Circuit Variables Assessment Problems AP 1.1 To solve this problem we use a product of ratios to change units from dollars/year to dollars/millisecond. We begin by expressing $10 billion in scientific notation: $100 billion = $100 x 10° Now we determine the number of milliseconds in one year, again using product of ratios: Lyear_ day | Lhour min _1 sec 365.25 days "24 hours 60 mins 60 secs 1000 ms Lyear 31.5576 x 10° ms Now we can convert from dollars/year to dollars/millisecond, again with a product of ratios: $100 x 10° 1 year 100 Tyear "31.5576 x 10° ms 31.5576 = $3.17/ms AP 1.2. First, we recognize that 1 ns = 10-® s. The question then asks how far a signal will travel in 10-9 s if it is traveling at 80% of the speed of light Remember that the speed of light c = 3 x 10° m/s. Therefore, 80% of (0.8)(3 x 108) = 2.4 x 108 m/s. Now, we use a product of ratios to convert from meters/second to inches/nanosecond: 24x10%m 1s 100cm Lin _ (2.4 x 108)(100) _ 9.45 in 1s TPns’ Im 254em —(10*)(2.54) Ts ‘Thus, a signal traveling at 80% of the speed of light will travel 9.45" in a nanosecond. 141-2 AP 13 AP 14 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables Remember from Eq. (1.2), current is the time rate of change of charge, or i= 4 In this problem, we are given the current and asked to find the total charge. ‘To do this, we must integrate Eq. (1.2) to find an expression for charge in terms of current: ‘ a(t) = [ ile) de We are given the expression for current, i, which can be substituted into the above expression. To find the total charge, we let t + oo in the integral. Thus we have total = Recall from Eq. (1.2) that current is the time rate of change of charge, or i= 4. In this problem we are given an expression for the charge, and asked to find ‘the maximum current. First we will find an expression for the current using Eq. (1.2): =f Gale] ie) Now that we have an expression for the current, we can find the maximum value of the current by setting the first derivative of the current to zero and solving for t: di dy ct dt ale ) at + t(—a)e™ = (1 —at)e“ = Since e~* never equals 0 for a finite value of ¢, the expression equals 0 only when (1 — at) =0. Thus, t= 1/a will cause the current to be maximum. For this value of t, the current is 1 1 aja aAP LS AP 16 Problems 1-3 Remember in the problem statement, a = 0.03679. Using this value for a, 1 210A Tuer Start by drawing a picture of the circuit described in the problem statement: 20v 02 aA Also sketch the four figures from Fig. 1.6: + +1 + +1 22 (@) ©) + z 1 a +2 cc) @ [a] Now we have to match the voltage and current shown in the first figure with the polarities shown in Fig. 1.6. Remember that 4A of current entering Terminal 2 is the same as 4A of current leaving Terminal 1. We get (a)v=-20V, i=-4A; (bt) v=-20V, ()v=20V, i=-4A; (a) v=20V, [b] Using the reference system in Fig. 1.6(a) and the passive sign convention, p= vi = (—20)(~4) = 80W. Since the power is greater than 0, the box is absorbing power. [ec] From the calculation in part (b), the box is absorbing 80 W. =4A 4a Applying the passive sign convention to the power equation using the voltage and current polarities shown in Fig. 1.5, p = vi. From Eq, (1.3), we know that power is the time rate of change of energy, or p . If we know the power, we can find the energy by integrating Eq. (1.3). To begin, find the expression for power: vi = (10,0067) (206%) = 200,000¢~10:0% = 2 x 10%e 10 W1-4 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables Now find the expression for energy by integrating Eq. (1.3): w(t) =f ‘pla) de Substitute the expression for power, p, above. Note that to find the total energy, we let + oo in the integral. Thus we have ~ 10,000 AP 1.7 At the Oregon end of the line the current is leaving the upper terminal, and thus entering the lower terminal where the polarity marking of the voltage is negative. Thus, using the passive sign convention, p = —vi. Substituting the values of voltage and current given in the figure, —(800 x 10°)(1.8 x 10%) = —1440 x 10° = —1440 MW ‘Thus, because the power associated with the Oregon end of the line is negative, power is being generated at the Oregon end of the line and transmitted by the line to be delivered to the California end of the line. Chapter Problems (250 x 10°)(440) Pui 10° = 110 giga-watt hours 5280 ft 2526 1b 1 kg 2 5 poasd te 226 Lee P12 (Aoond.) (845 mi) - Cage aa Ib 1000 songs songs @2)24)(2.1) mm? ~ Tmm* (1000)(2) 32)(24)(2. ).5 x 10° kg P13 = 0.62 3-minnte songs, or about 111.6 seconds of musicProblems 1-5 (4 10°)(0.001) )(24)(2-1) (320)(240) pixels 2 bytes 30 frames 1 frame T sec = 2480 bytes Pla = 4.608 x 10° bytes/sec (4.608 x 10° bytes/sec)(x secs) = 30 x 10° bytes 30x10" ee © = Tape rpe = 6510 see = 108.5 min of video P15 [a] We can set up a ratio to determine how long it takes the bamboo to grow 10pm First, recall that 1 mm = 10m. Let’s also express the rate of growth of bamboo using the units mm/s instead of mm/day. Use a product of ratios to perform this conversion: 250mm 1 day 250 _ 10 aea/s 1 day (24)(60)(60) 3456 Use a ratio to determine the time it takes for the bamboo to grow 10 um: 10/3456 x 10m _ 10x 10m 10x 10-8 ° (0/3456 x 10-3 = 3.456 s Is 7s 1) 34568) Thr © Twook ~ 175000 cells/woek P16 Volume = area x thickness Convert values to millimeters, noting that 10 m? = 10° mm? 10° = (10 x 10°)(thickness) ; 10° = thickness = 75> jog = 010 mm PLT C/m? = 10022107 C ,. 10% electrons ” ~ — Lelectron 1m = 1.6022 x 10! C/m* Cross-sectional area of wire = mr? = 4(1.5 x 10°? m)? = 7.07 x 10° m? C/m = (1.6022 x 10!°C/m*)(7.07 x 10-°m?) = 113.253 x 10°C/m ‘Therefore, i (S) = (113.253 x 108) (2) x avg vel ) ity = i _ 1200 Thus, average velocity = Ty 5e5—ap = TagaEy TOF = 0.0106m/s16 P18 P19 P 110 Pill PLi2 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables 35 x 10- O/s 16022 x 10-¥ G/elec First we use Eq. (1.2) to relate current and charge: dq poe! “at n = 2.18 x 10" elec/s 24 cos 4000¢ Therefore, dq = 24 cos 4000t dt To find the charge, we can integrate both sides of the last equation. Note that we substitute x for q on the left side of the integral, and y for ¢ on the right side of the integral: ny [i ax = 24 [00s 4000y dy 'a(0) 0 We solve the integral and make the substitutions for the limits of the integral, remembering that sin 0 = 0: 24 00 Io 4000 _ 480 4000y |! a(t) — (0) = 24g sin 4000¢ — im sin 4000(0) = 4. sin 4000 4000 But 4(0) value at t 0 by hypothesis, ie., the current passes through its maximum 0, so q(t) = 6 x 10-* sin 4000¢ C = 6sin 4000¢ mC w= qV = (1.6022 x 10-)(6) = 9.61 x 107? = 0.961 aJ. 3600 s Thr p= (9)(100 x 10-) 09W; Shr = 18,000 s ‘ 18,000 w(t) = f pdt w(18,000) = f 0.9 dt = 0.9(18,000) = 16.2 kJ Assume we are standing at box A looking toward box B. Then, using the passive sign convention p = vi, since the current i is flowing into the + terminal of the voltage v. Now we just substitute the values for v and i into the equation for power. Remember that if the power is positive, B is absorbing power, so the power must be flowing from A to B. If the power is negative, B is generating power so the power must be flowing from B to A. fa] p= (120)(5) = 600 W600 W from A to B [b] » = (250)(—8) = -2000 W 2000 W from B to A fe] p= (—150)(16) = -2400 W 2400 W from B to A fa] p = (—480)(—10) = 4800 W 4800 W from A to BP1413 Pu P15 P 116 Problems 1-7 fal] 50s: v=0V; i=0A; Pun w(4) = 4(4)(10) = 203 w(12) = w(4) — 4(4)(10) = 0.7 w(36) = w(50) = (36) ~ 7(4)(3.6) = 0 Problems 1-9 p= 2.5t pW p=0W p= 2.5t—30nW p=0W p=04t—12uW p-0W p=0.9t — 45 nW p=0W [b] Calculate the area under the curve from zero up to the desired time: w(12) + 4(4)(10) — 3(10)(4) + 5(6)(2.4) = 7.2 4d1-10 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables P 1.20 [a] p= vi = (0.05e7"™) (75 — 75e720™) = (3.75e710 — 3.75e-7) W _ 375 Q¢- 1 + 7500e-7" = 0 soe BNE g tonne so In2=1000¢ = thus_-—p is maximum at ¢ = 693.15 us Prax = p(693.15 pss) = 937.5 mW re 3.75, 3.75 = [p3:756-10 — 9.756200" sooo _ 8:75 __ a0 [b] w= f [3.75 3.15¢- at = [Toe ras" i] 3.75 3.75 = 000 ~ 2000 = 87° ™ P 121 [a] p= vi =900sin(200zt) cos(2007#) = 450sin(400rt) W ‘Therefore, Pax = 450 W 1b] Psa(extrating) = 450 W [el Pe = 200 [”*" "450 sin(400nt) dt cos 400mt 1" _ 225, = 9 x 10 [=e [1 — e082] [d] Pave = aan — 0082.51] = 182 f 57.3 W 7 P122 [a] g = area under i vs. t plot = [ROE + (0)(4) + HBA) + (8) + 3(8)(6)] 10" = [10+ 40+ 16 + 48 + 9]10° = 123,000 C [b] w = [oie= [ria v = 02x10%+9 O3s p = vi=t(3—#)(6—4t) = 18t-18+4 mW =0 Pac # )>Pabe and the subordinate engineer is correct. [b] The difference between the power delivered to the circuit and the power absorbed by the cirenit is —4700 + 3500 = 1200 W One-half of this difference is 600 W, so it is likely that p. is in error. Either the voltage or the current probably has the wrong sign. (In Chapter 2, we will discover that using KCL at the top node, the current ve should be —3.0 kV, not 3.0 kV!) If the sign of p- is changed from negative to positive, we can recalculate the power delivered and the power absorbed as follows: Pe = —UnlgP 1.28 P 1.29 Problems YPsa = 2000+ 2100 = 4100 W SPaiw = 750+ 500 + 600 + 50 + 1400 + 800 = 4100 W Now the power delivered equals the power absorbed and the power balances for the circuit. Pn = Vain = —(36)(250 x 10~) Po = ruin = (44)(-250 x 10-8 Po = Ueie = (28)(~250 x 10~ pa = sig = (~108)(100 x 10-*) = -10.8 mW Pe = Voip = (—32)(150 x 10%) = ~4.8 mW Pe = —urie = —(60)(—350 x 10-) = 21 mW Pg = Ugig = (—48)(—200 x 10-*) = 9.6 mW Py = vyin = (80)(—150 x 10-*) = -12 mW Dy) = —vyi; = —(80)(—300 x 10-°) = 24 mW ‘Therefore, SoPais = 21+ 9.6 + 24 = 54.6 mW YP = 9+ 114-7 + 108448 +12 = 54.6 W Pave = Pat ‘Thus, the interconnection satisfies the power check Pa = —Usig = —(1.6)(0.080) = -128 mW. Pe = —tiy = —(2.6)(0.060) = —156 mw De ‘Ucie = (—4.2)(—0.050) = 210 mW Pa = —vaiq = —(1.2)(0.020) = —24 mw Pe = Voie = (1.8)(0.030) = 54 mW —1.8)(—0.040) = —72 mw Pg = Ugig = (—3.6)(—0.030) = 108 mW Px = tin = (3.2)(-0.020) = —64 mW B —yi; = —(—2.4)(0.030) = 72 mW DY Paat = 128 + 156 + 24 + 72 + 64 = 444 mW SY Pain = 210 + 54 + 108 + 72 = 444 mW 115146 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables ‘Therefore, >Pict = S>Pate = 444 mW ‘Thns, the interconnection satisfies the power check P 1.30. [a] From an examination of reference polarities, elements a, b, e, and f absorb power, (b] pe = pm = Po = P= Po = while elements ¢, d, g, and h supply power. gig = (0.300)(25 x 10-*) = 7.5 pW ~vyiy = —(—0.100)(10 x 10-%) = 1 .W Ueig = (—0.200)(15 x 10-6) = -3 «W —vaia = —(—0.200)(~35 x 10-®) = —7 4W gig = —(0.350)(—25 x 10-6) = 8.75 xW ‘ugig = (0.200)(10 x 10-8) = 2 .W vgig = (~0.250)(35 x 10-*) = -8.75 pW yin = (0.050)(—10 x 10-6) = —0.5 nW So Pats = 7.5 + 148.75 + 2 = 19.25 pW DP ant =3474875+0: 19.25 pW ‘Thus, 19.25 pW of power is delivered and 19.25 nW of power is absorbed, and the power balances2 Circuit Elements Assessment Problems AP 2.1 fa] Note that the current fy is in the same circuit branch as the 8 A current source; however, iy is defined in the opposite direction of the current source. Therefore, iy = 8A Next, note that the dependent current source and the independent current source are in parallel with the same polarity. ‘Therefore, their voltages are equal, and iy _ -8 ager [b] To find the power associated with the 8 A source, we need to find the voltage drop across the source, v;. Note that the two independent sources are in parallel, and that the voltages vz and v have the same polarities, so these voltages are equal: 2Vv 1 = ty = Using the passive sign convention, Pa = (8A)(ux) = (8A)(-2V) = -16W ‘Thus the current source generated 16 W of power. 222 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements AP 22 ay, 15A QO Vy 23v [a] Note from the circuit that v, = —25 V. To find « note that the two current sources are in the same branch of the circuit but their currents flow in opposite directions. Therefore av, = 158 Solve the above equation for a and substitute for v., -15A_ -15A an ToS = ey 706 AV [b] To find the power associated with the voltage source we need to know the current, i. Note that this current is in the same branch of the cirenit. as the dependent current source and these two currents flow in the same rection. Therefore, the current, i, is the same as the current of the dependent source: iy = avy = (0.6)(—25) = -15A, Using the passive sign convention, (in)(25V) = -(—15.A)(25 V) ‘Thus the voltage source dissipates 375 W. Pe AP 2.3 ig [a] The resistor and the voltage source are in parallel and the resistor voltage and the voltage source have the same polarities. Therefore these two voltages are the same: Up = Uy = 1kVProblems 2-3 Note from the circuit that the current through the resistor is ig = 5 mA. Use Ohm’s law to calculate the value of the resistor: yee ig SmA Using the passive sign convention to calculate the power in the resistor, Pr = (vr)(ig) = (1KV)(5mA) ‘The resistor is dissipating 5 W of powe [b] Note from part (a) the vg = vy and source is thus R = 200kQ. ‘The power delivered by the Ww Prowse = —Uglg 80 Uy =40V iy 75mA Since we now have the value of both the voltage and the current for the resistor, we can use Ohms law to calculate the resistor value: ee Ra Bm eg = 5IBO ‘The power absorbed by the resistor must equal the power generated by the source. Thus, Pk = —Prousce = —(~3W) = 3W [cl Again, note the ig = i,. The power dissipated by the resistor can be determined from the resistor’s current: Pr = Riz)? = Ri)? Solving for é, a Pr _ 480mW oR 3008 Then, since vg = vy p= Rin = Ri, = (3009)(40mA)=12V soy =12V = 0.0016 so i, = V0.0016 = 0.04A = 40mA2-4 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements AP 24 + ¥, 2G [a] Note from the circuit that the current through the conductance G is ig, flowing from top to bottom, because the current source and the conductance are in the same branch of the circuit so must have the same current, The voltage drop across the current source is vg, positive at the top, because the current source and the conductance are also in parallel so must have the same voltage. From a version of Ohm’s law, , 05a "= G > 50mS Now that we know the voltage drop across the current source, we can find the power delivered by this source: Peouco = ~Vgiy = ~(10)(0.5) = ~5 W ‘Thus the current: source delivers 5 W to the circuit, {b] We can find the value of the conductance using the power, and the value of the current using Ohm’s law and the conductance value: 9 [pz = 0.048 = 40s =10V Py = Guz 80. ig = Gy = (40mS)(15 V) = 0.6A [e] We can find the voltage from the power and the conductance, and then use the voltage value in Ohm's law to find the current: Py=Gu so w= Thus vy = \/40,000 = 200V ig = Guy = (200 8)(200 V) = 0.04A = 40mAProblems 2-5 AP 2.5. [a] Redraw the circuit with all of the voltages and currents labeled for every circuit element. 3Q 52 tar Ny a 2av@ %270 4) sae 20h Write a KVL equation clockwise around the circuit, starting below the voltage source: -24V + vp $05 0 = Next, use Ohm’s law to calculate the three unknown voltages from the three currents: U2 = Big; 5 = Tis; 1 = 2iy A KCL equation at the upper right node gives iy = is; a KCL equation at the bottom right node gives is = —iy; a KCL equation at the upper left node gives i, = —iz. Now replace the currents i and iy in the Ohm’s law equations with is: 9 = Big = Bis; 5 = Tis; v1 = Diy = -2is Now substitute these expressions for the three voltages into the first equation 24 = wp + U5 — 1 = Big + Tis — (—Zis) = 12is ‘Therefore is = 24/12 =2 A {b] 0) = —2i5 [el] w= 3%, [4] 05 = 7s = [e] A KCL equation at the lower left: node gives i, = is. Since i; = ~is, i, =—2A. We can now compute the power associated with the voltage sourc Pas = (24)ig = (24)(-2) = ~48 W ‘Therefore 24 V source is delivering 48 W.2-6 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements AP 2.6 Redraw the circuit labeling all voltages and currents: es av)” ev : ls We can find the value of the unknown resistor if we can find the value of its voltage and its current, To start, write a KVL equation clockwise around the right loop, starting below the 240 resistor: —120V +03 =0 Use Ohm’s law to calculate the voltage across the 82 resistor in terms of its current: us = Bis, Substitute the expression for v3 into the first equation: -120V+8i3=0 so ay *” =15A Also use Ohm’s law to calculate the value of the current through the 240 resistor: 120V _ 240 in BA Now write a KCL equation at the top middle node, summing the currents leaving: mi titi 80 ty Sig big =54+15=20A Write a KVL equation clockwise around the left loop, starting below the voltage source: -200V+1+120V=0 so m= 200-120=80V Now that we know the values of both the voltage and the current for the unknown resistor, we can use Ohm’s law to calculate the resistance: vu _ 80 = =40 i, ~ 29 ~ “8Problems 2-7 AP 2.7 [a] Plotting a graph of 1 versus i; gives, ho 2. 204] \ ye 25-1004 16 iw or 02 03 0, 1 = 25 V; therefore the voltage source must be 25 V. Since the plot is a straight line, its slope can be used to calculate the value of resistance: Av_ %-0 2% ~ 025-0 0.25 A circuit model having the same v ~ i characteristic is a 25 V source in series with a 1009 resistor, as shown below: m0 ri = 1002 [b] Draw the circuit model from part (a) and attach a 259 resistor: toa av) * asa To find the power delivered to the 259 resistor we must caleulate the current through the 259 resistor. Do this by first using KCL to recognize ‘that the current in each of the components is i, flowing in a clockwise direction, Write a KVL equation in the clockwise direction, starting below the voltage sonree, and using Ohm’s law to express the voltage drop across the resistors in the direction of the current i, flowing through. the resistors: -25V +100 +25%=0 so 125%, =25 so ‘Thus, the power delivered to the 259 resistor is Pas = (25)? = (25)(0.2)? = 1 W. AP 28 [a] From the graph in Assessment Problem 2.7(a), we sce that when vy = 0, iy = 0.25. Therefore the current source must be 0.25 A. Since the plot