Rmathtronc PDF

sefroumaths.site.voila.
fr

ALMOHANNAD

(2

(I
. 0 ". 6
-! !3! (* IN = {0,1, 2,3, 4,5.......}
. 0 , ! ". 0 (*
IN * = {1, 2,3, 4,5.......}
. a ". c $) b ". c a ". b $ !%& (*
. 6
-! !3! 8 ". 1
-! (*
. 9 ". (*
(II
. 1 , ! "# 1
- (* a
(1
. k IN a = 2 k
25,11,9,5,4,3,2 () &* + (3 a
(2
" (a . k IN a = 2 k 1 a = 2 k + 1
$ # r 7..... 7 3 7 2 7 1 7 0 $- (3
{0,1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9} . ! "# $ !%& $ (a
. ! "# $ !%& $ (b
%-!
-! -& r r 1 ... 0 6-
. a + b $) $ b a $ !%& (* (c
............ 7 1 ! "# 7 0 ! "#
. a + b $) $ b a $ !%& (*
- (b . a + b $) b $ a $ !%& (*
:- a = r r 1 ... 0
-!
. ab $) $ b a $ !%& (* (d
0 {0, 2, 4, 6,8} $ !%& 2 6.-! . a (* . ab $) $ b a $ !%& (*
. ab $) b $ a $ !%& (*
3 / 0 + 1 + 2 + + r $ !%& 3 6.-! . a (*
*+! , $) $
$ b a $ !%& (e
4 / 01 $ !%& 4 6.-! . a (* .
0 {0,5} $ !%& 5 6.-! . a (*
9 / 0 + 1 + 2 + + r $ !%& 9 6.-! . a (* (III
$ !%& 3 6.-! . a (* . $
$ b a $- !" (1
11 / ( 0 + 2 + 4 + ......) (1 + 3 + 5 + .....) a $ !%& b
- /0 a
-! $& .
. k IN a = b k
{ }
1 0 00, 25,50, 75 $ !%& 25 6.-! . a (*
(2
.
/0 0 (*
. $"% &* (4
. 0 , ! /0 - 0 (*
. $
1 $
$ b a $- !"
$) c /0 b b /0 a $ !%& (*
"
1 "# , b a $
- 3! 4-! ".-!
. b
- /0 a
. a b PGCD (a , b ) - . 5 4
# $"% ! (3
. $
1 $
$ b a $- !"
. /)'
0
- (5
/0 2 , b a $
- 23! 4-! /0-!
. a b IN * $ b a $- PPCM (a, b ) - . 5 4 "
1
: 6- 6# ;# PGCD (a, b ) $
. a b
".-! < ". "= b a 6.
$ "
# !%, #-!
(4
. "
1 # *> , PGCD (a, b ) PPCM (a, b ) = a $) b
- /0 a
-! $ !%& (*
: ?-! @%, A* $ PPCM (a, a ) = a (*
a b r1 r2 ... ... ... &

' (IV
q1 q2 q3 . $
$ b a $- !" (1
r1 r1 r2 ... ... rn 0 ". b
-! $& 7 b 6.- # a
-! $& .
a
b /0 a $ !%& a
. b / a . k IN a = b k

(V
-
a - ! !" (1
. a 1 . $#
(2
. 8 - a
-! , B. - (a
p a B. -! p 6-3! !3! 8
2
. - 1 a $) a ". !3! @%, $ !%&

. - a $) a ". C !3! @%, 8 ; !%&
, 100 $ 23! 6-3! !3! (b
47 ,43 ,41 ,37 ,31 ,29 ,23 ,19 ,17 ,13 ,11 ,7 ,5 ,3 ,2
.97 ,89 ,83 ,79 ,73 ,71 ,67 ,61 ,59 ,53 7
, p 2 - (c
. - E- 1
-! (d

0 2
3 (4 $." (3
< 6. a 2
: -
a = p11 . p 2 2 . p 33 ...... p r r
. 6- ! p r 7..... 7 p 3 7 p 2 7 p1
. 6
1 6
! r 7..... 7 3 7 2 7 1
. 6- ! F! -& a
-! 49 6-! @%,
25
54 2
54 = 2 33
$%& $%& - :54
-! 49-
27 3
9 3
3 3
1
. +" (4
F! , b a $
- 23! 4-! /0-! (a
b a 9 $ 6-! 1 6-! 6-3! !
-!
. E -& 6
!
-! F! , b a $
- 3! 4-! ".-! (b
. E 2 -& 6 b a 9 $ 6-! 6-3!
76 632 76 632 :- 25
76 2 632 2 $-
38 2 316 2
19 19 158 2
1 79 79
1
76 = 22.19 632 = 23.79 $%&

76 632 = 23.19.79 = 12008 76 632 = 22 = 4
a 2 $- (c
! F! -& a
-! 49 a = p1 . p 2 . p 33 ...... p r r
1 2
. 6-
(1 + 1 )(1 + 2 ) (1 + r ) , a
-! "!#

:
(A

&'( IK IJ + 2 (a

v u 1
.(... + IJ + IK = 0 + IJ = IK 9)

3; &*2 IK IJ :2 ! ( )

u .!"
.9 AC AB &8-.

v AB = BA 2

< = IK = 6AB 3AC IJ = 2AB AC 9 * (.$% &'() AB + BC = AC 3

. IK = 3IJ 3IJ = 6 AB 3DC = IK + . A = B ) AB = 0 4
v v u +v

MA = 3MB >2 &
M 989 ( ABC ) (b u + v ** $+ 5

:8 @* & 8 M
73 3? u $-. v u ,
MA = 3 ( MA + AB ) MA = 3MB
./0+ 1
MA 3MA = 3 AB
u /0+ 1 ( ABCD ) (23 6
3
. AM = AB 2 AM = 3 AB 2MA = 3 AB D C 5* 4

2
I :&
3%

AB = DC (a
A B
AD = BC (b

AC = AB + AD (c
.7- [ BD] [ AC ] 3
(d
A I B [ AB ] &
7- I 7
1
AI = AB (* IA = IB (* AI = IB (*
2
1
IA + IB = 0 (* BI = BA (*
2
:
1
AI = AB $ [ AB ] 7- I (a
2
+ 2 + [ AB ] 7- I + 2 (b

A IA + IB = 0
[ ] 7- I 989 ( ABC )
BC 8
( )
1
I . AI = AB + AC *
B C 2
.989 ( ABC ) 9
A [ AC ] 7- J [ AB ] 7- I
1
I J IJ = BC *
2
B C

v u (a 10
.

v u (b

. u = v + v = u

AC AB 4
& C BA
(c

AC = AB + AB = AC

CDAB 4
( CD ) ( AB ) (d
.

( BC ) ( D) . 77 ( ABC ) (3 . (I

N ( AC ) M ( AB) O
( L) ( D)
A AM AN MN
= = :
! ( P)
M
AB AC BC (D ) M ( L)
M '
M N AB AC BC . ( D) M
= =
AM AN MN M ' (L ) M
M '

B C . ( D) ( L)
MA NA MN
= "
MB NC BC
. 86 I 3*
89 ( ABCD) (4 . !" #
$
% #&
' ( L) M
(a
IA IB AB . O
' ( D) M
(b
A B = = :
! ) ' ( D) ( L) ( (c
IC ID CD
IC ID AB . ( P) *
( P) p
I = = . p( M ) = M ' -
M ' M ' +
,$
IA IB CD
! ( p . ( D) ( L) ,$ (d
D C BI AI AB
= " . ( L)
BD AC CD
: "
# "! (5 . ! (II
+ 3 ( L3 ) ( L2 ) ( L1 ) (a :
/0 1* ( (1
A A '
# 6 ( D ') ( D) {( A, ), ( B, )} /0 G ,$
(L1 ) C B A

B B ' p(G ) = G ' p( B) = B ' p( A) = A '
(L 2 ) . C' B' A'
(L 3 ) C C ' {( A ', ), ( B ', )} /0 G' .
( L1 ) //( L2 ) :
3"
1* ( (2

( L1 ) //( L2 ) //( L3 ) . AB A ' B ' ,$ [ A ' B '] /0 I' . [ AB ] 3"
I ,$
= p( B) = B ' p( A) = A ' 4*
AC A ' C '
( AC ) N ( AB ) M . 77 ( ABC ) (b :
#0 1* ( (3
A ' B ' = kC ' D ' . AB = kCD ,$

AM AN
( MN ) //( BC ) . = ,$
AB AC D C B A " ' D ' C' B' A'

: " .
< +": 4;3;2;1 +": (1 (III
. 0 < = 9
. > !# (5) ": + 5 ( L4 ) ( L3 ) ( L2 ) ( L1 ) (1
. D C B A
+
,$ (2 C B A
# 6 ( D ') ( D)
AB = kCD ? AB = kCD :
! . D ' C' B' A' D

A A ' CA C ' A ' AB A ' B '
B B ' ...... BD = B ' D ' CD = C ' D '
C C '
D D ' ( L3 ) ( L2 ) ( L1 ) (2
( D ') ( D) + 3
A A ' C B A
# 6
(L1 )
(L 2 ) B B ' . C' B' A'
(L 3 ) C C ' :
!
CB C ' B ' AB A ' B '
...... = =
AB A ' B ' AC A ' C '
IR -

. '",. 01( 4 . IR

+
*b ,. $% . a $%& '* )+ . a IR " . IR (
1
. a = b ,4 . b 2 = a : 123 . IR d c b a
. % a + c = b + c
a = b (a
+
. IR b a (a (c 0) a.c = b .c
a = b (b
a 2 = ( a ) 2 = a ( a 0 ( a + c = b + d a = b

( c
( a )n = a n ( ab = a b ( a.c = b .d c = d
. b = 0 a = 0
a.b = 0 (d
a a
= ( . b 0 a 0
a.b 0 (e
b b a c
(a 0 b 0) a.d = b .c
= (g
. x2 = x . x IR (b b d
a c ac a c ad + bc
a a . = + = (h
= ab = a b :
ab > 0 ( c b d bd b d bd
b b a a
. x = a x = a
x 2 = a a IR + (d 1 b a b = a d (i
= b =
a a c bc c b c
. '24( 5 b d
: 82
d c ' ' 674 b a $% .2 (a IR ( 2
a b a = 1 (
1
(a 0) a = 1 ( 0
( "a
=
c d (n IN {1} )
*
a n = aa.
. a (
a.....
a a a
:
1 = 2 = = n : ( b
n fois
b1 b 2 bn 1
a n = (
a1 a2 a k a + k 2a2 + + k n an an
= = = n = 1 1 %( b
b1 b 2 b n k 1b1 + k 2b 2 + + k n b n
*
. Z n m IR b a (a
. 5
6 81( 6
1
x 22 $: ; : ( "a
k %44 < $: .=3 a n = n ( a m . a n = a m + n (
k x < k + 1 : 7% k + 1 a
E (x ) = k ,4 x $%& >3=@ + A< k <7 $% (ab ) = a .b n (
n n
(a m ) n = a mn (
[x ] = k a an
( ) n = n (
a
n
= a n m (
m
: '(* b b a
. x ;B )$.< * 7 $% . x $%& >3=@ +( a = b
a = b ( b
2 2
. IR x ; E ( x ) x < E ( x ) + 1 ( . a = b

b a a = b ( c
2 2
. IR ( II . a = b a = b
a = b
2 2
(d
%( 1 "! a = b : '*(
a b 0
a b ( (a b a a = b
2 2
a b 0
a b ( ' ,- (3
a b > 0
a > b ( (b (a + b ) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 (a
a b < 0
a 3) D % a b
a b + c
a > b ( (a b )3 = a 3 3a 2b + 3ab 2 b 3 (e
a b a 3 b 3 = (a b )(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) (f
. a c
( ( e
b c a 3 + b 3 = (a + b )(a 2 ab + b 2 ) (g
91.( 3 a b
. a < c
(
[a, b ] = {x IR / a x b } (a
b < c
[a, b [ = {x IR / a x 3) D % a + c b + d
( ( f
]a, b ] = {x IR / a < x b } (a c d
]a, b [ = {x IR / a < x a} (a ac bc
( ( g
c 0
], a ] = {x IR / x a} (a
], a[ = {x IR / x < a} (a a b
. ac bc
(
:;( 4 c 0
a x 3) D % ac bd
( ( f
0 c d
. ',.' .( 5
0 a b
.2 r FB$ x $%& 8)4 F)2 FB x 0 ( i (a ac < bd
(
0 x x 0 r $+76 x x 0 )PQ4 0 < c < d
1 1
.2 r FB$ x $%&
)F)2 FB x 0 ( ii
a b ( . b > 0 a > 0 (i
a b
. r x x 0 0 $+76 x x 0 )PQ4 1 1
.2 r FB$ x $%& F)2 FB x 0 ( iii

a b ( . b < 0 a < 0 (j
a b
r x x 0 r $+76 x x 0 )PQ4 a 2 b 2
a b ( b 0 a 0 (k
. x x 0 r 7% a b
a b (
$+76 x $%) PQ4 .2 x $%& F)2 FB $3 ( b
: & T474< 7 : a x b a 2 b 2
a b ( b 0 a 0 (l
r = b a FB$ x $%& 8)4 F)2 F2 a (i
a 2 b 2
a b IR b a (m
r = b a FB$ x $%&
)F)2 F2 b (ii
b a a +b b = 0 a = 0
a + b = 0 b a ( n
r= FB$ x $%& F)2 F2 (iii '(*
2 2
2 F%* )+ A&: .43 b a $%
'( *(c 2 2
: F4) PQ4 $ 7$ V ) x $%& F)2 FB $$3 G b a 1234 b a 2 "! b a
. (l ( k 4I; %4<
r FB$ x $%& 8)4 F)2 FB x 0 .46 0 x x 0 r (i
r FB$ x $%&
)F)2 FB x 0 .46 r x x 0 0 (ii . '-.' .( 2
x x 0 r r x x 0 r (iii K @) *$% x $%& F2&J F2 . IR x : "
r FB$ x $%& F)2 FB x 0 .46 x ; x 0
x = : &) % x
. ( "=d x ; x 0
. IR x . K< x $%& F2&J F2
x 0 ( : 7%
n
E (10 x ) . K&2 x $%& F2&J F2
x 0 (
x $%& 8)4 F)2 F)W% F2 A< )W% $%( i
%
10n
. 10
n
FB$ x 0 ( x = x ( (a
n
E (10 x ) x x
+ 1 )W% $%( i = x n = x ( xy = x y (
n
$%&
)F)2 F)W% F2 A< (
10n y y
n
. 10 FB$ x . x = r x = r
x = r ( (b
. x = y x = y
x = y (
r x r
x r ( (c
x r x r
x r (

III I
( i, j )

/ A :3/ 1u 1

u 1# A # )#

(D ) .j i
u
!
# M # " - u . B = ( i, j ) 2

i A . ( D ) D ( A, u ) 1 u

AM
#
$#% ( x, y ) # u = xi + y j !"
: !" . u x u ( x, y )

B &

u

/ M D ( A, u ) (a

. u AM
y
.& u # '$#% #(% : !"

( ) # .) ( D ) (b
#(% . j i * u # ) B = ( i, j )

. (D)
. u ( x, y ) ( x, y ) - u
$#% +, u = xi + y j
. B = ( i, j ) 3

. AB 1 A ( AB ) )# (c

(D ) i (1, 0 ) (a
j ( 0,1)
i
A B v ( x, y ) u ( x, y ) # / (b
.
% &' 2
u ( x, y )

u v ( x x, y y )

u + v ( x + x, y + y )
:($
v ( x, y ) u ( x, y ) # / (c

u ( a, b ) 1# A ( x , y ) # )# ( D )
0 0 /# . B & v u #
(*
x = x0 + at :
! 3/# det ( u, v ) 1 2(#

(D) : ( t IR ) - ( D ) )! 2# $
y = y0 + bt
x x
( )

det u , v = = xy yx
y y
# # " - ( D )
/ 2## $# #(- #(%

, #(% v u # (*
. t IR 6 (1 + 3t , 2 4t ) !" $## ( )

det u , v 0
'$## !" 8 IR t 9" !
/
: !"

. (D) . j i (1

= = 0 +, i + j = 0 #(% (*
. M ( 4, 2 ) ( D ) (% y = 2 x = 4 t = 1 "'
. = = +, i + j = i + j #(% (*
.
)
$ 3 # +, 65$ C B A ' #(% (2
1# A ( x , y ) # )# ( D ) (a
0 0

.
! . AC AB

:
! : ( D ) / !" 8! u ( a, b )
det ( AM , u ) = 0

/ M ( x, y ) ( D )
$
II
6 ( o, i, j ) 6!$ !/
1

x x0 a j i o
y y0
=0
/
b .
b ( x x0 ) a ( y y0 )

/ ( ) )!/# / 2

R = o, i, j
: Ax + By + C = 0 !" / !" 8 )
OM # 7# M
( D ) /
- ( A, B ) ( 0, 0 )
#
$#% ( x, y ) # OM = xi + y j !"
. ( D ) : Ax + By + C = 0 x
M M ( x, y ) R )!/! M
( D ) : a x + b y + c = 0 "# / (b y
( o, i, j ) )!/! '$#% #(% : !"

. u ( b, a ) 1 ) ( D ) M
# ( D ) #(% (* (c

c (D ) OM = xi + y j #(% . j i * OM )

i (1, 0 ) # +, 8,;# . M ( x, y ) +,
j . y = c !" 1/ 1 . R = ( o, i, j ) )!/# / 3

O

i B ( x , y ) A ( x , y ) # /
B B A A
# ( D ) #(% (*
. AB ( x x , y y ) (*
(D ) B A B A
j ( 0,1) # +, #;#
j :
- I # '$#% +, [ AB ] 38 I #(% (*
. x = c !" 1/ 1 y A + yB x A + xB
O i c yI = , xI =
2 2
1# o ( 0, 0 ) # )# - 8,;# (* +, C B A # ' #(% : !"
.)!/ ( A, AB, AC ) 6!$#

. y = 0 1/ i (1, 0 )
# ( ) ( ) #(% (c 1# o ( 0, 0 )
# )# - #;# (*

. x = 0 1/ j ( 0,1)

( ) v ( ) u <
( ) .)$
% &' *
+ )
$
4

det u , v
( ) :' ,

( ) // ( ) +, det u, v = 0 #(% (i
2# $ !" 8! ( ) : x + 2 y 1 = 0 )# / (a
( )

. / ( ) ( ) +, det u, v 0 #(% (ii
x = t y = t : ( ) < ( )
-; 2 +, ( ) // ( ) #(% (d
.<=#
.<E
(% x = 1 2t
/ x + 2t 1 = 0 (% y = t :9 :"'

/0

$
6
. ( ) x = 1 2t
1/ +, #=# 2# ( ) #(% (a y =t
/# /# B(- y = mx + p !" x = 1 + 2t (1)
/ !" 8! ( ) : )# / (b
.8<# y = 3 + t ( 2 )
. ( ) )# 1# /# /#
, t < ( )

/ ) a 0 : u ( a, b ) 1 ) ( ) (b .7<;#

, >/ ( 2 ) (1)
. m b - ( ) 1# /# ( ( ) // ( y y ) (1)
, >/ t = y 3 ( 2 ) :5$
a . ( ) : x + 2 y + 5 = 0 (% x = 1 2 y 6
( ) : y = mx + p ( ) : y = mx + p # / (c
:
-
. 5
( ) // ( )
?# ( ) ( ) # : # (a
m = m , #(%
:
!
x = x1 + at
( ) : @ ( ) : xy == xy
0 + at
#(% (i
y = y1 + bt 0 + bt
x + at = x + at
(S ) 0 1
A# )
y
0 + bt = y1 + bt
( ) ( ) +, t = . # 5 ( S ) #(% (*
t = .
$
, t >/ $#% !" 8
, /
. ()
. ( ) = ( ) +, !# 1 * ( S ) A! #(% (*
x = 1+ t
( ) : 2 x 3 y + 1 = 0 ( ) : #(% (ii
y = 1 + 2t
x =1+ t (1)
( S ) y = 1 + 2t ( 2 ) A# )
2 x 3 y + 1 = 0 ( 3)

# / !" 8 ( 3)
, y x >/
.
, / ( ) ( )
, /# B( #(% (*
.!" 8 ( 2 ) (1)
, t >/
./C ( ) ( ) +, * /# ' #(% (*
+, !# 1 * /# ' #(% (*
. ( ) = ( )
A# ) ( ) : 2 x y + 1 = 0 ( ) : x + 2 y 1 = 0 #(% (iii
.(i '* D ( S ) 2 x y + 1 = 0
x + 2 y 1 = 0
( ) : ax + by + c = 0
# / (b
( ) : ax + by + c = 0
a b
A# / ( ) ( ) +, 0 #(% (i
a b
.:# !" 8!
a b
( ) // ( ) +, =0 #(% (ii
a b
b c a c
./C ( ) // ( ) +, 0 0 #(% (*
b c a c
b c a c
. ( ) = ( ) +, =0 =0 #(% (*
b c a c

-

&: (I

(a% ) ( E ) : ax 2 + 2b x + c = 0&( b = 2b G
1
3 C0 H D . C& = b2 ac % x
*( % A. 0 % ) ( E 29 D 9 3.% P ( x ) = an x n + an 1 x n 1 + .... + a1 x + a0
b + b an 0 an ,...., a1 , a0
= x2 = x1
a a *( ) P ( x P n . deg P = n
b
=x *( % A. = 0 % ) ( E $ 3 *( ! an ,...., a1 , a0 $% " . P
a
*( % A. 0 % ) B ( E 3 .3 (b0 & -. $% ( )%'.& %
(c" & ) ' %.
(b % A. = 2 % 9 3 (d0 % % % -. $% )% "
b + b 12 %.
= x2 = x1
2a 2a (e 3 P ( x ) = ax + b :1 .
(f 3 P ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c :2 7$7
* &
2
7$7" a 0 ( P ( x ) = ax + bx + c
2 ".
deg ( P + Q ) sup(deg P , deg Q ) (a 2
30 P ( x ) 3 " 3% ( E ) ax + bx + c = 0
2
deg ( P Q ) sup(deg P , deg Q ) (b

*( % A. 0 % E x1 9 3 x20 3
deg ( P Q ) = deg P + deg Q (c
) P ( xP ( x ) = a ( x x1 )( x x2 ) 0
3x !" #$
*( % A. = 0 % ) ( E $ 3 x00
P ( x ) (a0 . : "9 P ;2
P ( x ) 3P ( x ) = a ( x x0 ) 0
2
"9 P -. % P ( ) = 0
" ) P ( x *( % A. 0 % ) 3 %' 1 ( E
P ( x ) (b.
%' 1.3
) P ( x 3 x 9 -. % . P ( ) = 0
&:
% A. = 0 " ) % P ( x %J .% &:
(a % "= P ( x ) 3 3 0 x 9
3- &
.
"% ) . P (
" ( a 0 ) P ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
*( % A. P ( ) = 0 ) P ( x 3 . x 9
"3 0 %L ) P ( x 3
*( % A. P ( ) 0 ) B P ( x 3 . x 9
% ( E ) : ax + bx + c = 0
2
(b % "= P ( x ) 3 3 0 x + 9

x2 *( % A. 0 % ) ( Ex 1 29 D 9 3
"% ) . P (
0 %L ) P ( xG
x
(II
.II
x1 x2
ax 2 + bx + c
x2
a a
a 1* ax 2 + bx + c = 0
0 0 % a 0 ( E ) : ax 2 + bx + c = 0
3 3% ) 0 ( E "% = b 2 4ac
*( % A. = 0 % ) ( E $ 3 x00 *( C % ) . ( E
%L ) P ( x:G *( % A. 0 % ) ( E 29 D 9 3.%
x x0 b + b
ax + bx + c
2 a a = x2 = x1
0 2a 2a
b
%L ) P ( x
*( % A. 0 % ) 3 %' 1 ( E0 =x *( % A. = 0 % ) ( E $ 3
2a
:G *( % A. 0 % ) B ( E 3 .3
x +
ax + bx + c
2 a
.1627 8
2 .II

12 4
ax + by = c
b a b a ( !S ) S&
( E ) : ax 2 + bx + c = 0 %( a
a x + by = c %" 0 9 3 ( E ) % %*(
.& %'9) . 0 N
.% " %" 0 ( S ) S& 3 3 % 3 9" % 0N % *(
c b b
x =
c b
= cb cb x1 + x2 = a
a b % QH % %
= = ab a b
a c a b x x = c
y = = ac a c 1 2 a
a c
.%' 9 0 II % "%( b
. $ 3 S& A. : 0 %( a
y = P + = S N + %" 0
x
S = {( x, y )} y= x= x 2 Sx + P = 0 G % R: 0

: = 0 %( b x + y = S
3" 0 S& 3 % (c
s = 3 %' 1 ( S ) S& A. y 0 x 0 %*( x y = P
\ .% ( S ) S& A. y = 0 x = 0 %*( t 2 St + P = 0 %
x = x2 x x1
. % A. 9" % x2 x1 %
ax + by + c - y = x1 y = x2
3
S = {( x1 , x2 ) , ( x2 , x1 )}
%]A 0 ax + by + c %L 3
( D ) : ax + by + c = 0 T :&
. ( P2 ) P ( 1 ) 0 G2H ( P ) 0 T ( D ) T . ax + bx + c = 0 % G9 (1
2
b
9 3H" %&A. ( P1 ) J %7A y x %&^0 + = a
. %7 %L T9
= c
9 3H" %&A. ( P2 ) J %7A y x %&^0 a
y x 0 %LY R: . .% %LY 1 %L 9 0 " % %
%7 % : ( _P2 ) ( P1 ) J %7A . + %'U %"
. y = 0 x = 0 G + 2 = ( + ) 2 (* :9V
2 2
3 + 3 = ( + ) ( 2 + 2 + )
= ( + ) ( + ) 2 + (*
2

= ( + ) ( + )
2

2 + 2 ( + ) 2
2
1 1
. + = = (*
2 2 2 2 ( )
2
3 .%V % G9 x2 x1 (2

. x 1 x 2 x 1 + x 2 %" 0 x2 x1 %L
.% X 0 x2 x1 A. x1 x2 0 %*(
G %LY 12 %' x2 x1 A. x1 x2 0 %*(
. x1 + x2 %L
45( III
:1627 I
1
Z b a ( 1) ax + by + c = 0 %
a 0 % y B x " (1) % 3 3 .&
a 0 % $V . b 0 % x B y "
by c by c
S = , y / y x = N
a a

l
B
.
(3
(I

A
o (C )
R
R 1
B
M (1
O . )* B, A

( o, i , j )
. % /8 9 6 :5 (*
"% (*
AOB
C -1 1 A

U
O
.1 o
, ; +8 S AB " ! l
A (1, 0 ) , B ( 0,1) , C ( 1, 0 )
1
S = R2 l =R

AM

" ! . U M (a
2
( ) rad AOM
"% $ ! (*

0 ! " #$$ % & ' ( II . )* + "% ,( "% $ '( ! (*

:)% (1 : (b
2
1 M 1+ + x

AOC
"% +

AOB
b M 0 x 2 R = 2 .1 = 2 + ( -
2
x
1+ U = + *$
-1 1A 2
0 a x
AM " !
AOC
"% .
AC " ! *$

. = xrad
AOM
AOC

"% *$
AB

" !
.( b M !<( a 2

sin x AOB

"% *$
AB

" ! rad

x
tan x = sin x = b cos x = a 2
2 cos x .
2
:"* (2
(a
(c
:1+ S , R, Q, P, N , M u / 0(
cos x + sin x = 1 (*
2 2
= 2
AOQ 3 =
AOP 3 =
AON 3 =
AOM
1 3 3 4 6
x ! 1 + tan 2 x = (*
2 cos 2 x . =
AOS
5
3 =
AOR
3
2 6 4
sin x 2
x ! tan x = (* 3 3 3
2 cos x 1
4 4
5 2
0 sin x 1 1 cos x 1 (b 6 6
0 x ! sin x 0 ( (c 0
1 1

2 2
cos x 0 =< 0 x . (2
2 *$ ( %4 5 " 6( + 7

cos x 0 =< x *$ ( x
=
y
=
z
180 200 :
2
cos x
tan x (
. 5 " x 1+
(d . " y
x
0 2 . " z
cosx + 0 :
x
0 . 200 gra,180 , rad 8 "%
x
sinx 0 + 0 0 2
+ tanx +
+
x x %& & ' ( !
% (3
.& #/ Sinus
+ (b

A >> ( ABC )
2 cos ( x ) = cos x (a
. + ; R x
x sin ( x ) = sin x (b

B C
AB AC BC
0
tan ( x ) = tan x (c
= = = 2R
SinC SinB Sin
A

x x %& & ' ( !
% (4
2

cos x = sin x (a
2
x
2
2
x
sin x = cos x (b
0
0 2
1
tan x = (c
2 tan x
+, ' ( (5
x
2 3 5

0
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
3 2 1 1 2 3
cos x 1 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 3 2 1
sin x 0 1 0

2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
tan x 0 1 3 3 1 0
3 3

2
2 1 3
3 3
3 2 2

4 2 4
5 1
6 2 6
2 2
2 2 0
-1 3 1 0 1 3 1
2 2 2 2
-
.& #/
% (6
B < -% >> ( ABC ) (a
C
AB
Cos
A=
BC AC
A A Tan
A= BC
Sin
B
AB A=
AC

. T
0# U ( I
. I L.
f A& T ( x, y ) 0 @ "# ( f

(1
. I L. OP
f A& T ( x, y ) > 0 @ "# ( D f
. I L. 3QP,
f A& T ( x, y ) 0 @ "# ( p( x)
f ( x) =
. I L. OP 3QP,
f A& T ( x, y ) < 0 @ "# ( Q( x) :
(2
. I L. 9I f A& T ( x, y ) = 0 @ "# ( ( )* +% . Q ( x) 0 ! "# $%& "# & f ( x)
. I L. 3QP,
:
W! "# I -V L. & f " #$% (3 D f = R { ( -./ } , Q( x) = 0
'() f ( x ) = P ( x ) :
(3
< [89 , I Y ZQ

C f X I L.
f (a 0# 1 +% P ( x) 0 ! "# $%& "# & f ( x)
\ 3 ] >3 D f = P ( x) 0 ( 23& 456 7) , P( x)

[89 , I -V Y ^B,
C f X I L. 3QP,
f (b . ( II
\ 3 ] >3 < ) : ;%89 D f 89 +% f (1
G ZB K3%9> < H C f X I L. 9I f (c . f ( x) =>* +% ? x D f , D f < x
. I -V Y )3& . 3@B f A& f ( x) = f ( x) @ "# (
L. 3QP,
[ 5,9] [1,3] < )! L.
f , #!* . & f A& f ( x) = f ( x) @ "# (
. 4RS9 -@ L > -@ Y _ `a. [ 3,5] . & 5 3@B 5
5 : < E (a C/D
x n n
x = x ( x) = n n
(b
x n
G H>, )I 9 C f F8,( ! "# $%& "# f (2
. J3

f ( x) = ax + b ! (4 ) H>, )I 9 C f F8,( ! "# $%& "#
f (3
R L.
f A& a > 0 ! "# (a . K. (
R L.
f A& a > 0 ! "# (b
R L. 9I f A& a = 0 ! "# (c
. 3%9> f F8, (d

! (5
. 3@B f < 9 (a
. ( ! III
. I L. 3QP,
f A& I L.
f W! "# ( N3* I < y x M9 I - L. f ! (1
. I L.
f A& I L. 3QP,
f W! "# ( . f ( y ) f ( x) % x < y
. & f < 9 (b . I L.
f A& f ( x) f ( y ) @ "# (
. I L.
f A& I L.
f W! "# ( . I L. OP
f A& f ( x) < f ( y ) @ "# (
. I L. 3QP,
f A& I L. 3QP,
f W! "# ( . I L. 3QP,
f A& f ( x) f ( y ) @ "# (
. I = [ b, a ] A& I = [ a, b ] ! "# (c . I L. OP 3QP,
f A& f ( x) > f ( y ) @ "# (
. I L. 9I f A& f ( x) = f ( y ) @ "# (
. # (IV
I < y x M9 I - L. f ! (2
: \H b x0 Y QP 3P )H%
f : \H : : "# (1
f ( x) f ( y )
Q% 3% d_
x0 L. Z9c I - Y f ( x) f ( x0 ) T ( x, y ) = RS9 - =>* +% x y N3*
x y
. f ( x0 )
X = x : \H b x0 Y 3P )H%
f : \H : : "# (2
Y= mHQ
( "# kl ? y =
X Y = y x 3% d_
x0 L. Z9c I - Y f ( x) f ( x0 )
. ( , ) k (, i , j ) K. Y

. f ( x0 )
. +,- . / 0 123 04!$ (5 Y f ( x) : \H b f . QP 3P : \H (a (3
. A(0, f (0)) O%, J3
e k C f kn%
(a . f ( x0 ) = N3* I < x0 < N8H I -
( )* +% )3& e k C f F8,( kn%

] ( (b Y f ( x) : \H b f . 3P : \H (b
. f ( x0 ) = N3* I < x0 < N8H I -
kn%9 $% A& x2 x1 -.o d_ W! "# f ( x) = 0
. B ( x2 , 0) b A( x1 , 0) ) 0 L. f 4RS
-@ ! "# (4
e k C f kn%
$% )3&: f ( x) = 0 ( -./ ( x0 Y f . QP 3P A&
. x1 Y f . 3P
. )3&
) 0 L. f F8, ! "# (5
. 5323 04!$ (6
x0 Y f . QP 3P A&
( )* +% C g C f F8,( kn%
] (
. x1 Y f . 3P
kn%9 $% A& x2 x1 -.o d_ W! "# f ( x) = g ( x)
. B ( x2 , f ( x2 )) b A( x1 , f ( x1 )) . ( V
C g k C f kn%
$% )3&: f ( x) = g ( x) ( -./ ( x 0 (a 0) f ( x) = ax 2 (1
. 5323- 673 08 (7 f f 4RS
-@ A& a > 0 ! "# (a
0
0# 1 +% C g C f \3,8, . p>, kq U (a de K. ( ): T1: f.0 C f
. L. ] T@ d %
J3
e
f ( x) g ( x)
. C g r& @ C f A& f ( x) g ( x) 0 ! "# ( f 4RS
-@ A& a < 0 ! "# (b
. C g W7 @ C f A& f ( x) g ( x) 0 ! "# ( de K. ( ): T1: f.0 C f
. )g1 ] T@ d %
J3
e
45V 7 f ( x) g ( x) 8@9( -./ (b
a
C g W7 C f 23& D f = R* (a 0) f ( x) = (2
x
( E ) : f ( x) = m !- ( (8 f 4RS
-@ A& a > 0 ! "# (a
() : y = m K3%9>( C f kn%
$% )3&: ( E ) ( -./ K. ( ): d! 5_ C f
. C f !;)<% g ( x) = f ( x) 123 9!:%" (9 . K. ( Ze d%
g ( x) = f ( x) A& )3& e r& C f X f ( x) 0 ! "# f 4RS
-@ A& a < 0 ! "# (b
. C f k ;HO, C g "# K. ( ): d! 5_ C f
A& )3& e W7 C f X f ( x) 0 ! "# . K. ( Ze d%
.)3& G H> C f )Is C g "# g ( x) = f ( x) (a 0) f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c (3
h@ )Is )3& e r& @( C f h@ < C g ^9 f ( x) J9 _. C f - Q9j ] C f hi# )@: <
. )3& G H>, )3& e W7 @( C f X y = f ( x) < %.O, ? f ( x) = a( x )2 + ) 0L.
. C f !;)<% g ( x) = f ( x ) 123 9!:%" (10 X = x
kl ? y = a( x )2 X y = a( x )2 +
Y = y
3@B g "# g ( x) = f ( x ) = f ( x ) = g ( x) ,
( , ) k (, i , j ) K. Y Y = aX 2 mHQ
( "#

: x [ 0, +[ ) , . J3
G H>, )I 9 ,8, ^9
ax + b
x =x f ( x) = (4
cx + d
. C f k ;HO, C g T, g ( x) = f ( x) "# f ( x) J9 _. C f Q9j ] C f hi# )@: <
G H>, T.Is [ 0, +[ Y @( C f h@ < C g ^9 X y = f ( x) < ;.O, ? f ( x) = +

) 0 L.
x
. J3

E (a (10 F
O3?"$ . (I

) h (E F ) = h (E ) h (F (A!"#
(b
86 M E F H ) h (M ) h (E ) h (F
k M ' .
(11 12 A6 $ :
"! k $!#
$0 " ? ? " ?
) h (, k (
$0 " ? $ ? " ? $ . M *
( P ) M ' M+
(12 *+
.
" . M ' = k M

N ?"$ "$ . (O , i , j ) L2 1 (B
( ''&

- (a h : 1 ) (1, 2
"! . k = 2 $ ' M ' $0 N M 12 N$
*3 > T P!
h 2 22: 2 h ( 6 3 k 1+

) M ( x , y )' M ( x ', y h ( M ) = M ' +
$ . M ' N ' = k MN
" ' x ' y x I . y (C
(

' h (M ) = M M ' = 2M . h
"! k
h (M ) = M ' (1M ' = k M 76
) M '(x ' 1, y ' 2 )2M (2x 2, 2 y 4
(2 ' h (M ) = M ' h (N ) = N
86
x ' = 2x 1 x ' 1 = 2x 2
M ' N ' = k MN
y ' = 2y 2 y ' 2 = 2 y 4
$
) h () = 0 ( h (a (3
x ' = 2x 1
h: > T 22 h : h (M ) = MM = 76 (b
y ' = 2y 2
) $ > ( h
: /
$0
A $
h x y8V
(4 ' 86 h ( M ) = M M ' . ? " M
A
>* 12V ) . h ( A

- (b . 2
12 A6? @3 : (a (5
x ' = 3 x + 2 86 '@3 G }) {( A, ), ( B, @3 G
f :
! ! f # T0 22 :
y ' = 3y 4 }) {( A ', ), ( B ',
x ' = x (b 12 A6?> C :
*3 +!
f !W ( > * ?X
y ' = y ]' [ A ' B 86 '@3 I ] [ AB C> I
x = 1 3x + 2 = x (c * 12 A6 DE :
f !*
0
y =2 3 y 4 = y 86 AB = CD ' A ' B ' = C ' D
). ( 1, 2 (d 12 A6 (
3 :
M (x , y ) YZ
LV )' M (x ', yh (M ) = M ' +
H ( A B 86 ? " C $0 ' A ' B '. ? " C
x ' = 3x + 2
I 12 A6?" 6 . (6
. ) M '( x + 1, y ' 2 ' h (A ) = A ' 86 h (B ) = B A ' B ' = k AB
y ' = 3y 4

) M '(3x + 2 + 1,3 y 4 2 )M '(3x + 3,3 y 6 (7 K * A6 D ' BAC = B ' A 'C

) 3M (3x + 3,3 y 6 M ' = 3M $0(a (8 ] [ AB h ]' [ A ' B
f ) ( 1, 2
"! . k = 3 $0(b ?" ( AB) L h
?" . ( A ' B ') L
4# (13
23 . $0 (c " ( D ) L ( D ') L " $$ ) . ( D

(a A
+!
?"
. h B (d *3 $0 " ( D ) L h N $0

$0? ' A ' . B ' h ( A ) = A A'? " A
A ( D ) B$ )' h ( D ) = ( A ' B $0

)' . ( AA ' h ( B ) = B B 'B
A$ ) h ( D $?" L? ' A?$ L "?2
" ?
)' ( BB
( AA ') PW
) ( h (A ) = A ' ) . (D
)' (BB
(e ) ? " ( D 86 ) . h ( D ) = ( D
)
$ ) 0 ( D. ( ?3
$0 (9 O ) C (O , r h O ) . C '(O ', k r
. O ' = h (O ) P
(III (b *3
" k ?"
h
:
(A. !"# *(
! +?
A$0. A' D

u . DE uf u DDE ' h ( A ) = A A ' = k A
$ " ' AI
' M ! #
t u (
A ' = A ]^ E
A
"_ k =
? 1
*
(P ) M ' M ' A
= . k !E A ' = k M
M MM ' = u " + M
(B
( ''& *(
! A
+ B$0? ' A '. B
$ ' M ' $0 N M 12 N$
A ' B ' = k AB
! `N
P " .
f t u ( 6 . M ' N ' = MN
(c

! ' I +!
[ A ' B '] C> I A B
(C
(
P?30a ? 2 ! 0 1"! g )(1 h ( A ) = A ' + ' h ( B ) = B ' h ( I ) = I
" ?* 0a
) (2 ) (3) (4 ) (6 ) (8cde ) (9 ) (12 ) (13abd : . (5b [ AB ] C> I ' . [ A ' B '] C> I
(6f 12 A6?". 6
!
(d I ? " J N
!
) ( D$ * ) u D3$ u ) 86 ( ( D (8e . h( , k ) ( I ) = J
) . t u ( D ) = ( D

(e $0
M W : D
$0 (9 O ) C (O , rf t u O ) . C '(O ', r
*(
" ?* M ' = k M C
. O ' = t u (O ) P
*( . (5b) *? "
[ AB ] K C> M
/
*(
. (5c) *? "
AM = AB H
t u ( M ) = M ' (a. MM ' = u 76
*(
M H . (10) *? "
O3 PW
(b ' t u ( M ) = M ' 86 t u ( N ) = N
) M E F ) ( h ( M ) h ( E ) h ( F
. M ' N ' = MN *(
H > T. D2? "
22
(III'
6'
(II'
6'"&
(A. !"#
' M (A. !"#
)( )( " ? ? *V?$ $ )(

? *V?
$! #
) ( S ( $! #
S (
' M M *
( P ) M ' M+ *
( P ) M ' M+

. )( ( ]' [ MM $ M " M ' = M . [ MM '] C>
(B
(
(B
( ''&
P?30a ? 2 ! 0 1"! *V?2?$ $ ' M ' $0 N M 12 N$
) (1 ) (2 ) (3) (4 (6) (5 ) (8e ) (9 ) (13abd :
? *V S ( 6 . M ' N ' = MN
(6? *V?$ 12 A6?". 6
*( ) ( ) 86 ( D ) . t ( ) ( D ) = ( D (8e (C
(
P?30a ? 2 ! 0 1"! *V?2? P

*( ) (86 ( D ) // ) . t ( ) ( D ) //(D $ k c -1 ) (6 ) + (9>!@ .
$0 (9 O ) C (O , r? *V?$ ) ( S O (6? *V? 12 A6?" 6 .
' h (A ) = A ' 86 h (B ) = B A ' B ' = AB
. O ' = S ( ) (O ) P ) . C '(O ', r
$0 O ) C (O , r? *V? S O (9
/
. O ' = S (O ) P ) . C '(O ', r
S ( ) ( M ) = M ' (a ( ) 76( ]' . [ MM
/
(b S ( ) (M ) = MM () 76 S (M ) = M ' (a. [ MM '] C> 76
?"
0 ( ) L .
' S (M ) = M ' 86 S ( N ) = N (b

. M ' N ' = MN

: 678 6+3+
6+M +O v u 6+ 2"+3 41(e

( I
u .v = u . v

C .
AC AB (1
u .v = 0 S8+Q u v (f

( AB) C
H
u .v = v .u ( (g

K ( AC ) B
K
u .(v + w) = u .v + u .w (

u .(v w) = u .v u .w (
AC AB ! "

( u ).v = u .( v ) = (u .v ) ( A H B : * +, -&
AB. AC # $ %&" ' ()

AB. AC = AB. AH

(u + v ) 2 = u 2 + v 2 + 2u .v (

(u v ) 2 = u 2 + v 2 2u .v ( = AC. AK

(u + v ).(u v ) = u 2 v 2 (

= AB. AC.cos( BAC )
!"# (III AB. AC = 0 678 AC 5 AB / 01 2"+3 41 (2

A . $% & (1 (II

: +* +WW ( ABC )
D .
CD AB (1
BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 2 AB. AC.cos A ( AB ) C
C '
B C AC 2 = BA2 + BC 2 2 BA.BC.cos B C ( AB ) D
D '
AB 2 = CA2 + CB 2 2CA.CB.cos C
AB.CD = AB.C ' D ' +*

A B
'()* +,- (2
:
A [ AB ] T
A XY I +WW ( ABC )
<1 =+ &> /&?@ / 01 " AB.CD 9+0 :;
BC 2
AB 2 + AC 2 = 2 AI 2 + : +* . +AB+, +C+AD5 E F
" G + +AD5 E +# H+(0I JG K! L+
2 2
1 BC 2 . J#& * AB %&+# AB. AB %&"(a (2
B I C AI 2 = ( AB 2 + AC 2 ) 5 2
2 2 AB = AB 2 +* (b
.
./ 01& 23 4
)* & (3

: 678 M N(" +O CD AB 6+ 2"+3 41(a (3
H [ BC ] XY AB.CD = AB.CD

A ' A Z T*% [\+B +WW ( ABC ) (a

: +* . ( BC ) A
: 678 6+3+
6+M +O CD AB 6+ 2"+3 41 (b
(L^ +8 TB_ ) AB + AC = BC ( AB.CD = AB.CD
2 2 2

BA = BH .BC = BH .BC (
2

A 6+ 3 6+3 41 8 41 6+Q +
CD AB 61 P" (a (4
CA2 = CH .CB = CH .CB ( AB CD R" . * +
(CD) ( AB )

AH 2 = HB.HC = HB.HC ( AB.CD = 0 S8+Q AB CD +* (b

B H I C
1 678 T D C B A 2"+3 41 (5
AA ' = BC (
2 AB.CD = AB.CD

A B C D
C : +* . A Z T*% [\+B +WW ( ABC ) (b UV " 3 C B A v u (a (6

AC BA
AC = v AB = u

cos B = cos B =
BC BC
u .v = AB. AC : +*

AC v C
B A tan B =
v :
v u (b

AB

A : +* . +WW ( ABC ) (c A B u.v = u . v cos(u, v ) +*
u
sin A sin B sin C u2 = u
2
= = (c

B C u
BC AC AB
u .v = u . v : 678 M N(" +O v u 2"+3 41 (d

A .,'$
%' (b !

(I
[ ]
AB <1 I (ABC )
I J [ AC ] <1 J . %$
#
(I
. ( IJ ) ( BC ) . .
( D) ( D )
B C
( D) ( D ) (*
: * ,
%$- (c
(D)
( P ) (Q ) = ( ) (D') . ! ( D) ( D ) (*

( ) ( P )
( ) ( ) ( ) ? : )' (*
( ) (Q )
(D)
(D') ." ( D) ( D ) (*

( ) ( )
( P) (Q) = () (D') # ! # ( D) ( D ) (*

( ) ( ) ? ( ') ( P ) : )' (*
( ') //(Q) $ #
(D)
( P) (Q) = ()
.% # &' " ()*

( ) ( ) ? ( ') //( P ) : )' (*
( ') //(Q)
& %$
#
(II
,-. .+ ( P ) ( D )
.
(d (D) ( P ) + ( D ) / (*
P
() //( ')
( ) // ( ) ? )' (D)
( ') //( '') " ( P ) ( D ) / (*
O
P
( P ) // ( Q )
(D) $ 01
( P ) + ( D ) / (*
( ) // ( ) ? ( H ) ( P ) = ( ) )' (e
. ! ( P ) ( D ) ' " ()*
( H ) ( Q ) = ( )
P
. %$
#
(III

( P ) + @ ( D ) 4
,-. . ( Q ) ( P )
:
. ( Q ) ( P ) (*
. ( P ) A' ( D ) B A (*
."> " & ( D ) // ( P ) (* q
p &' $ -1
( Q ) ( P ) (*
q . !

( P ) + ( D ) 5
(D)
. D ( P ) A "> " & ( P ) ( D ) p. ( D ) / 2 ( Q ) ( P ) (*
/ 5 , ( P ) ( D ) "> " 5 ,0
. ( D ) ( P ) ( D) ' (IV

( P ) + 3! ( D ) / 1

( Q ) ( P ) 6 . ( P ) ( D) 3! ( D )
A05 $10 . ( P ) ( Q ) "> " & ( Q ) ( P )
: /
( Q ) + 3! ( P ) + 2
( Q ) ( P ) B A > 5 , (*
. ( AB ) / * ( Q ) ( P ) Q ! ( P ) (*
( ) ( ) A "> " 5 , (* ! ( P ) (*
. ( ) // ( ) ( ) Q ( ) ( P ) , . ( Q )
A ( ) / * ( Q ) ( P )
. ( ) ( ) $ 3! :& 2 45 6* ! 3

" K J I ,-. 7 %$(
)*+#
(a
( Q ) ( P )
0B "> & (...< => 9- : 3!)
." & = & / A'
.
(II
+ A05 35 ( ) )' (a 1

A05 35 ( )
( P )
. ( P )
? ( P ) + A05 5 ( ) / )' (b

. ( P ) / 3 A05 5 ( )

( Q ) + A05 35 ( P ) + 2
. ( Q ) A05 35 ( P ) @ ( )
:& 2 45 6* 3
"& $>: (a
/% ,0. $ )
(..."!
A [ AB ] * 4% ( ) (b

B
M ()
M ( AM ) ( BM )
A
3 ,0. ( ABC ) (c
[ BC ] <1 I A
. ( AI ) ( BC )
B C
I
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ? )' (d
( ) ( )
( ) ( P )
( ) ( ) ? )' (e
( ) ( P )
:%/01
( ) / A05 35 ( ) / )'
.=05 35 ( ) ( ) ( P ) + 5 ,
. B A 4
+ B A 5 " " "5@
+ * [ AB ] "0 + A
. [ AB ) A05 3 [ AB ] <1
( Q ) ( P ) / ( ) 5

( ) ( P )
( ) ( Q ) ? )'
( P ) // ( Q )
+ ( P ) ( ) ( ) 6

( ) // ( )
( ) ( P ) ? )'
( ) ( P )

Rmathtronc PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Rmathtronc PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

sefroumaths.site.voila.

 (2      

a b r1 r2 ... ... ...  &

. -  1 a $) a ". !3! @%,  $ !%&

76 632 76 632 :- 25

76 = 22.19  632 = 23.79 $%&

( BC )    ( D) . 77 ( ABC )  (3 .   (I

. IR  x ; E ( x ) x < E ( x ) + 1 ( . a = b   

i A . ( D ) D ( A, u )  1    u

( o, i, j ) )!/ !   '$#%    #(% : !"

#   ( D )  #(% (* (c

/ ) a 0 : u ( a, b )   1 ) ( )  (b .7<;#

deg ( P Q ) sup(deg P , deg Q ) (b

(b % "= P ( x ) 3 3 0 x + 9

 3  . %V   % G9 x2 x1  (2

 +, ' (   (5

< [89 , I Y Z Q

\ 3 ] >3 D f = P ( x) 0 ( 23&    456 7) , P( x)

 ( )* + % )3&  e k C f F8,( kn%

P?30a ?  2 ! 0 1"!  *V?2? P

A . $% & (1  (II

AH 2 = HB.HC = HB.HC ( AB.CD = 0 S8+Q AB CD + *  (b

+ A05 35 ( )      )' (a 1

? ( P ) + A05 5 ( ) /  )' (b

:&  2 45 6*      3

A [ AB ] *   4%  ( )  (b

 ( Q )  ( P )  / ( )  5

+ ( P )   ( )  ( )  6

You might also like

(2

a b r1 r2 ... ... ... &

. - 1 a $) a ". !3! @%, $ !%&

76 632 76 632 :- 25

76 = 22.19 632 = 23.79 $%&

( BC ) ( D) . 77 ( ABC ) (3 . (I

. IR x ; E ( x ) x < E ( x ) + 1 ( . a = b

i A . ( D ) D ( A, u ) 1 u

( o, i, j ) )!/! '$#% #(% : !"

# ( D ) #(% (* (c

/ ) a 0 : u ( a, b ) 1 ) ( ) (b .7<;#

(b % "= P ( x ) 3 3 0 x + 9

3 .%V % G9 x2 x1 (2

+, ' ( (5

< [89 , I Y ZQ

\ 3 ] >3 D f = P ( x) 0 ( 23& 456 7) , P( x)

( )* +% )3& e k C f F8,( kn%

P?30a ? 2 ! 0 1"! *V?2? P

A . $% & (1 (II

AH 2 = HB.HC = HB.HC ( AB.CD = 0 S8+Q AB CD +* (b

+ A05 35 ( ) )' (a 1

? ( P ) + A05 5 ( ) / )' (b

:& 2 45 6* 3

A [ AB ] * 4% ( ) (b

( Q ) ( P ) / ( ) 5

+ ( P ) ( ) ( ) 6