R “ SIRIW AMUN 03 IR 15 I Amaan tesco Sino iguay an Tanipotaton Olas Sard "AASHTO Nos Ted Designation: E8/E8M ~ 16a remnarionat ‘a pnetean aon Sars Standard Test Methods for ook, Tension Testing of Metallic Materials’ _ ‘is snd ised nde he ed desan BEANE be wer nsec owing te sig ats he er of Saye epstn () aeaes sn etal ehtge sc the st eso oredr Se isso hs ben apo for we by opens of he US. Departmen of Deen oO 4. Scope 2, Referenced af s 1.1. These test methods cover the tension testing of metallic 2.1 ASTM su ‘materials in any form at room temperature, specifically, the _A3S6/A3S6IM Shecifiation for Steel Castings, Carbon, Low methods of determination of yield strength, yield point Alloy, ad Stains Stel, Heavy-Walled for Steam Ti elongation, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area, bines aris paige lena torn i stb Test alias and Detions fr Mechanica esting i coe of Steel Products ied to be 4D for BX and SD for EBM. The gauge length is Fe erg ob Es eS ab tes fr Ton Testing Wau and Cas tenn and Magneto Alloy Products GaidsueeutSenaron iste aise _SBgIM Petes for Tenn Teng Woh and Cis wide agreement to Keep the pressing of the material toa gf" _,AWminum- and Magnesium-Alloy Products (Metric) specific projected aree and density. iPractices for Force Verification of Testing Machines : a sf ernology Relig to Mods of Mecha Teng 12 Bets he itn of tems age Eagan Mad of Meshal aig necita berated! pctenons oe methods ig 2 eee for Using Signin Din 4 particular material For examples, see ‘Test Meihod&Qgit E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten- Dafnitons A170 anes Methods BSS, nd BSS7M Sees 1.4 Room temperature shall be considered to bet 16°38%C E345 Test Methods of Tension Testing of Metallic Foil [sow lobe} ae aerospace € B01 Pre for Canducing an Tesora Sty ws ctl ta we alps baer er een an oe oS system ate not exact equivalents; therefa he bets ‘must ‘men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Foree Application bo used independently of the other, Comping vais from the two systems may result in non onfognce shift stondara, D566 Terminology Relating to Robber i E1856 Guide for Evaluating Computerized Data Acquisition 1.6 This standard does not purport regress all of the ‘Systems Used to Acquire Data from Universal Testing safety concerns, if any, associgted with its use. It is the facies responsi ofthe wer of tis Ward to etablish aepre- a6 rates for Vsifation of Speed for Matra Tes priate ety and heat ro Fieternine the applica- ing Machines 3.1 Definitions of Terms Connon to Mechanical Testing — These tet etd te fv lion of ASTM Commitee 28 on Mechanical Testing anda oreyonbilty of Sabcommitee £26.04 on ty — ‘Copii @ASHM arson 100 Ba no, PO Box C7, We! Consens, PA 8426255, Ute Sale 'ly esse - 162 3.1.1 The definitions of mechanical testing terms that ap- peat in the Terminology E6 apply to this test method. 3.1.1 These terms include bending strain, constraint, clongation, extensometer, force, gauge length, necking, re: duced section, testing machine, and 3.1.2 In addition, the following common terms from Ten nology E6 are defined: 3.1.3 discontinuous yielding, n—in « uniaxial test, a hesita- tion or fluctuation of force observed at the onset of plastic deformation, due to localized yielding. 31.3.1 Discussion—The stress-strain curve need not appear to be discominvous, 3.14 elongation after fracture, nthe elongation measured by fiting the two halves of the broken specimen together. 3.1.5 elongation at fracture, n—the elongation measured Just prior to the sudden decrease in force associated with fracture, 3.1.6 lower yield strength, LYS (FL?}—in a uniaxial test, the minimum stress recorded during discontinuous yielding, ignoring transient effects, 3.1.7 reduced parailel section, A, n—the central pottion of the specimen that has a nominally uniform cross section, with 2n optional small taper toward the center, that is smaller then that of the ends that are gripped, not including the fillets 3.1.7.1 Diseussion—This term is often called the parallel length in other standards 3.1.7.2. Discussion —Previ this term as “reduced section, is us versions of E8/EBM =< 3.18 reduction of area, n—the difference botwesfthe $ al eross- sections! area of (es ‘ area of its smallest cross section. . 3.1.8.1 Discussion—The reduction of area is uly x pressed as a percentage of the original cros-sgiGnal ea of the specimen he * 3.1.82 Disenssion—The smallest cross sgetoltmay-be mea- sud orferfactsspeted fer gall ners, LB. Discuston The tern redefine Wen Ap plied to metals generally means meaSiyementafer fracture; When applied to. plastics and elasiomelts measurement. 2t fracture. Such interpretation i usyaly applicable to values for teduton of sea reported in he gsi when no furtier qualification is given. (£28.04) 3:19 tele srengy SFE he maximum tense suest hata mae egaetlegt ining 3.1.9.1 Discussion -fensil,siéngth is calevlated from the maximum force during augision test caried (0 rupture andthe original cross-sctiogiigrtof the specimen. 310 seer In, Ely (%)—the elongation deter- ined atthe Lele suid bythe test pec jst poe to necking o fre, or both 31.1011 Discussion—Uniform clong: clastic and plastic elongation, 3.1.11 upper yield strength, UYS [FL }—in a uniaxial test, the first stess maximunn (stress at first zero slope) associated With discontinuous yielding at or near the onset of plastic deformation a test specimeri an mn includes both 3ALI2 yield point elongation, YPE, n—In a unieaial test, the strain (expressed in percent) separating the stress-strain curve's first point of zero slope fiom the point of uanstion from discontinuous yieiding to uniform strain hardening, 2121 lee tang eae oe of strain, the YPE end point isthe infection between (o) orzo lin dav tangent othe gna he st 20 le tnd () ine dau tangent oth in Hiring prion o the sess curve athe poigt oo If there is no point ator nea the onset of yildinygdt Which the slope reaches ero, the material has 0% 3.113 yield strength, YS stress at which, by consenting it is considered that plastie elongation of the mite jmemnene 3.1131 Discussions stress may be specified in terns of (@) a specified Qoviation from a linear siress-steain relationship, () tolal extension attained, or (c) ‘maximum or mitinguingengineering stresses measured during discontinuous yiel 3.2 Definilions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.1 referee tet, n—test made (o seitle a disagreement 2s to the cfoange to specified reuse, o conducted bY 8 1, u—the engineering Ma eae eaeweeecn antec ate DIses, ay Dilos set Sificaes and Use Ap fessom es provide nfrmation on he seca and lity of materials onder uniaxial tensile stresses. This formation may be useful in comparisons of materials, alloy jevelopment, quality control, and design under certain circum- stances, 4.2 ‘The results of tension tests of specimens machined 10 standardized dimensions from selected portions of part or ‘material may not totaly represent the strength and ductility properties ofthe emtire end produet or its in-service behavior in different environments, 43 ‘These test methods are considered satisfactory for ac- ceplance testing of commercial shipments. The test methods hhave been used extensively in the trade for this purpose. 5. Apparatus 5.1 Testing Machines—Machines used for tension testing shall conform to the requirements of Practices B4, The forces used in determining tensile strength and yield strength shall be within the verified force application range of the testing machine as defined in Practices E4, Where verification of the lesting machine speed is required, Practices E2658 shall be used unless otherwise specified. 5.2. Gripping Devices 5.2.1 General-—Various types of gripping devices may be used (0 transmit the measured force applied by the testing machine to the test specimens. To ensure axial tensile stress within the gauge length, the axis of the test specimen should coincide with the center line of the heads of the testing ichine. Any departure from this requirement may inteoduce bending stresses that are not included in the usual stress ‘computation (Force divided by cross-sectional area).hy esiesm - 160 Now 1—the lfc of this eceente force application may be sks trad by caleuiatng the Bening moment and sess ths ae. For Standart 12-m (0.50Dn} ameter specimen, the sess acess 13 percentage pots fo ean 0.025 mm (0.01 inj f eccentric This err Increases to 29 percentage points! DO2S mm [OOD in] for a 9mm {0.3s0.n, diameter specimen and to 3.2 perentage pont! 0.025 mm {0.001 in} for 2 6-mm [0.250 in] ameter specimen. [Nove 2—Alignment methods at given in Practice E1012. 5.2.2 Wedge Grips—Testing machines usually are equipped with wedge grips. These wedge grips generally Furnish a satisfactory means of gripping long specimens of ductile metal and flat plate test specimens such as those shown in Fig. 1. Tf, however, for any reason, one grip of pair advances father than the other as the grips tighten, an undesirable bending stress may be introduced. When liners are used behind the wedges, they must be of the same thickness and cir Faces :mustbe flat and parallel. For best results, the wedges should be supported over their entire Iengths by the heads ofthe testing ‘machine. This requires that liners of several thicknesses be available to cover the range of specimen thickness. For proper sipping, it is desirable thatthe entre length of the serated face of each wedge be in contact with the specimen. Proper alignment of wedge grips and liners i illustrated in Fig. 2. For short specimens and for specimens of many materials itis generally necessary to use machined test specimens and to use a special means of gripping to ensure thet the specimens, when under load, shall be as neatly as possible. in uniformly distributed pure axial tension (See 52.3, 5.2.4, and 5.2.5), 5.23 Grips for Threaded and Shouldered ‘Specimens ang Brite Materials -A schematic diagram of a srppi 8 Psa for threaded-end specimens is shown in Fig. 3, while nas i Pe shows a device for gripping specimens with shoulderedjendse Both of these gripping devices should be attached to th of the testing machine through properly lubricated spk seated bearings. The distance between sphericitalsari should be as great as feasible. * 5.24 Grips for Sheet Materials—The selfidjustiity grips shown in Fig. 5 have proven satisfactory tor gstivi, sheet materials that cannot be tested satisfactorilin lie usual type of wedge grips. < 5.2.5 Grips for Wire—Grips of eithghihe wealfe or smubbing. types as shown in Fig. 5 and Fig, 6 oF fla Wedge grips may be used, 53 Dimension-Measuring ert rometers and other devices used for measuring hi isions shall be accurate and precise to at least saa Sifiallest unit to which the ndividusl dimension is reqpif\o be measured, isomicters used in tension testing ements of Practice BBS for tn ihe procedure section of ths test Habe used and veried to Inlade (0 the yield strength and elongation at fracture ‘iraceenntal shown as “G-Gauge Length” in the accompanying figures) may a reduced section (for example, full cross sectional area for the determination of yield behavior shall not exceed 80 % of the distance between grips. For measuring elongation at fractare with an appropriate extensometer, the gauge length of, the extensometer shall be equal to the nominal gauge length requited for the specimen being tested. 6. Test Specimens as, 6.1 General: * 6.1. Specimen Sice—Test spécinitussshall be cither sub- stantially full size or machined, "gprescribed in the product specifications for the materighbe Sires 6.1.2 Location—Unless ollgyise'specified, the axis of the tet specie shal be Jed y itn the patent material as follows: 6.12.1 Atthe cent in thickness, diamglerfongitance between fats 6.1.2.2 MidwaSitigim the center tothe surface for products over 40mm UESggting in thickness, diameter, or distance between fas. G13 Spebigen Machining Improper prepared test speci- ‘mens often ason for unsatisfactory and incorrect test rn eran, ctr cise xd he prepat specimens partyin the machining, ducts 40 mua {1.500 in. oF tess gouges, burrs, rough surfaces or edges, overheating, iy other condition which can deleteriously affect the Nore 3—Punching or blanking of the reduced section may produce ‘significant cok! work ot shear bus, o bth, long the edges which shoul be removed by mac 3.2 Within the reduced parallel section of rectangular specimens, edges or comers should not be ground or abraded in ‘a manner Which could cause the actual cross-sectional area of the specimen to be significantly different from the calculated 6.1.3.3 For brittle materials large radius fillets atthe ends of the gauge length should be used. 6.1.3.4 The cross-sectional area of the specimen should be sinallestat the center of the reduced parallel section to ensure fracture within the gauge length. For this reason, a small taper is permitted in the reduced parallel section of each of the specimens described in the following sections. G.1A Specimen Surface Finish—When materials are tested \vith surface conditions other than as manufactured, the surface of the test specimens should be as provided in the applicable product specifications. Nove 4—Partcuae attention should be given © the uniformity and ‘quality of surface Gnish of specimens for high strength and very low Aduetity materials sloce this has been shown (© be a factor ia the ‘vata of test rest 62 Plate-Type Specimens—The standard plate-type test specimen is shown in Fig. 1. This specimen is used for testing metallic materials in the form of plate, shapes, and flat material having a nominal thickness of 5 mm (0.188 in. or over. When product specifications so permit, other types of specimens may be used, as provided in 6.3, 6.4, and 6.5.Aly esieem - 16a fete SE eae Pa ype, 0 ave [209 ve amr ia rm ase mph ot ee ino 07 ro wea och esos tuo20 aden ee) ‘aoaz0 WYooe sores (1s aie aan, ‘Nia (oS tS ‘T—Thichness (Note 5) & f materia Prt ih ono) ssi os pa tote So fet 7a ath a ea ‘Lagi fede pa econ in a) oy sr eat sath) Part hrece a0 ie sa Save io spon on Na 5 wea aes [Noms For the 40 mm (1,500 ind wide specimen, punch marks for measuring elonguion efter face shall be made onthe ft or on the edge of She spsinen nd win the eed pa eso. Either ast of ins ror putas 38m a] pater ae er moe psf ph mks 200 mm [8 i} apart eeay be used Nt [Nore When elongation measurements of 40mm [1-500 in] wide specimen a8rrequired, a minimum length of reduced parallel section (A) oF 78mm (225 in] muy vet wl ter one sir oom he ee een. ‘Non 3—For the three sizes of specimens, the ends of the reduced tee s 1 not differ in width by snore than 0.10, 0.05 or 0.02 mom (0.004, aati ety Aan nye snc an kts ees Se sacked tn ae aerated wana to Mare Nceshe nce especies, move og Rg ye when ean sc vif ee peutic aaietone se acvi ofaceen Le a tp ey cnn cape Cet Ss ea tte er et are ethene inte teowat te exceed inte ple mai gesienes. Minn ics of i li eat ate lass nfm none oro snd dB ce ere forte 0a (500 a ode cine, 40 a nino a th cul the ed ge wena rie steel specimens under 690 MPa [100 000 psi i pan | profile cutter is used to machine the reduced section, ein ung cane nmi he vt ne between Dimes At ee Nate Nove 8 Toad tinge fre optigonfu testing of 6m 0280) wide specimens, Sovran told 2 ge te ter wil pont pt 208 a (8.09 in - ‘owe 9k dsb iss tonal pt he ep seen ge eoag alow th specincn teen in te ep dienes equa to two ths or mote oe eg he fh aan of (2.5 OOD: weapon ver 10 sm (0379 i lege as nd Cnepuning] Sse sets oh pion sy be necessary pent arnt i seston nF he sino see gen al rnin wih ihe ne We Ne ee a win 257128 al O4 mr [0.10.0 00h D405 in} especie. However orc esting and he ees by produ specieadons, the eas ithe 125 mm (0900 in] we spenmenla te shit nO mn (001 Tn, Nore 11—For cach specimen, typiq, teri of all fillets shall be equal to each other within a tolerance of 1.25 mm [0.05 in.}, and the centers of carro eo tes ars pln sal be sed eer fom ah tne prelate cnn) within slr f 25 rm (0m — 2S alg won enh at pt cen oes pie) oe ne (o}am eqs nt eg eoiedfdtrmnon o coston se) when yield seg termine sue extensometer sed five nce ove a gees rev an 2. fn he age fe yds hese popes dexrmined may ot Deepest of ee er : FIG. 1 Rectangular Tension Test Specimensly esvem - 16a bor miaess eed ‘earn pec Tk 1 Specimen -o| | fis ten Wee roe a fn mtn oe ow Hd Te tiene 8 FIG. 2 Wedge Grips with Liners for Flat Specimens Spherical Bearing Upper Head of Testing Machine Y Specimen ‘Threaded 63 sheer Type Spcingn® 6231 The standard FIG, 3 Gripping Device seen Specimens Ss, . "Nat specimen is shown in Fi. 1. This specimen i weg fOr ting metalic materials inthe foam of set, pat, tsi, band, hoop rectangles, and shapes ranging isf*Homuifial thickness from 0.13 10 19 mm (0.00 tw 07304 y3¢When pedtnsifetns so pe ther types of peti may be use, ss provided in'62, 6, nd 63 Nore Set Metiods E135 my be wed for tain tengo satin hse op 0 O18 mm [00059 a 6.32 Pin ens as shown in Fig. 7 may be used. In order to avoid bucking in tests of thin and highestength materia it ay be necessry to use filfening plates the pip ends, Spherical Bering Upper Head G5 7 Testing Machine sot ‘ socket : ‘ ow ff haw ‘Spedinen with shouldered Ends, Ry « Zale eae pte Device for Shouldered-énd Specimens * Spherical Bearing Cross Head of| ‘Testing Mactine Seurated Faces 4 ons Specimen YS cylindrical Seat Section AA for Sheet and Stip Specimen, Section AiR ~for Wire FIG. 5 Gripping Dovices for Shoot and Wire Spocimons 64 Round Specimens:ly esieem - 160 FIG, 6 Snubbing Dovico for Tosting Wire 6.4.1 ‘The standard 12.5-mm (0,500-in.] diameter round test specimen shown ia Fig. 8 is used quite generally for testing ‘metallic materials, both cast and wrought. 6.4.2 Fig. 8 also shows small-size specimens proportional to the standard specimen, These may be used when itis necessary to test material from which the standard specimen or specimens, shown in Fig, 1 cannot be prepared. Other sizes of small round specimens may be used. In any such small-size specimen itis, important thatthe gauge length for measurement of elongation bbe four times the diameter ofthe specimen when following EB. snd fie times the diameter ofthe specimen when flowing #8 ESM. GA.3 The shape of the ends of the specimen outside of the, “ey eral ibe gauge lng ll ge ath of materiel equed forthe ice othe geod section, for rod or, bat¥ef round cross section where the specimen required ya practicable, and fr rd or ba of octagonal, hei or square cross section, one of the fovowing types bgp teens shall be used: 6.6.2.1 Full CrosiSection (Note 6)-It is permissible to reduce the f8iusection slightly with abrasive cloth or paper, oF machine it sul {to ensure fracture within the gauge ‘marks, For material not exceeding 5 mm (0.188 in, neter ‘of dislige bétween flats, the cross-sectional ares may be reduceal 10°Hot Tess than 90 % of the original area without ‘chatigiié the shape of the cross section. For material over 0.188 in,] in diameter or distance between flats, the afipter or distance between flats may be reduced by not more 125 mm [0.010 in.] without changing the shape of the di gauge length sll be suitable to the material and ofa shapato “8 Section. Square, hexagonal, or octagonal wite or rod not fc the Noles or gis ofthe testing machines that the force may be applied axially. Fig. 9 shows specimens with, various types of ends that have given satisfactory results, 1 65 Specimens for Sheet, Sirip, Flat Wire, audepldte- tn testing sheet, strip, Rat wire, and plate, use 3 ‘on ype appropriate for the nominal thickness of 1 yt 6 O80 5mm described in the following: {0.005 to 0.1875 in, use the shect-ype,spegiinendlescribed in 63 4 6.5.1 For material with a nominal wing 6.5.2 For material with a nominal hiekness ofS to 12.5 mm {0.1875 to 0.500 in., use either the sheet«ypé specimen of 6.3 cor the plate-iype specimen of 6. 65.3 For material with a pomigl Yhickness of 12.5 to 19 ram [0.500 to 0.750 inJ, use elite sheet-ype specimen of 6.3, the plateype specimesh G6 Pape the largest practical size of round specimen descslbta in'6yA, 654 For material Aithseenominat thickness of 19. mm 10.750 in, or great fhe specimen of 6.2 or the largest practical size of equ specimen described in 6.4. “pecienions peri, mera of « (0,450 in, or greater may be tested using 2 modified sheettyBe%Specimen conforming to the configura- tion shown by Fig. 1. The thickness of this modified specimen must be machined to 10 * 0.5 mm {0400 + 0.020 in., and rast be uniform within 0.1 ma (0.004 in, thoughout the reduced parallel section. tn the event of disagreement, around specimen shall be used as the referee test (comparison) specimen, Exceeding 5 mm (0,188 in,] between flats may be turned to a round having a cross-sectional atea not smaller than 90:% of the area of the maximum inseribed citele. Fillets, preferably ‘with @ radius of 10 mm {0.375 in}, but not fess than 3 mm, [0.125 in,J, shall be used at the ends of the reduced parallel sections, Square, hexagonal, or octagonal rod over S_mm, [0.188 in.] between flats may be turned t0 a round having a ymeter no smaller than 0.25 mm {0.010 in.] Tess than the ‘original distance between flats Nove 6—The ends of copper or copper alloy specimens may be ‘ened 10 to 50‘ fom the originsh dimension in jig silar co that, shown in Fig. 10, to facilitate fracture within the gauge, marks. 10 Aletening the opposite ends of the test spect, cae shall be taken to ‘are thatthe four acened suefaes ate parle! and thatthe two paral! $urfaces on th same side ofthe axis ofthe test specimen lie inthe same plane. 6.6.2.2 For rod and bar, the largest practical size of round specimen as described in 6.4 may be used in place of a test specimen of full cross section. Unless otherwise specified in the product specification, specimens shall be parallel to the direction of rolling or extrusion, 627 Specimens for Rectangular Bar—In testing rectangular bar one of the following types of specimens shall be used: 621.1 Full Cross Section—It is permissible to seduce the \width of the specimen throughout the test section with abrasive cloth or paper, or by machining sufficiently to Facilitate fracture within the gauge marks, but in no case shall the reduced width, be less than 90 % of the original, The edges of the midlength of the reduced parallel section not less than 20 mm £% in.) inAy es/eem - 16a u . sath A & Fe Lg Dina FD Treg Gauge Sade hy fea 0005 ea ft) 2 Rom sca, Tometnes ma te 2 Sy Srreean! eOvmt rth 2061 ‘Lena edie pret set, nn foes mee SCLasat of seta, & ‘te ane gp seen apreinate Se ‘D—Diamater of tale fr pin min (Nee 4) Re ey 1305) Ese date fom i aprxinaln. my dels Feta hon fen : 3105) Nos The ens of the duced parallel section sal ifr in with by not more than 0.1 mf 1.002 in, Tete may bea grads aper in width from ke end othe center, bt the witha ach end shal Be not more than I gtr ha the wih ato ener Nore 2—The dimension 7 is the thickness ofthe test specimen as stated in the seit joduct specifications. Mon scrrinm cial tatenhes iene tears eee ee Nore 4—Holes must be on coer line of reed porte section within = OR TODO? in) Nore 5—Vaitlon of menstns C.F. yb eed hat ipo fle within he gauge eg Tio PinLosded Tension Test sone ‘hom tng @nugeLenath length shall be parallel to each other and to the a of the plugs in the specimen, and the location of the axis of the specimen within 0005 mm {0.002 in.JFille, specimen inthe grips ofthe testing machine preferably with a radius of 10 mm [% in, but noes, 1mm [% in] shal be used at the ends ofthe red ral sections. et « 17 econ trot sca eff me 2 Mr amen ht cet sel fl eri of tie testing machine but of foo gat WigVinay be SCHON, Hnaitding enon tet species hall et WF Nore 7—The term “tube” Hs used co indicae tbular products in ll general and includes pipe tbe, and bing turfces shall be mtchined or cut ang EN to ensure Aseceg under 20 rm (0.750 in}, eter aspecinen ofthe fatlure within the desired section, Thetegced Width shall not Foem and dimensions shown in Fig. 13 or one ofthe smal-size be less than the original br thickness. ASO}gne ofthe Pes of enn aleg the standard 125mm [0.500 in] specimens deseribed in 62, 6.3, and 64 may be use Pe : ee be used Specinen, ae mentioned in 4.2 and shown in Fig. 8, shall be 58 Shapes, Sirictural and OtePtp testing shapes other sed, Specimens of the type shown in Fig. 13 may be tested than hse cover bythe eng eto one of he es with pe having a sce coor cocespnding (0 the of specimens described in id Gal shall be used, curvature of the tube. When grips with curved faces are not 69 Spectiene for Pgetty PMP (Note 7 availabe, the ends of the specimens may be fatened without 6.9.1 For all smal be dou 7), partculerty sizes 25 mm eating, If the tube-wall thickness 20 mm [0.750 n.] or over, (0 in) and under ay outside diameter, and frequently he standard specimen shoun in Fig. 8 shall be use i for larger sizes, ied by the testing equipment, itis ox. In clamping of spsimens from pipe and tobe (as may be done stad pate tag tension test specimens of fl'size dengan ri ten spcinn amr gn ee tubular sections feng metal plug shall be isened far btsensowsau osc edecedseetou tld tees os tnough into the end Sf sich tubular specimens to permit the efomton or cold work ais would ater th mechanical properties. testing machine jaws to grip the specimens properly. The plugs 6.9.3 Transverse te shall not extend into that part of the specimen on which the taken from rings eu from the ends ofthe tube as shown elongation is measured, Blongation is measured over a length 14, Platening of the specimen may becither aftr separa of four times the diameter when following BS or five times then A, of before separating as in 8. ‘Transverse tension test diameter when following ESM unless otherwise stated in the specimens for large tube. under 20 mm (0.750 in.) in wall product specification. Fig. 11 shows suitable form of plug the thickuess shall be either of the small-size specimens shown inAf} Es/eem - 16a aod — 4 Tsao ana For Ton Spcinene whe engin ines th mater) ater Sor Sa Se Sins Papa cd Seon : ra Foaneiah wortT wort B020% a 7a (ebshcsdy — aivadinn, — nonsaomy ppahcaden —wacosot09 2-ient ee 1) teos0e saat Coser Deas czar winsome — paiazoom — pananag ME engasion 8s an8 ps a in mesa ei Sig on ec Boa [Comptatietnd ptaleecinn See) a sig py bea ioe tate Sines fa ; for Test Spcinen wih nue Lanne tnes tn bam (C0) Susu get a = Ts San — aie apr Geri att ee Bert Giser eanosons weston Syabsae — eaerios ese ent 81) ‘eevee soxct pra ‘coser Beton pusseaia —panzamit raw sos, woaportony esta codes Pa fet in ‘oreo siege SY ean ea Seco Sip tpt eeton win TS ae asta ata} eno tt Nore 4~On the sound specimens in Figs 8 ond, ee iri oo [oe in Eh] on dame sone dt Src Aen Nom ~The reduced pr secon may hos gradual tpi eet Gnne the cone, withthe ends not more than L : = to obain ager sposiens or when al pares ad ci for accepance testing. Smaller specimens require suitable equipment and greater skill Jn both snschining and tesing. [Note 6—For inchipound vnits only: Fivpitags of Se. ‘often used have diameters of approximately 0.505, 0.357, 0.252, 0.160, and 0.113 in. tne reason being o petit easy aevlation of se fom oud, sine the coesponding ross-setiona teas ae egal or cose 0200, 0.100, 00500, (0.0200, and 0.0100 in4,respoctvely. Thus, when the actual diameters agre wih these values, the sesses (or stengths) may be computed using the ‘Simple muliplyng facie 5, (0,20, 504d 100, respectively. (The metic equivalents ofthese five diameters donot result in correspondingly convenient crore-eectional acest and mliplying fa FIG. 6 Standard (0'500.inj Round Tension Test Specimen and Examples of SmallSize Specimens ‘Proportional to the Standard SpecimenGy esieem - 16a Beep hel o SS Set ee Ses et ea eae Tavis aa T ea Pw tne) For Test Speci Seeinent —— Spedeent— Spciethg, "oped | Span o-exs toe wrote at oat reamosecis| ata 20208 fecoosons) fons 0ue) Danae a) teosee) Mgaog wore. estas (osterScig sto om) peso e0ia) son -0nr as in wea” Ponsa ‘pss faroae ‘fatp let pr ston sea lean cs ovetagh appoint Sta os wie} a5 Sano Seen ey site esti ‘shoa a ee agittlae soy me neh erst ae Bion ‘Soa prs ‘tone het et sate, ppc ae mer sleet Enact oa iste so epee omens en fo Speer is st ae 6 caater a BR (est0.2000) — fesoosons) (25000005) anne 1) Wong eprecsoe Castes) "igesos) Paphos pases on oaie) —wasoze0Iq poor soato) ato <9 (asso in Semone “gay” "Ags" MH sp et pane ation “So “Pe ee se "58 me ssa me ne ‘ort eh opsnat sen “ees!” wlan) Leg an Son ty f st pur ‘bles mst ‘emacs sgfnmte amma a ao en ccn a Sem “epm| = “Bpemt lary ‘evn tear an sce, prose ier ment sleet Ftc Seer bed Spas tstouel ‘en: he rete atl scion mae 56 Zoos caesorunnstccnc va waa unentn ae waa wna bs ene Nore2—On Specimens | and 2, ny standard shi¥is permissible that provides for proper alignment and ads in asuring chat the specimen wil break — SS reset acti eaAly Es/esm - 160 ressune RPALieD 6 FIG. 10 Squeezing Jig for Flattoning Ends of Ful-Sizo Tenslon © p oe r pngect ea ofthe plug shal havea sight taper fi st machine jaws tothe cuved set FIG. 11 otal Plugs for Tosting Tubular coat r fied tlon of Plugs in Specimen and of Specimen tn H ") ting Machino 2 3 Nore 1—The edges Ft Losey mone Ate" Put trom Lerge Damter Tube Fig. 8 orof the form and dimensions shown for Specimen 2 in Fig, 13, When using the latter specimen, either o both surfaces fof the specimen may be machined to secure a uniform thickness, provided not more than 15 % of the normal wall thickness is removed from each surface, For large tube 20 mm (0.750 in.) and over in wall thickness, the standaed specinsen , “hai Ht ot elie ext specime Hh “Sa, Sbiherwvise provided in the product specifications shown io Hg 8 shal be wed for nantes tension ts Specimens ff uae enon son ge elle be ‘Semi steno els sal fe ented epee foc elded ams ihe nla hed vse 6310 Specinens Jor FosnesFer sing fone, the target ean pete dei in Oa sd, ond Spence nese er oan Si fries pent en vie ic apnicate pee psy de on te pton tartar fon mikes Sai or tem pledon of the fone o tom separately forged cou Mee waive othe on When 6.11 Specinéits, foreGhstings—In testing castings standard specimen Shawn in Fig. 15 shalltbe use “iain for Malteable Iron—For testing malleable ther the ig. 8 or the specimen shown in unless otherwise provided in the product nade as shown in iss 18 shall be used unless Specimen for Die Castings For testing die ca showa in Fig. 6.14 Specimens for Powder Metallurgy (PéM) Materials— For testing powder metallurgy (P/M) materials the test speci- mens shown in Figs, 19 and 20 shall be used, unless otherwise provided in the product specifications, When making test specimens in accordance with Fig. 19, shallow transverse grooves, or ridges, may be pressed in the ends (0 allow ripping by jaws machined to fit the grooves or ridges. Because of shape and other Factors, the Mat unmachined tensile test specimen (Fig. 19) in the heat treated condition will have an ultimate tensile strength of 50 % to 85 % of that determined ‘a machined round tensile test specimen (Fig. 20) of like composition and processing, 17. Procedures 7.1 Preparation of the Test Macltine—Upon startup, oF following & prolonged period of machine inactivity, the test machine should be exercised or warmed up to normal operating temperatures to minimize errors that may rest from transient conditions. 7.2. Measurement of Dimensions of Test Specimens: 7.2.1 To determine the cross-sectional area of a test specimen, measure the dimensions of the cross section at the center of the reduced parallel section. For referee testing of specimens less than 5 mm {0.188 in.] in their least dimension, measure the dimensions where the least cross-sectional arca is found. Measure and record the cross-sectional dimensions of tension test specimens as follows:T+, _ = ‘Dimansions Tete — Sain Sea tpn tof gh — Soa St a aaa enn G-comenrys apna aust sous ae tas cae ove vite-oms paises arora paescdan wimiao Sy bate wmnowen — Ol Rageeaees — Raaae am Gion ame eae meats [0.5002 0.010) [1.6 +0.125-0.25) [1.5 £0.125,025] [0.750 + 0031] orgs 11.000 + 0.082} (1,000 + 0.062) oe tba Pectin ERECT ne se) aan a! ch i anh kere SRE ph sTinghetomp reser, 1 a1 soe ne we aes coe Slp mn s097H co on Ps er eoeenreee hs Nore thes ofthe reduced pall cto hl fer rom ach ther in with by not more an 0 Thee may he rd aperin width frm the end othe center, he with och en hall be at more than 1 ler that with a he en Nore 2s satis gx oak hen oe epson gen gan glow he specimen ovr nt te gps «dene soe dsc mot ft length fhe eps eS Nore 3-the ends ofthe psn ib symmecl wl se cnr ing of eded pr eon win | mm {90S nf pesinens 1 Now! Poreuhspcinen pe treo ine shtbccq weaote in atlaance of 25 nm {O0Sin antec oeovaue in). Es Nore 6—Specinens with GAV less than 4 should not be used’ deeminstion of elonga Nore 7—Specinens with sides parallel cnoughout their eggifere Permined, except for referee testing, provided: (a) the abave tolerances are used; ameter Tubular Products Fra. sa opines "Specimens tor Lar & OS ty, 8 7 ‘Gut from Tubutar Products ects 1) og cnn nein <5 wn Seen esi in soa 2 fhe < Sssinen cine Set oa acme eces {3)03 002m} < pecan dimension < 25 mm lvl ae au yo mee 10.100 in.} 10 the nearest 0.002 mm {0.0001 in,}. cross: sectional ‘dimensions of test specimens with rough ‘surfaces due 10 (1) Specimen dingn’ 010% mim (0.001 fod ae anAly esreem - 16a fe eI 1 ‘Secon 1 Specinon 2 Spenknon 3 ima) rim nmin) ‘BBiantar 125402 20x04 90008 (os0os 0010) (ors020015) (125 2002) Rus o ia, 25H) 21H) 02) ‘Arona of re ‘hat ba equa or greater than clamor 0 Paral secon, ‘ai L“Oveclioagh, in 95 8.75) 004s} se ,6751 B Longin of ond aU) 2st 45 (075) ‘approximate c-Diamblrotend 20075) so.t25) an. secon, ‘spproinale ecLangmotshouler, 6025) soa) 8 ata] Fovametw ofshou 180404 249404 BS HO er Ina2s 0016) j94scoie) (1438 «a016) Hongih of rodwood 52826) 38/48) eo aes econ ull, Nore 1—The reduced parallel section (mensions A shoulders (mensions BF and) shal be a shows, bt be of any form to the hoor ofthe testing machine the force can be axa. Commonly the ends are treed and habe Almensions and C given above FIG. 18 Standard Tenston Test Specimen for Cast ti, > ey ol D) and, from coated metal products. : a 1.22 Determine the eros sectional ara of full le test specimen of uniforin bat nowsyinmetieexgtntion by determining the mass of a length not less! than the lerges! cross-sectional dimengibn, 7.2.2.1 Determine the weight to th hgarest 0.5 % or less. 72.2.2 The cross-sectional area is equalo the mass of the specimen divided by the length and divided by the density of the material Sy 7.23 ‘When ong specimens shown in Fi. 13 a8 follows: 7 HDIW 56: on o-{(2)-vesehel(2) el} -102) 39900 jimes longer xvio= aah | (252) secu sa)] « we: A exact cross-sectional area, mm? [in.”}, mm {i D measured outside diameter of the tube, mm {in.], and. 5 Rescate pce Po aresin values to be in radians If DAW > 6, the exact equation or the following equation may be used: aswer o where: 4 A= approximate cross-sectional guealynm? fin, IW = qth ofthe gpesien in the edled pacel seco jin.}, and T= measured wall thicknesSotft'¥fecimen, mm [in no Sees tr ceo Sg on rene Dd oe Ses Set oe Bans te 73. Gonte Lent Mayr Te Specines 73, th gag eng seminatanf lorsion shall be in accordancé ‘ith the product specifications for the saat binge Cabbe maa sal be somped hy peo Ey i dds tte ag ht seve et of Mets fr seen, he ef ean Wl ining ng rl ngs mre ite fect, 13:2 Forts wre he pcied elongation 3% o tot earns Cag gue engi he ne 0 {0.002%ig.] prior to testing, tebe ofthe Testing Machin: .1 le testng machine skal bese pin sich a manner ‘that Zep force indication signilies a state of zero force on the spediinen. Any force (or preload) imparted by the gripping of Specimen (see Note 13) must be indicated by the force beens ue) Seymeastring system unless the preload is physically removed eh Tes Biior to testing. Artificial methods of removing the preload on "the specimen, such as taving it out by a zero adjust pot or removing it mathematically by software, are prohibited be: ‘cause these would affect the accuracy of the test results. Now 13—Peconds generated by siping of specimens may be eer tes of compressive nna and may be the esl of sah igs ~ ap desien — ianton of giping apparatus cking, binding, ee.) = excessive gripping force —sensiy ofthe cond oop Nore 1d—Itis the operator's retporsility 1 verify that an cbseved prolod is aceplele an to ensure tht gis Operate na smooth anes Uniees oierwe specified, ts recommeded that momentary (lyme forces defo sipping ot exceed 20% of he mate's nomi eld ‘tengh a hat sae peloads nt exceed 10% othe materils non sisi tenth 45 Gripping of the Test Specinen: 5. For specimens with reduced sections, gripping of the specimen shall be restricted to the grip section, because ‘ripping in the reduced section or in the fillet can significantly affect test results 16 Speed of Testing 7.6.1 Speed of testing may be defined in tems of (a) rate of straining ofthe specimen, (b) rat of stressing ofthe specimen, {6) eroshead speed, () the elapsed time for competing pat or all of the test, or (e) free-running crosshead speed (rate of movement of the crosshead of the testing machine when not der load) 7.62. Other applicable specifications may requite verifca tion ofthe speed of the testing machine. In such cases, unlessfly ceveam - 16a TABLE 1 Details of Test Coupon Design for Castings (see Fig. 16) Nore Test Conpons for Large and Heawy Steet Castings: The test coupons in Fig. LGA and B are to bo used for lange and heavy ste eastings. However, athe option ofthe foundry the cross-sectional area and length ofthe standard coupon may be increased as dested. This provision does not pply to Speciation A356/02356M. Nor 2Bend Bar: If a bend bar is required, an sennatedesin (as shown by date lines in Fig, 16) i indicate. Tog Decl, 128 nm in Fiser O25 Team ‘125m [5%] minimum enh wil Bo UR, singe ay be nteased a th oon a he foundry fo accommecao adstona tat bars (02 Note Use of ar so of end apes at 2 opton ot 2, End per oe 2. Hott 22 em [125 i) 4. Wah (atop) {52 mm [125 in (600 Note 1) 5. Rass (aibotory 12 mm On] max ©, Spacing between gs A 18 hm [05 in aus wl be used between tho Togs. 7. Location et eet bare Tho tenet, bod, and Impoct bar il bo thon trom a over peso eg (ee Not 2), “Te number fags attacked to the ccupon ft 8, Number a ge ‘ho opto of tho lousy proving ty 0 ‘ulpaees scoring fo fa 8 2 Re Radius tom 0 19 oppoxiatay 2 rm (0.092 in) Tee ag ol he AGFA tava willbe he snag ln hehe hoe olre dapends on ho move fer a658418 Ih oe ‘The with of Refer al Bo bas of a mutipoteg upon shalte #187 svn) ~ 16mm fo (225 in} ~oisasig| Wm equa he nurbor fons attached Fee coupen Te woth oft ris at foe depandet en tha amount ‘ho ese awe ‘Uso of and sia th elon a ha four “he minim alg of a ser eh ba 5 em {Bin}. Tho maxinum fight rat oa option cl he foundry lor te ledonting feasans: a many os sp eat po, (0) deren ompostons may ‘ht vara neatog or soundoas,o (6) ferent paring tenperetives may eq vara fon ising or soundness, wv) otherwise specified, the verification shall be done in seep a ‘a device the average rate of stressing can be determined dance with Practices £2658, with the machine meeting 1 Class F or better requirements su None 15—Some materisisvappliations are fairly sensitive to ie eres oir are not In gesra-pose eile xing ‘ration inthe es oped ean ofen be toested 7.63 Specifying suitable numerical limits £60 spec and seeton atte method ae the esponsbiliedg he oduct committees. Suitable limits for speed of giesti fould be. specie fr materials for which see repling from the use of different speeds are of such fhagliudd'that the test resus are unstafctoy for determing the expabliy the material. In such instances, dependingpon the material tnd th se for which te et eye, on mae Of the metho desorbed in a loving poasapin monn fern cin Ne 1p of wig gg rave Yee of oa sg owas fer te of 1631 Rate of Sie straining shall be spe in mm/mm/min (in /in/min). Some testing machines ape bquipbed with pacing or indicating devices for the seasprement and contol of rate of straining, but in the absencdf sueli a device the average rate of straining can be determined ita timing device by observing the time required to effect a known increment of stan, 7.63.2 Rate of Siressing-The allowable limits for rte of stressing shall be specificd in megapascals per second [pounds per square inch per minute). Many testing machines are teuipped with pacing or indicating devices for the measure ment and conto ofthe rate of stressing, but inthe absence of ith a timing device by observing the time required to apply a known inerement of stress. 7.633 Crosshead Speed—The allowable limits for cross- head speed, during a test, may be specified in mm/min {in Jin}; in this case, the limits forthe crosshead speed should be further qualified by specifying different limits for various types and sizes of specimens. In cases where different length specimens may be used, itis often more practical to specify the ‘crosshead speed in terms of mm fin.] per mm [in] of length of the original reduced parallel section of the specimen (or distance between grips for specimens not having reduced sections) per minute. Many testing machines are equipped with pacing or indicating devices for the measurement and control Of the crosshead speed during a test, but in the absence of such devices the average crosshead speed can be experimentally determined by using suitable Fength-measuring and timing devices, Nowe 17—this mathed of specifying speed of testing, *Cosshead Speed, wa previously calle “Rate of Separation of Heads Dug Toss" Nowe 18—For machines net having crossheads or having staonary crosshead, the pre “srsthead speed may be interpreted to mean he fae of wip separation. 7.634 Elapsed Time—The allowable limits forthe elapsed time from the beginning of farce application (or from some specified stress) 10 the instant of fracture, to the maximum force, oF to some other sisted siress, shall be specified in minutes or seconds, The elapsed time can be determined with a timing device.fly esiesm - 16aAq Es/Eem - 16a ‘Dini, wa TA D-Diameter oRecso fet ‘ArLeng ef edveed paral seekon overa ercl ‘BeLongth af nd sotin -Diamte fend secon ELength fie TOs] eps eps, aN FIG. 17 Standard Tension Test Specimen for ns ‘G—Ganpa ih ‘B—blamtor 200 Noto) Pfu oie mio ‘ACLengih af educa patel esta, win ‘overt ant, ‘8-Distace behieen orp, min (Coblametar fend sector, epprxinate Nors 1—The reduced parallels in diameter than the ceme. ion may bave a ops 7.63.5 Free-Running Crosshead S < allowable having reduced sections) perf¥ecouds{mhinute]. The limits for the crosshead speed may jer qualified by specifying sypsagnd sizes of specimens, The. diferent limits for variogs average crosshead spegd cal. bg experimentally determined by devices, using suitable lengths Nore 19—Por mgtineig ving crosseads or having satis rosea, he hale ening essen pee ay Se erred {© mean the ce ng of gp sept 1.64 Speed of Tdlg When Determining Yeld Properties — Unless otherwise specified, any convenient speed of testing may be uted up 10 one half the specified mininum yield strength of up to one quarter ofthe specified minimum tensile strength, whichever is smaller. The speed above this point bal be within the specifcd limits If different speed limitations are roguted for use in detemining yield stength, yield. point ‘oe a1 (200 0005) 64201 [0250 0.005) 7518, So (2281, 201, ‘i688 1010-376) fhygom the end toward the center, with the ends not mote than 0.1mm (0.005 in.) larger clongation, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area, they should be stated in the product specifications, In all cases, the speed of testing shall be such that the forces and strains used in obtaining the test results are accurately indicated, Determination of mechanical properties for comparison of product properties against a specification value should be run using the same control method and rate used fo determine the specification value unless itcan be shown that another method yields equivalent or conservative results. In the absence of any ‘Specified limitations, one of the following control methods shall be used. Appendix X4 provides additional guidance on selecting the contvol method. [Nore 20—la the previous and following poragcaphs, th yield proper ties refered to include yield strength yiold point, and. yold point clongation. 7.64.1 Control Method A—Rate of Stressing Method for Determining Yield Properties - In this method, the testing machine shall be operated such that the rate of stress applica tion in the linear elastic region is between 1.15 and 11.5 MPa/s [10.000 and 100 000 psi/min}, The speed of the testing mechineAly esreem - 16a & eae ie =e a rosin Nea ~ 645 we [.00 Din as emt ‘5a = 008 0000005), ‘572 0030225 0.001), Wwe at 597 +008 0235 + 0001) posal section Te Compact ols hicnese 966 108.95 0.140 9090) Rogue of tet 2a) ‘AcLangin freed paratel 34.81.25) B-Grplngth 2098 2 008 8.187 «00011 Lovee engh 63.64 = 005 [3.529 = 000%) (G-Whatho ap eacion tai for sacon Bend vase 8:71 2009 0348 « 0001) 4944 009,047 20001] 434.003 9.171 « 0001) Nore Dimensions Specified, except Gand 7, are those ofthe de. FIG, 19 Standard Flat Unmachined Tenslon Test Specimens for Powdor Motallurgy (Pit) Products shall not be increased in order to maintain a stressing rate when the specimen begins to yield. It is not recommended that the testing machine be operated in closed-loop control using th fore signal through yi; however closed loop conte of ~~ force signal can be used in the inear-elastic portion ofthe te Nore21—Itis note nent ofthis meth oii conse rae of tn etl sts re nih closed oop force. conf il, timing yal propericn, but ely to atthe eronbgad sped Schieve te trpet sere rte nh ite retin. When a oe tasers urate to Wins ig le toe a era ee Ete cute te ai eee tian ret ie i sg ope thisis neither practical nor desirable. In practice, fis aplegco use ether a strain mte, crosshead speed, or & fee-rangeieeosshetd speed that Anproximtes the desied sessing eae in thgfacareigieportion of the lest As an example, use a strain rte that Sgetiggn 1.13 and 1S MPS ‘ivided by the nominal Yoong’s Modulus a the mill eing exes. AS another example, find s crsshead Sc ‘experimentation thet approximates the dacied stressing rate pig fo the onset of yielding, a rmsintai thet crosshead speed throygh the eflon tat yield properties a determined. While both of these ill provide similar rates of stressing and staining pir o URQgns2tof yelng, the aes of sessing ene 7 eect parca ns nmap ve ae Gy eet tt wey ma sag hg rcs ong? 9h of Soi Coa ac Con ltd, Bt of Sic Conte Se een the extensometer signal. The rate of straining shall be set and maintained at 0.015 + 0.006 mn/mnv/min (inJin Jin} Nom: 23—Proper precautions mist be observed when operating 2 machine in cloredlonp stain control Beeanee tmexpected crore ‘movement may occur ifthe control parameters are not set propery, if roper safety limits are not se, or if he extensometer slips “ypressing area, Other end designs are accepibe, and in some eases are a . - se arg ton asco «72% [ite 9 Mae erdatons 1. Rough machine roducea para gat 1 6.35.0 (0.25-n} dam 2. Fish wm 4704.85 if Bt@7 Ooty dlaneer wir acl and ay “Finn tho a gpesoa aa 254 8008 [1.000 = 003) 475 +093)0.187« cco, EaGage bag Sy ‘B—biamte at centr aesuced par teleacion Sy? blame a Shag gauge ena Rous ot gauge ast Antena of ruens parte oesen 495 2 009,001 « 0.003), 5.5 +019 (0.2502 0.008) 47663 +019 (1875 » 0.08 Coie ng a ean gh) 788 remna Se ere som SCapmatio Wis end hickwss 008 #013 [035 = 0.00) seen 10.09 008 0.06 + 0.093) £635 «0.19 0.50 + 0005), 1.88 «0.09 (0210 « 0001) 127 £0.15 0050 = 0.005) ‘Nom L-The gauge length and fillets of the specimen shall be 28 own, The ends 86 showin ace designed fo provide 4 practical finimum, Togeiced for high-strength sintered materials ‘Nowe 2—I Is recommended tha the test specimen be gripped with a split collet and supported under the shoulders. The radius ofthe colle Suppor cltelar edge is to be not less than the end fillet radi ofthe test, specimen, None 3—Diameters D and Hf ote to be concentric within 0.03 1m {0.601 i, total indicator runoot (TLR), and fre of seratches and tol snags, FIG. 20 Standard Round Machined Tension Test Specimen for Povider Metallurgy (Pit) Products Now 24—A Rate of Staining often fequted. for aerospace, i applications and. when specified requirement above, 764.3 Contvol Method C—-Crosshead Speed Control Method for Determining Yield Properties-The testing machine shall be set to a crosshead speed equal 10 0.015 + 0.003 mm/nim/min [in.fin/min} of the original reduced parallel section (dimension A in Fig. 1, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 13, Fig. 15, Fig. 17, Fig. 18, and Fig. 20, and 2 timmes dimension A. Jig. 19) or distance between grips for specimens without reduced sections, 0.005 mmm fin. Isemperstoe alloys, and Gtariam st be followed rather than the ‘Nore 25—Itis recommended shat crosshead speed be wsed for contol in reions of discontinuous yielding, Nore 26—Using diferent Control Methods may produce diferent yield resus especially i the material being tesed is stainxae sensitive. To fehieve the best reproducibility In cases whece the meal may be steinrate Senitivo, the same contol method should be used. Methods desorbed in 7644.2 or 7.54.8 wil tnd to give similar ests in the case(fly esreem - 16a ofa srain-ate sensitive materi. The control method deseebed in 7.64.1 should be avoided for siain rate sensitive materials iit is desirable to reproduce similar test resus on other testing machines or in other laborator 765 Speed of Testing When Determining Tensile ‘Sirengih—In the absence of any specified limitations on speed of testing, the following general rules shall apply for materials, With expected clongations greater than 5 %. When determining only the tensile strength, or after the yield behevior has bee recorded, the speed ofthe testing machine shall be set between, 0,05 and 0.5 mm/mm (or inJin.] of the length of the reduced parallel section (or distance between the grips for specimens. not having @ reduced section) per minute. Alternatively, an extensometer and strain rate indicator may be used to set the strain rate between 005 and 0.5 mnmm/min [or in/in/min}, Nore 27—For mses with expected etongations Jest han or equal 10 5 46 he speed ofthe testing machine may be maintained thro the test athe speed used deiermine yield properies. ‘Nor 28—Temile siength and elongation ste sensitive totes speed for any mates (ee Appendix X1) tothe extent hit variations within the range of txt speeds given above can significa affect rests, 7.7 Determination of Yeld Strengit—Determine yield stvength by any of the methods described in 7.7.1 to 7.74, Where extensometers are employed, use only those that are verified over a strain range in which the yield strength will be determined (see 5.4). Nom. 29—For example, a verified stain range of 02% to 2.0. is appropriate for use in determining th yield suengts of many metal, Nom 30—Determiaation of yield belavior om materials tht can support an appropriteextersometer (thin Wie, for example) i prod aie and outside the seope ofthis standard stress-strain curve, In reporting values of yield strength ob- tained by this method, the specified value of offset used should. be stated in parentheses after the term yield strength. ‘Thus: Yield sxength (offset = 0.254) = 360 MPa [32000 ps] (3) Inusing this method, a Class B2 or ber extensometer (Gee Practice E83) shall be used. pee Non: 32-—Thot re wo genera ensoneters, averaging ond sor everaging th use of which de rod texte. For mon ned specinens, the diferencssee sll. However, fr sone Forgings and te sections, sgnifgant diferences in messed yield strength con occur, For hese cast ih eraging type should be used. Nowe 33—When there isa gisaareejent over yild properties the oft method fr determining ‘recomended asthe efrce test method. [Nove 34—Inpraticg for Bhumber of reasons, he staight-ne portion rte tact ou bown p2syn ge ash than fe tga gam yeti Xe sta te chart gence comping all east FR te neg dons 7.7.2. Exltnsion-Winder-Load (EUL) Method—Yield strength byte entesttirfoad mates nay be ened no ‘aye anya the steestin ago ote he stress “Galue apthe specified value of extension, or (2) using, hulle hen te sled exenion cus, st den ecuing mye demi eo Fig. 21 abo Tistules the extensonander ond mtigd Report he sts tthe specie extention a fllon sg Yield stength (EUL = 0.596) = 370 MPa[53500 psi} (4) “ Bxtensometers and other devices used in determination of one St Viel proper of ea exhib et age extension shall meet or exceed Class B2 requirements (ee on CVE ef epee and es erode i similar materials having no YPE, Offet and extenson-under 7 Yield strengths may be significandy affected by sess uct sng ine eon mere he fe: of xen ees isin Cove” Detain of moe x Toe seg shee te fr sk mt she ee ep bruh ce ity hoon sseotfteing, 7.4 Ofet Method—On the suessaginglagyin (Fig. 20) layoff Oneal tothe spctedvalygot te ef, ran parallel 1 OA. and tis locate the wiih of mn with the Stain FIG. 21. Stross-Strain Diagram for Determination of Yield Strongth by the Offset and Total Elongation Practice E83) at the strain of interest, except where use of lowemagnification Class C devices is helpful, such as in facilitating measurement of YPE, if observed. If Class C devices are used, report their use with the results, Nore 35—The appropriate value of the tom! extension shouldbe specified, For sees with nominal yield stengis of less than 550 MPa {80 000 ps, an appropriate values 0.005 mr fri. (0.35) oF the gauge length. For higher stengih sees, a greater extension or the offset method should be ured. 7.1.2.1 When no other means of measuring elongation are available, « pair of dividers or similar device may be used to determine a point of detectable elongation between two gauge marks on the specimen. The gauge length shall be SO/mm [2 ing. ‘The stress corresponding to the load at the instant of detectable elongation may be recorded as the approximate extension-ander-load yield strength, 7.13 Method for materials that exhibit discontinuous yielding—Construct a stress-strain (or force-elongation) dia- ‘gram. Determine the upper or Tower yield strength as follows: 73.1 Record the stress corresponding to the maximum force at the onset of discontinuous yielding as the upper yield strength as illustrated in Figs, 22 and 23. If multiple peaks are observed at the onset of discontinuous yielding, tho first is considered the upper yield strength. (See Fig. 23.) 7.7.32 Record the minimum stress observed during discon tinuous yielding (ignoring transient effects) as the lower yield strength. This is illustrated infly eeream - 16a 78 Yield Point Elougation—Calcalate the yield point elon gation from the stress-strain diagram or data by determining the difference in strain between the upper yield strength (firs. zero slope) and the onset of uniform strain hardening (see definition of YPE in Terminology F6 i 2). Nom.31—the sess sin curt rms ony ait of un beer caning mn vc an nec eng titan po there soe ces pe. Suc iil a at yh cere lite nevon: Nels cnbiing inten, ike tose wittsle YFE, may in cern atta ates ace sl prec da ig 29 Unjo nation gue 191 Gee eg A Yh i elas elongaton, “192 Unitorm clr jean be determined using auto- raphe methods Os meters conforming to Practice 3. Use clas oir extensometer for materials having Stress Strain 2 uniform elongtifest than 5%. Use a class C or beter FIG, 22 Siress-Stealn Diagram Showing Upper Vleld Strength _ extensometer for materials having a uniform elongation greater Corresponding with Top of Knee than or equahjo 5 %,pit less than 50 9. Use a class D or better extensometer Top sfaterials having 4 uniform elongation of 50 % or preater , 7.9i3_Deterpine the uniform elongation as the elongation a f-— —~ the poli fannimfse fom the foes clongaon data Hine 1 Some materials exhibit @ yield point followed by * onsidrsble elongation where the yield point isthe maximum {fored achieved during the test. In this case uniform elongation determined atthe yield point, but instead at the highest force occuring just prior to necking (se Fig. 25). eS 7.93.2 Siresssirain curves for some materials exhibit a lengthy, plateau-like region in the vicinity of the maximum force. For such materials, determine the uniform elongation at the center ofthe plateau as indicated in Fig, 26 (see also Note Stress o {target ta hardening yl of ieten chen angant as! soe oes, 7& P| cares see tem cm ne in gy Strain following procedure is recommended: FIG, 29 Stress-Strain Diagram Showing Yield PBIht Elongation (9) and Upper (OYE) and Lower L¥8} ta tens Ss 113.3 Where lnge-straid@insige needed to fete rename of dp gain + mst ay ton employed. When thisy{s dhnesbut the material exhibits no discontinuous art -xtension-under-load yield strength < exhibit discontinuous a ee ‘lass C extensometers may be Stress may be determi sing the steess-strain curve (See Enternon Unde gation). 14 Halt-oft Method for materials that exhibit discontiions yetdinge-Apply an increasing. force to the specimen at a uniform deformation rate, When the force hesitates, record the corresponding stress as the upper yield strength, Nore 36—The Haltofthe-Force Method was formerly known 2s the Halvofthe Pointer Method, the Drop-ofthe-Beam Method, and the Strain Halbofthe Load Method. FIG. 24 Strees-Strain Diagram With an tnleetion, But No YPE