregnated B-stage cloth (Pre-preg)
4. Copper foil
 WOD
1. Conductive (Adjective)

Having the property of conducting something (especially heat or electricity): a conductive

material

Example sentences:

The simulation of conductive hearing impairment by occluding the ear with a finger
suggested by Weatherall is the basis of the Bing test.
Makers of electric components will want to know the dielectric or conductive properties
of their thin films.
In an emergency in the cold, conductive heat loss may be forgotten, with the casualty
being well covered with blankets but continuing to lie with nothing between him and
the ground.

2. Conduction (Noun)

The process by which heat or electricity is directly transmitted through the material of a
substance when there is a difference of temperature or of electrical potential between
adjoining regions, without movement of the material.

Example Sentences:

The process by which sound waves travel through a medium.

Deafness, therefore, is caused by conduction deafness.

We have seen how the normal outer and middle ears participate in sound conduction.
Furthermore a database having typical sound conduction components for a number of
typical hearing impairments is provided.

The transmission of impulses along nerves.

Disturbances in this ration can alter cardiac rhythms, transmission and conduction of
nerve impulses, and muscle contraction.
Local anesthetics block the generation and conduction of all nerve impulses - sensory,
motor, and autonomic - depending on the site of injection.
Its most important action is its ability to block the initiation or conduction of the nerve
impulse following local application.

The conveying of fluid through a channel.

This number is explained in terms of channel architecture and conduction mechanism.

The results show a dislocation of the nanotube indicative of a possible disassembly
process that may influence the channel conduction.
Carbon nanotubes, unmodified (pristine) and modified through charged atoms, were
simulated in water, and their water conduction rates determined

3. Conductor (Noun)
Physics A material or device that conducts or transmits heat or electricity, especially when
regarded in terms of its capacity to do this: most polymers are poor conductors.

Example Sentences:

It has a high melting point and is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
Lead is not a good conductor of electricity, heat, sound, or vibrations.
It is one of the best conductors of heat and electricity of all elements.

4. Conductance (Noun)

The degree to which an object conducts electricity, calculated as the ratio of the current
which flows to the potential difference present. This is the reciprocal of the resistance, and
is measured in siemens or mhos.

Example Sentences:

It measures root conductance while water flows opposite to the normal direction.
Theoretically, conductivity should not be dependent on the path length of diffusion over
which conductance is measured.
Skin conductance is measured by applying a constant voltage to the two electrodes.