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1
XaXa x XaY 100% ln
(tt c TT ln thuc 1
gii)
Bi 1:
Gi gii
2
Mu sc lng l tnh trng lin kt vi gii tnh v gii l gii ng giao t. Chng ta
thy c s khc bit v kiu hnh gia gii v gii cho thy c s lin kt vi gii
tnh. V tt c cc c th ca mi gii ging nhau v kiu hnh nn b m khng th l
d hp t. Ta lp php lai theo cch thng thng (A: xanh; a: vng):
XAXA x XaY
(xanh) (vng)
XAXa , XAY
(tt c xanh)
ZAW x ZaZa
( xanh) ( vng)
ZaW ZAZa
( vng) ( xanh)
3
A/ BI TP LIN KT VI GII TNH THUN
* Phng php gii:
Bc 1: Tm tri ln v quy c gen
Bc 2: Nhn dng quy lut DT chi phi v T TLPL KH F+gen trn NST-GT KG P
Bc 3: Vit SL
* Cc bi tp:
Bi 1:G: lng vn x lng en
F1 100% Lng vn. F1 tp giao
F2: 50
Vn:16 en
1. Bin lun SL P-F2
2. . T l phn tnh F3 i vi mi cng thc lai:
Bi gii
XAXA x XaY
4
2/ Cc cng thc lai:
XAXA x XAY
XAXA x XaY
XAXa x XAY
XAXa x XaY
5
A.50% B.75% C.25% D.100%
Gi :
F2: 3:1 (mt trng ch biu hin c) gen quy nh mu mt trn NST GT. Mt
-D, mt trng-d
Trng
* L thuyt:
6
Mt tnh trng thng no PLKH 2:1 th y trng hp gen gy cht trng
thi tri
Nu t l gii tnh 1:1 th gen gy cht nm trn NST thng, tuy nhin nu t l v
gii tnh l 2:1 (/=2/1 hoc /=2/1) Chng t gen tri lin kt trn NST GT
X
* Bi tp
Gi gii
a) Lng ngn l tnh trng lin kt vi gii tnh nhng l mt gen gy cht. Chng ta
thy c s khc bit c v kiu hnh c v s lng gia rui v rui i con;
iu cho thy gen lin kt vi gii tnh l gen gy cht bn hp t (khng c rui
lng ngn). V gii ci c hai kiu hnh cho nn lng ngn phi l tnh trng tri v php
lai s l:
XSXs x XsY
XsXs x XsY
Bi 2:
7
Mt mo lng khoang en vng c lai vi mt mo lng vng. i con nhn
c:
: 3 en, 3 vng
Gi gii
XaXb x XbY
Bi 3: Khi giao phi gia rui gim ci c cnh ch vi rui gim c c cnh
bnh thng th thu c:
8
alen gy cht.
Theo bi ra hnh dng cnh do 1 gen chi phi v F1 c s t hp l 4 (k
c t hp c b cht), y l kt qu t hp ca hai loi giao t c vi hai
loi giao t ci do con ci P phi d hp, cnh ch con ci l tnh trng
tri.
Thu c F1: - G trng: 59 con chn ngn, lng m : 30 con chn di,
lng m.
- G mi: 60 con chn ngn, lng vng : 29 con chn di, lng
vng.
Bit mt gen quy nh mt tnh trng
9
a) Gii thch kt qu php lai trn?
b) Xc nh kiu gen ca P v vit cc loi giao t ca P khi gim phn bnh
thng.
Cu 4 (3 im)
* Xt tnh trng mu sc: m/ vng = 1/1 l kt qu ca php lai phn tch
nhng s phn tnh ca g trng v g mi khc nhau ng thi c s di
truyn cho nn cp gen quy nh mu lng nm trn NST X ( vng
khng tng ng), mt khc tnh trng lng vng ph bin g mi suy ra
lng vng l tnh trng ln, lng m l tnh trng tri .
- Quy c gen: Trng : + vng: XaXa + m : XAX-
Mi : + vng : XaY + m: XAY
- P : Trng vng XaXa x Mi m XAY
F1: 1 trng m XAXa : 1 mi vng XaY
* Xt tnh trng kch thc chn biu hin nh nhau trng v mi nn cp
gen quy nh tnh trng ny nm trn NST thng. Ta c t l
ngn / di = 2/1, theo quy lut phn tnh F1 (3 :1) nh vy c mt t hp
gen gy cht.
- Nu tnh trng chn ngn tri hon ton th t hp gy cht l ng hp
tri. Quy c gen: BB cht ; Bb- ngn; bb- di
- P: Trng chn ngn Bb x Mi chn ngn Bb
F1: 1BB (cht) : 2 Bb (ngn) : 1 bb (di)
- Nu chn ngn l tri khng hon ton th t hp gy cht cng l ng
hp tri v kt qu tng t.
* Xt chung c hai tnh trng: Hai cp gen nm trn 2 cp NST (NST
thng v NST gii tnh) nn chng PLL vi nhau.
* Kiu gen ca P: Trng ngn vng: BbXaXa , Mi ngn m: BbXAY
* Giao t: - Trng: BXa, bXa - Mi: BXA, bXA , BY, bY
3. - Gen t bin biu hin trn kiu hnh tng phn ca da, chng t khng
10
Gii phi t bin xma, khng phi t bin trn NST thng.
- Trng hp ny ch c th gii thch da trn gi thuyt Lyon: Gen t bin gy
bnh lin kt trn NST gii tnh X khng c alen tng ng trn Y.
- Ngi ph n c kiu gen d hp t (XAXa). Trong mi t bo ch c
mt trong hai NST X hot ng, NST X kia b bt hot dng th Barr.
- S bt hot xy ra ngu nhin NST X ny hoc NST X kia. Do to nn cc
vng khm.
Gi gii
Tnh trng l tnh trng tri lin kt nhim sc th X v gy cht nam gii.
Chng ta thy s khc nhau v kiu hnh i con gi n s lin kt gii tnh.
Chng ta khng thy nhng ngi con trai b bnh nhng li c nhng ngi con trai c
kiu hnh bnh thng; iu chng t nhng ngi con trai nhn c gen ln.
Vy ngi m phi c kiu gen d hp t v tnh trng ny. Gi XA: gen gy bnh v
Xa: gen quy nh kiu hnh bnh thng. Php lai khi s l:
XAXa x XaY
11
4 a) Vai tr ca NST gii tnh trong di truyn l:
- NST gii tnh c vai tr xc nh gii tnh nhng loi hu tnh.
- NST gii tnh cn mang gen lin quan n gii tnh v gen khng lin quan
n gii tnh (gen quy nh tnh trng thng lin kt vi gii tnh)
b) Phn bit NST v NST gii tnh:
NST gii tnh NST thng
- Thng tn ti 1 cp trong t bo - Thng tn ti vi mt s cp ln
lng bi. hn 1 trong t bo lng bi (n 1
- C th tn ti thnh cp tng cp).
ng (XX) hoc khng tng ng - Lun tn ti thnh cp tng ng.
(XY) hoc ch c 1 chic (XO).
- Ch yu mang gen quy nh c
im gii tnh ca c th. - Ch mang gen quy nh tnh trng
thng.
12
C/ BI TP LIN KT VI GII TNH V PHN LY C LP
* Phng php gii:
Bc 1: Tm tri ln v quy c gen (nn xt tng tnh trng, xem nm trn NST
thng hay gii Tnh. Nu tnh trng no u c c v ci nm trn NST thng,
TT nm trn NST gii Tnh c c im ca gen trn NST GT)
Bc 2: Nhn dng quy lut DT chi phi (Nhn 2 t l ring nu thy KQ trng vi
TLPL KH F2 theo u bi Tun theo QL Phn ly c lp, c 1 cp gen nm trn,
NST GT
v T TLPL KH F+gen trn NST-GT KG P
Bc 3: Vit SL
* Cc bi tp:
Bi 1: Trong 1 th nghim lai rui gim con ci cnh di, mt x c cnh ngn,
mt trng
F1: 100% cnh di-mt .
Bi gii:
1. Gii thch:
13
- Xt ring tnh trng hnh dng cnh
=> Gen quy nh TT hnh dng cnh nm trn NST-thng v tun theo L phaanly A-
Di, a-Ngn
Ngn-mt trng:aaXbY
2. SL P
F2
GII
- Xt tnh trng mu sc thn: Biu hin c v ci nh nhau gen quy nh
tnh trng nm trn NST thng.
14
Mt khc F2: thn xm: thn en = 3/4: 1/4 tun theo quy lut phn li, tri hon
ton.
Quy c alen A: xm; alen a: en
- Xt tnh trng mu mt: F2: mt : mt trng = 3:1, tnh trng mt trng ch c
gii c tnh trng mu mt do gen quy nh nm trn NST gii tnh X tun theo
quy lut di truyn lin kt vi gii tnh.(tri hon ton) t l phn li F2: 1/2 mt :
1/4 mt :1/4 mt trng.
Quy c alen B: mt ; alen b: mt trng.
- Kiu gen ca F1 l: AaXBXb; AaXBY
- Xt t l phn li ca tnh trng mu sc thn v tnh trng mu mt F2: (3/4 thn
xm: 1/4 thn en)(1/2 mt : 1/4 mt : 1/4 c mt trng) ph hp vi kt qu
th nghim hai tnh trng ny di truyn tun theo quy lut phn li c lp.
c) Mun to ra nhiu bin d nht, phi chn cp lai c kiu gen v kiu hnh nh th
no?
Gi gii
a) Kch thc mo do gen trn NST thng quy nh; dng lng lin kt gii tnh. A:
mo to, a: mo nh; B: lng vn, b: lng khng vn. S lai:
15
b) T l 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1 = (1:1:1:1)(1:1) cho thy tnh trng lin kt gii tnh phn ly 1 :
1 : 1 : 1, cn tnh trng do gen trn NST thng quy nh phn ly 1 : 1 => P: AaXBXb x
aaXbY
c) to ra nhiu bin d nht, b m phi sinh ra nhiu loi giao t nht. Vy P phi c
kiu gen: AaXBXb x AaXbY.
Bi 4: 1 loi chim, 2 tnh trng chiu cao chn v di lng c chi phi bi hin
tng 1 gen quy nh 1 tnh trng. Cho chim tc chn cao, lng ui di lai vi chim
tc chn thp lng ui ngn.F1 thu c ng lot chn cao, lng ui di.
16
aXB, aY
AaXBXb AaXbY aaXBXb aaXbY
b. Xt ring tng cp tnh trng.
cao 3
= kt qu ca php lai Aa x Aa
thap 1
di 1
= kt qu ca php lai phn tch Bb x bb
ngan 1
+ Tm tt cch gii chung v bi tp hon v gen: C nhiu du hiu cho thy cc tnh
trng nghin cu c xc nh bi cc gen lin kt vi nhau nh:
17
- T l phn ly i lai khc vi t l mong i i vi hai bn phn ly c lp
cho thy cc gen di truyn lin kt vi nhau.
- Lin kt gen hon ton lm gim s kiu gen v kiu hnh i con lai.
Ngc li, trao i cho gia cc gen lm tng s kiu gen v kiu hnh th h sau.
- Trong mt php lai phn tch, vic c hai lp kiu hnh c tn s ln bng nhau
v hai lp kiu hnh c tn s nh bng nhau cho bit trong c gen lin kt khng
hon ton.
+ f=2x giao t Hon v, giao t lin kt=0,5-f/2 > 25%, giao t hon v<25%
18
Bi gii:
a. T Mo c en ui ngn F1 KG XDaY => Nhn XDa T m v Y t b
T Mo ci tam th, ui di F1 KG XD-XdA => Nhn XD- T m v XdA
=> KG mo b XdAY (Hung-ui di)
=> KG mo m c th l XDaXDa , XDaXda hoc XDaXDA XDaXdA Ngha l mo m c
th 4 loi KH: en-ui ngn; Tam th-ui ngn; en-ui di; tam th-ui di.
b, Tip tc cho cc con mo F1 tp giao vi nhau, c cc SL sau.
19
20,5% XDaY 20,5%XdAY 4,5% XDAY 4,5%XdaY
+ Bc 3: Tm Quy lut DT chi phi ng thi c 2 cp tnh trng (Nu tch 2 tnh
trng 1 gii khc TLPLKH F v c t l KH tng-khng l tng th chng t
cc cp gen quy nh cc cp tnh trng trn nm trn cng 1 cp NST gii tnh v
DT theo QL Lin kt gen khng hon ton)
+ Bc 5: Vit SL v xc nh TLKG+TLKH.
20
Rui F1: 7,5% -B.thng:7,5% Lu-x:42,5% -x:42,5% lu-b.thng
Bi gii:
: 100% Mt
Tnh trng mu mt c hin tng phn tnh theo gii, con ci ton mt . Con
c phn tnh theo 1:1 gen chi phi cc tnh trng trn phi di truyn theo QL
lin kt gii tnh v gen nm trn NST GT X.
21
P: XAXa () x XAY ()
3 1 lu
Con : 1XBX- : XbXb, con : 1XBY:1XbY => P con phi c XBXb con XbY
nn SL
+ Bc 3: Tm Quy lut DT chi phi ng thi c 2 cp tnh trng (Nu tch 2 tnh
trng 1 gii khc TLPLKH F v c t l KH tng-khng l tng th chng t
cc cp gen quy nh cc cp tnh trng trn nm trn cng 1 cp NST gii tnh v
DT theo QL Lin kt gen khng hon ton)
22
- F1: Mt lu-Cnh x=7,5%=> 7,5%XabY=(7,5%Xab)x(1Y)=> Xab
=7,5<25%--> giao t hon v P: XAbXaB => XAB =Xab = 7,5%, XAb = XaB =
50%-7,5%=42,5%.
f=2giao t HV=2x7,5=15%
+ Bc 5: Vit SL v xc nh TLKG+TLKH.
42,5% -x
42,5% Lu-Bnh
thng
Bi 2:Lai rui gim ci thun chng thn xm, cnh di, mt vi rui c thn en,
cnh ct, mt trng, c F1 ng lot thn xm, cnh di, mt . Cho rui ci F1 lai
vi rui c khc cha bit kiu gen, c th h lai gm:
40 rui ci thn xm, cnh di, mt : 20 rui c thn xm, cnh di, mt
20 rui c thn xm, cnh di, mt trng : 40 rui ci thn en, cnh ct, mt
20 rui c thn en, cnh ct, mt : 20 rui c thn en, cnh ct, mt trng
10 rui ci thn xm, cnh ct, mt : 5 rui c thn xm, cnh ct, mt
23
5 rui c thn xm, cnh ct, mt trng : 10 rui ci thn en, cnh di, mt
5 rui c thn en, cnh di, mt : 5 rui c thn en, cnh di, mt trng
Bin lun xc nh quy lut di truyn ca cc tnh trng trn, kiu gen ca c th c
cha bit v lp s lai.
Gi gii
Mi tnh trng do 1 gen quy nh. Gen quy nh mu mt lin kt X. Gen quy nh mu
thn v hnh dng cnh lin kt khng hon ton trn nhim sc th thng, tn s trao
i cho = 20%. Phn tch tng tnh trng cho thy rui c cha bit kiu gen c kiu
gen: bv/bvXWY.
Bi 3:
Lai rui gim ci cnh bnh thng, mt trng vi rui gim c cnh x, mt , ngi
ta thu c ton b rui ci F1 c cnh di bnh thng, mt v rui c c cnh
bnh thng, mt trng. Lai phn tch rui ci F1, c i con gm bn nhm kiu
hnh, trong rui cnh bnh thng, mt trng v cnh x, mt chim 80% cn rui
cnh bnh thng, mt v cnh x, mt trng chim 20%. Bit rng mi gen quy nh
mt tnh trng v hai gen quy nh hai tnh trng trn nm trong cng mt nhm lin kt
v tnh trng mt tri so vi mt trng. Hy bin lun v lp s lai gii thch cho
kt qu thu c php lai trn.
Gi gii
Cnh bnh thng tri (A: cnh bnh thng, a: cnh x). F1 cho thy tnh trng mu mt
lin kt X. Hai gen nm trong cng nhm lin kt => hai gen cng lin kt X. Php lai l:
Bi 4:
g gen S quy nh tnh trng lng mc sm tri hon ton so vi gen s quy nh tnh
trng lng mc mun. Gen B quy nh tnh trng lng m tri hon ton so vi gen b
quy nh tnh trng lng en. Cc gen s v b lin kt vi gii tnh, c tn s hon v gen
24
g trng l 30%. a lai g mi en lng mc sm vi g trng thun chng v 2 tnh
trng lng m, mc mun c F1 cho F1 giao phi vi nhau c F2
a) Vit s lai ca P v F1 trong trng hp cu trc NST khng thay i trong gim
phn.
b) T l phn li kiu hnh F2 trong trng hp cu trc NST thay i trong gim phn?
Gi gii
a) Nu cu trc NST khng i trong gim phn ngha g khng c trao i cho v t
bin cu trc NST. Theo gi thit c s lai : ( , )
b) Cu trc NST thay i trong gim phn ngha l c trao i cho. g trao i cho
ch xy ra g trng. Ta c s lai :
25
Bi 5:
rui gim gen A quy nh cnh thng, gen a quy nh cnh x, gen B quy nh mt
, gen b quy nh mt trng. Cc gen ny nm trn NST gii tnh X.
b) Lai rui ci d hp v 2 gen trn vi rui c c kiu hnh cnh bnh thng, mt .
Trnh by phng php xc nh tn s hon v gen? So vi trng hp trn phng
php ny khc im no? Ti sao c s khc nhau ?
Gi gii
26
b) Kt qu lai gia rui ci F1 vi rui c c kiu gen
y rui ci F1 u c kiu hnh ging nhau, nn vic tnh tn s hon v gen phi
da vo s c th c kiu hnh khc b m ca cc c th c F1
Bi 6:
Lai rui ci cnh thng, mt vi rui c cnh xon, mt trng. F1 c 100% cnh
thng, mt . F1 ngu phi c F2 vi t l nh sau:
Rui c Rui ci
Cnh xon, mt 50 0
27
Cnh thng, mt 150 402
Cnh xon, mt trng 150 0
Cnh thng, mt trng 50 0
Xc nh quy lut di truyn ca 2 tnh trng. Vit s lai t P F2. (2 im)
17 F1 100% canh thng, mat o --> canh thng, mat o la tnh trang
Bi troi.
gii Quy c gen: A: canh thng > a: canh xoan
B: mat o > b: mat trang
Xet F2:
Canh thng/ canh xoan = 3/1va 100% ruoi c canh xoan --> gen
quy nh tnh trang nam tren NST gii tnh X khong co alen tren Y -->
F1: XAXa x XAY.
Mat o/ mat trang = 3/1 va 100% tuoi c mat trang --> gen quy
nh tnh trang nam tren NST gii tnh X khong co alen tren Y --> F1:
XBXb x XBY.
--> co hien tng 2 gen nam tren cung NST gii tnh X va di truyen
lien ket, kieu gen ruoi F1 la X BA X ba x X BAY --> kieu gen cua P la
X BA X BA x X ba Y
F1 x F1: X BA X ba x X BAY
GF1 X BA = X ba = 37,5% X BA , Y
X bA = X Ba = 12,5%
28
-----------------------HT-----------------------
Gii:
29
abX ed c to ra t c th c KG 1 1 1
T l loi giao t AaBbX eD X Ed l: * * =
2 2 10
1
0,025 = 2,5 % l tch ca cc loi giao t pht sinh t c th c KG AaBbX eD X Ed : a,
2
1 1 X ed (do f = 20 %)
b,
2 10
p n A. 2,5%
HD: Xt 2 cp gen AaBb cho 1/4ab
Xt cp gen X eD X Ed xy ra hon v vi f = 20% cho 0,1 X ed
Gii:
+ Cc gen quy nh mu thn v hnh dng cnh u nm trn mt nhim sc th
thng nn cc gen ny lin kt vi nhau
+ Rui c KH thn en, cnh ct, mt trng chim t l 2,5 % = 0,025, suy ra cc gen
(A, a) v (B, b) lin kt khng hon ton (Hon v gen)
+ rui c kiu hnh thn en, cnh ct, mt trng chim t l 2,5% l con s > 6,25 %
v < 50 % nn trong php lai i P s phi c mt bn c th c KG d hp t u v
mt bn c th phi d hp t cho
+ i F1 cho rui c KH thn en, cnh ct, mt trng chim t l 2,5 % = 0,025 c KG
ab d ab d d
X Y . Do vy, % X Y = % ab * % ab * % X * % Y i P c mt bn c
ab ab
30
AB D
th c thn xm, cnh di, mt c KG d hp t u X Y ( v rui gim c
ab
khng xy ra hon v gen, ch c lin kt gen hon ton cho 2 loi giao t) v mt bn
Ab D d
c th ci thn xm, cnh di, mt d hp t cho X X
aB
ab d d
+ Cn c vo gi tr % X Y = % ab * % ab * % X * % Y= 2,5 % = 0,025
ab
1 1 1
0,025 = * x * * x = 0,2. Vy c th rui gim ci s c tn s hon v gen s
2 2 2
l: f = 0,4 = 40 %
+ Xt cho tng cp NST ring r:
Vi cp NST thng cha 2 cp gen lin kt, ta c php lai tng ng:
AB Ab AB
P: (f1 = 0) * (f2 = 0,4) cho c th c KH thn xm, cnh di F1 ( ) c
ab aB
2 + f 2 f 1 f 2 2 + 0, 4
gi tr c tnh theo cng thc tng qut l: A B = = = 0, 6 (a)
4 4
Vi cp NST gii tnh rui gim, ta c
P: X D X d * X DY cho c th c KH mt XD- (bao gm c c th c v c th
ci) chim t l 75 % = 0,75 (b)
ab d ab d ab
25 % X Y = 10% X x 25% Y
ab
ab
Xt giao t = 10% Xd l giao t hon v tn s hon v gen f =10x4= 40%
Ab D d
Kiu gen ca rui ci l X X
aB
31
AB
Kiu gen ca rui c l X DY
ab
Vit SDL tnh t l kiu hnh thn xm, cnh di, mt l 45% c p n B
Bi 10 rui gim, tnh trng cnh cong l do BG tri (Cy) nm trn NST s 2 gy
nn. Rui c d hp t v KG ni trn (Cy Cy+) c chiutia phng x v cho lai vi
rui ci bnh thng (Cy+). Sau ngita cho tng con rui c F1 (Cy Cy+) lai vi
tng rui ci bnh thng. Kt qu ca mt trong s php lai nh vy c TLKH nh
sau: -c cnh cong: 146 con; - c cnh bnh thng: 0 con; - Ci cnh cong: 0 con; -
Ci cnh b.thng: 143 con Kt qu trn c gii thch nh th no?
Gii
Rgim c 4 cp NST.gt cho gen nm trn NST s 2(thng).Tuy nhin sau khi c
chiu x ,phn tch
th kt qu lai c DT khc nhau gia 2 giic s lin kt vi gii tnh
SL
P : Aa XY x Aa XX -a XYA x Aa XX
32
nh b, nhng khng c con trai no ca h mc bnh ny. Pht biu no di y
nhiu kh nng ng hn c ?
Bnh ny gy ra bi _______
A. mt alen tri trn NST thng.
B. mt alen ln trn NST thng.
C. mt alen tri lin kt NST X.
D. mt alen ln lin kt NST X.
E. mt alen ln lin kt NST Y.
Bi 13 : Cho hai rui u thun chng l rui ci thn vng, cnh x v rui c
thn nu cnh bnh thng lai nhau c F1 c rui ci ton thn nu, cnh bnh thng;
rui c ton thn vng, cnh x. Cho rui ci F1 lai vi rui c thn nu, cnh bnh
thng thu c rui F2 c 279 rui thn nu, cnh bnh thng; 74 rui thn vng,
cnh x; 15 rui thn nu, cnh x; 15 rui thn vng, cnh bnh thng.
a. Tnh khong cch gia 2 gen trn NST quy nh cho 2 tnh trng trn.
Bit rng mi gen quy nh mt tnh trng v mt s rui c mang ton gen ln
ca 2 gen trn b cht giai on phi.
Cch gii im
33
vi 2 loi giao t c cho cc t hp rui F2:
XABXAB = XABXab = XABY = XabY = a; XABXAb = XABXaB = XAbY
= XaBY = 15
=> Rui thn nu, cnh bnh thng = 3a + 15 +15 = 279 => a = 83
=> Khong cch gia 2 gen trn NST X = f = (15 + 15)/83 + 83 +
15 + 15 = 15,3061cM 2,00
b) Sai s v khong cch
F2 c 74 rui c thn vng, cnh x l do b cht mt s phi, nn
tng s rui c thu c l 83 + 74 + 15 + 15 = 187
=> Khong cch gia 2 gen = f = (15 + 15)/187 = 16,0428cM
=> Sai s = 16,0428 - 15,3061 = 0,7367cM 2,00
34
Bi 15: g, cho 2 con u thun chng mang gen tng phn lai nhau c F1 ton
lng xm, c sc. Cho g mi F1 lai phn tch thu c th h lai c 25% g mi lng
vng, c sc; 25% g mi lng vng, trn; 20% g trng lng xm, c sc; 20% g
trng lng vng, trn; 5% g trng lng xm, trn; 5% g trng lng vng, c sc.
Cch gii im
- Ptc mang gen tng phn nn F1 mang ton gen d hp trn NST tng
ng.
- V mu lng :
Fa c lng xm : lng vng = 1 : 3 phn b khng ng u gia 2 gii
tnh => c tng tc ca 2 cp gen khng alen ng thi c di truyn lin
kt vi gii tnh, c 1 trong 2 cp gen trn NST X, khng c alen tng
ng trn NST Y.
Quy c F1 : AaXBY x aaXbXb 1,00
(Hs vit s )
- V kiu lng :
Quy c : D- lng c sc, d- lng trn.
Fa c s phn b u 2 gii tnh v g mi mang gen tri => gen trn
NST thng. 1,00
=> F1 : Dd x dd
- V c 2 tnh trng :
T l KH Fa chng t c s di truyn lin kt v g mi F1 c hon v
gen. 1,00
35
- F1 x F1 : AD/ad XBXb x AD/ad XBY
F2 : t l KG AD/ad XBXb + Ad/aD XBXb = 8% + 0,5% = 8,5% 1,00
= 0,085
T l g lng vng, trn l ad/ad XbY = 4% = 0,04
36
2 KH: 3 xm, : 1 en, trng
+ Hon v gen mt bn vi tn s l 20%:
BW BW
F1 x F1: x
bw bw
F2: 7 KG: ........
4 KH: 70% xm, : 5% xm, trng : 5% en, : 20% en, trng.
Hai cp gen nm trn cp NST gip tnh X:
Pt/c: thn xm, mt x thn en, mt trng
B B b
X XW W X Y w
B
F1: X X X Y (xm, )
b B
W w W
37
ab//ab = 15% = 30% ab () x 50% ab () (rui gim hon v gen ch xy ra
rui ci)
f hon v gen = 40%
rui c thn xm, cnh ct, mt c KG: Ab//-b XDY
XDY chim t l
Ab//-b = Ab () x ab () = 20% x 50% = 10%
Vy t l rui c thn xm, cnh ct, mt l: x 10% = 2,5% (p n D)
Bi 18. chim, Pt/c: lng di, xon x lng ngn, thng, F1 thu c ton lng di,
xon. Cho chim trng F1 giao phi vi chim mi cha bit KG, F2 xut hin 20 chim
lng ngn, thng: 5 lng di, thng: 5 lng ngn, xon. Tt c chim trng ca F2 u c
lng di, xon. Bit 1 gen quy nh 1 tnh trng. Tn s HVG ca chim trng F1 l:
A. 5% B. 25% C. 10% D. 20%
BL
Bn cht: XX-trng, XY-ci.Thng hay b nhm theo hng XX-ci, XY-c)
Do b m tng phn, F1 ng tnh di, xon nn di tri so vi ngn, xon tri so vi
thng v Pt/c.
Quy c: A-Di, a-ngn; B-xon, b-thng
Do tnh trng biu hin khng ng u 2 gii nn c 2 gene u nm trn vng
khng tng ng ca X.
SL:
P_{tc}:XABXAB x XabY
F1: 1XABXab:1XABY
-->chim trng F1 c KG:XABXab
Do F2 u c chim lng di, xon-->con mi lai vs F1 phi c alen XAB--> c
KG:XABY
-->ra c php lai-->tn s HVG=20% -->p n D.
Bi 19: (HQG:99-2000 Tr74)
Trong 1 php lai th thun chng c mu mt v lng hoang di vi th c
c mu mt mu M v lng mu xm
F1 100% C mu mt-mu lng hoang
di. F1xF1
F2: 100% Ci: Mt v lng Hoang di; c: 45% Mt v lng hoang
di:45% Mt m-Lng xm:5%Mt hoang di-lng Xm:5%Mt M-Lng hoang
38
di
Gii thch KQ trn v Vit SL P
F2 Bit 1 gen-1 Tnh trng
Gi gii:
- Gen/NST GT do HVG quy nh: P: ci: XABXAB c XabY
- c M Xm=> f= 10%=> F1: ci: XABXab c XABY
- Vit SL
Bi 20: H 2005
Lai rui gim thun chng: Ci Mt -cnh bnh thng x c Mt trng-
cnh x F1 100% -Bnh thng. F1xF1
F2: Ci: 300 -Bnh thng; c
135: Bnh thng:135 Trng-X :14-X:16 Trng- bnh thng.
1. Bin lun v xc nh cc QLDT chi phi cc php lai trn
2. Vit SL P
F2 bit 1 gen-1 tnh trng
Gi gii:
- Gen/NST GT do HVG quy nh: P: ci: XABXAB c XabY
- c M Xm=> f= 10%=> F1: ci: XABXab c XABY
- Vit SL
Bi 21 (Thi th H N Hu 2011): Cho bit mi cp tnh trng do mt cp gen quy
nh v di truyn tri hon ton; tn s hon v gen gia A v B l 20%, gia D v E
Ab D d Ab d
khng c hon v gen. Xt php lai XE Xe X E Y, tnh theo l thuyt, cc c th
aB ab
con c mang A, B v c cp nhim sc th gii tnh l X dE X de i con chim t l
A. 7,5%. B. 12,5%. C. 18,25%. D. 22,5%.
39
- Tng tc b tr: Hai gen tri cng c mt trong mt kiu gen tng tc vi nhau lm
xut hin tnh trng mi, khc b m. Ngoi c ch tng tc, cc gen cn c th c cc
chc nng ring. V vy, kiu tng tc b tr c th cho cc t l phn ly 9:3:3:1, 9:6:1
hoc 9:7.
- Tng tc t ch. Kiu tng tc trong mt gen c ch s biu hin ca gen kia.
Gen c ch c gi l gen t, cn gen b c ch dc gi l gen khut. Tu thuc vo
gen t l gen tri hay gen ln m F2 c th c cc t l phn ly 13:3, 12:3:1 hoc 9:3:4.
- Tng tc cng gp: Kiu tng tc trong mi alen tri (hoc ln) ca mi gen
ng gp mt phn vo s hnh thnh tnh trng. Kiu tng tc ny c trng cho cc
tnh trng s lng. Vi hai gen tng tc cng gp, F2 s c t l phn ly kiu hnh l
1:4:6:4:1. Nu kiu hnh khng ph thuc vo s lng alen tri trong kiu gen, ta c t
l phn ly 15:1 F2. Tuy nhin cng c nhng trng hp hai gen tng tc nhng li
cng nm trn mt nhim sc th. Khi , ngoi quy lut tng tc, cc gen cn chu s
chi phi ca quy lut lin kt v hon v gen.
2.2.2. Bi tp.
Bi 1:
Chut ci Chut c
Mn cm, ui ngn 42 21
Mn cm, ui di 0 20
Khng mn cm, ui 54 27
ngn
40
Khng mn cm, ui 0 28
di
Gi gii
Bi 2:
Rui ci Rui c
Mt : 450 Mt : 230
Mt nu: 68
Hy gii thch cc kt qu ny
Gi gii
41
Quy c: X+-A- : ; X+-aa : nu; Xw : trng. Php lai s l:
X+X+aa x X+YAA
X+XwAa X+YAa
(Tt c t
phi)
3 X+-A- : 3 X+YA- :
1 X+-aa : nu 1 X+Yaa : nu
3 XwYA- :
trng
1 XwYaa :
trng
Bi 3:
Cho hai ni chim thun chng lai vi nhau c F1 u lng vng, di. Cho con
ci F1 lai phn tch thu c t l : 1 con ci lng vng, di : 1 con ci lng xanh, di : 2
con c lng xanh, ngn. Cho con c F1 lai phn tch thu c t l : 9 con lng xanh,
ngn : 6 con lng xanh, di : 4 con lng vng, di : 1 con lng vng, ngn.
Gi gii
42
a. Cc quy lut : Tnh tri, tng tc gen khng alen, di truyn gii tnh, di truyn
lin kt vi gii tnh, lin kt gen v hon v gen.
b.
AAXBDXBD aaXbdY
aaXBDXBD AAXbdY
Bi 4:
Cho ni lng en thun chng giao phi vi ni lng trng c F1 c 50% con
lng xm v 50% con lng en. Cho con lng xm (F1) giao phi vi con lng trng (P)
c t l : 3 con lng xm : 4 con lng trng : 1 con lng en. Trong lng en ton
l c.
b. Cho con mt en (F1) giao phi vi con lng trng (P) th kt qu php lai s
th no ?
Gi gii
a. P : AAXbXb x aaXBY
Bi 5:
Gi gii
43
a. P : AAXBXB x aaXbY
b. F2 : 9 mt : 7 mt trng
Bi 6:
Khi lai con ci (XX) mt , trn, cnh di thun chng vi con c (XY) mt
trng, dt, cnh ct c F1 gm cc con ci u mt , trn, cnh x v cc con c
u mt , trn, cnh di. Cho con ci F1 giao phi vi con c P th c
a. T kt qu php lai trn hy cho bit quy lut tc ng ca gen v quy lut vn
ng ca NST nh th no i vi s hnh thnh v t l phn li ca kiu hnh ?
Bit rng hnh dng mt v cnh u tun theo quy lut 1 gen chi phi 1 tnh.
Gi gii
a.
b.
AD/ADXBEXBE Ad/adXbeY
Bi 7:
44
1. Cho P: con ci (XX) lng di, en thun chng lai vi con c (XY) lng ngn,
trng. Tt c F1 u lng di, en. Lai phn tch con c F1 thu c Fa c t l: 1 con
ci di, en: 1 con ci ngn, en: 2 c ngn, trng.
Hy bin lun xc nh quy lut di truyn chi phi cc tnh trng trn, vit kiu gen
ca P.
Bi 8:
Cho lai rui gim P:mt ti x mt thm c F1:mt thm mt
ti. Cho F1 giao phi vi nhau c F2:
A. 1 thm : 6 ti : 1 mt nu B. 2 thm : 5 ti : 1 nu
C. 3 thm : 4 ti : 1nu D. 4 thm : 3 ti : 1 nu
HD:
Do i con thu c 8 t hp, suy ra tnh trng do 2 gene khng allele quy nh. Vy
xy ra hin tng tng tc gia 2 gene cng quy nh mu mt rui gim.
Do tnh trng F1 biu hin khng ng u 2 gii nn c gene quy nh nm trn
vng khng tng ng ca NST gii tnh.
V t l KH thu c F2 phn ly c tnh c lp nn mt gene nm trn NST thng,
mt gene nm trn vng khng tng ng ca NST gii tnh.
45
Do tnh trng biu hin c 2 gii nn gene nm trn vng khng tng ng ca NST
X.
Quy c tnh trng do 2 gene khng allele: A, a, B, b quy nh. Trong gene B, b nm
trn vng khng tng ng ca X.
F1 thu c 2 t hp m mt thm lun lun cho t nht 2 giao t nn mt
ti phi cho 1 giao t.
- Xt gene A, a:
Php lai P:
+ AA x AA => F1: AA =>F2: AA ( loi do F2 ch c 1 t hp)
+ aa x aa => F1: aa =>F2: aa ( loi do F2 ch c 1 t hp)
+ AA x aa => F1: Aa => F2: 1AA : 2Aa : 1aa ( nhn do F2 c 4 t hp KG, KH)
Vy php lai php lai F1 l: AaXBXb x AaXbY => P: AAXbXb x aaXBY hoc aaXbXb
x AAXBY.
Ta c t l KH F2: (3A-:1aa)(1XB-:1Xb-) = 3A-XB-:3A-Xb-:1aaXB-:1aaXb-
Trng hp 1 Trng hp 2
P AAXbXb x aaXBY hoc aaXbXb x AAXBY
(ti) (thm) (ti) (thm)
46
F1: 1AaXBXb 1AaXbY
(thm) (ti)
F2: 3A-XB- 3A- 1aaXB- 1aaXb-
Xb-
TH1: 3 thm 3 1 thm 1 nu => 4 thm : 3 ti : 1 => D
ti nu
TH2: 3 thm 3 1 nu 1 ti => 3 thm : 4 ti : 1 => C
ti nu
TH1 tng ng vi t l: 12:3:1 khi 2 gene nm trn 2 cp NST thng.
TH2 tng ng vi t l: 9:3:4 khi 2 gene nm trn 2 cp NST thng.
(Vy ta c c 2 p n C v D)
Bi 9:
Cho con ci( XX) lng di, en thun chng giao phi vi con c (XY) lng trng
ngn c F1 u lng en, di. cho F1 lai phn tch tu c:
93 con ci lng ngn, en 29 con c lng di, trng
32 con ci lng di, en 91 con c lng ngn, trng.
a. Bin lun v vit SL t P Fb
b. Cho con ci F1 lai phn tch th kt qu lai s nh th no ? cho bit mu lng do
1 gen quy nh.
Bi lm
a. Xt ring tng cp tnh trng
Ptc F1 ng tnh lng en, di en, di l tri so vi trng, ngn
Xt t l:
- en: trng = 1:1
- Quy c: D : en
D : trng
P : Dd x dd
F1 : 1Dd : 1dd
M tnh trng mu sc lng phn b khng u 2 gii nm trn NST X v
lin kt vi gii tnh.
Di : ngn = (32 + 29) : (91 + 93) = 1:3.
47
Ci F1 phi cho 4 t hp giao t.
c hin tng 2 cp gen tng tc b tr 9:7 cng quy nh 1 tnh trng.
Quy c : A_B_ lng di A_bb lng ngn aaB_ lng ngn
aabb lng ngn
t hp 2 cp tnh trng Fb 3:3:1:1 KG c F1 : AaBbXDY cho 8 loi giao t
C th em lai phn tch : aabbXdXd
P : AABBXDXD x aabbXdXd
F1 : AaBbXDXd : AaBbXDY
Lai phn tch
Pb: c AaBbXdY x ci aabbXdXd
Gb: ABXD, ABY abXd
abXD, abY
AbXD, AbY
aBXD, aBY
Fb : t vit sn phm.
b. Con ci F1 lai phn tch
Pb : AaBbXDXd x aabbXdY
Gb : ABXD, AbXD, aBXD, abXD abXd, abY
ABXd, AbXd, aBXd, abXd
Sn phm t vit.
Bi 1:
Mt t bo sinh tinh c kiu gen : AB/ab XMY.
a) Trong thc t khi gim phn bnh thng cho my loi tinh trng? Vit thnh phn
gen ca cc loi tinh trng ?
b) Vo k gia ln phn bo II ca qu trnh gim phn, cc NST sp xp nh th
no?
Gii
48
a) S loi tinh trng thc t v kiu gen ca chng:
- Trng hp lin kt hon ton : 2 loi
AB XM v ab Y
Hoc: ab XM v AB Y
- Trng hp lin kt khng hon ton : 4 loi
AB XM, Ab XM, aB Y, ab Y
Hoc: aB XM, ab XM, AB Y, Ab Y
b) k gia ca gim phn II, cc NST sp xp nh sau:
- Trng hp lin kt hon ton:
AB X M ab Y
v
AB X M ab Y
ab X M AB Y
hoc: v
ab X M AB Y
- Trng hp lin kt khng hon ton:
AB X M aB Y
v
Ab X M ab Y
aB X M AB Y
hoc: v
ab X M Ab Y
Bi 2: (C2010)
Bit mi gen-1 tnh trng, gen tri tr hon ton, khng c t bin, tnh theo LT php
lai no sau ay cho i con c nhiu loi KH nht.
AB DE AB DE
A. AaBbDdxAaBbDd B, x
ab dE ab dE
Ab AB Ab D d AB D
C. Ddx dd D. X X x X Y
aB ab aB ab
Gii: p n A: 3 cp gen d hp s Kh 23=8
p n B: Cp NST th nht cho 2 lp KH, cp NST th 2 cho 2 lp KH 4 lp KH
p n C: Cp NST th nht cho 3 lp KH, cp NST th 2 cho 2 lp KH 6lp KH
p an D: Cp NST th nht cho 3 lp KH, cp NST th 2 cho 3 lp KH 9 lp KH
Vy p n ng nht l D
49
Bi 3: (H2011)
rui gim, alen A quy nh mt tri hon ton so vi alen a quy nh mt trng.
Trong trng hp khng xy ra t bin, php lai no sau y cho i con c kiu hnh
phn li theo t l 2 rui ci mt : 1 rui c mt : 1 rui c mt trng?
A.XAXa x XAY B. XAXA x XaY C. XAXa x XaY D.XaXax XAY
Bi 4 (H 2011): g, alen A quy nh tnh trng lng vn tri hon ton so vi alen a
quy nh tnh trng lng nu. Cho g mi lng vn giao phi vi g trng lng nu (P),
thu c F1 c kiu hnh phn li theo t l 1 g lng vn : 1 g lng nu. Tip tc cho F1
giao phi vi nhau, thu c F2 c kiu hnh phn li theo t l 1 g lng vn : 1 g lng
nu. Php lai (P) no sau y ph hp vi kt qu trn ?
A. Aa aa. B. AA aa. C. XAXa XaY. D.XaXa XAY.
Gi gii:
A-Vn, a-nu: P ci vn x c nu F1:1vn:1 nuF2: 1vn:1 nu
Nu gen/NST thng P Aa x aa F1: 1 Aa:1aa=> cu trc F1 cha CB m F2 c cu
trc nh F1 (v l)
Vy gen/NST gii tnh
Vit 2 nhanh SL C v D thy p n D ng nht
P : XaXa x XAY
Bi 5: (C 2011)
Rui gim: A-mt , a-trng php lai no sau ya cho TLKH i con 3 : 1 trng.
A. XaXa x XaY B. XAXa x XAY C. XaXa x XAY D. XAXa x XaY
Bi 6 (thi th H L xoay 2011): tm, gen A quy nh trng sng, gen a qui nh
trng sm trn NST X. Bit rng tm c cho nhiu t hn tm ci. Php lai no sau
y c th phn bit tm c, tm ci ngay t giai on trng?
A. XaXa x XaY B. XAXa x XAY C. XAXA x XaY D. XaXa x XAY
Bi 7 (thi th H Nguyn Hu-h ni 2011):: Cho c th mt thun chng lai vi
c th mt trng c F1 u mt . Cho con ci F1 lai phn tch vi c mt trng thu
c t l 3 mt trng: 1 mt , trong mt u l con c. Kt lun no sau y l
ng?
A. Mu mt di truyn theo tri hon ton. P: XAXA x XaY.
B. Mu mt di truyn theo tri hon ton. P: XAXA x XaY.
C. Mu mt di truyn theo tng tc b sung. P: AAXBXB x aaXbY.
D. Mu mt di truyn theo tng tc b sung. P: AAXBXB x aaXbY.
Bi 8: (thi th H Lam Kinh 2011): C 2 t bo sinh tinh ca mt c th c kiu gen
AaBbddXEY tin hnh gim phn bnh thng hnh thnh nn cc tinh trng, bit qu trnh
gim phn din ra bnh thng khng xy ra hon v gen v t bin nhim sc th . Tnh theo
l thuyt s loi tinh trng ti a c th to ra l bao nhiu:
A. 4 B. 6 C. 8. D. 16.
Bi 9: (thi th H Lam Kinh 2011): rui gim gen A quy nh thn xm l tri hon
ton so vi a thn en, gen B quy nh cnh di l tri hon ton so vi b cnh ct, gen
D quy nh mt l tri hon ton so vi d mt trng ? php lai gia rui gim
AB D d AB D
X X vi rui gim X Y cho F1 c kiu hnh thn en,.cnh ct, mt trng
ab ab
chim t l =5%. Tn s hon v gen l:
A. 35%. B. 20%. C. 40%. D. 30%.
Bi 10 HSG Thi bnh 2010: rui gim gen B qui nh mt , gen b qui nh mt
trng, cc alen nm trn NST X v khng c alen trn Y. Cho rui ci mt ng hp
giao phi vi rui c mt trng. Tn s alen B v b trong i F1 v cc i sau l:
1 3 1 1 2 1
A. B:b = : B. B:b = : C. B : b = 1 : 0 D. B:b = :
4 4 2 2 3 3
gii, mi gen qui nh mt tnh trng v cc gen tri hon ton th s loi kiu gen v
kiu hnh i con l:
A. 40 loi kiu gen, 16 loi kiu hnh. B. 20 loi kiu gen, 16 loi kiu hnh.
C. 40 loi kiu gen, 8 loi kiu hnh. D. 20 loi kiu gen, 8 loi kiu hnh.