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    The Canal System on hydrology

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    1 views19 pages

    The Canal System

    Uploaded by

    nickout
    The Canal System on hydrology

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 19
    Sheryetoree meng ent sna deter teeters a 3. Heomow AW and Orne “Te raining farm Land, ali 4o, Mamey Caee New Zeand gia ™™ Land 7 1 et aon ya EES emer PRET EL vino net nero nn PhepDX mea ony a a ua ‘ugha Secon yoy to bee 8 The canal system “The parpotacanalystemittoproridewateradequateinguaetiny Inieontmand oats within tbeaessenaced. The system shold ‘Ctemenient to operate and shoulbend wih the pater arming ‘haut datoeting i unneesar (Canal design problems may be cased a (a) Layout (0) Gapacty, and {¢) Fi contol aod measrement, “Theres such aie in he prevallng condiions om one place ater whee rigatin prac tat oo rig dosgn method tends Camp the Seope fF wk inovatons Within the Broad (vera stem loa etgn practic develops a run cous tavour {Layout of canals email ictated by the topography btinfuenced ‘ye parcaar sgrclarl, engieeing, and ecanomse chara Sa Praioinary layout of canals “Thins bate on the contour map, In general the main cal allows hemajornge and cneibvay ot tera canals low ewe ges ‘The ull ain flows the rain depron apd branch dais {aw ese epresons gure #2) Hbowever the and sara ‘Seta ainda the main anal signed tal gery from the Magbestcomour aod the oval drain tl owards the lowest gure 1 Disbury canal fed watercoures and watercourse ed the India ar supply channels owe one te of nomena ‘Thee isan argo sytem of ring, om dein being euialen {olurm chuanl, collector dais ta atecourey, and brash dais {0 dowry ena “The longer a watercoune, the greater the number of fms it serve Clery th actor een on farm ses the mater of ‘Tnbution, andthe degree of ovperation bereen farmers ‘Letina [eerence fom experince in Egypt ge length ey of km to 15 km nce greater lengths invave oo may ers in theintermal tation of upp “Aparalle cor the imo the length oa collec drain casted by iuincrening depth: Water table oneal require fed le das a dches tobe om I's mto3 min sopth, Fhe minimum ep oF {colectordranis three p28. Aloe upionss germ tay bem to ache te eq i, Ths pan ompensated by an alignment which rsh dowaoe at round ieePiers ge of nej hn aly fund we tea ‘90 mum eacenive depth tt be anode. lows that he spacing of ‘Guribuary canard branch drips tom kn 3k the cae ofthe died plane, dsribtary canals ad brane rine run clone tthe predominant slop, watereuter sna calle ‘rans rum ats smal angle othe contour Tn the ereumanees 3 (Sletarisadjcen toa tercoare ln the uplope eure 8 ‘This asthe advantage of intercepting sepage in thar direction at the dandvastage of promoting by the cepa ofthe dene tradient igure 83) The sate of minor chanel how i re Bs can berated relative tothe predominant pew dinibute he Lille be ground srtace mon ccsnomeal between Rl, calc, tnd sonny deals ‘ha Enleing development Tye bac pater of main and ditibuary canals may need ajo ment to aecommedate existing developmen For example there may be tems and orcharas previously tpotied by smal pate ‘items orexiting canals, not alge part ene poet "91 where ancient water righ mst be rapeced or sal iigaton ‘hemes out the project area at wh supply canal whieh ae {tte bythe ew works. ‘Carefl ought st be given the locaton af canal relative to cxsig villages, owns, roa, tnd rales ih regard to thet Pansat development and to the cost of such measures ab Youd Felgen rege, andthe scqsation of urban land ‘Where iigation pumping vation ae toe seta powered, the rote snd expats of exiting aad roped tanmon Un tn the bcaton 8 rannormersub-ations ar lndumeta ote ‘conomie compar of aerate site Trahrs al elo man sty nthe area ned bested Serrlevancetstheschemeinthe orm techies egal eon ‘Bape and bene 13 Command Command, the elevation of canal water eel above the adjcent ‘round evel one ofthe princpal dengn parameter of he cal ‘cm th ter ng he aha a ose Tra tcl nrtace irigaton ster water leaves he dibutry canal tough an ete strate or tuo, pscs down 3 water ute, through the frm channel sytem, ands nto he and. The ‘Sommand a the dtebutary suet supplemenceé by ground SSayttom thesuply pty poids he ergy for ergs “veyace ofthe ier oie lind Too sal command means Shar here ie difulyindeigning te ut and small hanes ave very lw energy lines, Excsive command man tha emery ‘mus bette to prevent erosion a hanna Tgeneralaninceaein comand accompanied by increases: (3) canal Bank eights and terete (ia) ee quarter ) ater levee ative to the water able and there {| ears omit seepage; Ii) damage abet et om a breach “Thee! pont fr command ie that atthe Bld soply itch Avalsof 50 mm tesonale inmost Alling ea os inthe farm channel sate apd dbutry oes wre emmandaf350 mm ooo mein he dtbutary cana sally 3 ‘Sirworkng Bure Whete cal matral of pracior i bank co ‘Bruton are poor snd xecpagewecesive negative comma ay beeen, the farmer being required erate he water by thelr a Sprinkler iigntion introduces quite diferent command ert Wire arms are supplied by pete pumping uit sbetacing fom Thecanain water surace evs within mere hari elton {he eat of pumping The canal tr set atthe mow economic ‘Seaton and hss aly controled by eutant quant be Spr oprating preset be provided solely by gravity, the ‘Bitayurm oan Eeseome go mormore above Bad ltc.Aesn, state level aot eta. Dai preci Longitatinal sections of ground level are posted ‘Sete iibcary coal alignments Linespaall ground uFace sre drawa atthe eight of minimar and maximum aceepable ‘Am atempt ik made w daw line conan dope within chee tin thant pba line awn with he minimum amber ‘lehangeofiope twat nultladenor thecal bed unlined pe ‘Hoaldnecbe permed we deline nthe downstream decom. Tit trl cam abe eran the upper reach and le depot Ton ona the ta. Convery i reauoable and ea be dan tage slope ners the cowrtream directions ending torcounter the eet of edoced hedratie radio and main the ‘loi of fow Tema happen tht an ara nat the ead ofthe canal cannot be ‘ought int commad without exceve command 3 the cente 2 aut of ee slope erterion above: He most eer be let out af Sommand or fbr small canal rnning pra othe main, ‘depending on the ae and value oe a "93 Command it has wed eo determine dsribuary water levels A ‘margin to low forbes ot through be relator 2dded to water Teva the drbutary heads o give man anal wate levels The Nghe arbuar heed water lvelat a ruatr proup determines Iai canal water level (ce Sure 86). ‘hg Perm considerations When anew canl stem replace a older one or auppie an are previwly under ey agrcleare, farm boundaries may be pre- Eccmined. Is common, however, for new stems to be on and ‘ely acquired by am ierigation author for reaction, pos Tavingeen rough pcre remand deere Inher reuaancet ‘pportanty consideration to begien to thestrctare fhe a ineltion ot so opograpy, and operation. Is mow une that desig in deal ew by fn cold be contemplated in the ‘rly stags ocanal tem deg, but tention tthe mai itera hm a les prevent major oconecien inthe einen of ar ioaedar Fr, the uni farm sie determined, [mat be wfc be ‘ommerialy iable Te may be infoened by socal neds ad the ‘dei to ele at many people a posible onthe land, but sould be the am actievingan acepabeincome or the rme and ated {0 the arming methods tobe employed. Te unt frm ae wil ‘normally vary with the asfedaretral poeta of heland ‘By xe of contoured plan showing the pelinay cara avout he lind is dvided inte Hocks of he ste deeded Watrcoure fr {teder ehanncy) ar plot fara pombe according to coe tour, wih allowance for standard water surface Slope. heck ade that each farm contains the appropiate ates iin the rman ofits upply pant. U8 quite pe that sal areas of some fam cannot be brought into sdmmand withoet on re The frm blocks are then checked agaist he sl] maps. Major sei changes within 2 eld case diel cvation sd water ppleation. Tes therelre important thatthe farm bloc can be ‘ide ito elds wich donot embrace oor more que erent selleypestut yet are sea shape compatible ith he eet tSeol machine, ane the scheme a tniey or peasant arming. The {Eck most ass be mable fr land forming appropiate fa the ‘elgaon method to be tard without exemive cath movement ‘The problem ofthe Location of farm boundary to resolve {uel no simp geometrical dvsian fhe land on opera Sidi type are exceptionally worm 9 ‘15 Canal diacharge and water dation War day Water day, the water eequrement fr ingaon is ‘xprened vary asthe flow capacy of canal per nit ea ‘Sheds the are seed by unt Row othe depth of water irgne ‘pen crop. There are two approuhes ot evant. {de deductive method, Bow date trom an igaton sem succefly in operation ae ued o provides design ow pr unit Seatornew ye Byehnraton and mesttementf fr earpl, Sin docharge and eld mater apphaton the ld deg watery ‘in be adjted for anipted improvements inte comtrscton hd person ote new deelopmet "Te inductive mehod lows rom the dcusion in ehapce 4 Cima! data snd plane water we character eel 0 ‘valunte the monthly consumpave we (in mm depth of wate! o he fpeepestv crops througout ther gro cyl These ar aduted Picking requirement ad onitentonal dep prclaon ‘Rin ean be ake in account but bth the ear period of sven monly rainall andthe dsbution of rina hough the ‘omth ust be considered. for example, etimated cop ti {gomminJuyrarsifal of 89 mm wequted or exerded nine sears ‘Sica; and he rgaon cera vo day, then he nl wil nly seduce the neers capi of the cana stem iis sel ‘Esutedehough the month Should the Bo mm none erm ‘on t)sy gomm wil eet by deep pretation orsurace ana {ha ie fli erp mater need mast be upped forte last 20 dso ‘he imonth, A farier problem that alo ll ela none (hy daraps the exci patra of rigation, "Water esi er faa ow prance ofthe top canbe calculated by initlly suming conus Bow to ppl eke ‘aud depth naib {j= from irigation depth for month (mm), Se wet depth {je or ower ad xl. (Canal ow at an pint inthe system isthe sm ofthe Hows euied reach crop hearea serve divided by rm coneyance uA. yet where g, = flow per nis ara fr ero (low bring taken at ‘Scropsith seo water we tae = average sribuary oe fw per ui at "GT Stunde crop and 17 fem conveyance iene. No almance made mh tage dibutyl as forthe pee rate ofthe mate urement te Fl ‘ntestmplebut common aseln whch sopping pairs logrcan be reed a cots he enor ar arson ‘tls aga the monte year and the pea alae st the dg Bre. Alena, gy canbe ablated aire roping pcre omen Comparing the rune mostly Sood anes though he ea Warnatin Dsgn ibe canalyem canbe on abso (ast foam (6) on demand, oe) sonton with some aiowance it ‘Sand ccnton. Tes dsr fore in be in anal contouring stout it te changing secon and cyclo an fromthe Feit eee wars potent conte per gon nthe bmn splat Sepending onic eof opo ‘nro the plantrandeth adhere hlgopcy Fhe There term ppollar og watt ioe ‘Seulontie hemor tne pred fi canbe vend by tral ‘Seton form fd td orm soon, br aly rn {Setar and predully changing Bw ob acepaie ito Simanage oe Fed ply 0 th mer cn be srange by viding dns buy nine ete a aeotatonThe ae bumercaly geal and repre appocnaiy sgl led eae Binbtry Read eta tar penile groups fee of on or te dba fom eich Ts aps oyna sermons | acne 86 Rep gap 1 Tigre 86 stows a group of fur adjcent repulsion with wo nearby res off takes ic wuld lend oct oh er roo tec sem Tae rtaon and supply period on each stare ‘owen fo match farming requremene carpe i Gncr af water Shore whee the ration Secomer's aye fi Saibng thas aresophinicted and crop values high, he benef os continuous water supply on demand may be such that it becomes scoomial feasible Relative tothe rotation ‘pte hs eres gh canal capaci and greater comply of ‘peraton to cope with demand Ructuation With oesight and arf determination of i yes, cropping pattems, and hence water dies, the two approaches ean be sn ined ane ea ent capital cox over ha a the sit ation. issue Each dateibutary oe aly eves an equal and area incomand.On th anal pan, any variaonr sre nated agit the "The maximum yale ovals ifchere are marked erences in cropping pate within the scheme, ie mule by te rao ater prota ped to ge the design wate fn liesfnetare. The watenog period tthe Gurson of + complet “Then dsbutary outlet dicharge = gl where iste area served ‘Starting atthe al of each dsibuary canal, he cumulave net acarge noted agai each owe. “This mulled by «factor appropriate wo thecal se seton £826} wallow or conteyance tne “Grote dibuary dacharges are marked gun the canal hed, apd main canal dchrgeaeuatd foreach the woo hee Phe ofthe ron The deductive method or etimaton of wate duty providedrect value or main and dinsibutary canal water der nladng all lets The inctve proach bathe disadvantage hat canal ce ‘epntin ecole mt be eamated tho the extent of ‘ary acbeme fa operaton means that thee etimates an be ‘erved fo Geld mentarement- but ithas the spac toe wit ew tuaons and enable the designer to tet the ecto dierent ‘rpping paterson anal ow ‘bs cue peso “There are diver ftom tobe considered in the desig of iigaton hanna. 1 The bai frm requirement et the charge and watersurce prle (sand bg 1 etiops ae imited by szengh of he materia. 5) Sileandandsubility ofthe change! bed impose esieainson ow Seley and chanel section. 4 Therinal dein kent Scount the economic and means of far Side slopes A uid guimum side lopes fr eypical matric give i “Giles. Cannearewrally construed fom snr imeneite ‘chy, wbich tend oe vrs in ter character and hee lore dele anagaofslope stain raey warranted. general, Slope shouldbe shallower fr Sep channel and fuctating water a “Slope len teep than the maximum may be choten rom practical cosieraons, an example being the danger fest ling in. “The USBR recommends asope ft imed can ths being sstabie for mow typer of nog “The mast economic section, calelatid onthe asin tht thi ‘urtepond: to the minimum crosctoal arn of ow for given ‘icharg, slope, and eoughnen coeticen, it semi, andthe ‘most etonom iapenidal section hal 0 reguatBexagon, Je Slope =". From the prstesl pant of view these ae ar Spplcable he itation othe sabtey othe chanel sides aly preven the we of opera tep eh has Frecboard and excaping capacity Fectoarthebight ofthe canal bankabowe the design water level it requied to guard agnnt overtopping by waves and unexpected ‘ater vel Asceaton (Conder example te eet os Land Rover sipng nto tall onal) or peiminaryeimates, USBR recommends he rm (Fo) wn where F = febour in ete 3 depth aw i mets ig coin varying fom 046i ena eagaciy 08 ms (0 ofc canal apa 5 ms (30 1 “The petminary timate maybe adjusted for known hazards ‘Gaeharad which canbe conadered separately that of saden reduction iv absacion fom the canal nem I the method of ‘pean such ta expected ean ram can ee fare prow Pron a he easton test off he opp,» dtrbutary cal ‘carga no loger dens slang length intended. ‘Threfbccan ctr wap fr the head repustortobe alate ‘Story raiser datibay snd abe becaueota reach, the main canal below the offake then requted ops more hah the digndicharge’ Canale ate protected saat sth eventualis ‘pte capac above he aa piu saree Ti town tbe sang aga, alaated tthe proporaon of ie 54 icriigaion channel Its ete pe meee ‘reeboatd is added oy to ge bank hah ‘The ow velo (Q/ i calelated For earth chanel i ie preferable ha should be above od cn sete ont weed row though this may not be practae far mal chapels 10 ‘S-oor ‘0-001 ‘The nomograph,Sgure canbe wed Or the peiminary et: smationaf 7B 5 ors Bah unt) when the ther tre se know. Fal determination shuld be by eaeuation Mets converge [ton are sven e Append 8 ag Eredible channels Channels which ate prone to alteration of crsesecton without Schleving stay canbe ds into oo group 1 hanes with erotibe beds which ety clear wate. 2 Chaos ith ere ed which ar) sediment aden water Te problem sto fn he saya which our sine Gabe ily brow t Somany acon arisvelee, hung he Turbulent ature ol the Bow and the phys ad heel popes ‘lthebed material ua artictor ther pablo rest ree Ser ocege thee ae snp cat ere camps acral i dimensions, bed mater and fom other docs at ths been und ‘hat small quante of eas material he water can have tmarked eft on sang the canal bed and aes Maximum pemisbiesc tn 196 Fonraen and Scomey plished {able of maximum permable eos for anal set wie rang of saat by Be34, Es spel hae a ee AR te eae aes ‘ep dtlnan sein te emda ay ‘The we of thei mite to eae cal with hallow side Test 1996-4 paper pabliied provided valor mastmum permisibleveloctyineanizon ‘obeive and nonoheve mata [egures 83 aod 80) with jing tc depth (gure 81) cet haa bee ound that [Seger average velaciy ean be tolerated with increta of ep om g i i t speteeecease Sika sngememettin eet tom RS i) EaF Neel) 6 ct sc ai = cot Beg ttt od — | T i aaa en my | a brometiats ett tm Ope Coat Hens by Bete Stcheens Re hon pce eo The desig proce it at table channels, withthe add i ‘aon vac which can be fund fom te above tabi ot hare, Trae foce_ Paria insight ina he nature of the mecha of scours provided by the concep oars Se ce ene 6 Avignon he hase ead eee Ga Stas sgh a ee (igure) SE “The gravitational force onthe waters alaced by the tonal restore ote be ras = PL whee fi the uit active Force shen aks itis amumed dha there is no tame of sear fom one lng tudinal sie tot neighbour, then fr a pont onthe chanel be here hem depth 948 “Ths ce per ait zea not ditibte uniformly ove heb andsideso chanel, Sadie by he USBR have tom te ner fie on vain con calc ta gal pea “TT farlice sol ofthe ies oa channel i abject raion Sere down the slope a well ttc ace nthe een fom 6 wean be shown that cpr eats mite (eee) where = ex tative ree the chancel sie = ete tractive free onthe channel be 1 fagle of chanel side = sagle af eepre ofthe sil “Thisistermed he tractive fre ratio, eit fund cat i issigican onl ous ao heise zs seilnthatat which \iated andi oually determined by abort ume te Ir at eer oun hat hel ale end we be igher and hese ales of tft active free obtained fom fe et can be taken a the ‘maximum perminsble in the Bld. igure By ge vor of as ‘mum perme acne force fr nomcobene wk age 83e08 Tetueiocnimate the maglesof repos 8 The sacha sti ‘aking fue asumpon: + cat the aera dope ot the centre SEARS TEES sl parte hee el eed tractive fee aloe, 2 thats partir on the chanel ses wil oe Ander the veut of tractive fre i the econ af Rew ahd mponent of gravity down the ae slope, hat sil price ae ‘estrained by thee submerged weight ating perpendicular te he ‘han sieh, tha the side soe at he water ie ad above he gle of rept ofthe material, tc tha he tain eee 4 ‘lemental sen of the chanel bed sda sily othe alum oat Stovca th opt ater ice he cn be how a ‘he erm section ofa channel in wich al pons each te pla of te co fe Init musion simulaneuy i ne curve. Foran ininscally Unable bed mace thi the wale hydro sect, and the ‘econ reqing the minimum volume of exexaton fr 3 ven ‘Ghchange Of couse contruction tthe fon would be impact Sd uoecesary ‘Acanal atta appropriate rapenidlweton wil tendo ake wp ‘hestable hydaulsetion daring we Desig pre (i) The valu of the angle of rept, 6, appropiate to the bed reuters ooted eo figures Sula sie slopes are chore is than) “The ctve teat ealealtd, ‘The permisible tractive force applicable tothe bed material is vided bythe rate force ro and equated 07508 0 ive a manimum salve othe depth, for stay oe side Spe (0) The perminible active force equated to 0 give ma mun vale ofthe depth yr aby the be (si) Thetservalue of ealeiated fom (and (6 ibe design deh oow. The Massise formula wed find the mi- tum valueofthe bed width, fat which the requted charge Ienried athe design deph (Se section B24) Wisevden that active fre theory ifr fom proving a com= pete explnation of he fundamental mechani of movement of ‘Expect Rowing water but thai ove rete ing ha the ‘mpc conep of maximum permsise veloc. The espera End soa studies by A Suntan, CM Wr, at any recent Untoldotmetment but ace bere the ope stat The a ‘dace in consderble tl by Henoanaos (een 2) RED sien ea and Egypt hae bern ing the ps “feigning channels of unstable material forthe trsnpet of Sedimentiaden water sine he intent entry: Ta many ene [rblem sturther completed by aratonnedien iad trough Te was hoped that ‘si able eocty exe, and rmula opened Kevin 95 an tu on erento ale rawr whee ¥ thes table vec, and mare constants for agen geographical region in which i ‘ype and sonual patter of sient end variaton ae cosien In practice sediment depoiton ou daring the Hood son Scour during the remainder f te yar estore the chanel te cigaal clon "Rrelatonipbetnee depth anc wth of cane wasp in thedoug rie the ee Teter Became se hat the cil velo nas ot singly a feneon ofthe pth lm, sd ae wae deep eng be sh tote The am st pos chum wich an sme, that sto sy a cated wih eared fos orginal ecion Hecihe aol occa epson aa wot, an tot Seng faa ehh sinc apo and ur oe (bland ath sediment loadin he Sater temanng conan “EXC pero eine hry wu pai yxy 1983 Ol atm incon coaiws earnged to Beko tet of dg eqn These were cel rw nat {ltr but proved nto be general pple whos atest ‘Sibectcodinos, Laer desopment Sy acer Ivo andes ince eiment omecnraons previa amt, a ated sph mtd on mr metas asa andAusaon gf) ated cetacean bed and ide ope beng dient mate aed ot ecinen os icing hve compared wih he modern as seed by ICE. The cll con into ee mala pes tae) ~ _Avecofequatonsin Bish ni elt the parameters fw and ‘anal geomery fr the stable condition Fey oe bse data ‘rom Indian nd NovtiAmmenean cana figs ar Frese x0 BR bor RE oc SOR Aah eres ‘Thesymbol Cis the Cee cocticient. ‘The concen yo andthe expncntmarevariableacoring roth canal pe (table 85) “Tables and. nd he anointed equations are by FM Haxou- {om (retereee 3) developed om the paper Sons and ALDER ON nee yen heehee un sal ne {hand findamenal then. Undcttanding ef the beavtaur of ‘ediment aden stream han been improved bul a fiat theory ioe yet to be acueved. The sebject i docused by LEUNxY (Gektence sand Henpansoniceence 9), Even 2 carl designed antatory 0 vans i sediment loa, there emais the ifealty of ediment destin on th el. [Anatrace aproach tthe problem st strduce& teen ood st the head ofthe gation sytem, ann reduce too ‘Rat group The con of perocaly caging te stemens pod ‘maybe le: ine long term tha hat of cleaning canalsor adits {Ge nsem arncenn elevation eld vee as Seepage Average ale ofcanal seepage canbe derived readily in ablbed ‘ration arene. Inlow sou mestarement ate Made m3 ‘spr each of an exting canal to reveal tral ow Alene ster sponded andthe rte fall mesure. Smal sel il. ‘Bet mre ae ayo lle aint spas {ond bared fam tea lon fo ge sepage lee Tn peel Srl pruning canbe apie toca lamar erection & i to that wet expensed as lou per unit area of weted arace tit Thly to ie fae rele when applied to canal f diferent cow ‘Owing to the variable nature of groundwater condons and chanel bed and bark material, the problem of eximatng ep Intheabence any fed data on comparable ana formate. Fw anal unlely to give a sabe enumate of eepage excep inthe simplest fetes. To quote the USBR Design Stanard No 5, "An accurate prediction of epage lo extemely el fo mae td the rir are at best uncertain” Ls web thin pce ‘par Fer cine cen our inal ney ee et iy permeable materal ha bee iced nse bank com tion ha been inadeqente Tabi 8s given ms get sepage ‘but value should be checked by eld wnasrenents a autned tn the paragraph above Infltromeer te onthe canal oe sould be ‘ed for comparsve purrs oly oat Eee Vat fy pin cbt toe Compas a7 Cena ning ‘Canale contracted in highly perme materials mus ofcourse, be lined. However shoul the bed marl hae a hgh content ae ermeabilty of the order of 08 mday the bee of ining at ess [bv and am economic study may be estab Toe como ing Ie balaneed agains the reduced volun of earth moving (nee Toughnes and therlrecromactional aac flow reduced) the Feduced cos a aitenanc, he rednced requirement ot drainage (ince weepage made neglgie, andthe relaed stage of wa Cont psig Paving iain pals preferably ot greater than 5m aimeolint age cing ons een ena anal are sealed wth buen =ratbe compound. Waterson ‘orally warranted: Concrete che 3 men 0 son Cont ip form ning “Tie in cheaper frm of ining li recy ‘nto prepared ert bed by a iporm shuter Shrinkage mest Aepetoaminimum by tue ofconerete with ow water and cement Gonie Capen and nd are fn soa noein is de ease Receee Blormed nrc onto sel mesh plat oo canal bed and Leer may be float ished Joint ate recommended ws fr conte vig Lining thickness 30 mm to So mi. Bupirbter Lisingrofbuyt ruber fos mmo mm icnet ave been ound wo be patalary durable The ning sai on sooth be te edeeson the Dak opr slopes being fm ino rence Back fled with ompaced earth fo beep tem in place. uty robber can Witt the fe of Tivexoc, iene det suaiht, ad rough Tieagein general but beer covered by aye aa 507mm thick inuch cumances Plasicmomirans PVC andposthene membrane ate acptibe fearing nt bare, and tenon brat ner wind ation when the canal ir dy. Exposed to intense sunlight thse material

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