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Analytic Geometry Formulas

1. Lines in two dimensions
Line forms Line segment
Slope - intercept form: A line segment P1 P2 can be represented in parametric
y = mx + b form by
Two point form: x = x1 + ( x2 x1 ) t
y2 y1 y = y1 + ( y2 y1 ) t
y y1 = ( x x1 )
x2 x1 0 t 1
Point slope form:
Two line segments PP
1 2 and P3 P4 intersect if any only if
y y1 = m ( x x1 ) the numbers
Intercept form x2 x1 y2 y1 x3 x1 y3 y1
x y x3 x1 y3 y1 x3 x4 y3 y4
+ = 1 ( a, b 0 ) s= and t=
a b x2 x1 y2 y1 x2 x1 y2 y1
Normal form:
x3 x4 y3 y4 x3 x4 y3 y4
x cos + y sin = p
satisfy 0 s 1 and 0 t 1
Parametric form:
x = x1 + t cos
y = y1 + t sin
Point direction form: 2. Triangles in two dimensions
x x1 y y1
= Area
A B
The area of the triangle formed by the three lines:
where (A,B) is the direction of the line and P1 ( x1 , y1 ) lies
A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0
on the line.
General form: A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0
A x + B y + C = 0 A 0 or B 0 A3 x + B3 y + C3 = 0
is given by
2
A1 B1 C1
Distance
A2 B2 C2
The distance from Ax + By + C = 0 to P1 ( x1 , y1 ) is
A3 B3 C3
A x1 + B y1 + C K=
d= A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3
2 2 2
A +B A2 B2 A3 B3 A1 B1
The area of a triangle whose vertices are P1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,
Concurrent lines P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) :
Three lines
x1 y1 1
A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0 1
K = x2 y2 1
A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0 2
x3 y3 1
A3 x + B3 y + C3 = 0
are concurrent if and only if: 1 x2 x1 y2 y1
K= .
2 x3 x1 y3 y1
A1 B1 C1
A2 B2 C2 = 0
A3 B3 C3
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Centroid
3. Circle
The centroid of a triangle whose vertices are P1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,
P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) :
Equation of a circle
x + x + x y + y + y3 In an x-y coordinate system, the circle with centre (a, b)
( x, y ) = 1 2 3 , 1 2
3 3 and radius r is the set of all points (x, y) such that:

( x a )2 + ( y b ) 2 = r 2
Circle is centred at the origin
Incenter x2 + y 2 = r 2
The incenter of a triangle whose vertices are P1 ( x1 , y1 ) , Parametric equations
P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) : x = a + r cos t
y = b + r sin t
ax + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3
( x, y ) = 1 ,
a+b+c a + b + c where t is a parametric variable.
In polar coordinates the equation of a circle is:
where a is the length of P2 P3 , b is the length of PP
1 3,
r 2 2rro cos ( ) + ro2 = a 2
and c is the length of PP
1 2.
Area
A = r 2

Circumcenter Circumference
The circumcenter of a triangle whose vertices are c = d = 2 r
P1 ( x1 , y1 ) , P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) :
x12 + y12 y1 1 x1 x12 + y12 1 Theoremes:
2 2 2 2
x2 + y2 y2 1 x2 x2 + y2 1 (Chord theorem)
x2+y2 y 1 x x2+y2 1 The chord theorem states that if two chords, CD and EF,
( x, y ) =
3 3 3 3 3 3
, intersect at G, then:
x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1 CD DG = EG FG

2 x2 y2 1 2 x2 y2 1 (Tangent-secant theorem)
x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1 If a tangent from an external point D meets the circle at
C and a secant from the external point D meets the circle
at G and E respectively, then
2
DC = DG DE
Orthocenter (Secant - secant theorem)
If two secants, DG and DE, also cut the circle at H and F
The orthocenter of a triangle whose vertices are
respectively, then:
P1 ( x1 , y1 ) , P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) :
DH DG = DF DE
y1 x2 x3 + y12 1 x12 + y2 y3 x1 1 (Tangent chord property)
2 2 The angle between a tangent and chord is equal to the
y2 x3 x1 + y2 1 x2 + y3 y1 x2 1 subtended angle on the opposite side of the chord.
y xx +y2 1 x2+y y x3 1
( x, y ) =
3 1 2 3 3 1 2
,
x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1

2 x2 y2 1 2 x2 y2 1
x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1

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4. Conic Sections
Eccentricity:
The Parabola
The set of all points in the plane whose distances from a a 2 b2
e=
fixed point, called the focus, and a fixed line, called the a
directrix, are always equal.
Foci:

The standard formula of a parabola: if a > b => F1 ( a 2 b 2 , 0) F2 ( a 2 b 2 ,0)

y 2 = 2 px if a < b => F1 (0, b 2 a 2 ) F2 (0, b 2 a 2 )
Parametric equations of the parabola: Area:
2
x = 2 pt K = a b
y = 2 pt
Tangent line The Hyperbola
2 The set of all points in the plane, the difference of whose
Tangent line in a point D( x0 , y0 ) of a parabola y = 2 px distances from two fixed points, called the foci, remains
constant.
y0 y = p ( x + x0 )
The standard formula of a hyperbola:
Tangent line with a given slope (m)
p x2 y 2
y = mx + =1
2m a 2 b2
Tangent lines from a given point Parametric equations of the Hyperbola
Take a fixed point P ( x0 , y0 ) .The equations of the a
x=
tangent lines are sin t
y y0 = m1 ( x x0 ) and y=
b sin t
y y0 = m2 ( x x0 ) where cos t
Tangent line in a point D ( x0 , y0 ) of a hyperbola:
y0 + y0 2 2 px0
m1 = and x0 x y0 y
2 x0 2 =1
a2 b
y0 y0 2 2 px0 Foci:
m1 =
2 x0
if a > b => F1 ( a 2 + b 2 , 0) F2 ( a 2 + b 2 , 0)
if a < b => F1 (0, b 2 + a 2 ) F2 (0, b 2 + a 2 )
The Ellipse
The set of all points in the plane, the sum of whose
distances from two fixed points, called the foci, is a Asymptotes:
constant.
b b
The standard formula of a ellipse if a > b => y = x and y = x
a a
x2 y 2 a a
if a < b => y = x and y = x
+ =1
a 2 b2 b b
Parametric equations of the ellipse
x = a cos t
y = b sin t
Tangent line in a point D ( x0 , y0 ) of a ellipse:

x0 x y0 y
+ 2 =1
a2 b
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5. Planes in three dimensions

Equation of a plane
Plane forms
The equation of a plane through P1(x1,y1,z1) and parallel
Point direction form: to directions (a1,b1,c1) and (a2,b2,c2) has equation

x x1 y y1 z z1 x x1 y y1 z z1
= = a1 b1 c1 =0
a b c
where P1(x1,y1,z1) lies in the plane, and the direction a2 b2 c2
(a,b,c) is normal to the plane.
The equation of a plane through P1(x1,y1,z1) and
General form: P2(x2,y2,z2), and parallel to direction (a,b,c), has equation

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 x x1 y y1 z z1
where direction (A,B,C) is normal to the plane. x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1 = 0
Intercept form: a b c
x y z Distance
+ + =1
a b c The distance of P1(x1,y1,z1) from the plane Ax + By +
this plane passes through the points (a,0,0), (0,b,0), and Cz + D = 0 is
(0,0,c). Ax1 + By1 + Cz1
d=
Three point form A2 + B 2 + C 2
x x3 y y3 z z3 Intersection
x1 x3 y1 y3 z1 z3 = 0 The intersection of two planes
x2 x3 y2 y3 z2 z3 A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0,
Normal form: A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0,
x cos + y cos + z cos = p is the line
x x1 y y1 z z1
Parametric form: = = ,
a b c
x = x1 + a1 s + a2 t where
y = y1 + b1 s + b2 t B1 C1
a=
z = z1 + c1 s + c2 t B2 C2
where the directions (a1,b1,c1) and (a2,b2,c2) are
parallel to the plane. C1 A1
b=
C2 A2

Angle between two planes: A1 B1

c=
The angle between two planes: A2 B2
A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0 D1 C1 D1 B1
A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0 b c
D2 C2 D2 B2
is x1 = 2 2 2
a +b +c
A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1C2 D1 A1 D1 C1
arccos
2
A + B +C 2 2 2 2
A2 + B2 + C2 2 c c
1 1 1 D2 A2 D2 C2
y1 =
The planes are parallel if and only if 2
a +b +c 2 2

A1 B1 C1 D1 B1 D1 A1
= = a b
A2 B2 C2 D2 B2 D2 A2
The planes are perpendicular if and only if z1 = 2 2 2
a +b +c
A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1C2 = 0 If a = b = c = 0, then the planes are parallel.