Trick 6 Tech: lil A Group Boron Family @ — Boron: Borax (Tincal) (NazB ,07.10H,0), colemanite (Ca,8,0,5H,0) © Aluminium: Corundum (Al,O;), Diaspare (Al,0,.H,0), Bauxite (Al,0.,2H,0), and cryolite (NagAlFe). @ — Ga is used in thermo couple to measure high temperature. ° Form top to botton lower oxidation state is prefered.Lower oxidation state is having ionic behaviour. @ = Alis most abedient metal on earth, ° Al reacts with No & Op directly. @ = Structure of Naz[B,O;(OH),].8H,0, OH i L \So. KR S HO—BR9_ 9 B—OH Soo To N57 [- OH © _ B,Al,Ga,Inand Tl are the members of group 13. The general valence electronic configuration of these elements is ns”np'. The elements show +3 oxidation state. Except boron other members also show +1 oxidation state, © Boron always form covalent compounds. Other elements also form covalent compounds when anhydrous like AICI, but in aqueous solution they give M>* ions formation of M** ions is due to high hydration energy. oO” ° Hardness: BN > Diamond > B,C, >SiC ° BF, Na*B7(OH), HBO, +NaQH—*"2h!_,Na BO, [Burns with green flame] Borax. NagB ,07.10H,0 or Na2[B,0;(OH),].8H,0 Na,B,0, —*-NaBO, +B,0, [Borzx bead test] glassy mass H "Ky SS _-H| BH, Lewis acid sp’ Hyb. “Ve he BAH, Nu B,H, not acid sp’ Hyb, © —3-Centre 2e~ Bond in Bg ‘50K © B,He+NH, »B3N3Hg (Borazole) (inorganic benzene) © Inorganic benzene is more reactive then benzene. H N » HBX “BH tf H Ne H | H © — InB,H, bridge bond is broken by a base +1 oxidation state of TI and Ga is due to inert pair effect. The inert pair effect is due to the fact that s-electrons are strongly held by nucleus, this results in less avilability of ns? electron pair for bonding, The inert pair effect begins after m 2 4 and increases with increase in value of 7. TI? compounds resemble with compounds of alkali metals. Like alkali metals hydroxides TIOH is water soluble and its aqueous solution is highly alkaline. Tl,SO, forms alum like alkali metal suiphates. 118 aTrick 6 Tech: 3. All halides of boron are electron deficient compounds (Lewis acids) The order of Lewis acid strength BF, AICI, > GaCl, > InCl; 4. BCT, does not form a dimer but AICI, can form dimer because small sized boron atom cannot hold the bridged Cl atoms firmly due to large size of chlorine atom. 5. The important mineral of boron is borax (NayB,O7, 10H0) Borax when treated with cone, HCl or H,SO, gives crystals of basic acid. Borax gives coloured beads with coloured salts, Coloured beads are formed due to the formation of metal metaborates. NayB,0;.10H,0 yr? NayB,O; 2S 52NaBO, +B,O5 alassy bead CuSO, +B,0, —+Cu0.B,0,+S0, ‘olouted bead 6. B,NgH, is inorganic benzene or borazole. Both B and C are sp” hybridised in borazole. In diborane, B is sp* hybridised while in BCL, it is sp” hybridised. 7. Bauxite is an important ore of aluminium, Red bauxite contains Fe,O, as the main impurity (removed by Baeyer's or Hall’s process) while white bauxite contains SiO, as the main impurity (removed by Serpeck’s process). Aluminium is obtained by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in fused cryolite and it is refined by Hoope’s electrolytic process. @ Aluminum is a strong reducing agent and can reduce oxides which are not reduced even by carbon. This is due to lower ionisation energy of aluminium than carbon. The reducing character of these elements is Al> Ga > In> TL @ Boron forms a large no of volatile covalent hybrides, known as boranes e.g BjHg,BgH;o.B gH jo. BgH 4. Two series of boranes with general formula B pHyvg and B,Hyg are more important. @ The acidic nature of oxides and hydroxides changes from acidic to basic through amphoteric from B to TL B,0, and B(OH), > Al,O, and Al(OH), > {ecidc) _ Amphoteric Ga,O, and Ga(OH), > In,O, In(OH), > TO,TI(OH), (Ampnoteric) base) {strong basi) & 119ene Trick & Tech: © Concentrated nitric acid oxidises boron to boric acid but no such action is noticed other group members. B+3HNO, —>H,BO, +3NO, Ores of Boron Borax or tincal: NajB,07.10H,O0 Kermite or Rasorite: NajB,07.4H,0 Colemanite: Ca,B,0,,5H,O Orhoboric acid: HBO, Purification of one (i) Baeyers’s Process: Roasted “(Caustic soda scuton) Bauxite ——5—--5-— Roasted are- Finay powderas_ FOOFE;O, Yeo High pressure (180°C, 60 aim) Filer, Fez, a8 resicuee i) Hall's Process: sooo, co, eg Nt Solution pee gece) cae, BeReeo Heat Precipitate Al(OH), —Y#*"- Pure Al,Oy (iii) Serpek’s Process: +CokesN, Bauxite —==—~* Silica reduced to Si which volatalises «Alumina form “e00"c aluminium nitride AIN—tutobsis_, aH), —H28©_, Pure Al,O, Some important alums are: M,SO,.M,(SO,)3.24H,0 Potash alum K,S0,.Al(SO,4)3.24H,0 Sodium alum Na,SO,.Al,(SO,4)3.24H,0 Ammonium alum (NH,),80,.Alo(SO,)3.24H,0 Chrom alum K,SO,4.Crp(SO,)3.24H,0 Li? does not form alum. 120