App lication of a General Material Balance for High-Pressure Gas Reservoirs Michael J. Fetkovich, $°€, Dave E. Reese, SPE, Philips Petroleum Co., ond CH, Whison, SPE, Norwegian U.of Science ond Technology ‘Summary “This pape presents the derivation ofa general gus materi balace thathas pateular application thigh pressure gus reservoir, bo ‘onal pressured and overpressurcd isla ape ‘leaton isto calculate original gasin place and asst inclelang maining recoverble reserves from presurelprodcton daa “The form of the mateil balance equation is Gt ~ E40, = P= Gla{l ~ G/0), which inches a prsire dependet Guhulaive effective compres term €(0) ati defined in terms of the following reservoir parameters: pore compress ‘water compessiblry, gas solblty, and total water esocat Wrihthe gas reservoir volume, “Associated water inlaes connate ‘raze, wer wii latebedded shales ad nonpay reserves rock, nd any ited oguler volume, &, physically represents the co: Iuative change in hydrocarbon pore volume (PV) cased by Compress effets and encroaching Water. High pressure gas reservolefpialy have concave dowavard ple vs. Gp plots which may result in serous overestimation of Grgnal fs in place and femaining recoverable reserves. The ‘proposed focm ofthe gas materi Elance equation provides Frehod to linearize the pe vs. O, plot and thereby predict the ve ‘rgial gas in place. A metho suggested o deem inl gas in place by aalylag the behavior of cumulative effective com presblty beckealeulted from pressuepreduetion data. The Bip fonction determined by this procedure, restated from logs So4 geological maps when suficlentpoducton daa i not eval Seyi then uted fo forecast pressuefeumulative bebavir. Two Feld examples are povided showing te apliatin ofthe ate balance equation to high pressure gas reservoirs Introduction High pressure gs reservois experiencing depletion dive typically hae downward curving p/tvs.G, behavior, Incomectextaplaion Of early depletion dats may result in serious overestimation of ‘riginal ga in place and remaining reserves. ‘Bruns ere! work in 1965 wa sult ofa eld study conducted cnalusge moderately overpessred gas reservoirinthe Texas Gall Coast area Investments were made, nd never needed, based 00 linear exrspolation ofthe early Feld pe vs. G performance 39 apparent ongital gos in pce that was Iter fd tobe overstated ‘by about 200 Bsc. Fig. 3 it Re. 1 (Run 20) shows the conve ovward curvature typical fo the pessrerespoose of linited enteral ufo system that simulated the reservoirs response “Tis ype of “limited aqifer behavior, where pressure in the reservoir and aguilera vrwaly equal led tthe derivation of (encal terial balance for bigh pressure gas reservoirs (se Rppendix, Ref. 2). The devation includes pressre dependent feck and water compressibility (with gs evolving fom son) ‘All water and rock volumes associated with the reservoir and ‘ailabe for expasio, faluding inted aquifer volume, were Included ina culate efecive compressibity term (p). Rock and water compresibiities were fined to account for cumulative ‘hanges in youme tobe molpled by the cumulative presse dop G, =p instantaneous comprssbltes are not ued at all The ‘fet tern ofthe material balance is snilar to that published by Remagost and Farhad except that they considered & a a con- opr 08 Sacto Peon Err ial 28 mana ced een 1 Me TR art Senet ers gh SAE ia ee Soomro SP Jour, Mach 1998 stant The general gas mateal balance as presented in this paper ‘efnesacomulaive effective compressibility 2p) 8 fusedoa of peste Literature Review Haville and Hawhias' and Hommestind? atibute the concave downward shspe of ple vs. G, curves obtained in abnormally pressured gas reservoirs entirely to pore collapse and formation ompoction. No definion of poe cols is given in Ref. 4, but & plot of backeseulated PV change indicated a system comprese Ieltyehange fom 28% 10"* pt" a inital pressure to about 6 X10" pat at low pressures. This magnitde of PV change Impliesatocsted water volume. The éecesing “ste” com presi i expected for an overpresired reservole with pres {Eure-dependent PV compressibiy, and based on reals preseated in ts poper pote cllspee i ot necenary eondon foe such betaon “The Anderson “L” reserves performance presented by Duggan® shows cured pit vi O, field behavior which was pimarly Eeibced to hale water el wih no evidence of reserves pore compaction, The water influx dive mechanism was supported by the facehat several wells watered oat Wale’ also concluded that ‘She water inf ir an imporant dive mecharsm In abpormaly Dressured gs reservoir, Bas dicount shale wat ffx, and ‘telbues curved pve G,behaiortperipecl water inf fom ‘Mimitedaglfer and fortoncompsedon vested witha constant PV compressibility ¢ Fora limited aquifer, Bas defines aterm F, thera of peripheral water PV tothe BV of gas-bewig rock Roa? and Raagest and Fushad? both use the tr pet ~ elo, ~ )] for geopressued and abporwally pressured gus reser ‘ois. Bot authors conser a constant and they consider the ‘Andeon "example ‘Bemard™ doesnot socept the rock collapse theory asthe cause focoverpressued pv. G, behavior, conclding that water influx {sthebasiedrve mechani, He aliases pk ~ lp, ~ p] where isa “exch” term for uestng the effets of rock and water Compesitily asmall steady-state stig squlr and steady sate fle water influx. He furer sates Dat the tem Is almost, posible to guanly ia terms of reserve proper. Begland and Whithesd." Prasad and Rogers, and Wang and “Teasdale” all present studs of overpressure gsreservors based on computer models Refs 11 and 12 wea ¢and e, a5 futons ff presut,inloing the elect of solution gas To the water Exsernal water sources are aio included io Refs. 12 and 13. The 30% 10-* pai! required to Uneaize the mateal-alance plot elected the Fenuence of water infix. ‘Bourgoyte™ demonstrates tht reatoable values of shale per- smeabilty and eomprssblieseated as function of pressure can ‘eused fo mach abnormal gs resevo ‘behavior He ein ost however, tht determining ad cf the shale necessary fox modeling Bis bebavor is pacaly ings “Abaca! use Bourgoyne'sgeeral material balance equation to develop a gaptcal matching techague based on a constant tftectve compresdbltye, Theexample given in that paper shows 8 lek of uniqueness in dering inl gas in place.Goneral Material Balance ‘Te general form of he gas mater balance is ‘atin (2) 5615, [oou+ naa Soa. a) hich reduces to @ i P_ (els 2 -a0nve-ni~2- (Bo, wen te esd gs njestn welt, Te cae “cements west) pease sepnit con SSA eseatine Compe Spn.cmlaoe rawr se Ey cae wef werent SRE Ge ce comme) whe pe ese, Sbnkp) + Ep) + MEEalp) + EP) 219) «ee © ‘Te forson nd wal wot comgesy tm tn sects oman change lane fl pose Sees peso sec nena vole ad ini aie cn ota pepe ued no Be Ma, @ Vase + Ya an tet, ‘An important aspect ofthe material balance fr high-pressure gus ‘eserves is thal the ga in slition inthe connate and associated Atte provide bourse suppor an adonal gas avaiable for production. The level of pessre support provided by the evolved {lution gu depends on he evel of éepeton and itis shown that {his support is sgniant below bout 500 psa. The soliton gas ‘svllable fr poducton so depends onthe evel of deletion, tow much ofthe eiginal soliton gas has evolved (R02) rst) ad the quantity of is gas tat is bile. "Te ten Gis ed forthe nial regu in pace, and itis this ‘qanity tot will be determined fiom the mateal balance plot ven by Ey, 2 when extrapolated to (pl — (0, ~ p= 0. This onion in eached ata pesre when I~ £,0Np,~p) = Oand fot when p = 0, ke addonal gus may be produced afer G, feachesodgnal ie gus in place G At pressures where G, exe 6G the eoected pe term (1 ~ £4 ~p)] Becomes begative. ‘reservoi pressre could be brought standard condor (= (pe) he taal gas would be G ps the teal Slutin gasin pace, +a). “The eet of connate water saturation Sand M are important to he mnagitde of. With pel values of = oy = 4% 10°* pai and 0 = ey, 3 10" ps igh pesued glt Zoos santos reiervor, he cunulav effective compressibility ISinially = 7,5 10-* pa for Sy,» 35% and Mf = O; nd 15 9 10-* for Sug = 35% and Sf » 1. Fig I shows the ‘Percentage of tive engl fee gus in place tat would be over smaed by extrapolating ely prev. G dt, indicating tat the ‘versa is greater for lrger lil pressure and higher &, ‘ales tial oodios. Foran nal pressure of 10000 pia and ‘S'10.% 10" pat the extzapolation of early daa gives an ‘sina of that abot 25% higher han the roe org fee {sin pace, The ection below discus the calealaton ofp) and 5) funcoas. Cumulative PV Compresibility Zp The material balance pre tented in ths paper tsee a comuative PV compressibility & (efnedss 1 Y= Ye) e)=7,| o ‘The term in brackets is the slope ofthe chord from the inal , en Pr e's moo aay nnswo 1670 DD ° 1330 sioo sae peat = teas T370, oma bey eo Seer acer teeta 80m 1.800 1308 2m emus ene ono) Tamm gma tT aa geno esses tor 60060 SOD ane 108 jene yo aaer«s tee B00 «SMD 40D nk feme See meas sms 380 Atma NTT ese seme Sis eon sas 410800 Samo. 00 ear fone 3s mages wat 7302000 TOD 0207 1 ga artsy tem) taco amo tor sr a ae a a te ti z = \ o \ x tte 4 4 uaa ese ‘ore Vlome Compr 18° Prat cate de We ww wee mew rig. -Cunuiave and instantaneous 6, ¥8p fra sandstone Fg. 4—Comuative and Instantaneous 6p for achat wth pore cole, ‘wih pore eolaps ese), where p equal be ovetburden grate tines depth oc clipes dette conden wien e's ae: rere pee” a te ce PV coepresby saga nresseat deeeting eset ae PT nmesipae proves eter peste soppe whet Cumulative Toll Water Compre ~The esse sp Pe ee hgh pres, However, pore colupse i pot povided by waters made oof te components Fst the lps cca Tecfon andl pt foreesenon the tr enpusion wih deren reste, ad Secon, th relent relied yep re when pe clap eur Infact, of soon gs and 48 expo. The flor componte om Fe eet nia wll one cumsave prsily eect is expels oO -@ 1 Fo co erent leon ssi some ere 2400 pia out 5:00 ps es agp) = = 1 Bell) ~ Bel) CN eo romaeasei® OTE) nF re sw 0H pum ech Ny feet Ee pnt ine oS SESS te of ew al at Se eam ec wii se of Pt Piensa cana log serra erica s~aine se, aoe ee sag yoinceae Fon 620 10+ ul wer open Ine, Hg. Sts ri i Ba con of Feo ee athe aca pe hfigu sk hows be beta (0) whe 8 Giatenbeptoe Gp MS rope sp, ecton Be pe OB a, y campestris i ‘ei aes ron PY SF cacao fi + Hg rénonip 6 ™ Vp wow Sectig Siuiscccmenuine Dereon pom Fa flan of prt ea te 20 Fy comet 42 cuanbrcorincentwiaen 29 +0 * [sas Fe pre yop fin of wt ees 5515 Te SPE Jounal March 1998oa aa Prarie Fig, 5~Curmstive tots water compress, 25 v8.p- ‘Specially at standard conions (Zn glven by 1 tka 1 0 fsestcate A To caeule By, values of By Ru and By ae tabulated with pressure as show ia Table 2 These properties ean be obtained fiom ceneltions at presses lee than about 10000 pia and 00°F. At more extreme condions of pressure and temperature, and for gases wit high cocearions of nonhyrecabons CO3, Np.andH,S, we have wed the Peg Robinson equation of sate wit volue wanlation an binary interaction coefficients that are dependent on both emperatir and sii.” “Anoteraprosch for igh pesures is simply to expat B, Aiea and. witha Mateniag curvature tovard a constant valve Nonkydroeaes ean be teat by evaluating R. ofeach com ponent separately tit pat presse and suming the values for I soluble components, TeoNhove™ Slate where the reervoe gut moe faction of Component J. Typ- Fell tony components with appreciable solubility ae meshase, Op, and #5. 10) ay Associated Water Volume Ratio M. The total compressibility ‘effect onthe gas material balance depends onthe magaides of tock and tol water compresses and on the ttl pore and ater volumes in presurecoraunleaden wit the gat tesco (cluding conase water andthe PV within the net pa). “Assoeated water and PVs exer tothe nt pay inclodenonnet ay QUNP) suchas interbedded shales an dy sands, pus extemal titer volume found in limited aquifer. Including these wee ‘olumas in reservoir simulation is refered to a wing a “gross” ‘model Inthe proposed mateal Balance equation this associated ‘volume is expesed as 4 rao relative tothe PV of the net pay M= Mane + Mas 2) where -€13) (14) In the simplest case when M = 0, there willbe pressure support nly fom connate water and the nei pay PV. Ths is equivalent Simlaion to building a net model The cumulative effect compres term z, willea be expected to have values ranging from 7 to 15 % 10" pi" for normal pressure reservoir, whee the larger vales will generally result fom high conte water [Net poy compressibility effets alone ean cause noticeable cur- ‘ature in the pv vs G plot with poteadal overestimation offs fee gat in place (6) (ee Fig. Bye The onset pay water volume ratio Myyy Comprises i teibaded reservoir PV, inelodng shales nd por gua rock tht seassumed be completely filed with water With this definition ‘jo canbe writen i ers of he nett poss aio Ry defined fy he Bee ghey Accounting fr eret proses othe net pay and monet py Me Ben by 3) TABLE 2—CONPARISON OF c,FOR NORWA PRESSURE BO HERR SAE BONOTIONS Nom Pagaty “ep” resared Sanple a" ot) oy (ut coast endo Saree 48k Sample? me 8 Noth Se ht Sunpea Geecotpn) 218978 Sample 10 or colspn) 30-2017 Ven Goren Serpe ck 1 3060 ‘arp ca 2 48 82 sumpis7A = 8972 serpn ak mn 8s 108 sana sa es teetmarg ttn sonoma hein Som a= Ten) 00 Propenes and thicknesses ofthe nt pay and nonnet pay ace realy svalbl fom log sralyss, ‘Mag Aquifers with sufficient permeability nd limited areal ex- ten canbe tated as part of the ttl eumblative compreseibliy term, The water volume rat of the agulfer Myo an be dstemined ‘ing geological aps and well contol to define areal extent, and elec logs to define the gaswater contact. In general, Mag Is ‘fined a Fe Gia” for atin gute seme gunn tems ofthe mgsier iSreeret i gfe Ge geicvolume rao canbe expend 7 Bl (na)? | oul) - Bras et} show ht ined agile with reg aos wp tS awe sane pw G bam or predic 100 sa she Tartare the wast Cet inte agar bars an Ma 8) Mg ‘SPE Jour, March 1998negligible effect on reseroe performance and the aquifer ca be TRISTE part of te cimulaive eflecve compres tem. Vales of gg used inthe defini of, may be a5 high 86 25. Tee Gudea = lin eserves wit’ moderate permesiliy. YAS take? peomeailies,Limied aquifers can ineade rage Taos psec than 5 and sil be wented as pst of he cumelave fective compeessbiliy tem. "hen the ager is suflendy large and rege teen with ier superposition oh Seis infinite aie model, the 2, {eam shoo sl be used, batt wll nly contain the effect of wet oy tnd nonnet pay volumes Le B= Maco Cumulative Etfective Compessibilty Z, Total camalatve ef fate compres reprevents all avalible presse support fom rock and water. The equation for is -etgy weet He) + Meal) + 240) a= = s Foca specific servo a fanily of (6) Facccbalat vues These curves willhave specifi characte of rock and wate com ively constant at high 2-19) curves can be geet ding onthe presare dependence ase Te 6p) ares sae cot a8 Pear, Incesing’ igh as pressure deceses, then 2 lw prestere around 1.00 psi. Typically, constant PV Pe ny pean be assumed and the ¢2) eves wil hea SoRPipe same farcter atthe E(p) curve. Fig, 6 asta 29 Deol of) curves at various Bf aos fora typical gulf oss Free itp, = 91000 pl, T= 200° 7, = 0. r= Deane 32 > 10° pi". fred reserves exhibiting » pressure dependent “OE zp) curves a igh pressures will end (0 eon In the absence of pore colle éfp) See, fon constan valle at lower pressure ad the (pues errs rae are dominated by he increasing 2() faction, {pore cospeeccuce, but at ext in depletion, the pre olpse Shimon nvgnicant beease the /) function dos net srt ‘eres unt! low pesrres because i represents» cumlatve ‘Pv change and, when the fp) fonction fialy stars to incase wal becuse byte 9) faction which i inereasing a Up. Fig, Tastes hs point fo a gulf coast overpresured reserva np = tops P= 300 end ,~ 071 Gr Aborth ove collapse eects a approximately 3,500 psa Fig 3) % xe cp 00 pia The fees sagan PEtave to he inerece in (9) a lower pressures rayon cxampe is a Noth Sea chalk (Fig 4) at sbows pore cn tapes only 00 psi below inal presoreof 7000 sate Be) function increase, aos simlaeosy wi PeSsnancocs cy and he effect of) on (9 shown in Fig. 8. ‘Rinoogh oY bas an impact on €49) at moder and Nigh eonstant& = for overpes the fay ease with dep wth onstat Rok Compress, 1 Ty aver Pes, ple cumulative etective compressibility vs. p at various Mt aera Ps, wo Fig, 7~Cumulatveettectve compresibily vs. p fora sand- ‘stone wiper collapse. esr Pec, ple Fig, 8~Cumulative ettetve compressibility vs. p fora chalk ‘wpere ease. pressures for this example, the Z(p) function sl dominates the Exbavior of) at presses less than 1500 pia. Fotinang GatinPlace A nti is oot enang Pen Cae erg tel on ht eed el i Scum wate von ers Sp ekon F lta veneer i ante 0) ert ip antec sre So be ptn et a safe yma Tiara PY emprby. Ter ene aan, with eae eee orl oven) cpctin a nde hegdenmn erent era a amet Gp Foon lot ee fre menaced pl the, vale from the rearranged material balance, Ea. 2, 1 cae 88- Bl ‘At this point, a plot can be made of ackealulted & 5 & usdionof pressure given he assumed G, Using reserve ockand true properties, a fal of &(p) curves at vais M vals ean Trpacated independent to mach agaist the backalulatd Peer Tne data should honor the shape and magnitude of 00209) “ave where hs match Yields G the value anda) fencton GRTEITEE used to forecast foure pt vs. G, behavior. This pocebure gives a sound physical significance to he extn of ‘Seppo oa pare stunical best it that may lead wo unrealistic 20) 7solos. The Field Examples eton discusses exe for match Ing fled dua, and he expected behavior of 2). Characteristics of pv. 0, Plot for High besaure Resorts PY renting, sd slong econ ex Present of negara mnt bac epson, Foie posure npn tora enc ng pt, Te ‘ert dees nthe ote opened pope Te ten £090 =p) eters whch corte pC Ploycndsclhie Formos psu eer ies znd iwotenneged beng lc pe. t i ied. Resets elerpsng pletion wi inal pre ‘extn 500 pase suey cas orig eed ‘ihe fonpee marl ae epeaton Tin) pss ee gad esau cut evap eed nnetasng MP< 0 Ges =) PEt = 2) Give A seanns fr PV ally cig ops 000 pu Cv eas Effin Care Ava to 40 pon whys Listed ss tconst ince conpesiiy fs. 0 pi Pa of pv 0, fr hans 8 we ano intel showing cay a ght cpio pre tan Spr ts cay stows edt apo alpen apd 6, pons eal ecu ln seen oe SSvec el PY cepa 18% 10° ps ‘na consunt ouge! eplion The erence ewe he Soptnrg, iver AssiCW act testi dese PV Seep ng neal vlome ged iar pcs me cuanto bat be Seprten ltceen ces wi and wiht por ape sil sey ese) Tender ere liso 4 Noch Sex hak vii we om cla has ut flo lal pre Fig 10 pms Fest pv Gy ps far = Oth pec Cave A) St wa sop clas Cone B) Te ts ofp ages iterate ta ate evs example bes eas Brel igh ese Fletd Examples Ellenburger Gus Reservoir. This field example efor normal pressured (05 psi) 1eDD-febick, dry gus reservoir with nal Feservoir pest of 6675 pia at 20°F. Average pores is aboot ‘5% wih connate water saturation Inte pay of about 385. Pec- ‘meably is high because of an extensive microfacue system Dat resus ita high depee of fetrwell pressure communication and mos instantaneous pressure bildp to state conditions. al (CO, coaeeniation was about 28 mol and a grades neease a (CO, concentration o 31 mol at Ue pretent tine has been pes pale ya Fg, 9Etfect on pe vs. G, with and without poe eolapse, ‘Eandstone, Fig. 10—Etfect on ple vs. 6, with and without pore colapse, hale ‘observed. The reservoir as produced sbout 3.1 Tact, and curently hs an average feldwide Potombole presure of approximately 1,000 psa. The pit vs. G, plot shows a eharcerate conave downward behavior, with intl gas in place estimate of mere than 4.4 Taf using early data (lg 11). The pe vs. G data stow Pressures has sated flaening. “The procedre outlined ete fo determining inal free ga in place G was used for this reserve. Fig. 12 shows a plot of backcaculted vs. pressure fora range of G from 3.0 Teefto 3.6 ‘set Anotes plat of 6,9) was generated independelly from rock ad fd properies by use ofan equation of state for seve valoes of M with Su = 033, 2) 65 10°" pai" (rom Hall”), and EQ) Fig 13 shows the beset of dt on the 29) curve for = 33, comesponding to an iil fee gat in place G = 3.15 Tse ‘The total water volume Including connate nd ssocited waters ie given by 1 GB (+40 585 Be, 0-3)" which yields 845(10) STB. The fl solution gas in place G, is ua © W times the inal solution pacvatr rato Rye C= WR. 2) Because of th high CO, concentration inthis reserve, he oition uswater aio (fy = 675 sc STB) is about estes larger than for hydrocarbon gas systems. This yields solton gat in place of G, = 0.55 Tse anda toa inal gas i place of G+ G, = 3:0 Tet Fig. 11 shows the pv. G forest osing the M vale Aetermned fom the match ocala fhe (fonction frm Sor ‘ME, 2542). Also show on this figucef the plot of (rt Ww en Fig. 11—Pressure ve. cumulative production, Elenburger gas reserve ‘SPE Touma, March 1998“alp) Oak Cet Aang OP Foren ing 25 BEER gE ari snr, ple Fig, 12-Backealulated 2, vp at various orginal gasin place {0GIP) values, Elenburge” gas reserva. i Fig, 13-Matchng backcalelated 6, to generated 2, curves, [Blenburger gas resent. Zep, ~ v8 Gy for historical performance data and for the Tere eke itis fon that the erent cumulative gs produced ‘uals the orginal ee asin place. "The soociated water volume given by M = 33 consis of ‘nonnct pay dan external Tied aquifer. Log analysis netiorgioss ro Bye = 05, dy = 005, and dap ™ O03, ‘ilding Me = 0. External wate is known to exist ba as not een mapped becaue of sk of well ont. The alalted aguifer Sater volme ati yg = 27 33 ~ 06), or an equivalent gle 2°19. sxe reatonale fo alinited aquifer. Anderson“. Tis esenvchs ten sted by sve abo saent ps de botreconu! empleo abies gs wae ePentanene comnaar peo, Savor ig 1). Te ‘Sets hanoed ater roooig 3 Bob peste tess Sots sed were dncontnaed fer 40 se had been p= foc cet nalss by oe anos hve indicted gin fe prince terme 6075 Bc Fig 15 shows cele EGE fest fx ves of G egal t 65, 72, an 90 Bl. Te $5 Bu atunets chose ed on atest match wit the £0) Tae Sled wag M = 225,52" 035,6/— 32% 10° Fae een fom gain of sates. Alough aera somal on gy nreaing £9) ere ei sve do low te ted da oe Stream er 300 Tre pods ancalsicaly Jw & vats, so earl be eee wing te et reser PV and SPE Jou, Mach 198 am 5 Todenon 7 Ree i lp) tsk Caeated Asuning Oa © Tob tot can Anning COP mt ol a eoeeenticnes t Je y * 7 Fig. 15—Backcaleuated, vs. p at vatous OGIP, Anderson *L* reserol. connate water compresses. The lowest eximate of 65 Bsef ives a shape for €9) that cannot be acount fr wsing normal (9) and (9) fection. "The lorcased pre ve. G, performance (Fg. 14) i aleulated withthe match dtemined shove. Tol gas ia plac of is 76 Bs, Itch includes 72 Bact of orginal fe gas pls 4 Bs of solution es Conclusions LA genera form of the mater balance equation for gas eseevots ha been presented. This equation has prea appi- {aon to high-pesure resenols. A cumulative effective Com fees tenn 2) has been eid in tems of prsure- Exjendent PV and foal water comuaive compresses. £2) sndea(p), andthe tol volume of wae asoraed withthe ne pay exer expesed as ara ‘the general material balance eqeaton applies to all hgh- pressure reservoir, both ronal pressured and abomally pres ured (overpressure and geopressue) “She effet ofa limited aguier canbe included as pa ofthe Mien for most depletion ype reser. Using the water volume fhdo in the cursive effective compres term geet With onal values of & 24 f expans the “age”, vals commonly repre fr high-presie gas reservoirs whe lineae- ‘lng the matrl balance egton. fn fat, lrg vales of ‘ectalculted from fel performance data indicate that sociated ‘war infix isa dominant dive mechanism. “E Only cumulstive compresses (and Z,) canbe used in tne penn ps mater alc euton Geese they ae appliedpint the curslatve pressure drop (, ~p) in pe v.G, pots ‘Xrmatod is given for elelaing cumulative total water Sd PV ‘compressibility &,/9) and &f0). "SA maha i propoced fr erating the original fee gas in place fom prodoction dna. This method uses backealeusted fumulative effective compressibiiy 2, whichis ploted against ‘resure and compared with expected 2(p) behavior ealulted Solely from rock and water properties fora range of values of the ‘sociated water volume rao ‘6 Porecolaps,inandofieelf doesnot cootbut significantly to presse suppor in overpresared pas feservolrs. Ta Tat, pore colpee has le effet unless ocrus ea in depleon ata relsvely high presure. The eet of pore collapse, if presen, is 4 positive effect and tends to faten he ple va. O, carve, Rot bending the cure downvrard as Bat been implied by thers. 7. Gas found inaly in solton in the connate and associated water an inpeant compet of pressure spport ate in depletion (@eow 1500p) and may conte atonal prodcble volumes of gas Type, the slain asin place G, represents 210 10% of. ‘he evga fe gas in place, te vale depending primarily on tal str volume (M+ S, iT ~ Sand teil soludon gastwater ‘ao Ru Gas reserves with high CO, concentration (>20 mal) ‘aa hve even phe soluon gas in pce, G Nemantatue = area, f° [mi] feel lune tects per tndard volane fata Scape pe id Sie cng pt Ana = original free gas-in-place, Bscf (std m?) F Sable pt pee Bo fad) Sole fing, set ad Coy eesinte obo id = cumulative gas injection, Bscf (std?) 2 ‘ase le Sends 2 Pp ae dns 3 © Rema pp IS ono awe ot AP) towers fe pe Be I iicemence ata = radius of aquifer, ft (m]_ ‘= solution gas water ratio, scf/STB [std m’/m?} 45 5 fdeder ate toe 3S Reenter A) = volume, ft? [m? ‘Vy = PV, cm? and f? [m) Yer Bio fal |W = total water in place, BOI [m™) 7, = Gomdae wee, 6 a ¢ POL Onn we = eamulave water injector, BI [n. 1 cumulative water production, bol (m=) = gus compressibility factr, dimensionless 4 = poco fraction Subscripts “A= atocnted water AQ = lites aquiter = effeive J = PV Carnation) aoe {= gross interval icknest 1 fda inj = jeedon NP = sonnet pay R= rene se & standard condons te = toil water Acknowledgments ‘We thank the management of Philip Peroleum Co, fr pemision to publish this paper. We also acknowledge Fred Kent for work done oa the Euenburgr example, References 1. Bs JR, Fetovich ML ad Meine, Vice “Te Ee of Wate Tafex on p-Caraave Gus Prourson Curves" JP7 (ach 1965) 2. 2.Fetioveh, My, Reese, DE, and Wisin, CH: “Appin of (Geel Matt Balance for High Presue Gas Revo” pet, ‘SPE 22921 peered athe 191 SPE Anal Techies Confrence and Eshbiton, Dalit, 69 Ozer. 5. Ramage BP snd Farad, FF: ple Aboonal Pressured Gus Re ero” paper SPE 10125 pss th 981 SPE Anal Tchad (Conference and Exhibition, San Asoo, Tena, 5-7 Ocbe. ‘Harvie, DM. and Howse, MP. Je Rock Comps and Failures Reservoir Mehainsin Geoprtied Gus Rese JPT (Gecenber 1969) 128 45. Hanae DJ: Preicing Gs Reserves in Abormaly Pressured Reserv” pape SPE 379 peeled he 1971 SPE As Mes Ing, New Orleans, 3-6 Onber 6 Duggan, 10: “The Andenon “L'—An Abnormally Presed Ga Reserv in South Tena” JF (ebay 1971 13 17. Malce, WE: "Water Prodan From Abnormally Pressed Gat Reserv in Luisa” JPT (Aap 1968) 963. {Bass DM: "Anais of Amery Pessred Gas Reser Wid Paral Water Ifo” paper SPE 3850 presented athe 1972 SPE ‘Abnormal Sabsufice Presse Symposium, Buon Roope, Lain, IS-t6 May. 9. Rosch, RH: “Analog Gcoprenced Reserve Mate Bale ance Techigan” paper SPE 9368 sealibe fom SPE, Richton, “Tenas(Angut 181). 10, Berard WJ: "Gal Coat Geopesered Gas Ree Dive Meche ism and Perfomance Pein paper SPE 436 preted at he 85 SPE Anno Tehial Coneoce and Exhbion, Las Ve Nevada, 2-25 September. 11. Beland, TF and When. WR “DepeonPrfarmace of Vole ‘mei High Presured Gas Rees” SPERE (August 1983) 279; Tron. AME, 287. 12. Prasad, RK and Rogers, LAs “Sopeessued Gus Reser: Cue ‘Shoes an a Gnerized Tank Moel”ppe SPE 1881 peed a ‘be 1987 SPE Anu Teel Coneece and Exhibon ADME, Dats, 27-30 September, 1, Wang, B. and Teel TS: “GASWAT-PC: A Microcomputer Po pam for Gas Merl Balance Wis Wate fon” paper SPE 1084 [eset atthe 1987 SPE Pele lusty Appia of Mice spt, Dl Lagoon Lake Couoe Motgonery Texas 7-25 ae 14 Poston, 5. and Chen, LY: “Case Hisar Ss: Abra res. sured Gas Reserves” paper SPE ISHS7 presented ate 1989 SPE ‘Productions Operators yap Okshona Ci, Odsboma 1-16 Mar 15, Bourgoyne, A. es “Stale Wate a Press Sopp Mecaisma (Gus Reservs Having Abaornal Foranton resi” J. Pet Sc (0930) 3, 308 16 Ambush, AK: “Ansa of Maul Balance Bgaons for Gat eserves” paper COWSPE 90-36 preset athe 1990 CIWSPE Intraional Tehsil Meng, Clg Alberta ands 10-13 Jn. 17.HaL HAN: "Compeesbly of Reserve Rock Tone, AIMEI983) 198,300. 18, Vou Goten, WD. and Choudhary, BK: “The Ett of Pesur and ‘erperanse on Pre Volse Compre” paper SPE 2526 pe- seal athe 1969 SPE Anooa Mein. Deve, Clot, 28 Sep tener Ocbe: 19, Peng, D-¥. and Robinson, DB: "A New Two-Cassuat Egon of ‘Site fad Eg. Chr Fae (1909 No.1, 39. 20 Soria, Land Walon, CH: "Png Robson Predisiont for Hye ‘exon, CO, and HS With Pie Wate ad Nl Boe” Fld Phase uli (1992) 77,207. ‘SPE Jou, Much 198tic A—Derivation of General Ges “The drvto that flows based onthe following ssumpsous 1. aay pest change ney producto orinecion the resco Wil be fet medianlytwouphot be tal gym Eecading (3) net poy reserve) nomet py ONNP) cde inplnrtedad cae and por quality rock assumed to be 100% rsa: and (lined equfer (AQ), when pet. 0 Sowed tobe vatrssnated The onnet pay and ager velanes fe ele wo ay aso” water volumes and bo ona te water nie uring depen. 2 Simple modifestns othe material lane equaoscanbe mais to gems for nonet pay tat hasan inal fee 3s ‘Senden Sr Allwaterin the ystems inally sorted wit slong. Praizaly, de sssimpion of etal presure throught be sytem i eionbl, od any Wasnt effec assed by ge pier maybe wet bya conventional watenfac ter (7,35 wa below. Tov the sae of revity weave chosen omit exliiference to presse dependence, ty fp 20d Ey shoud actly rad 210) 6) a8 6) Destation, The olumesic alance any pressure sates hatte fe PV (oe Va) eh et reserve PV ecu by fd waes (fz+ Pop ps that (none py wd agile) PV which alo is occupied by gas and water (Vga + Vea) pat Vy = Woe Yad + Van de + “Te et pay reser PV Vg ven By he inl vue Voy lett change in PV Ap, an Von Von Np. (a2) Vous Vout Von a3) \, + Bes. n= OB y+ FES and Np a) dieing ‘The net reservoir gas volume is given bythe sum of unproduced free gas, a8 relezed fom solton, and any injected 35, Vou (he + (Weta + Wade ---(hT) resin ia Ve = 1G -(G,- WR), By Su 2 Ce FR Reds + Guar ooo (A8) ressurefolumehemperate properties Band arcersted at Rita reset pes. Vale G fora ps condenses te wet volume cleed by adding separ gs to igi conense Sova oan equlet surface as volume. Als, he wopise ‘Phase mat sed to else B fr gs conde se ele Sully sealing the cumolative water profucon tern W, SPE Sura, Mach 198 represents ie” water production and notthe water ondensed out oF oluon fom the produced gas wellsrean. The gu volume in the associated PV i function of be amount of gu hat ha come ou of solution, By 4 t 1 EM 5 (Ras Ra) Bar as) Tre wate volume ia he nc pay serials the eprodoced nal wae ls injected war pus water eosroschneat fom an cel aquller Voa™ ashy + Wet * Veet (a-10) visting v= ‘The aguife encroachment erm W,represtats any external water volume that isnot aeadyiacluded inthe Mf tem. Later in the ‘scivation, we show the condos requced sothat water eacroach- tment (wested rigorously bythe method of superposition) can be inslaed as part ofthe M te used inthe cumblave effective compres ‘The water volume in the asocaed PV is given by simple expusion, By 5» _ WB. Sou Fp, — Foe) 4 S615W B+ SIS. (Aa) Go, aM: eM Be an Ya Inserting the appropiate equations above ia Eg, A, rearaning. and grouping terms yields, 70,1 + St fof" Ba RIED _ Ba) +e- A+: af ee feds r 4] +wekn-p} 2, npn ag+s03(t,- man ¥ wi Defining the total watepss formation volume fet" By. ay [Noting that By By, a defining the cumulative total watelgs compress gw Puna) Ee [Now defining a cumulative efecve compressibility 2, -(A5) ie t+ MiGa +8) Sud t+ MG +) ate "a UB, ~ B,) + BACAR, PY) wafo-cxe mane op, -ma.—1] aan, Dividing diough by GB and expressing B, = (p,/T ETP) gives ‘he ial form of he meal bance fa-vtn-on=()fi-ge-cne ma. +58 aya.—wep.-w9]}- an) ‘The pv. cumuiive plot, ncoding all ers, would consider 2 = nse ate pce Sa-atn-m= (2) - wit 19) 0-6-4 mat a, ma ~ W, where th intercept is given by (andthe slope equal (0/6. Seting Gy = Wa, = W, = W, = Ogivesthe common form ofthe ss mae alae, -a-Q-8 ‘eeating Limited AqulfersInZ, Term. The material balance thus far as cesidered any associated water volume expressed ints ofthe M pater Infact M may include a inte agifer with 1p 1025 lines the reserve PV for a system pemneability greater ‘han about 100 md, and even larger agulfer volumes fo higher ‘penneabiies. The conden that determines when imied aqui feceanbe wesie spat ofthe tr soled below, We start withthe general materia balnee equation including a water en- ‘roschmeat term Wand a erm that considers only nonne pay. trunnion) nd -(A21) fa az Ske + Wpclpen +8) & T= 8 CJ ‘The water encroachment te ealelated by soperpoiin i ex: pressed, WB Zodleobe. (a2) wr Oi the on cma a svn a Fe dat de gtd opr cee tere ing Vas tyjwave = ae ah eee ee a lies ‘ely hed eid to le ‘een eto wl rec nag ae de ‘summation can be closely spproximated by Z@olasdoar, ~ O5te,—p). _ivng simple expression for W, that is independent of tie and ‘nly dependent on reservar prstue, We= BOs(e~ ph: Ww.) (025 (426) ae bn Broan +3, 12) Expressing W, in terms of ager PV Vou We = wlrhg— DOME + Ne ~ vi and WA) = VpulEn + 2K. P) a Boum )-9) (0 sa and simplified in form where the 2 term fnclues the aguiter conurbation to pressure spor, % (aan (28) 6B. Vl = (A30) Rearanging, we artive a the general form of the mated balance (without water production and gstvater injection terms): f-ain-ni=(2 vee Sabet + pale) + Von G+ 3) T=5y aan (833) sod Sade t+ MiG #3) Gosy 438) ‘SI Metric Conversion Factors °F CRIS = fn? x 1.638705 E+01 =m? f° 2831 685 E-@ =m pal x 6894757 Bv00 = KPa SPE choo Fottochis Pup Fotow Eesti he Rese { roduotion Technology Branch | 8 Senvces Dy. of eesoete Toctncooy Pilce Potcleum Co. ny Satenic, ‘Oidchoma. Honolds @ 8 degree in petroleum and naturel gos SPE Jounal, Much 1998‘encingeting from ne Ut Ptsburgh and a Dring. degree tom fro Nerwogion Int of Technology. A omer Foteocn Reservar Engineering Award end served cs Datngushed Lec ror duing 177-7 David E Reote so Serio Stat Asoccto Resewor Enginaer in Pil Resor & Production Techno gy Branch Resoarch & sovices Dv. of Compoote Tecmnoioy, SBtking in tne crear of gas resarcl enghnetng. gos ond arcondensate simuoton. ore Gecine-cuve Ena, He 55 feschesonindusty mot cours on doce curve andi. Roose hos 06 degiee in pololeun engineating ond on NS Gogres hiperioumimanagemert. both rom ne. ofKanias. Rigpe se butngusned Lecturer, hes curt serdng onthe Euteral Review Gommittee, Gos Roservor Engheetng Repco ‘Commie, ond the Low Pomedaily Meeting Program Com featos, He hos saved on the Gos Technology Sympesimn Progam Gormities, nd Arnud Mosing Tecirical ceri Jock Curls Whlegn Profesor of petroleum engineering ot {he Nowegion U of Scenes end Technology, oncheim. He SPE Journal Mach 1998, ‘9 consuls, develops softwere, ond teaches Inusty cous ‘ivough his oun company. Pore AVS. Weition halts © BS ogres in povicum engneetng Belocha dogres tom Rowegion in of Techy. Coo {Rorot ine book Wot Partamonce cdot the SPE manograph Prose Baharor, ho oo sored en the Ettoral Review Com- fue and on the Resonok Sulton Symmposim Program. Wiitson a