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Bn xem hnh.
Trong bi ny, chng ti tp trung ni v chc nng o Ohm ca my o VOM SUNWA (YX960TR hay YX-360).
Bn xem s mch in:
Khi Bn dng VOM chc nng Ohm k, lc Bn s s dng dng in t ca ngun pin 3V gn trong my o bm dng
in cho qua cc vt o m Bn ang t trn hai dy o. S mch in cho thy dng in t chy ra trn dy o mu ,
v chy vo dy o mu en v ri s chy qua in tr thang o (RTD), y ngi ta t mt volt k c mc o p ti a
3V o mc p xut hin trn in tr RTD, v ty theo gc lch ca kim trn bng chia vch Ohm, Bn tnh ra tr s in tr
ca vt c o. Mi khi Bn thay i thang o th trong mch in s cho thay i tr s ca in tr thang o RTH. Chng ta
thy (Bn xem hnh).
- thang o Rx1: in tr thang o RTH=20 Ohm
- thang o Rx10: in tr thang o RTH= 200 Ohm.
- thang o Rx100 in tr thang o RTH=2K Ohm.
- thang o Rx1K. in tr thang o RTH=20K Ohm.
- Vch chia LV: Trn vch chia ny, Bn bit c mc p gim trn vt o t trn 2 dy o.
- Vch chia LI: Trn vch chia ny, Bn bit c mc dng chy qua vt o.
- Vch chia Ohm: Trn vch chia ny, Bn xc nh c sc cn dng ca vt o.
Bn thy, thang o Rx1, nu Bn chm hai dy o li, dng in chy trong mch s ln nht v bng 150mA (con s ny c
ghi trn thang o Rx1).
Bn thy, thang o Rx10, nu Bn chm hai dy o li, dng in chy trong mch s ln nht v bng 15mA (con s ny c
ghi trn thang o Rx10).
Bn thy, thang o Rx100, nu Bn chm hai dy o li, dng in chy trong mch s ln nht v bng 1.5mA (con s ny c
ghi trn thang o Rx100).
Bn thy, thang o Rx1K, nu Bn chm hai dy o li, dng in chy trong mch s ln nht v bng 150A (con s ny c
ghi trn thang o Rx1K).
Qua phn tch trn, chng ta rt ra c cc iu cn nh khi dng loi Ohm k YX-960TR.
l:
Khi dng Ohm k kim tra cc linh kin trn board mch in, Bn lun nh dng in t t cc m ca pin 3V gn trong
my o s bm dng ra trn dy mu , v sau khi chy qua cc b phn trong mch, dng in t s b ht vo dy o mu
en v chy v cc dng ca pin. Dng in ny khi chy qua in tr thang o s lm lch kim trn bng chia vch ca mt
Volt k. Kt qu o s c c trn 3 vch chia, l vch chia
LV( bit p c trn hai dy o), LI ( bit dng chy ra chy vo cc chn ca vt o) v vch chia Ohm ( bit sc cn
dng ca mch v vt o). Sau y l cc th d:
Bn xem hnh:
Khi o, dng in ca ngun pin 3V trong my o s bm dng ra dy , dng qua in tr Rx=10K tr vo dy en, kim s
ln ch ngay vch s 10, v in tr ang o l 10K. Kt lun: in tr tt.
Vic chn thang o: Nu Bn ly thang o ln, in tr thang o ln, dng chy trn dy o nh, thi gian t np y s lu hn,
kim tr v v tr v cc chm. Nu Bn ly thang o nh, thi gian t np y s nhanh, kim v v cc rt nhanh. Do vy, khi
kim tra cc t in c in dung nh, Bn phi ly thang o ln kp thy c dng np vo t.
Diode l mt van in. Khi phn cc thun s cho dng chy qua. V khi phn cc nghch, diode ng, ct dng.
Khi o diode, nn ly thang o Rx1 c dng chy trn dy o ln. Khi o cc linh kin thuc nhm bn dn Bn c kt qu
trn:
- Vch chia LV bit diode ghim p my volt (thng l 1V dng ln, thang o Rx1).
- Vch chia LI bit cng dng in chy qua diode (thng vi chc mA).
Ch : Trong cc my in thoi di ng, do ngun nui thp, nn ngi ta thng dng loi diode Schottky, c im ca diode
Schottky l ghim mc p rt thp ( thang o Rx1, dng ln, mc p ngang diode Schottky ch gn 0.3V).
LED cng l mt diode. (1) Khi phn cc thun s c dng chy qua Led v Led pht sng. (2) Khi phn cc nghch, Led ng,
ct dng v khng sng.
Khi o Led nn ly thang o Rx1 c dng trn dy o ln. Lc ny Bn c kt qu trn vch chia LV bit Led gi li my
Volt v c trn vch chia LI bit cng dng in ang chy qua Led l bao nhiu.
Bn hy th cho i thang o Ohm. Bn thy g? Khi Bn ly thang o Ohm cng ln, in tr thang o trong mch ln , dng
chy trn dy o lc ny s nh v Led s sng m. Khi Bn o cc linh kin thuc nhm bn dn, Bn c kt qu trn thang o
Ohm khng c nhiu ngha, v cc linh kin bn dn c tnh phi tuyn tnh, nn tr s Ohm thay i theo cng dng in,
vy mi thang o, Bn s c c mt tr s Ohm khc nhau.
o linh kin bn dn Bn ch cn bit mc volt gim trn vt o (c kt qu trn LV) v dng chy qua vt o (c kt qu
trn LI).
Kim tra Led hng ngoi, cch o cng tng t nh cch o cc Led chiu sng. Lc phn cc thun, c dng, kim ln. Khi
phn cc nghch, ct dng, kim khng ln. Vi Led hng ngoi (IR Led), khi c dng chy qua Led, kim ln, Led pht ra nh
sng hng ngoi, mt thng khng th thy c loi nh sng ny. Led hng ngoi thng c dng trao i d liu vi
cc my in thoi khc. Khi o Led hng ngoi, Bn c kt qu trn vch chia LV( bit mc ghim p trn Led), v trn vch
chia LI ( bit cng dng in ang chy qua Led).
3. o motor rung.
kim tra hot ng ca mt motor rung, Bn ly thang o Rx1 c dng chy trn dy o ln(dng in ti a l 150mA).
t motor ln hai dy o. Motor s c cp dng v s quay. Lc ny hy c kt qu trn vch chia LV bit mc p trn
motor v c kt qu trn vch chia LI bit cng dng in chy qua motor. Motor rung thng lm vic mc dng
100mA v mc p gim ngang motor l 1V.
Nu Bn kim tra motor rung thang o Rx10, kim o c ln cho bit c dng chy qua motor (motor khng h mch),
nhng motor khng quay v dng ly ra thang o Rx10, ti a ch c 15mA, khng ln lm quay cc motor rung.
thang o Rx1, khi Bn o hai dy o, motor rung s quay ngc chiu.
4. o Loa.
Trong cc loa loi in ng lun c mt cun dy (gi l coil), cun dy gn trn mt mn rung, Bn dng thang o Rx1 (
ly dng ln), cp dng cho cun dy, cun dy s tr thnh mt nam chm in, lc ny cun dy s tng tc vi mt nam
chm vnh cu (gn trn loa) v lm rung mn loa, pht ra ting ku rt rt. Du hiu ny cho bit loa cn tt. Nu Bn th
thang o Rx10 dng in trn d o nh hn, m vn cn nghe loa ku, l loi loa nhy. Tr khng ca loa in thoi thng
l 20 Ohm.
Khi o thang Rx1, thy kim ln m mn loa khng rung, cun coil b kt. Cun coil rt ra khng dnh vo mn loa, loa s ku
rt yu. Loa b qu cng sut s b r. Loa gn khng cht vo v my cng s pht ra ting b r.
5. o Microphone.
Micro dng cc my in thoi di ng thng l micro in dung. Trong micro in dung lun c mt transistor FET nh.
Loi micro ny cn cp dng phn cc mi to ra c tn hiu. Chn S (Source) ca FET s cho ly dng vo t ng
masse, dng chy ra trn chn Drain v chy v ngun dng. Do khi dng Ohm k kim tra micro, Bn t dy tn
chn S, dy en trn chn D (chng ta bit, dy en ni vo cc dng ca pin). Lc ny s c dng chy qua knh dn ca
transistor FET, kim s ln. Bn hy thi mnh vo micro, lm rung mng tnh in, nu kim o c dao ng nh l micro
tt.
o transistor nh cc:
Transistor nh cc c hai mi ni PN, quen gi l transistor bipolar. N c 2 loi, transistor NPN v transistor PNP. Bn c th
dng mt Ohm k kim tra cc loi transistor bipolar. Trnh t thng lm l:
(1) Hy tm chn B.
Bn ly thang o Rx1, tm o trn hai chn ca transistor, o chiu ny kim khng ln, ri cho o dy o kim cng khng ln,
Bn kt lun hai chn ang o l chn E (Emitter, chn phun dng) v chn C (Collector, chn thu gom dng), vy chn cn li
chnh l chn B (Base, chn nn) ca transistor.
Transistor tng ng nh hai diode, nn vic kim tra mt transistor tt/xu l kim tra hai diode (B-E v B-C). Vi
transistor NPN, nu dy en (c tnh ht dng) t trn chn B, dy (c tnh bm dng) nm trn chn C. Kim phi ln do
mi ni phn cc thun v dy t trn chn E, kim cng ln (cng do c phn cc thun). Ngc li, t dy trn
chn B, dy en o trn chn C, ri o qua chn E, kim u s khng ln, v diode b phn cc nghch.
Ch : Vi cc transistor loi PNP th kt qu o s ngc li. Ngha l dy trn chn B, dy en trn chn E, ri trn chn
C, kim s ln do phn cc thun v dy en trn chn B, dy trn chn C, ri chn E, kim phi khng ln v phn cc
nghch.
Hnh v trn cho thy, dy en trn chn B (cho ht dng ra chn B), dy trn chn E (cho bm dng vo trn chn E), kim
ln v lc ny diode B-E ang phn cc thun.
Nu t dy trn chn B, ly dy en t ln chn E, diode phn cc nghch, kim khng ln v dy en trn chn C, kim cng
phi khng ln.
Do , Bn hy ly thang o ohm Rx10K, lc ny trn dy o s c 12V (t ngun pin 9V + vi ngun pin 3V), dng mc p
ny o nghch trn mi ni B-C (kim s khng ln) v o nghch trn mi ni B-E, kim s ln, v sao c khc bit ny? v mi ni
B-E chu p 9V b nh thng mc p 12V ca my o. Qua du hiu ny Bn d dng xc nh c chn C v chn E.
Vi transistor PNP cng lm tng t, cm transistor vo 3 chn C, B, E ca b chn cm PNP v c kt qu trn vch chia
HFE, Bn s bit c li dng in HFE ca transistor.
o quang transistor:
Quang transistor l linh kin bn dn 2 chn, chn E cho ly dng (dng chy vo chn E), dng chy ra trn chn C, khi Bn
cho nh sng kch thch vo vng B ca transistor, khi mc sng yu, transistor dn in yu v khi cng nh sng mnh th
quang transistor s dn in mnh hn. Vy o mt quang transistor, Bn t quang transistor trn hai dy o (Bn xem hnh).
Khi c nh sng ri vo quang transistor, n s dn in, kim s ln, cng sng cng mnh, kim ln cng cao (ngha l dng
chy qua quang transistor cng ln). Trong in thoi di ng, ngi ta dng quang transistor trao i tn hiu bit dng tia
sng hng ngoi.
o transistor MOSFET:
Transistor MOSFET thng dng lm kho in bn dn ng m nhanh, Bn thng gp loi transistor ny cc b adaptor
DC dng np li in cho pin. Cch o loi transistor MOSFET nh sau:
Trong transistor MOSFET dng lm kho in ng m nhanh thng c thm diode dp in p ngc. Dng in chy vo
trn chn Source v chy ra trn chn Drain, c dng in ny, chn Gate cn c in p dng phn cc. Do khi dng
Ohm k o kim tra loi transistor ny. Trc ht, Bn hy ly thang o ohm Rx1, o thun nghch trn hai chn xc nh
diode D v qua s bit c chn Source v chn Drain. Nu dy nm trn chn Source v dy en trn chn Drain, Bn s
thy: kim khng ln, ngha l trong knh dn in loi P gia vng ging Source v ging Drain cha xut hin cc ht
in t do (Bn xem hnh). Lc ny, Bn hy cho dy en chm nh vo chn Gate, v t li dy en trn chn Drain, Bn
s thy kim ln. V sao? V Bn cho np in p dng vo chn Gate v lc ny trong vng gia ging Source v ging
Drain c ht mang in, nn knh dn in.
7. o cc IC.
IC (Intergrated Circuit) l cc mch in tch hp, cu to ca IC c bn l cc cht bn dn, mun bm c dng in chy qua
cc mi ni bn dn (vn c ro p l 0.6V) trong cc IC, Bn phi dng Ohm k loi kim (vn c in p trn hai dy o l 3V).
Vy kim tra mt IC, trc ht Bn hy chn mt chn ca IC, cho bm dng vo chn ny (t dy mu ln chn IC
chn), v cho ht dng ra trn mt chn khc vi dy o mu en, nu kim ln l c dng, dng in ny chy qua cu
trc bn trong ca IC. Dng php o i chng cc mch in cng loi, cc IC cng loi bit IC ang kim tra tt xu.
8. Kim tra bn phm.
Th d 1: Hy kim tra IC my tnh thng qua cch o Ohm trn cc im ng ca mch in bn phm.
Trong cc my in thoi di ng, ngi ta ly nhiu chn ca IC my tnh lp thnh bng ma trn, gm cc hng (row) v
cc ct (column). Trn bng ma trn bn phm ny gn cc nt nhn, cng dng ca n l s lm chm mt hng vi mt ct
v qua du hiu ny s c IC my tnh gii m tm ra ni dung ca phm nhn ri cho chp hnh. Ngi ta dng bn
phm nhp lnh v nhp d liu vo khi my tnh.
Bn ly Ohm k chn thang o Rx100, dy chm vo ng masse (Cho bm dng vo ng masse). By gi cho dy en
ln lt chm vo cc im ng ca ma trn bn phm, kim ln l c dng in chy ra trn mt chn ca IC. Dng cch
kim tra ny, Bn s bit c c h chn bn di IC khng, c t mch khng. Hy so snh cc kt qu o c, nu thy
cc s ohm o c u ging nhau l mch in bn phm tt.
Ghi nhn: Sau khi o ly mu trn mch in bn phm ca my Nokia 8210, chng ti thy cc im o u c kt qu l 30K.
Th d 2: Hy kim tra IC my tnh thng qua cch o Ohm trn cc im ng ca mch in mn hnh.
Trong cc my in thoi di ng, ngi ta dng cht tinh th lng to ra cc nh im sp trn mt mn hnh v dng cc nh
im ny in ra cc hnh nh. Chng ta bit, khi tinh th lng b kch thch, n s che sng v cho ra mt im en hay mt
im mu (R, G, B), khi khng b kch thch th cht tinh th lng khng che sng, trong sut. Ngi ta ch to chip mch in
iu khin mn hnh v dn chip mch in ny bn di mn hnh (k thut COG). to kt ni gia board mch in v chip
mch in mn hnh, trn board mch in dng cc di tip im hay dng b ni nhiu dy.
Nh vy, mch in mn hnh s c nhiu chn kt ni vi khi my tnh, do Bn c th dng mt Ohm k loi kim c in p
trn dy o l 3V kim tra cc ng mch v kim tra cu trc bn trong ca chip IC. Cch o nh sau:
Bn hy ly Ohm k, ly thang o Rx100, dy t trn ng masse (cho bm dng vo board mch in qua ng masse).
Dy en t trn cc chn ng ca mch in mn hnh ht dng in ra. Nu kim ln, cho bit c dng in chy vo bn
trong IC v chy ra trn cc chn ca IC. Nu kim khng ln l c t mch hay h chn.