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University of Baghdad
College of Engineering
Petroleum Department
PVTCORRELATIONSFOR
SELECTEDIRAQIOILFIELDS
ATHESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCINCE IN PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
BY
RASHARWAYDHARMMANALIBOODI
(B.SC.)
APRIL (2008)
) ( ( -

Dedication
To the most great place of the most merciful Master
Hope the acceptance.
To the spirit of my uncle "Hassan" who encouraged me and my friend

"Shymaa" both of them hope me to successes and complete this work.
To my parents and my kindly mother only through their love and

continuous prayer and patience.
To my lovely sisters:
"Hibe , Mawahib , Noor, Hanan, Amnia, & Zahraa ."
To my kindly brothers:
"Thameen, Ameen, Mohamed , Ahmed & Lovely Ali."
With my grateful to them.
I
Acknowledgments
AllpraisebetoAllah,cherisherandsustainerofworlds,whobestowedme
withlifeandhealthtocompletethiswork.
Iwouldliketoexpressmysincerestappreciationto Dr.HussainA.Baker,
my advisor for his help in constructing and completing this thesis. It was a
really wonderful opportunity to work with him. His guidance through the
suggestions activated my thought processes and generated a great deal of
interestinthethesiswork,givingmeselfbeliefandfeelingofresponsibility.
IwouldliketoexpressmyappreciationandgratitudetoDr.Mohammed
S. AlJawad, head of the department and the staff members of the department
fortheirhelp.
I am indebted and grateful to Mr.Omer Falih, for his support and

providingmewiththemostresources.
I also want to express my gratitude (south oil co.) , especially to

Mr.Hassan Rwal , Dhaiaa , shatha,and Zen alabideen for their help in
providingmevaluableexperimentaldata.
I thank Abu Zahraa, Firas, Ali A.,Ali K., Wathiq, Mohamed Muhy,
Hussin , Shaaban, Mr. M. Rasheed, And Mr. R. Saleh, Abu Ahmed for their
adviseandhelp.
I am especially grateful to my friend Miss Eman, Tuka, Arwa, Soura,

Sumaih,Moroge,Shumoos,Rawaa,Balsim,Lina,Hyaim,Buthana,Samerah,
andShatha.Fortheirlove,help,understandingandencouragement.
This work owes more than can I say to my family. And to all people
whohelpandhopemetosuccess.
Thankyouall.
II
Abstract
In the practice of petroleum reservoir engineering the
engineersareoftenfacedwiththeanalysisofprocesseswhich
require the physical properties of the reservoir fluids, but in
many cases no laboratory measurements of properties are
available.Insuchcases,empiricallyderivedcorrelationsareused
topredicttheneededproperties.
This work provides a detailed analysis of the most popular

correlationsinthepetroleumliteraturecomparedtothedatabase
thatwereacquiredfromthesouthIraqioil ields(68laboratory
reports),where,ouranalysisshowthatallthosecorrelationsare
notgivingtherequireaccuracyinpredictingPVTproperties.
Therefore, this study presented two independent means for

developingtheempiricalcorrelationsthatcanbeusedtopredict
thePVTpropertiesofthesouthIraqicrudes.
ThestudyusedtheStatisticalAnalysisSystem(SAS)todevelop
empiricalrelationsareabletopredictpressure,solutiongasoil
ratio,oilFVF,oilcompressibility,andoilviscosityatthebubble
point,alsooilviscositybelowandabovebubblepointdepending
on the available bubblepoint parameters. The results of the
developed correlations are obtained with an absolute average
error of 3.15%, 3.7%, 0.95%, 10.6%, 7.5%, 5.2%, and 6.1%
respectively.Besidesthat,wetry,asattempt,topredictPb,Rsb,
andBobdependingononlytwobubblepointparameters.
III
The second model is Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) model.
Wheretheobjectiveofthisworkistodevelopanewpredictive
models for Pb, Rsb , and Bob based on ANN using 82 laboratory
reports for south Iraqi oils. Onehalf of the data was used to
train the ANN models, one quarter to crossvalidate the
relationships establishing during the training process and the
remaining one quarter to test the models to evaluate their
accuracy and trend stability. The present models provide a
predictionsofPb,Rsb,andBobwithanabsoluteaverageerror
0.85%,0.28%,and0.14%respectivelyfortrainingdataset.
IV
Tables of contents
TitlePage
DEDICATION.I
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.II
ABSTRACT.....................III
TABLEOFCONTENTS..V
LISTOFTABLESVIII
LISTOFFIGURESXII
NOMENCLATURE...XV
CHAPTERONEINTRODUCTION........................1
1.1Aimofthepresentwork..2
1.2Theusedmethod2
1.2.1NeuralNetworks.3
1.2.2AdvantagesOfArti icialNeuralNetworks...4
1.2.3NeuralNetworkArchitecture5
CHAPTERTWOLITERATUREREVIEW7
2.1ReviewofOilProperties(Pb,Rsb,Bob)
Correlations..7
2.2TheEquationsofSelectedCorrelationsforOilProperties(Pb,
Rsb,Bob)14
2.3ReviewofOilViscosityandCompressibilityCorrelations...23
2.4TheEquationsofThePreviousCorrelationsforOilViscosityand
Compressibility26
CHAPTERTHREEDataPreparationandDescription32
V
3.1Datavalidation..33
3.1.1ReservoirMaterialbalancetest.......................................33
3.1.2Bubblepointdensitytest34
3.1.3Amountofreleasegastest.......................................34
3.3.2DataDescription...35
CHAPTERFOURPERFORMANCEOFSELECTEDPVT
CORRELATIONS39
4.1EvaluationofBubblePointPressureCorrelations40
4.2EvaluationofSolutionGasOilRatioCorrelation41
4.3EvaluationofOilFormationVolumeFactorCorrelation.
..42
4.4StatisticalAccuracyofCorrelations...44
4.5EvaluationofOilViscosity..................46
4.5.1EvaluationofDeadOilViscosity...46
4.5.2EvaluationofBubblePointViscosity48
4.5.3EvaluationofUnderSaturatedViscosity..49
4.6EvaluationofOilCompressibility...51
4.7StatisticalAccuracyofCorrelation.52
CHAPTERFIVEDEVELOPMENTOFNEW
CORRELATIONS.55
5.1PredictionOilPVTPropertiesUsingTraditional
Model.....................55
5.1.1CorrelationforPb.56
5.1.2SolutionGORCorrelation.58
VI
5.1.3OilFVFCorrelation60
5.1.4OilViscosityatbPCorrelation.62
5.1.5DeadOilViscosityCorrelation..........64
5.1.6UnderSaturatedOilViscosityCorrelation.66
5.1.7IsothermalOilCompressibilityCorrelation..68
5.1.8ErrorAnalysisComparison..69
5.1.9DevelopmentAnotherNewCorrelations..........................73
5.1.9.1BubblePointPressureCorrelation.73
5.1.9.2OilFormationVolumeFactorCorrelation75
5.1.9.3SolutionGasOilRatioCorrelation..76
5.2PredictionofOilPVTProperties(Pb,Rsb,
Bob)UsingNeuralNetworks.78
5.2.1ModelingofBubblePointPressure,SolutionGasOil
Ratio,OilFVF78
5.2.1.1DescriptionofTrainingNetworks....78
5.2.1.2SimulationtheModels..82
5.2.1.3ValidationoftheTrainingModels.83
CHAPTERSIXCONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATION..
.85
6.1conclusions...85
6.2Recommendations..87
REFERENCES88
APPENDIXAExamplesofDataValidation...............A1
APPENDIXBStatisticalErrorAnalysis.............................................B1
VII
APPENDIXCC1
List of Tables
TablePage
2.1RegressionCoefficientforthe , ,CorrelationOf
Vasquez..18
2.2RegressionCoefficientforthe ,CorrelationofVasquez..18
2.3RegressionCoef icientforthe CorrelationOfAlNajjar..20
2.4RegressionCoef icientsforthe CorrelationOfAlNajjar..20
3.1RangeofdatafortheselectedsouthIraqi
Field.......................................................................36
3.2PVTdatausedinthisstudy37
4.1StatisticalAccuracyofBubblePointPressure,pb(Various
Correlation)45
4.2StatisticalAccuracyofSolutionGasOilRatioat ,
(VariousCorrelation)...45
4.3StatisticalAccuracyofOilFormationVolumeFactorat
BubblePoint ,(Variouscorrelation)..46
4.4StatisticalAccuracyofDeadOilViscosity(various
correlations).52
4.5StatisticalAccuracyofSaturatedOilViscosity(various
correlations)53
VIII
D.6StatisticalAccuracyofUnderSaturatedOilViscosity
(variouscorrelations)..54
D.7StatisticalAccuracyofOilCompressibility(various
correlations).54
5.1RegressionCoefficientfortheNewBubblePointPressure
Correlation......57
5.2StatisticalAccuracyofBubblePointPressure,Pb.
(proposedcorrelation)...57
5.3RegressionCoefficientfortheNewSolutionGasOilRatio
attheBubblePointPressure,Rsb,Correlation.59
5.4StatisticalAccuracyofSolutionGasOilratio,atPb,Rsb
(proposedcorrelation)....59
5.5RegressionCoefficientfortheNewOilFormation
VolumeFactorattheBubblePointPressure,Bob,
Correlation. . ..61
5.6StatisticalAccuracyofOilFormationVolumeFactor,atPb,
Bob.(proposedcorrelation).61
5.7RegressionCoefficientfortheNewSaturatedOilViscosity
, ,Correlation..63
5.8StatisticalAccuracyofSaturatedOilViscosity, .
(proposedcorrelation)..63
5.9RegressionCoefficientfortheNewDeadOilViscosity
, ,Correlation65
5.10StatisticalAccuracyofDeadOilViscosity, .
IX
(proposedcorrelation).65
5.11RegressionCoefficientfortheNewUnderSaturatedOil
Viscosity, ,Correlation..67
5.12StatisticalAccuracyofUndersaturatedOilViscosity,
(proposedcorrelation)67
5.13RegressionCoefficientfortheNewIsothermalOil
Compressibility, ,Correlation.68
5.14StatisticalAccuracyofNewIsothermalOilCompressibility
, ,Correlation.(proposedcorrelation)69
5.15ComparisonofStatisticalAccuracyofBubblePoint
Pressure,Pb,correlations .. 70
5.16ComparisonofStatisticalAccuracyofSaturatedSolution
GasOilRatio, ,correlations71
5.17ComparisonofStatisticalAccuracyofSaturatedOil
FormationVolumeFactor, ,correlations..71
5.18ComparisonofStatisticalAccuracyofOilViscosity, ,
, ,correlations..72
5.19ComparisonofStatisticalAccuracyofOilCompressibility
correlations..72
5.20RegressionCoefficientfortheNewbubblepointpressure
, ,Correlation......74
5.21StatisticalAccuracyofbubblepointpressure, .
X
(proposedcorrelation).74
5.22RegressionCoefficientfortheNewbubblepointoil
formationvolumefactor, ,Correlation.75
5.23StatisticalAccuracyofbubblepointoilformationvolume
factor, .(proposedcorrelation)75
5.24RegressionCoefficientfortheNewSolutionGasOilRatioat
theBubblePointPressure, ,Correlation77
5.25StatisticalAccuracyofSolutionGasOilRatioattheBubble
PointPressure, ,Correlation(proposedcorrelation).77
5.26Structureofthetrainingnetworks....80
5.27StatisticalAccuracyofbubblepointpressure, ,Solution
, ,OilFVF, .(proposedtrainingmodel).82
5.28StatisticalAccuracyofbubblepointpressure, , , .
(testingproposedtrainingmodel)...83
A.1ResultsofDifferentialtestforwellno.R41...A1
A.2ExampleOneA2
A.3ExampleTwo...A3
A.4.Therangeoftheuseddatainthelastcorrelations.A5
C.1Thevaluesoftheoutputbias....C2
C.2Thevaluesofoutputweightsofpressurenetwork..C2
C.3Thevaluesofoutputweightsofsolutiongasoilratio
Networks.....C3
C.4ThevaluesoftheoutputweightsofBobnetwork..C3
XI
C.5Thevaluesoftheinputweights&theinputbias...C4
C.6Thevaluesoftheinputweights&theinputbiasfor
SolutionGasOilRatioNetworkC5
C.7Thevaluesoftheinputweights&theinputbiasforOFVF
networkC6
List of Figure
FigurePage
4.1crossplotforPb(Standingscorrelation)40
4.2crossplotforPb(Lasaterscorrelation)..40
4.3crossplotforPb(Vasquez&Beggsscorrelation)40
4.4crossplotforPb(Glasoscorrelation).40
4.5crossplotforPb(AlNajjarscorrelation).41
4.6crossplotforPb(Petroskyscorrelation)41
4.7crossplotforPb(Velardescorrelation)..41
4.8crossplotforRsb(Standingscorrelation).41
4.9crossplotforRsb(Lasaterscorrelation)42
4.10crossplotforRsb(Vasquez&Beggsscorrelation).42
4.11crossplotforRsb(Glasoscorrelation)42
4.12crossplotforRsb(AlNajjarscorrelation)42
4.13crossplotforRsb(Petroskyscorrelation)...42
4.14crossplotforRsb(Velardescorrelation)..42
4.15crossplotforBob(Standingscorrelation)43
4.16crossplotforBob(Vasquez&Beggsscorrelation)...43
4.17crossplotforBob(Glasoscorrelation)43
XII
4.18crossplotforBob(AlNajjarscorrelation)...43
4.19crossplotforBob(Prtroskyscorrelation).44
4.20crossplotforBob(Velardescorrelation)44
4.21crossplotforod(Bealscorrelation)47
4.22crossplotforod(Beggs&Robinsonscorrelation).47
4.23crossplotforod(Eghogahscorrelation)......47
4.24crossplotforod(Glasoscorrelation).47
4.25crossplotforod(Kartoatmodjoscorrelation)......47
4.26crossplotforod(Labediscorrelation)......47
4.27crossplotforod(Petroskyscorrelation).....48
4.28crossplotforob(Beggs&Robinsonscorrelation).48
4.29crossplotforob(Chew&Connallyscorrelation)......48
4.30crossplotforob(Labediscorrelation)......48
4.31crossplotforob(Kahanscorrelation).......49
4.32crossplotforob(Kartoatmojdoscorrelation)..49
4.33crossplotforob(Petroskyscorrelation)..49
4.34crossplotforoa(Bealscorrelation)..49
4.35crossplotforoa(Lebadiscorrelation)50
4.36.acrossplotforoa(Kahanscorrelation)Eq.2.50
4.36.bcrossplotforoa(Kahanscorrelation)Eq.1......50
4.37crossplotforoa(Kartoatmojdoscorrelation)50
4.38crossplotforoa(Petroskyscorrelation)50
4.39crossplotforoa(Vasquez&Beggsscorrelation).........50
4.40crossplotforCo(Vasquez&Beggsscorrelation)51
XIII
4.41crossplotforCo(McCainscorrelation).....51
4.42crossplotforCo(Ahmedscorrelation)..51
5.1CrossplotforBubblePointPressurepsia.(present
proposedcorrelation)58
5.2CrossplotforSolutionGasOilRatio,Rsb,SCF/STB.
(presentproposedcorrelation)..60
5.3CrossplotforOilFormationVolumeFactor,Bob,RB/STB.
(presentproposedcorrelation)...62
5.4CrossplotforSaturatedOilViscosity, ,cp.(present
Proposedcorrelation)64
5.5CrossplotforDeadOilViscosity, ,cp.(presentStudy)66
5.6CrossplotforUnderSaturatedOilViscosity, ,cp.
(presentproposedcorrelation)..67
5.7CrossplotforIsothermalOilCompressibility,C ,psia .
(presentproposedcorrelation)...69
5.8CrossplotforBubblePointPressure,psia
(secondnewrelation)......74
5.9CrossplotforOilFormationVolumeFactor,Bob,RB/STB.
(secondnewrelation) 76
5.10CrossplotforSolutionGasOilRatio,R ,SCF/STB.
(secondnewrelation) ........77
5.11Schematicofanarti icialneuralnetworkwithonehidden
layerforbubblepointpressure79
5.12CrossplotforBubblePointPressure(Mpsia),(neural
XIV
networkmodel).82
5.13CrossplotfortestedvaluesofBubblePointPressure,
Mpsia(neuralnetworkmodel)...82
5.14CrossplotforSolutionGasOilRatio,R ,MSCF/STB.(neural
networkmodel)83
5.15CrossplotfortestedvaluesofSolutionGasOilRatio,R ,
MSCF/STB.(neuralnetworkmodel)84
5.16CrossplotforOilFormationVolumeFactor,Bob,
RB/STB.(neuralnetworkmodel)...84
5.17CrossplotforTestedValuesoftheOilFormationVolume
Factor,Bob,RB/STB.(neuralnetworkmodel)...84
C1trainingwithterminalforpressuremodel..C1
C2trainingwithterminalforsolutiongasoilratiomodelC1
C3trainingwithterminalforoilFVFmodel........C1
C4Schematicofanarti icialneuralnetworkwithonehidden
layer...C4
XV

Nomenclature
English Symbols
=IsothermalOilCompressibility, .
Bob =temporaryvariableusedinGlaso correlation.
Bob=oilformationvolumefactoratbubblepoint, .
D1,2=deviation.
= Total producing gas /oil ratio.( SCF/STB), (m/ m).
, =producinggas/oilratioatstage(i,i+1).(SCF/STB),
(m/m).
, =gas(FVF)forgasofdifferentialLiberation, .
Mot=MassoftotalreservoiroiltransferredtoPVTcell,
lbm,(grams).
Mor=Massofresidualoilfromdifferentialseparation,
lbm,(grams).
Mg=Massoftotalgasliberatedfromdifferential
Separationlbm,(grams).
Mo=effectiveoilmolecularweightofstocktankoil.
NPb=temporaryvariableusedinGlaso correlation.
Pb=bubblepointpressure,psia.
P,Pa=pressureabovebubblepoint,psia.
Pf=bubblepointpressurefactor.
Pb =temporaryvariableusedinGlaso correlation.
, =pressureatstage(i,i+1)ofdifferentialLiberation,
XVI

( .
, =solutiongasoilratioofdifferentialLiberation,
.
Rs,Rsb=solutiongasoilratioatthebubblepoint, .
T=reservoirtemperature, .
Yg=separatorgasmolefraction.
Vor=VolumeofResidualoil,cuft(cm).
Vot=VolumeoftotaloiltransferredtothePVTcell
atreservoir,cuft(cm).
a
b =temporaryvariablesusedinmostcorrelations.
X
Y
F

Greek Symbols.
=gasspecificgravity,(air=1).
=oilspecificgravity,API.
=DensityatthebubblepointcalculatedfromEq3.6
,(gm/cm).
=Measureddensityatthebubblepoint,lb/cuft
,(gm/cc).
=apparentdensityofsurfacegaslb/cuft.
=pseudoliquiddensityatreservoirpressure
andstandardtemperature60 ,lbm/cuft
XVII

=Densityofresidualoil,lbcuft(gmcm).
=DensityofreservoiroiltransferredtothePVT
cellatreservoirconditions,lbcuft,(gmcc).
=Airdensityatstandardconditions,lb/cuft,(gm/cc)
=specificgasgravityliberatedatstage(i),(air=1).
=DeadOilViscosity,cp.
=UnderSaturatedOilViscosity,cp.
=SaturatedOilViscosity,cp.
Abbreviations.
AAREAbsoluteAverageRelativeError.
ANNArtificialNeuralNetworks.
AREAverageRelativeError.
BpBubblePoint.
BPNBackPropagationNetwork.
GORGasOilRatio.
MSEMeanSquareError.
OFVFOilFormationVolumeFactor.
PVTPressureVolumeTemperature.
RCorrelationCoefficient.
SASStatisticalAnalysisSystem.
SDStandardDeviation.
XVIII
SI Metric Conversion Factor
14.7 .
6.894757 00 .
1.0 03 . .
0.158973 .
32 1.8 .
141.5
.
131.5
0.02831685 .
0.1801175 .
XIX
ChapterOneIntroduction

ChapterOne
Introduction
Thepropertiesofreservoirfluidsareveryimportantinpetroleum
engineering computations, such as material balance calculations,
well test analysis, reserve estimates, inflow performance
calculationsandnumericalreservoirsimulations.Itcanbesaidthat
reservoir fluids properties have many applications in different
areas of exploration and production processes. While reservoir
engineers have the greatest claim on such data , reservoir fluid
analyses are also quite valuable to geologists and production
specialists.Forexample,ageologistmayusecorrelationsalong
withanoilorgasgravitymeasurementfromnearbywelltohelp
inobtaininganestimateofpotentialreservestobefoundinan
explorationproject.Also,oneorseveralofthedevelopmentwells
may then be completed and the reservoir fluid samples are
retrieved.
Thelaboratoryanalysisofsuchsamplesprovidesmoreaccurate
information needed to help plan the development of the field,
design production facilities, determine the size and cost of
equipment,andtherebymakemoreeconomicdecisions.Ideally
, these properties are determined from laboratory studies on
1
representativesamplescollectedfromthebottomofthewellbore
oratthesurface.Suchexperimentaldataare,however,notalways
availableorverycostlytoobtain.Thesolutionistouseempirically
derivedcorrelationstopredictPVTproperties.Themajoritywere
developed using linear or nonlinear multiple regression or
graphicaltechniques.Eachcorrelationwasdevelopedforacertain
range of reservoir fluid characteristic and geographical area with
similarfluidcompositionandAPIgravity.Thus,the accuracyof
suchcorrelationiscriticalanditisoftenunknowninadvance.
1.1Aimofthepresentwork
The important aim of the present work is to develop new

correlations for estimating bubblepoint pressure, oil formation
volumefactor,gasoilratio,oilviscosity,andoilcompressibility.
This work makes use of the available field parameters for the
selectedSouthIraqireservoirs.
1.2Theusedmethod
There are two independent means for developing empirical

correlations:
1. Nonlinearregressionmodels(traditionalmodel).
2. NeuralNetworkmodel.

Inordertoconstructacorrelationbetweenanyphysical
propertywithmorethanonevariablethismethoddepends
2
on the general relationship between the dependent and

independentvariables.
1.2.1NeuralNetworks.
An artificial neural network is a computer model that
attempts to mimic simple biological learning processes and
simulate specific functions of human nervous system . It is an
adaptive,parallelinformationprocessingsystem,whichisableto
developassociations,transformationsormappingsbetweenobjects
or data. It is also the most popular intelligent technique for
patternrecognitiontodate.
The basic elements of a neural network are the neurons and

their connection strength ( weights ) . Given a topology of the
network structure expressing how the neurons ( the processing
elements ) are connected , a learning algorithm takes an initial
modelwithsomeconnectionweights,usuallyrandomnumbers,
and produces a final model by numerical iterations. Hence, "
learning"(Trainingisjusttheprocedureofestimatingthevaluesofthe
weightsandestablishingthenetworkstructuresandthealgorithmused
todothisiscalledalearningalgorithm)impliesthederivationofthe
connectionweightswhenaperformancecriterionismatched.
Learningcanbeperformedby"supervised"or"unsupervised"
algorithm.Theformerrequiresasetofknowninputoutputdata
patterns(ortrainingpatterns),whilethelatterrequiresonlythe
input patterns. This is commonly known as the feed forward
model,inwhichnolateralorbackwardconnectionsareused .
3
1.2.2AdvantagesOfArtificialNeuralNetworks.
Several advantages can be attributed to ANNs rending
themsuitabletoapplicationssuchasconsideredhere.Firstly,an
ANNlearnsthebehaviorofadatabasepopulationbyselftuningits
parameters in such a way that the trained ANN matches the
employed data accurately . Secondly, if the data used are
sufficientlydescriptive ,theANNprovidesarapidandconfident
predictionassoonasanewcase,whichhasnotbeenseenby
themodelduringtheapplicationtrainingphase.
Possibly,themostimportantaspectofANNsistheirabilityto
discover patterns in data that are so obscure as to be
imperceptible to normal observation and standard statistical
methods.Thisisparticularlythecasefordataexhibitingsignificantly
unpredictablenonlinearites .
Traditional correlations are based on simple models which

oftenhavetobestretchedbyaddingtermsandconstantsinorder
for them to become flexible enough to fit experimental data,
whereas neural networks are marvelously selfadaptable. Using a
sufficientlylargedatabasefortraining,ANNsallowpropertyvalues
tobeaccuratelypredictedoveraverywiderangeofinputdata .
An ANN model can accept substantially more information as

inputtothemodel,thereby,improvingsignificantlytheaccuracy
of the predictions and reducing the ambiguity of the requested
4
relationship.Moreover,ANNsarefastrespondingsystems.Once
themodelhasbeen"educated"predictionsaboutunknownfluids
areobtainedwithdirectandrapidcalculationswithout theneed
fortuningoriterativecomputations.
Furthermore , an outstanding attribute of the ANNs is their

capability of becoming increasingly "expert " by retraining them
usinglargerdatabases.ContinuousenrichmentofANN"knowledge"
eventually leads to a predictive model exhibiting accuracy
comparabletothePVTdataitself .
1.2.3NeuralNetworkArchitecture.
Inthisstudy,abackpropagationnetwork(BPN)isused.
Abackpropagationnetworkismultilayeredandinformationflows
from the input to the output through at least on hidden/middle
layer. Each layer contains neurons that are connected to all
neuronsintheneighboringlayers.Theconnectionshavenumerical
values(weight)associatedwiththem.
Duringthetrainingphase,theweightsareadjustedaccordingto
the generalized delta rule . Training is completed when the
network is able to predict the given output . The first layer
consists of number of neurons representing the input values of
reservoirproperties.Thesecond(hidden)numberofneurons,and
thethirdlayercontainsoneneuronrepresentingtheoutputvalues
ofthepropertyatthebubblepoint.Fig.C.4inappendixCshowsa
5
schematicofanartificialneuralnetworkwithonehiddenlayer.the
linesconnectingtheneuronsrepresenttheweights.
Thedataweredividedintotwogroups;traininggroup(68
point)andtestinggroup(14point).Thetraininggroupissplit
into two groups ; the first was used to train the network , the
secondsetwasusedtotesttheerrorduringthetraining.This
wascalledcrossvalidation.Itgivestheabilitytothemonitorthe
generalization performance of the network and prevent the
network to over fit the training data . In a BPN, the input
activity is transmitted forward while the error is propagated
backwards.TheneuronsintheBPNuseatransferfunction.The
derivativeofthetransferfunctionisrequiredtocalculatetheerror
thatisbackpropagated.Overtraininganetworkmustbeavoided
and it is important to frequently monitor the error as training
progresses.Ithasbeenshownthatovertraininganetworkcauses
thenetworktomemorizeresultsratherthangeneralize.Then,the
resultedmodelcanperfectlypredictthedatasimilar totraining
data, but it will perform badly if new cases submitted to the
network.
6
ChapterTwoLiteratureReview
ChapterTwo
LiteratureReview
2.1ReviewofOilProperties(Pb,Rsb,Bob)Correlations.
For the past 60 years, engineers have realized the
importance of developing and using empirical correlations for
PVT properties. The early work of Katz (1942) presented five
,
methodsforpredictingthereservoiroilshrinkage.Standing
(1947)presentedcorrelationsforbubblepointpressureandfor
oilformationvolumefactor.Standingscorrelationswerebased
onlaboratoryexperimentscarriedouton105samplesfrom22
differentcrudeoilsinCalifornia.Lasater (1958)publishedhis
correlation of P which was based on 158 experimentally
measured bubblepoint pressure ,P , of 137 independent
systems, That were produced in Canada, Western, and Mid
ContinentalUnitedStates,andSouthAmerica.
VasquezandBeggs (1980) presented correlations to estimate

oilpropertieswhicharebubblepointpressureandoilformation
volumefactor.Theydividedoilmixturesintotwogroups;the
firstoneforoilwithgravityabovethirtydegreeandthesecond
oneforoilwithgravitybelowthirtydegreesAPIgravity.More
than6,000datapointsfrom600laboratorymeasurementswere
used in developing the correlation. Glaso (1980) developed
correlationsforbubblepointpressure,solutiongasoilratio,and
oilformationvolumefactorusing45oilsamplesforNorthSea
7

hydrocarbon mixtures. Al Najjaretal. (1987) developed
correlations to predict PVT properties using data from 62
laboratoryreportsof15differentIraqioilreservoir.
Al Marhoun (1988) published correlations for

estimatingbubblepointpressureandoilformationvolumefactor
fortheMiddleEastoils.Heused160datasetsfrom69Middle
Easternreservoirstodevelopthecorrelations.
Abddul MajeedandSalman (1988) published an oil

formation volume factor correlation based on 420 data sets.
Their model is similar to that ofAl Marhoun oil formation
volumefactorcorrelationwithnewcalculatedcoefficients.
Labedi (1990) presented correlations for oil formation

volumefactor,oildensity,andcompressibilityforAfricancrude
oils.Heused97datasetsfromLibya,28setsfromNigeria,and
4setsfromAngolatodevelophiscorrelations.

DoklaandOsman (1992) published a set of correlations for
estimatingbubblepointpressureandoilformationvolumefactor
for UAE crudes. They used 51 data sets to calculate new
coefficientsforAl Marhoun MiddleEastmodel.
Al Marhoun (1992) published a second correlation for

bubblepoint pressure and oil formation volume factor. The
correlationwasdevelopedwith11,728experimentallyobtained
formation volume factors at, above, and below bubblepoint
pressure.Thedatasetrepresentssamplesfrommorethan700
reservoirsfromallovertheworld,mostlyfromtheMiddleEast
andNorthAmerica.
8

MacaryandEl Batanoney (1992) presented correlations
forbubblepointpressureandoilformationvolumefactor.They
used 90 data sets from 30 independent reservoirs in Gulf of
Suez to develop the correlations. The new correlations were
tested against other Egyptian data sets of Salehetal. , and
showed improvements over published correlations. Al
YousefandAl Marhoun19(1993)pointedoutthattheDoklaand
Osman15,20 bubblepoint pressure correlations were found to
contradict the physical laws of nature.
OmerandTodd (1993)presentedbubblepointpressureandoil
formationvolumefactorcorrelation,basedonStanding s model.
PetroskyandFarshad (1993) developed new correlations

forGulfofMexicocrudeoils.Standing stypeforbubblepoint
pressure,solutiongasoilratio,andoilformationvolumefactor
were taken as a basis for developing their new correlation
coefficients.NinetydatasetsfromGulfofMexicowereusedin
developingthesecorrelations.
KartoatmodjoandSchmidt (1994)usedaglobaldatabank
todevelopnewcorrelationsforallPVTproperties.Datafrom
740differentcrudeoilsamplesgatheredfromallovertheworld
provided5,392datasetsforthecorrelationdevelopment.
Velarde (1996) presented a new set of correlations

which were developed to predict solution gasoilratio below
bubblepointpressure,oilformationvolumefactorbelowbubble
pointpressureusingmodifiedformofStanding s formulation,
oil formation volume factor below Pb using McCain Hill s
correlationandbubblepointPressure.
9

Al Mehaideb (1997)publishedanewsetsofcorrelations
for UAE crudes using 62 data sets from the UAE reservoirs.
These correlations were developed for bubblepoint pressure
and oil formation volume factor. The bubblepoint pressure
correlationslikeOmerandTodd usedtheoilformationvolume
factorasinputinadditiontooilgravity,gasgravity,solutiongas
oilratio,andreservoirtemperature.
Salehetal. evaluated the empirical correlations for

Egyptian'soil.TheyreportedthatStanding s correlationwas
thebestforoilformationvolumefactorestimations.
,
SuttonandFarshad published an evaluation for Gulf of
Mexicocrudeoil.Theyused285datasetsforgassaturatedoil
and 134 data sets for under saturated oil representing 31
differentcrudeoilsandnaturalgassystems.Theresultsshow
thatGlaso correlationforoilformationvolumefactorperforms
the best for most of the study data.
PetroskyandFarshad publishedanewcorrelationbased
on Gulf of Mexico crudes. They reported that the best
performingpublishedcorrelationforoilformationvolumefactor
is Al Marhoun correlation. McCain published an
evaluation of all reservoir properties correlations based on a
large global data base. He recommended Standing s
correlationsforoilformationvolumefactorbelowbubblepoint
pressure.
Ghettoetal . performed a comprehensive study on PVT

properties correlation based on 195 global data sets collected
fromtheMediterraneanBasin,Africa,MiddleEast,andNorth
10

SeareservoirswheretheyrecommendedVasquezandBeggs s
correlationfortheoilformationvolumefactor.
Elsharkawyetal. evaluated PVT correlations for Kuwaiti

crude oils using 44 samples. Standing s correlations gave the
bestresultsforbubblepointpressurewhileAl Marhoun oil
formationvolumefactorcorrelationperformedsatisfactory.
MohmoodandAl Marhoun presented an evaluation of

PVT correlations for Pakistani crude oils. They used 166 data
sets from 22 different crude samples for the evaluation.
Al Marhoun oilformationvolumefactorcorrelationgavethe
bestresults.Thebubblepointpressureerrorsreportedinthis
study,forallcorrelations,areamongthehighestreportedinthe
literature.
Hanafyetal. published a study to evaluate the most

accuratecorrelationtoapplytoEgyptiancrudeoils.Thestudy
stronglysupporttheapproachofdevelopingalocalcorrelation
versusaglobalcorrelation.
Al FattahandAl Marhoun publishedanevaluationofall

availableoilformationvolumefactorcorrelations.Theyused674
data sets from published literature. They found that Al
Marhoun16correlationhastheleasterrorforglobaldataset.
Also,theyperformedtrendteststoevaluatethemodelsphysical
behavior.
HammatiandKharvat (2007) , developed a number of

correlationsforIraniancrudeoilsusingaboutonehundredPVT
report. These correlations were developed for bubble point
11

pressure,solutiongasoilratio,andforoilformationvolume
factoratBp.Itwasfoundthatthenewcorrelationsestimate
PVT properties of Iranian crude oils much better than the
publishedones.TheabsoluteaveragedeviationforPb,Bo,and
Rsare3.67%,1.08%,and4.07%respectively.
Al Shammasi (1997) , evaluated the published

correlations and neural network models for bubble point
pressure and oil formation volume factor for accuracy and
flexibility to represent hydrocarbon mixtures from different
geographical locations worldwide. He represented a new
correlation for bubble point pressure based on global data of
1,661 published and 48 unpublished data sets. Also, he
presented neural network models and compared their
performancetonumericalcorrelations.
McCainandBlasnigame (1998) , provided a comparative

studyofthecorrelationsofbubblepointpressureforreservoir
oilsusingStandingtype,NonparametricregressionandNeural
Network.Theyconcludedthatthebestpossiblecorrelationsare
accuratetoanaverageabsoluteerrorofabout13percentand
therelationcouldbeinerrorby25percentormore.
GharbiandEl Sharkawy (1999) presented neural network

modelsforthepredictionofPVTpropertiesofcrudeoilsfrom
theMiddleEast.Theneuralnetworkwasabletopredictthe
Pb,andOFVFasafunctionofthesolutiongasoilratio,the
specific gas gravity , the specific oil gravity , and the
temperature. A detailed comparison between the results
predictedbytheneuralnetworkmodelsandthosepredictedby
12

othercorrelationswerepresentedfortheseMiddleEast crude
oilssamples.
Osman, AbdelWahab, andAl Marhoun (2001) evaluated

the published correlations and presented Artificial Neural
Networks (ANN) model for predicting the formation volume
factoratthebubblepointpressure.Theydevelopedthe model
using 803 published data from the Middle East, Malaysia,
Colombia,andGulfofMexicofields.Theresultsshowthatthe
developedmodelprovidesbetterpredictionsandhigheraccuracy
thanthepublishedempiricalcorrelations.
OsmanandAl Marhoun (2005) used the Arti icial Neural

Networks (ANN) models for predicting PVT properties of oil
fieldbrines.Themodelsweredevelopedusing1,040published
data sets. This data was divided into three groups: training,
crossvalidation , and testing. Results show that the developed
models outperform the published results in terms of absolute
averagepercentrelativeerror,standarddeviationandcorrelation
coefficient. All it indicated that this model is better than the
empiricalcorrelations.
Recently,supportvectormachineshavebeenproposedasa
newintelligenceframeworkforbothstructureriskminimization
criterionandsoftmarginhyperplane.Thisnewframeworkdealt
withkernelneuronfunctionsinsteadofsigmoidlikeones.
Therefore , in 2007 , El Sebakhyetal. demonstrated

the usefulness of the support vector machines technique in
petroleumengineeringarea;theydescribedboththestepsand
13

the use of support vector machine modeling approach for
predicting the PVT properties of crude oil systems. The
preliminary results showed that the performance of support
vectormachineswasaccurate,reliableandoutperformmostof
theexistingapproach.
2.2TheEquationsofSelectedCorrelations
forOilProperties(Pb,Rsb,Bob).
This section presents the most useful correlations in more

detailswhichweredevelopedduring6 decadesagotoasaguide
indevelopingthepresentcorrelationsaswellasusingofthem
(correlations)tocompareandevaluatethepresentwork.
The selected correlations were developed by the following

authors : Standing , Lasater ,VasquezandBeggs ,Glaso
,Al Najjaretal. ,Petrosky ,andVelardeetal. Appendix
Aincludestherangeofthevariablewereusedtodevelopedit.
2.2.1StandingCorrelations.
Standing in 1947 has developed a set of correlations for

estimating PVT properties for mixtures of California crude oil
withwiderangeofpressure,temperature,andoilgravities.He
collected105experimentallydeterminedreportsfor22different
crude oilnaturally gas mixtures. He regard the procedure of
separatingoilandgas,therefore,allhiscorrelating parameters
werepresentedasaresultoftwostageflashvaporizationtest.
14

However, standing in developing the correlation equations
dependedthegraphicalmethodtosuggesttherelationbetween
thevariables,besidesthetraditionalmethod.
Thefollowingcorrelationequationscanbeconsideredentirely
adequate for majority of the oil field in California, Where,
producedgasisfreeofnonhydrogengases.
.
. .
18.2 10 1.4 2.1
Eq.2.2(rearrangingEq.(2.1))
.
. .
1.4 10 2.2
18.2
. .
0.972 1.47 10 1.25 2.3
Standingreportedaveragerelativeerrorsof4.8%and1.17%for
and Eqs.respectively.
2.2.2LasatersCorrelations
Lasater (1958) published his correlation of P which was

based on 158 experimentally measured bubblepoint pressure
,P , of 137 independent systems. That were produced in
Canada,Western,andMidContinuentalUnitedStates,andSouth
America.
These were expressed in terms of usually measured field

parameters flash separation for gasoilratio, tank oil
15

gravity,API,totalgasgravity, ,andreservoirtemperature,T.
Lasaterscorrelationscanberecognizedbytwodesignedfactor.
Bubblepointpressurefactor:whichwasproducedasamean
tocombinethecorrelatingparameters.
2.4
.
Effectivemolecularweight:Itwasdevelopedtotreatthe
effectofcomplexcomponentofcrudeoilmixturesinoil
tank.
350 10 40 2.5
.
73.110 40 2.6
The following equations fit Lasater s graphical results,

where, his original correlations were presented graphically of
twocharts.
.
2.268 10 459.67
0.7 2.7
.
8.25 1.95 459.67
0.7 2.8
Separatorgasmolefraction(usedfor calculation)is:
379.3
2.9
379.3
1327.55
2.10
1
16

Separatorgasmolefraction(usedfor calculation)is:
0.2268
5 2.11
4.258
.
1.95
5 2.12
8.26
Lasaterreportedanarithmeticaverageerrorof3.8%for
equation.hedidnotprovideacorrelationfor .
2.2.3VasquezandBeggsCorrelations.
VasquezandBeggs (1980) were developing a generally

applicable correlation containing equations for solution gasoil
ratio, oil formation volume factor, and oil compressibility. The
correlation was developed from 600 laboratory PVT analyses
fromfieldsoveralltheworlds.
VasquezandBeggs provided these relations according to

thedividingtheirdatabasewithrespectto30 .
Equation2.13isrearrangingofEq.2.14

10 . 2.13

10 . 2.14

17
Table2.1
RegressionCoefficientforthe , ,CorrelationOfVasquez
coefficient API 30 API 30

27.67 56.06

1.0937 1.187
11.172 10.393
1 60 .
60 . 2.15
Table2.2
RegressionCoefficientforthe ,CorrelationOfVasquez


4.677 10 4.67 10

1.751 10 1.1 10
1.8106 10 1.337 10

VasquezandBeggs reportedaveragerelativeerrorsof0.7%
and4.7%for and Eqs.respectively.
2.2.4Glaso'sCorrelations.
Glaso (1980) analyzed data of 26 different crude oil

systems.PrimarilyfromNorthSearegioninordertorepresent
18

acorrelationforestimatingPVTproperties,(P,Rs,Bo)atPb,
forsaturatedblackoil.
Heusedgraphicalmethodsandregressionanalysistoprovide
thefollowingrelation:
. .
. .
2.15
. . .
10 2.16
istemporaryvariable.
. .
.
2.17
. . . .
10 2.18
. . .
1 10 2.19
Wheretemporaryvariable, ,isdefineas:
.
0.986 2.20

Indevelopingabovecorrelation,Glasoconsideredtheeffect
ofparafficintyofoilonthegas/liquidequilibriumofblackoil
mixturescontainingMethane.
Also,heproducedbubblepointcorrelationforvolatileoils,and
amethodforcorrecting,Pb,fromtheeffectof , , S
which associated the surface gases . Glaso reported average
relative errors of 1.28% and 0.43% for Pbs Eq. Bob s Eq.
respectively.
19

2.2.5AlNajjar'sCorrelations.
Al Najjaretal. (1987)developed correlations to predict

PVT properties using data from 62 Lab. report of 15 different
Iraqi oil reservoir.They used nonlinear regression analysis to
producethefollowingrelationsanddividedtheirdata totwo
groupsaboveandbelowthirtyAPIdegree.
. 2.21
Table2.3
RegressionCoefficientforthe CorrelationofAlNajjar
A 7.920 30.910
B 1.025 0.816
C 24.244 10.971
. . 2.22
Table2.4
RegressionCoefficientsforthe CorrelationofAlNajjar
A 1.115 0.256
B 0.702 0.782
C 19.620 20.294
0.96325 4.9 10 F 2.23
20

Where,
.

1.25T 2.24
Theyreportedrelativeaverageerrors1.09%,1.39%,and
0.59%forPb,Rsb,andBobequationsrespectively.
2.2.6Petrosky'sCorrelations.
Petrosky (1990) developed an empirical PVT correlations

forGulfofMexicooils.Petrosky usedatotalof128laboratory
analyses and his correlations were developed using nonlinear
regression.
.
112.727 .
10 12.34 2.25
Where,
. .
4.561 10 7.916 10 2.26
.
.
12.34 . . 10 2.27
.
. .
.
1.0113 7.204 10 . 0.246 .
2.28
Petrosky reported average relative errors of 0.17% and

0.01%forEqs.2.27and2.28respectively.
2.2.7Velarde'sCorrelations.
Velarde (1996) presented new sets of correlations

which were developed to predict solution gasoilratio below
bubblepointpressure,oilformationvolumefactorbelowbubble
pointpressure.
21

. . .
1091.47 . . 10 0.740152 2.30
Where,
. .
0.013098. 8.2 10 2.31
.
.
0.74015
1091.47 . 10 2.32
.
0.01357
2.33
. .
0.00302 1.505 T 60
. .
0.0233 10 T 60 2.34
.
P
0.167 16.181 10
1000
.
P
0.01 0.299 2.63 10 2.35
1000
52.8 0.01. 2.36
Velarde reported average absolute relative errors 4.18%,

0.84%,and2.07%forEqs.ofRsb,Bob,andPb,respectively.
22
ChapterTwoliteratureReview

2.3ReviewofOilViscosityandCompressibility
Correlations.
Thissectionpresentsmostcommonlydevelopedcorrelationsduring
thelast60thyearsago.
Beal (1946)presentedcorrelationsforpredictingtheviscosity
ofcrudeoilanditsassociatedgases.In1959,ChewandCannolly
proposed a correlation to predict gassaturated oil viscosity ,oa, as
function of dead oil viscosity , od, and gas oil ratio ,GOR. The
correlationwasdevelopedusing457crudeoilsamplefromCanada,
USAandSouthAmerica.
BeggsandRobison (1975) published new correlations for

calculatingodandoa.Theequationsresultedofastudyof2533
viscositymeasurementsinvolving600differentcrudeoilsystems.
VasquezandBeggs (1977)developedcorrelationsforoandCo
ofundersaturatedoilsusing4486datapointsforCocorrelationsand
3593datapointsforocorrelations.
Glaso (1980) presented a correlation for estimating od . This

correlationwasdevelopedusingdataobtainedof26crudeoilsystem.
Kahanetal 1987 . developed correlation for Saudi Arabian

crudeoils.Atotalofhisdatais150datapointforoaand1691for
oilviscositybelowPb.Hereportedaveragerelativeerrorof1.326
,0.094,and0.941forob,oa,andobelowPbrespectively.

23
EghogahandJack (1988) proposed two different correlations

forestimatingod.ThefirstonewasamodifiedBeggsandRobinson
correlationobtainedbyusing394oilsystemsfromthelaboratories.
Thesecondintroducedanewparametertoestimatetheodwhere
theAuthorsindicatedtheaveragerelativeerrorsbecomelowerthanit
inthefirstcorrelationswiththisparameters.
Ahmed 1985 used245experimentaldatapointstopropose

amathematicalexpressionforisothermaloilcompressibilityusingthe
Rsastheonlycorrelatingparameter.Theaverageabsoluteerrorof
thecorrelationwas3.9%.
The work of McCain (1988) presented a correlation for

estimating the isothermal oil compressibility at the pressures below
bubblepoint.Whichprovideaccuracywith10and20forabove
500 psia and below 500 psia respectively and its accuracy was
increasedasPbisknown.
Labedi (1992)publishedcorrelationstopredictod,oa,and
ob.ThedatabankfordevelopingthemconsistedofonehundredLab.
analyses represented Libya oil reservoirs . In this study oa
correlation is a direct function of od, API, and P. Where these
parameters more easily measureable in the field than GOR . He
publishedrelationbetweendifferentialandflashAPI.Evenif,theAPI
usedindevelopingthecorrelationwasobtainedbyflashingthefluid
sampletotheatmosphericpressure.

24
DeGhettoetal 1994 . evaluated the reliability of some PVT

correlationsandcameupwithsomemodifiedcorrelations whichthey
reportedasbeingmoreaccurate.Themostsignificantimprovements
for entire sample of the oils mere from 24.50% to 19.8%. He
characterizedthefluidsamplesusedintheirstudiesasextraheavy
oils(API10),heavyoils(10<API22.3),mediumoils (22.35<API
31.1)andlightoils(API>31.1).
PetroskyandFarshad 1995 presentedcorrelationstopredict

od, ob, and oa using 126 Lab. systems analyses for Gulf Mexico
fluid samples. The correlations were developed by nonlinear
regressionanalysiswhichshowedaveragerelativeerrorof3.5%,3.1%
,and0.2%fordeadoil,od,saturatedoil,ob,andundersaturatedoil
viscosities,oa,respectively.
DinodrukandChristman 2001 proposed a set of PVT

correlations for the Gulf of Mexico. The proposed Cos correlation
reportedaveragerelativeerrorabout0.85%.
Al Marhoun (2003)used3,412datapointsfromanalysesof
theMiddleEasttodevelophiscorrelationforoilcompressibility.He
choseotherparametersthanthepreviousworkforestimatingCo.the
reason for this work was that he found that different flash
separationlaboratorytestsgivedifferentcombinationsdataofdata
for Rs, g, and o. Because of this AlMarhoun defined the parameter
ob.

25
Spiveyetal 2005 .proposedasetofcorrelationsforestimating

theoilcompressibilityforthreeapplicationsinreservoirengineering
which are: correlation for coefficients of Co from Pb to pressure of
interest, correlation for coefficients of Co from initial pressure to a
pressure of interest, and correlation for coefficients of Co tangent at
somepressureofinterest.
2.4 The Equations of The Previous Correlations For Oil

ViscosityandCompressibility.
Theworkwasdonebynumberofauthorsisconsideredtherefore,
theirequationswillliterateinthissectionforcalculatingtheseproperties
ofoil,touseofitinevaluatingtheperformanceofthesecorrelations
relativetothepresentdatabase.
2.4.1DeadOilViscosityCorrelations.
2.4.1.1 Correlation.
.
0.32 .
2.37
.
0.43 .... 2.38
10 1 2.39

. . .
10 . 2.40

2.4.1.3 etal.Correlation.
. .
. . .
. .
10 1
.2.41
26
. . .
3.141 10 . . .
.2.42
16 10 . .
. log . .
2.43
.
10
. . .
2.44
. . .
2.3511 10 . . log 2.45
2.4.2BubblePointOilViscosityCorrelations.
. 2.46
.
10.715 100 2.47
.
b 5.44 Rs 150 2.48
. 2.49
.
6.2 0.8 10 2.50
.
0.43 0.57 10 2.51

27
2.4.2.3 Correlation
. . .
2.4.2.410 .
.Correlatio
.
2.52
0.09 .
. 2.53
459.67 141.5
. . 1
459.67 131.5
0.0682 0.9824 0.0004034 2.54

.
0.2001 0.8428 10 0.43 0.5105

10 .
2.55
2.56
.
0.1651 0.6165 10 2.57
.
0.5131 0.5109 10 2.58
2.4.3UnderSaturatedOilViscosityCorrelations.
. .
0.001 0.024 0.038 2.59
. . .
10 . .
2.60
10 . . 1
2.4.3.3 Correlations.

28
.
. 2.61
.
. .
2.62

1.00081
.
0.0001127 0.06517
0.038 .
2.63
1.3449 10 10 2.64
1.0146 1.3322 0.4876

1.15036 2.65

2.66

.
2.6 . 3.9 10 5 2.67

2.4.4OilCompressibilityCorrelations.
1433 5 17.2 1180 12.61

2.68
10

1 5.9 12 . . 2.69
114.7


29
7.633 1.497 1.115 0.533

0.1184 2.70
Where,Tin
,
1
2.71

1.25 460
2.72

a =1.026638
a =0.0001553
a = 0.00018472
a =62400
a =13.6
. . . . .
1.705 . . . . 2.73
A 4.48746327 0.00519704 0.00001258 10 2.74
Where,A=
. .
. .
. 20.00006358 60 0.876813622
.

2
2.749114986 60 .

30
. . . Correlation.
2.7314 56.0605 580.8778

14.1042 2.76
460
2.18
2.77

MediumOil 22.1 31.1

705.288 2.2246 26.0644 2080 9.6807

10

2.78
HeavyOil 10 API 22.3

2841.8 29646 25.5439 1230.5 41.91

10
2.79
LightOil 31.1 API

. . . .
10 . . .
. . .
1 10 . . 2.80

31
ChapterThreeDataPreparationandDescription
ChapterThree
DataPreparationandDescription
Ablackoilreservoirfluidstudyincludesasetoflaboratory
procedures designed to provide values of physical properties
suchasbubblepointpressure,oilviscosity,andsolutiongasoil
ratio.Toobtainaperfectoracompletetypeofsuchstudythere
are five main procedures that must be performed on a sample:
composition analyses, flash vaporization test, differential
vaporization test, separator tests, and measurement of oil
viscosity.However,themainlaboratoryPVTtestsarecarriedout
dependingontwodifferentthermodynamicprocesses;flashand
differentialliberation;occurwhenthereservoirfluidisproduced
tothesurface .
Differentialliberationisdefinedasaprocesswheregasis
removedfromthecontactwiththeoilasitisreleasedfromthe
solution.Whileinflashliberationofgas,alloftheproducedgas
remainsincontactwithoilatequilibriumcondition.Thus,the
depletionandproductionconsistoftwoseparateprocesses ora
combination of them where differential vaporization test can
simulate the process at the reservoir, as pressure is below
bubblepoint and flash vaporization test can simulate the
processfromthebottomofthewelltothestocktank.Therefore,
32
thecombinationofdifferentialvaporizationandseparatortestsis
requiredtomodelthereservoirfluidbehaviorforengineering
application.
Inordertodevelopthepresentcorrelationsadatabasewas
constructed from PVT reports which were provided by the
ministryofoil/SouthCentralLaboratoriesusingtheresultsof
differential vaporization test where the procedure being at
pressure above or equal to the bubble point pressure and
considerastepwisedepletiontoapproximately0atm.
3.1DataValidation:
Mostofexperimentallyreporteddataareobtainedwith
"goodquality"butthatneverpreventedtheexistenceofincorrect
dataasaresultofexperimentalerrors.Thelikelyerrorscould
arisefromunrepresentativesamplingof thecrudeoiland/or
humanerrorswhichcouldoccurduetothetechniquesand
equipmentwhichwereusedinthelaboratory.
Tocheckthequalityofthedatabaseandtheiraccuracy,there
aremorethanonetestthatcanbeused,whicharebasedon
thematerialbalanceprinciple:
1. Reservoirmaterialbalancetest.
2. Pb(Bubblepoint)Densitytest.
3. Amountofreleasedgastest.
3.1.1ReservoirMaterialbalancetest:
Equations usedforthistest:
Mot Mor Mg 3.1
33
Where
Mor Vor or 3.2
Mot Vot ot 3.3
Mg Vgi.gi.air 3.4
The percentage of deviation was determined to compare the

calculateddatawiththemeasuredone
M M M
D 100 3.5
M
3.1.2Bubblepointdensitytest:
Equations usedforthistest:
R .
3.6
B
R GOR GOR 3.7
Andthepercentagedeviationinthevaluesofdensityat
bubblepointiscalculatedfromthefollowingequation:

D 100 3.8

BothD1andD2valuesmustbelessthan(5%)sothatthe
experimentalresultsareconsideredacceptable.
3.1.3Amountofreleasedgastest.
In order to check the used database by this test, the
followingterms canbeapplied:
34
B R R
3.12
P P
and
3.11
Bothabovetermmustbegreaterorequalto
3.12
AsampleofeachtestisgiveninappendixA.
3.2DataDescription
PVT reports have been assembled from several South
Iraqioilfields.Thefollowingarethefieldsfromwhichthedata
wereacquired:
1. NorthRumaila(NR),42report.
2. SouthRumaila(SR),2reports.
3. WestQurna(WQ),10reports.
4. Fuqa(FQ),3reports.
5. Buzrukan(Bu),5reports.
6. Zubair(Zb),3reports.
7. Luhais(LU),1report.
8. AbuGhirab(AG),1report.
9. Halfaya(HF1).1report.
Thedatabasewithatotal(68)samplesareusedtodevelopnew
correlationsforPVTproperties.
Therangeofdatathatareusedinthisworkislistedintable3.1.
Table3.1
35
RangeofDatafortheselectedsouthIraqifields
Property Min.value Max.value Mean
P(psia). 1,692.66 3,186 2,438.909
OFVF(RBSTB) 1.216 1.63 1.395134
Temp(F) 160 240.08 195.6853
GOR(SCFSTB) 411.53 992.2 637.4819
g(air=1) 0.682 0.961 0.788468
Oildensity(API) 19.1 35.3 27.32515
ob(cp) 0.365 5.255 1.340251
oa(cp) 0.416 3.956 1.457299
od(cp) 3.412 243.1028 37.73459
Co(psia) 0.34427 1.346414 0.773634
Thefollowingtableshowssomeofdatathatwasusedinthis
study.
36
37

Table 3.2 PVT data used in this study
Well field formation PVTproperties
psia T API SCF/STB RB/STB 10 cp cp cp
R.11 NorthRumaila Mishrif 2684.7 210 32.4 0.7785 811.4 1.532 0.886849 0.689
0.51 14.68938
WQ178 Westqurna Mishrif 2033.94 20.3 0.7576 411.5301 1.2612 0.779184 2.995 2.64 243.1028
190.04

R.20 NorthRumaila Mishrif 2304.7 165 26.97 0.766 564 1.336 0.670225 1.193 1.49 33.27186
1.1503 28.50267
WQ.233 Westqurna Mishrif 521.90 1.3166

2289.9 180 22.1 0.7877 0.724331 3.956 2.928 119.6
R.410 NorthRumaila Mishrif 2.484

1827.75 170.06 23.6 0.8468 429.3 1.2477 0.5457102 1.814 79.32144
1.559 29.502
1.4697 29.1789
SR.29 SouthRumaila Mishrif 2417.88 170 26.4 0.7453 563.8 1.3229 0.730520 1.41
1.349 34.01
1.516 39.2805
1.66 35
R.9 NorthRumaila Mishrif 2504.9 210 31 0.9611 739 1.4919 0.669831 0.697
0.58 26.96161
R.41 NorthRumaila Mishrif 2560.08 170.06 25.5 0.7563 594.9 1.3527 0.607454 1.7098 40.25728
2.091
37
38

R.78 NorthRumaila Zubair 3184.538 224.96 32.8 0.8001 976.703 1.6298 1.248945 0.499
0.442 11
R.16 NorthRumaila Zubair 2759.7 210 33.4 0.7754 845.4 1.5053 0.905274 0.558
0.45 11.63336
R.18 NorthRumaila Zubair 2824.7 216 35.3 0.7249 808 1.508 0.893670 0.6
0.5 9.862012
LU.3 Luhais Neharomer 2194.7 179 33.1 0.8005 621 1.3823 0.698945 0.962
0.8 14.60029
0.435 11.1527
R.76 NorthRumaila Zubair 3186 210 34.2 0.8125 992.2 1.6058 1.346413 0.447
0.401 3.412
0.497 11.44472
R.9 NorthRumaila Zubair 2504.7 210 31 0.9611 739 1.4919 0.9525 0.697
0.55 26.97
R.50 NorthRumaila Zubair 2184.7 210 28.4 0.8249 575 1.3909 0.777918 1.141
0.9173 27.1964
1.414 43.1685
0.63 19.536
0.48 11.8128
AG.9 AbuGhirb Asmari 2574.3 194 22.7 0.682 548.4 1.3208 0.6435 1.2
0.8 22
Bu.1 Buzrgan Mishirif 2674.1 232.7 22.5 0.8265 645.7 1.4083 0.69958 0.85
0.74 8.9
38
ChapterfourperformanceofselectedPVTcorrelations
ChapterFour
PerformanceofSelectedPVTCorrelations
The purpose of this chapter is to provide a perspective

ideaofwhythisworkproposesanewcorrelations.Thisisdone
by illustrating the behavior of the most popular correlations as
comparedtotheuseddatain"bubblepoint"data.ThePVT
propertiesthatareaddressinthiswork:
Bubblepointpressure.
Solutiongasoilratio.
Formationvolumefactorforoil.
Viscosityofoildividedintothreegroups
1. oa(viscosityabovebp).
2. ob(viscosityatbp).
3. od(deadoilviscosity).
Compressibility.
The elected correlations for those properties are based on
reservoirtemperature,T,bubblepointpressure,Pb,stocktankoil
gravity, ,solutiongasoilratio(atPb),andthegasgravity,g.
Sincethecorrelatingparametersandthecorrelatedproperties
areavailableinastandardPVTreport,theaccuracyofaparticular
correlationcanbecheckedbycomparisonwithdatainaPVTlab
reportswhichareusedinthiswork.
39
Themostpopularcorrelationsareappliedtothisdatabaseand
theresultsarepresentedascrossplotsofcalculatedversus
experimental values for a given property. Also, the statistical
analyses for each correlation ( relative to the data base ) are
shownbyeachcrossplotandinsummarytables.
4.1EvaluationofBubblePointPressureCorrelations
Figures4.1through4.7showtheperformance ofthechosen
Pbcorrelations.
5000 3500
4500
CalculatedBubblePoint
3000
4000
Pressure,Pb,psia .
2500
3500
Pressure,Pb,psia
3000 2000
2500 1500
2000 1000
1500 500
1000 0
500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
0
MeasuredBubblepointPressure,Pb,psia
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

MeasuredBubblepointPressure,Pb,psia.
Fig.4.1crossplotforPb Fig.4.2crossplotforPb(Lasaters
(Standingscorrelation). correlation).

6000 6000
5000 5000
Pressure,Pb,psia.
4000 4000
Pressure,Pb,psia .
3000 3000
2000
2000
1000
1000
0
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Fig.4.3crossplotforPb(Vasquez& Fig.4.4crossplotforPb(Glasos
correlation).
Beggsscorrelation).
40
5000
4500 5000
4000 4500
Pressure,Pb,psia.
3500 4000
3500
Pressure,Pb,psia .
3000
2500
3000
2500
2000 2000
1500
1000 1500
1000
500 500
0
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Fig.4.5crossplotforPb(AlNajjars Fig.4.6crossplotforPb(Petroskys
correlation). correlation).
5000
4500
1200
4000 CalculatedSolutionGasOil 1000
3500 Ratio,RS,SCF/STB.
800
Pressure,Pb,psia.
3000
2500 600
2000
1500
1000
400
500
200
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
MeasuredBubblepointPressure,Pb,psia. MeasuredSolutionGasOilRatio,RS,SCF/STB.
Fig.4.7crossplotforPb(Velardescorrelation). Fig.4.8crossplotforRsb(Standings
correlation).
4.2EvaluationofSolutionGasOilRatioCorrelation.
Thissectioncomparestheperformanceofstandard
correlations versus the present bubble point database of 68 data
points.TheresultsofthesecomparisonsareshowninFigs.4.8to
4.14.AllofRsbcorrelationswhichhavebeenchosenarebasedon
reservoirtemperature,T,stocktankoilgravity, ,bubblepoint
pressure,Pb,andthegasgravity,g.Thegoalofthisstepisto
determineifanyofthestandardcorrelationscanaccuratelymodel
Rsbofthepresentdatabase,andestablishacandidaterelationsfor
41
correlationthisbubblepointdatabaseusingnonlinearregression
techniques.

800 1200
CalculatedSolutionGasOil
CALCULATED SOLUTION GASOIL

1000
Ratio,RS,SCF/STB.
600
R ATIO,RS,SCF/STB.
800
400 600
400
200
200
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
MeasuredSolutionGasOilRatio,RS,SCF/STB(RS) MeasuredSolutionGasOilRatio,RS,SCF/STB(RS)

Fig.4.9crossplotforRsb(Lasaterscorrelation).
Fig.4.10crossplotforRsb(Vasquez&Beggss
correlation).

1200 8000
7000
6000
Ratio,RS,SCF/STB.
Ratio,RS,SCF/STB.
800 5000
4000
3000
400 2000
1000
0
0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
0 400 800 1200 MeasuredSolutionGasOilRatio,RS,SCF/STB
MeasuredSolutionGasOilRatio,RS,SCF/STB

Fig.4.11crossplotforRsb(Glasos Fig.4.12crossplotforRsb(AlNajjars
8000
correlation). 7000 correlation).

6000
Ratio,RS,SCF/STB.
5000
1200
1200 4000
3000
1000
Ratio,RS,SCF/STB.
1000
2000
800 800
1000
Ratio,RS,SCF/STB.
0
600
600
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
MeasuredSolutionGasOilRatio,RS,SCF/STB MeasuredSolutionGasOilRatio,RS,SCF/STB

Fig.4.13crossplotforRsb(Petroskys Fig.4.14crossplotforRsb(Velardes
42
4.3 Evaluation of Oil Formation Volume Factor

Correlations.
Figures4.15 through4.20showtheperformanceofvarious
correlationswhicharechosenascomparedtotheBovaluesfrom
thepresentdatabase.SimilartotherelationsforRsb,theexiting
correlationsforBobarebasedonreservoirtemperature,T,bubble
point pressure, Pb, stocktank oil gravity, , solution gasoil
ratio(atPb),Rsb,andthegasgravity,g.

2 1.7
VolumeFactor,Bob,RB/STB.
CalculatedOilFormation
VolumeFactor,Bob,RB/STB
1.8 1.6
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.4 1.3
1.2 1.2
1.1
1
1
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
MeasuredOilFormationVolumeFactor,Bob,RB/STB MeasuredOilFormationVolumeFactor,Bob,RB/STB

Fig.4.15crossplotforBob(Standings Fig.4.16crossplotforBob(Vasquez&Beggss


CalculatedOilFormationVolume
2
2
VolumeFactor,Bob,RB/STB

Factor,Bob,RB/STB
1.5 1.5

Fig.D.15crossplotforBob(Standings
1 1
correlation). 1 1.5 2
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
MeasuredOilFormationVolumeFactor,Bob,RB/STB
MeasuredOilFormationVolumeFactor,Bob,RB/STB

Fig.4.17crossplotforBob(Glasos
Fig.4.18crossplotforBob(AlNajjars
43
1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6
Factor,Bob,RB/STB
Factor,Bob,RB/STB
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
1
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
1
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
MeasuredOilFormationVolumeFactor,Bob,RB/STB MeasuredOilFormationVolumeFactor,Bob,RB/STB

Fig.4.19crossplotforBob(Prtroskys Fig.4.20crossplotforBob(Velardes

4.4StatisticalAccuracyofCorrelations.
Tables4.1to4.3provideasummaryofthestatisticalanalysis
performedinthissectionofthework.Allthechosencorrelation
wereusedtocalculatethevaluesofgasoilratioatbubblepoint,oil
formationvolumefactoratbubblepoint,andbubblepointpressure.
Thepooraccuracyexhibitedinmostofthecasescorrespondsto
thefactthatallcorrelationsweredevelopedtodescribeproperties
atthebubblepointforspecialgeographicalareasforeachone.
Table4.1showsthatLasater'scorrelationyieldsthelowest
absoluteaveragerelativeerrors.However,inallcasestheerrorsin
calculated values are considered significant, and warrant further
efforttodevelopanimprovedcorrelation.

44
Table4.1
StatisticalAccuracyofBubblePointPressure,pb(VariousCorrelation)
Sources SD ARE% AARE%
12.29712 30.7493 30.74935
11.25632 7.9619 15.70837
14.52305 46.2377 46.23773
18.74658 52.7198 52.7198
5.811316 88.708 88.708
13.41716 46.339 46.339
12.02233 28.1569 28.15693
Intable4.2itcanbeseenthatStanding'scorrelationyields
thelowestabsoluteaveragerelativeerror.FromTable4.3.Itcan
beseenthelowestaverageerrorisVasquezandBeggs'correlation,
which may be used to start in developing correlation for these
database.
Table4.2
StatisticalAccuracyofSolutionGasOilRatioat
(VariousCorrelation).
7.989142 26.58723 26.58723
18.10118 18.9323 28.094
7.124705 33.52936 33.52936
8.548897 39.6585 39.6585

182.6233 463.439 463.439
9.67571 59.1621 59.1621
9.348535 28.62112 28.62112
45
TableD.3
StatisticalAccuracyofOilFormationVolumeFactoratBubble
Point ,(Variouscorrelation ).
4.494834 19.21827 19.21827
1.999955 3.292548 3.598093
4.553795 22.1094 22.1094

5.63044 18.3635 18.3635
5.06355 26.14 26.14
2.858096 4.24498 4.354156
4.5EvaluationofOilViscosity
A search of the literature has identified a number of
correlationscanbedividedintothreecategories:deadoilviscosity
( ),bubblepointviscosity( ),andundersaturatedoil
viscosity ( ). Therefore, the sections will be produced to
evaluateoilviscosity.
4.5.1EvaluationofDeadOilViscosity
Figures4.21through4.27showtheperformanceofthe
elected dead oil viscosity correlations, which are discussed
compared to the present database. As it was mentioned earlier,
most of the correlations for dead oil viscosity depend on the
reservoir temperature ,T, and oil gravity , , as correlating
parameter.
46
100

100

CalculatedDeadOil
80
Viscosity,od,cp.
80
CalculatedDeadOil
Viscosity,od,cp.
60
60
40
40
20 20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
MeasuredDeadOilViscosity,od,cp

Fig.4.21crossplotfor (Beals
Fig.4.22crossplotfor (Beggs&
Robinsonscorrelation).
correlation).
150 100
80
CalculatedDeadOil
CalculatedDeadOil
Viscosity,od,cp.

Viscosity,od,cp.
100
60
50 40
20
0
0 30 60 90 120 150
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
MeasuredDeadOilViscosity,od,cp MeasuredDeadOilViscosity,od,cp

Fig.4.23crossplotfor (Eghogahs Fig.4.24crossplotfor (Glasoscorrelation).
correlation).

200
200

CalculatedDeadOil
150
CalculatedDeadOil
150
Viscosity,od,cp.

Viscosity.
100 100

50
50
0
0
0 50 100 150 200
0 40 80 120 160 200
MeasuredDeadOilViscosity.

Fig.4.25crossplotfor Fig.4.26crossplotfor (Labedis
(Kartoatmodjoscorrelation). correlation).
47
150
CalculatedDeadOil
Viscosity,od,cp.
100
50
0
0 30 60 90 120 150

Fig.4.27crossplotfor (Petroskys Fig.4.28crossplotfor (Beggs&Robinsons
4.5.2EvaluationofBubblePointViscosity.
Figures4.28through4.33showtheperformanceofvarious
correlationsintheliteratureascomparedtothe (bubblepoint
viscosity)valuesfromthepresentdatabase.Theexistingcorrelation
for werebasedondeadoilviscosity, ,andsolutiongasoil
ratio, , or sometimes instead of the bubblepoint
pressure, .

Fig.4.29crossplotfor (Chew&connallys Fig.4.30crossplotfor (Labediscorrelation).
correlation).
48

Fig.4.32crossplotfor
Fig.4.31crossplotfor (Kahans
(Kartoatmojdoscorrelation).
correlation).
4
CalculatedUndersaturatedOil
3
Viscosity,oa,cp
2
0
0 1 2 3 4
MeasuredUndersaturatedOilViscosity,oa,

Fig.4.33crossplotfor (Petroskyscorrelation) Fig.4.34crossplotfor (Beals
correlation)

Itcanbesaidafterstudyingall igures(4.284.33),thatallthe
appliedcorrelationsarenotconvenienttothisdatabase.

4.5.3EvaluationofUnderSaturatedViscosity.

Inthissectionthepresentworkcomparestheperformanceof
standard correlations in the literature versus the database. The
resultsofthesecomparisonsareshowninFigs.4.34through4.39.
Mostofthesecorrelationarebasedonpressure,P,bubblepoint
pressure, ,andbubblepointviscosity, .

49

4
3

Viscosity,oa,cp
1
0
0 1 2 3 4

Fig.4.35crossplotfor (Lebadis Fig.4.36.acrossplotfor (Kahans

correlation) correlation)Eq.62
4
4
CalculatedUndersaturated Oil
Viscosity,oa,cp
3
Viscosity,oa,cp

2
2
0
0

0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
MeasuredUndersaturatedOilViscosity,oa, cp. MeasuredUndersaturatedOilViscosity,oa,cp
Fig.4.36.bcrossplotfor (Kahans

Fig.4.37crossplotfor (Kartoatmojdos
correlation)Eq.61 correlation).

5
4
4
CalculatedUndersaturated Oil

Viscosity,oa,cp.
3
3
Viscosity,oa,cp
2
2
1 1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5

Fig.4.38crossplotfor (Petroskys Fig.4.39crossplotfor (Vasquez&
correlation). Beggsscorrelation).
50
The performance of all previous correlation as indicated by the

igures4.344.39isgood,wherethedataclusteredaroundunit
slopelinebutthebestoneisBealscorrelation.Also,thatLabedis
relationisoverestimaterelativetothedata.
4.6EvaluationofOilCompressibility.
The following selected correlations are applied relative to the

database.
160
CalculatedCompressiblity.
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
MeasuerdCompressibility .
Fig.D.41crossplotforCo
Fig.4.40crossplotfor
Co, (Vasquez&Beggss (McCainscorrelation).
correlation).
1.5
CalculatedCmpressibilty.
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
MeasueredCompressibility .
Fig.D.42crossplotforCo (Ahmedscorrelation).
From Figs. 4.40 through 4.42 all the correlations were be

notedthatareoverestimatingCo,whereallcalculateddataare
higherthanexperimentaldataexceptFig.4.42which represents
51
theperformanceofAhmed'scorrelationrelativetothe data.The
points distribute on both side of unit slope line, but generally
most points are lying under that line ( i.e. Ahmed 's relation is
underestimateCorelativetothedatabase.)
4.7StatisticalAccuracyofCorrelation.
Tables 4.4 through 4.7 give a summary of the statistical
analyses are performed in this section. Here, the chosen
correlations are used to calculate the values of dead oil
viscosity, , bubblepoint viscosity and oil
compressibility,Co.
Table4.4
StatisticalAccuracyofDeadOilViscosity(variouscorrelations)
source SD% ARE AARE

30.83545 66.33556 76.46168
33.77668 82.2305 82.23005

32.00093 73.32948 75.50984
32.72066 77.68922 78.93075
42.19716 77.59678 79.60694
27.40214 47.29181 76.37927
45.08186 76.89249 77.8884
Table4.4showsahighlydistributionoferrorsforallthe
deadoilviscositycorrelations.Thestandarddeviation ishighin
all cases, which demonstrates that most dead oil viscosity
correlationshaveunreasonableaccuracy.Onotherhand,lookingat
52
thecrossplots,itisevidentthatallcorrelationsdo notrepresent
thedatabase.
Table4.5showsthatLabedi'scorrelationhavethe
lowestabsoluteaverageerrorrelativetothedatawhiletheother
correlationsindicatepoorperformancetowardthedatabase.This
factisclearlyaslookingattheFigs.4.28through4.33.
Table 4.6 shows a fairly even distribution of error for all
undersaturatedoilviscosityexceptionLabedi'scorrelationwhereit
can be noted that a high percent relative error relatively to the
other relations, that because of using additional correlating
parametercomparingwiththeothers.Thesameresultscanbeseen
whenlookingattheFigs.4.34through4.39,most iguresshow
thatthecalculateddatawereclusteredaroundtheunitslopeline.
Table4.5
StatisticalAccuracyofSaturatedOilViscosity(variouscorrelations)
Source SD% ARE AARE
3.18563 -154.151 154.3745
6.50916 297.189 297.1889
1.208579 21.71143 37.81286
2.168196 88.0995 91.49012
19.43845 716.423 716.4227
3.9671 471.932 471.932
53
Table4.6
StatisticalAccuracyofUnderSaturatedOilViscosity(variouscorrelations)
Source SD% ARE AARE
1.591954 4.550115 6.40787
7.06784 199.988 199.988
0.880025 3.64796 7.84613

0.920076
55.80629 55.80629
0.795205 9.41826 10.21227
0.932668 6.61842 9.710861
0.969947 8.47644 10.63802
Table 4.7 shows that all correlations have unconventional

performance relative to the database although Ahmed's relation
produced reasonable relative error relatively to the other
correlations. Also, Figs 4.40 through 4.42 indicate the poor
performanceofthesecorrelations.
TableD.7
StatisticalAccuracyofOilCompressibility(various
correlations)

Source SD ARE AARE
-
0.4636 34.69167 38.09546
1.65 99.9994 99.9994
1.39
0.004739
3.833854
0.048066 99.99 99.99
54
33
ChapterFiveDevelopmentofNewCorrelations
ChapterFive

DevelopmentofNewCorrelations
Thesolutionofreservoirperformanceproblemrequiresthat
thephysicalpropertiesofthereservoirfluidsbeknown.These
propertiesmaybedeterminedinthelaboratory,butwhenthe
results of the laboratory tests are not available ,however , the
physicalpropertiesmustbeestimatedempirically.
5.1PredictionOilPVTPropertiesUsingTraditional
Model.
Thissectionpresentstheproceduresandtechniquesadopted
to obtain the new set of correlations for the following PVT
properties:
1. Bubblepointpressure.
2. Solutiongasoilratioatthebubblepoint.
3. Oilformationvolumefactoratthebubblepoint.
4. Oilviscosityatthebubblepoint.
5. Deadoilviscosity.
6. Undersaturatedoilviscosity.
7. Isothermaloilcompressibility.
55
Thesevencorrelationspresentedinthisworkaretheresults
ofnonlinearregressionappliedoverexperimentaldata. Allthese
correlations were developed using SAS (Statistical Analysis
System,SASInstituteInc.)andMicrosoftExcel interactively.Excel
was used to tune the initial guesses on small portion of a
particular data, and SAS was used to perform the nonlinear
regressionontheentiredatabase.
5.1.1CorrelationforBubblePointPressure.
Inordertoestimatethebubblepointpressureasafunction
of field measured parameters such as oil gravity, gas specific
gravity,reservoirtemperature,solutiongasoilratioatthebubble
point.Thefollowingnewcorrelationaredevelopedusingnonlinear
regression method. Where all of previous correlations produced
unacceptableresultstodescribethebubblepointpressure,sothat
the new model is proposed and is represented by the following
equations:
. . exp 5.1
Where,
. . . 5.2
.
5.3
460
Theregressioncoef icientsareshownintable5.1.
56
Table5.1
RegressionCoefficientsfortheNewBubblePointPressure
Correlation
656.2126 O.172279
0.327835 5.64676
0.22545 3992.56
0.43367 85.13377
Theresultsofthestatisticalanalysisareshownintable5.2
Table5.2
StatisticalAccuracyofBubblePointPressure,Pb.
(proposedcorrelation)
AARE% 3.149524
ARE% 0.334763
R% 95.7332
SD% 2.199845
Fig.5.1showsacceptableagreementbetweentheestimatedand
measuredvaluesovertheentirerangeofdata.
57
3500
CalculatedBubblePoint 3000 +10.
Pressre,Pb,psia 2500 10
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
MeasuredBubblePointPressure,Pb,psia
Figure 5.1 Cross plot for BubblePoint Pressure,psia.
(present proposed correlation)
5.1.2SolutionGasOilRatioCorrelation.
Asitismentionedearlier,thiscorrelationwasdevelopedto
estimatevaluesofsolutiongasoilratioatthebubblepoint, .In
contrasttothemostapproachespresentedpreviously,thepresent
calculation of solution gasoilratio , , is not derived from
rearranging the bubblepoint pressure correlation. This work
providesasolutionusesthenonlinearregressionmethod.Ituses
nonlinearregressionmethodsonseveraldifferentfunctionalforms
to determine the form which would most accurately predicts
measured gasoilratios throughout the entire database. The best
regression analysis results were obtained using the following
functions:
58
. . exp 5.4
Where,
. . . 5.5
.
5.6
460
Theregressioncoef icientsareshownintable5.3.
Table5.3
RegressionCoefficientsfortheNewSolutionGasOilRatioatthe
BubblePointPressure,Rsb,Correlation.
18.1757 0.574741
0.248772 0.146068
1566.411 0.128665
24.00108 0.075492
Table5.4
StatisticalAccuracyofSolutionGasOilratio,atPb,Rsb.
AARE% 3.698269
ARE% 0.29062
R% 99.9872
SD% 2.628858
59
1200
+10
1000
10
Ratio,RSb,SCF/STB.
800
600
400
200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
MeasuredSolutionGasOilRatio,RSb,SCF/STB.

Figure 5.2 Cross plot for Solution GasOilRatio ,Rsb, SCF/STB.
(present propsed correlation)
5.1.3OilFormationVolumeFactorCorrelation.
As shown in the pervious equations which presented the oil
formationvolumefactoratthebubblepointpressuredependson
variables such as specific gas gravity, API oil gravity, reservoir
temperature, and the solution gasoilratio (at the bubblepoint
pressure ). The present work developed new correlation for oil
formationvolumefactordependonthesamecorrelatingparameters
but with new model. Also, it added correlating parameter to the
parametersthatwereusedinthepastcorrelations,thisparameter
60
is pressure at the bubblepoint . This correlation are developed

usingnonlinearregressionmethods,whereitwastriedmorethan
oneuntilreachtothebestmodelwhichappropriatesthedatabase.
Thisnewmodelisgiveninthefollowingequations:
1 . 5.10
Where,
. . . . 5.11
Theregressioncoefficientsareshownintable5.5.
Table5.5
RegressionCoefficientsfortheNewOilFormationVolumeFactorat
theBubblePointPressure,Bob,Correlation.
0.060591 0.15898
0.584856 0.096159
0.736995 0.332025
0.032758
Table5.6
StatisticalAccuracyofOilFormationVolumeFactor,atPb,Bob.
AARE% 0.958032
ARE% 0.1767759
R% 98.3086
SD% 0.837801
61
2
CalculatedOilFormationVolumeFactor,Bob,RB/STB.
+10
10
1.5
1
1 1.5 2
MeasuredOilFormationVolumeFactor,Bob,RB/STB.

Figure 5.3 Cross plot for Oil Formation Volume Factor ,Bob, RB/STB.
5.1.4OilViscosityattheBubblePointCorrelation
ThecorrelationofsaturatedoilviscosityforSouthIraqicrude
oilsisdevelopedbasedonthefollowinggeneralrelationship:
, , .5.12
Thebestregressionanalysisresultswereobtainedbyusingthe
followingequation:
10 10 5.13
Table57showstheregressioncoef icientsofEq.5.13.
62
Table5.7
RegressionCoefficientsfortheNewSaturatedOilViscosity, ,
Correlation.
49.4183 1.011825
71.4259 1.93226
0.73365 5.3373
8.97681 0.544653
Table5.8producestheresultsofthestatisticalanalysis.
Table5.8
StatisticalAccuracyofSaturatedOilViscosity, .
AARE% 10.5623
ARE% 1.66306
R% 95.9135
SD% 8.211852
Fig. 5.4 shows acceptable agreement between the estimated and

63
CalculatedSaturatedOilViscosity,ob,cp
3
+10
10
2
0
0 1 2 3
MeasuredSaturatedOilViscosity,ob,cp

Figure 5.4 Cross plot for Saturated Oil Viscosity , ,cp.

(present proposed correlation )
5.1.5DeadOilViscosityCorrelation.
Thedeadoilviscositycorrelationwhichisdevelopedtopresent
theSouthIraqioilsbasedonthefollowinggeneralform:
, .5.14
ThecorrelationwasdevelopedusingSASsoftwareby applying
nonlinearregressionmethodontotaldatawhichwereavailable.
The best regression analysis results were obtained by using the
followingequations:
2.751819856
5.15
64
Table5.9showstheregressioncoef icientsofEqs.5.15
Table5.9
RegressionCoefficientsfortheNewDeadOilViscosity, ,Correlation.
0.15663 0.06037

Theresultsofstatisticalanalysisareshownintable5.10
Table5.10
StatisticalAccuracyofDeadOilViscosity, .
AARE% 7.55254
ARE% 2.14361
R% 96.186
SD% 5.403041
65
300
CalculatedDeadOilViscosity,od,cp +10
250
10
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
MeasuredDeadOilViscosity,od,cp.

Figure 5.5 Cross plot for Dead Oil Viscosity , ,cp.
5.1.6UnderSaturatedOilViscosityCorrelation.
This work used nonlinear regression methods to adjust the

coefficientsofallcorrelationspresentedinChaptertwotomatch
the data base. Beals equation was found to be the most
appropriate model for describing the character of the under
saturated oil viscosity. The new under saturated oil viscosity
correlationisgivenbyEq.5.16
. 5.16
Table 5.11 presents the regression coef icients of the new

correlationofundersaturatedoilviscosity.
66
Table5.11

RegressionCoefficientsfortheNewUnderSaturatedOilViscosity, ,
Correlation.

0.000251 0.268362 1.706101 0.022386 2.11723
Table5.12presentstheresultsofthestatisticalanalysis.
Table5.12
StatisticalAccuracyofUndersaturatedOilViscosity, .
AARE% 5.23515
ARE% 0.36417
R% 98.061
SD% 4.257615
5
CalculatedUndersaturatedOilViscosity
+10
10
4
3
oa,cp.
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
MeasuredUndersaturatedOilViscosity,oa,cp.
Figure 5.6 Cross plot for Under Saturated Oil Viscosity , ,cp (present proposed
correlation)
67
5.1.7IsothermalOilCompressibilityCorrelation.
AnewcorrelationforpredictingoilcompressibilityforSouth
Iraqicrudeoilsisproposedusingnonlinearregressionmethod,the
generalformforsuchcorrelationis:
, , , , , 5.17
Eq. 5.19 represents the best results which can be obtain by

regressionmethod.
10
5.19
10
Where,
. . . . 5.20
Table. 5.13. shows

the regression coef icients 5.21
of this new
correlationofisothermaloilcompressibility.
Table5.13
RegressionCoefficientsfortheNewIsothermalOilCompressibility, ,
Correlation.
0.05044 0.0382
0.018044 30.7513
0.919168 0.32422
0.34903 3.197813
0.2228 6.82528
0.288464 0.790544
68
Table5.14
StatisticalAccuracyofNewIsothermalOilCompressibility, ,
Correlation.
AARE% 6.131125
ARE% 1.124536
R% 95.6517
SD% 14.08424
1.5
CalculatedOilComperssibility,CO.
+10
10
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
MeasuredOilComperssibility,CO.
Figure 5.7 Cross plot for Isothermal Oil Compressibility , , .
5.1.8ErrorAnalysisComparison.
The accuracy of the present correlations relative to the

experimentalvaluesisdeterminedbyvariousstatisticalmeans.The
69
criteriausedinthestudyweretheaverageabsoluterelativeerror,
theaveragerelativeerror,andthestandarddeviation.Inaddition
to the statistical analyses, this work presents cross plots of
experimental versus evaluated data to graphically illustrate the
success of the new correlations. All the equations are used to
estimatethestatisticalparametersareprovidedinappendixB.
Tables5.15through5.19showsthestatisticalcomparisonof
correlations discussed in Chapter 2 and 5 with the presented
proposedcorrelationsinthisstudy.Thepresentcorrelationyields
better statistics over all. This may be a result of a better model
formulation.
Table5.15
ComparisonofStatisticalAccuracyofBubblePointPressure,Pb,
correlations
Author SD% ARE% AARE%

2.199846 0.334763 3.149524
12.29712 30.7493 30.74935
11.25632 7.9619 15.70837
& 14.52305 46.2377 46.23773
18.74658 52.7198 52.7198
5.811316 88.708 88.708
13.4716 46.339 46.339
12.02233 28.1569 28.15693
70
Table5.16
ComparisonofStatisticalAccuracyofSaturatedSolutionGasOilRatio, ,
correlations
Author SD% ARE% AARE%

2.628858 0.29062 3.698269
7.989142 26.58723 26.58723
18.10118 18.9323 28.094
& 7.124705 33.52936 33.52936
8.548897 39.6585 39.6585
182.6233 463.439 463.439
9.67571 59.1621 59.1621
9.348535 28.62112 28.62112
Table5.17
ComparisonofStatisticalAccuracyofSaturatedOilFormationVolume
Factor, ,correlations.
Author SD ARE% AARE%

0.837801 0.1767759 0.958032
4.494834 19.21827 19.21827
& 1.999955 3.292548 3.598093
4.553795 22.1094 22.1094
5.63044 18.3635 18.3635
5.06355 26.14 26.14
2.858096 4.24498 4.354156
71
Table5.18
ComparisonofStatisticalAccuracyofOilViscosity, ,
, ,correlations.
source
% % % % % %

7.35280 1.66306 10.5623 0.36417 5.23515
1.8613
& 297.189 297.189
47.2918 76.3793 21.7114 37.81286 199.988 199.988
88.0995 91.4901 3.64796 7.84613

55.8063 55.8063
77.5968 79.6069 716.423 716.423 9.41826 10.2123
76.8925 77.8884 471.932 471.932 6.61842 9.71086
66.33556 76.4617 4.550115 6.40787
73.3295 75.5098

77.6892 78.9307

8.47644 10.6380
&

82.2305 82.2301 154.374
& 154.151

Table5.19
ComparisonofStatisticalAccuracyofOilCompressibilitycorrelations.
Author SD ARE% AARE%

14.08424 1.124536 6.131125

, 0.463 10 34.69167 38.09546

1.65 10 99.9994 99.9994
1.39 10
0.004739
3.833854
& 0.048066 99.99 99.99
72
5.1.9DevelopmentofOtherNewCorrelations.
This section tries to develop new relations for bubblepoint

pressure, oil formation volume factor at the bubblepoint, and
solutiongasoilratioatthebubblepointusingonlytwoindependent
parametersasacorrelatingparametersthatwereproposeditwere
onlyavailable.
5.1.9.1BubblePointPressureCorrelation.
This work considers the previous developed correlations for

bubblepoint pressure which are essentially based on the
assumptionthatthebubblepointpressureisastrongfunctionof
gas solubility, gas gravity , oil gravity, and temperature . The
solubilityofanaturalgasinacrudeoilisastrongfunctionof
pressure,temperature,APIgravity,andgasgravity.Therefore,
anycorrelationtobedevelopedbetweenthesolutiongasoilratio
andtheotherfluidpropertiesshouldincludeinternallytheeffect
of the above parameters. For this reason, a simple correlation
betweenGORandthebubblepointpressureforselectedIraqicrude
oils was developed in this section with additional correlating
parameterreservoirtemperaturesinceGORandTittheeasilyone
tobemeasuredinthefield.Wherethebestregressionisgivenby
thefollowingequation:

. . . . 5.22
Table 5.20 shows the regression coefficients of this new

correlationofthebubblepointpressure.
73
Table5.20
RegressionCoefficientsfortheNewbubblepointpressure, ,
Correlation.

10.54206 35.3992 55.21918 0.48151 0.13027
Table5.21givestheresultsofthestatisticalanalysis.
Table5.21
StatisticalAccuracyofbubblepointpressure, .
AARE% 4.58366
ARE% 0.0928
R% 92.1007
SD 2.98148
Fig.5.8showsrelativelyacceptableagreementbetweentheestimated
andmeasuredvaluesovertheentirerangeofdata

CalculatedBubblePiont
3500
Pressure,Pb,psia.
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
MeasuredBubblePiontPressure,Pb,psia.

Figure 5.8 Cross plot for BubblePoint Pressure ,psia.
(second new proposed relation)

74
5.1.9.2OilFormationVolumeFactorCorrelation.
This section of the study presented a new correlation for

bubble point oil formation volume factor as a function of
temperature and solution gasoilratio which are the only
measurable field properties. These utilized properties are
dependentonthenewrelationfor .Thisrelationisgivenby
thefollowingequation:

. . . . 5.23
Table 5.22 shows the regression coefficients of this new

correlation.
Table5.22
RegressionCoefficientsfortheNewbubblepointoilformationvolume
factor, ,Correlation.

4.024262 1.37148 0.0727261 0.403222 0.050428
Table5.23showstheresultsofthestatisticalanalysis.
Table5.23
StatisticalAccuracyofbubblepointoilformationvolumefactor, .
AARE% 1.221535
ARE% 0.12078
R% 97.7817
SD% 0.875772
75
Fig. 5.9 shows relatively acceptable agreement between the

estimatedandmeasuredvaluesovertheentirerangeofdata.
2
+10
10
Factor,Bob,RB/STB.
1.5
1
1 1.5 2
MeasuredOilFormationVolumeFactor,Bob,RB/STB.
(second new proposed relation)
5.1.9.3SolutionGasOilRatioCorrelation.
Anewcorrelationforsolutiongasoilratioisdevelopedusing
nonlinearregressionmethodwiththefollowingconsideration:
, 5.24
ThebestrelationwasobtainedusingEq.5.26.
. . . . . 5.25
Table5.24presentsthevaluesofregressioncoefficientsofthis
newcorrelation.
76
Table5.24
RegressionCoefficientsfor
theNewSolutionGasOilRatioattheBubblePointPressure, ,Correlation

15.385 0.507079 0.13125 0.519123 11.83709
Table5.25presentstheresultsofthestatisticalanalysis.
Table5.25
StatisticalAccuracyofSolutionGasOilRatioattheBubblePointPressure
, ,Correlation
AARE% 6.214174
ARE% 2.9499
R% 93.5583
SD 3.494424
Fig. 5.10 shows relatively acceptable agreement between the

estimatedandmeasuredvaluesovertheentirerangeofdata.
1200
+10
CalculatedSolutionGas
Oil.Ratio,RS,SCF/STB.
1000
10
800
600
400
200
200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Figure 5.10 Cross plot for Solution GasOilRatio , , SCF/STB.(second
new relation)
77
5.2PredictionofOilPVTProperties(Pb,Rsb,Bob)
UsingNeuralNetworks.
5.2.1ModelingofBubblePointPressure,SolutionGas
OilRatio,OilFVF.
5.2.1.1DescriptionofTrainingNetworks.
Thefirstlayerconsistsoffourneuronsrepresentingthe
input values of reservoir temperature ,solution gasoilratio , gas
gravity,oilgravity.Thesecondlayer(hidden)contains17 neurons,
andthethirdlayercontainsoneneuronrepresentingtheoutput
valuesofthebubblepointpressure.
The network that modeled solution GOR is the first layer

consistsoffourneuronsrepresentingtheinputvaluesofreservoir
temperature,thebubblepointpressure,gasgravity,oilgravity.The
second layer ( hidden ) contains 19 neurons, and the third layer
containsoneneuronrepresentingtheoutputvaluesofsolutiongas
oilratioatthebubblepoint.
ThelastnetworkisamodelofBobinwhichthefirstlayer
consistsoffiveneuronsrepresentingtheinputvaluesofreservoir
temperature , the bubblepoint pressure, gas gravity, oil gravity ,
solutiongasoilratioatthebubblepoint.Thesecondlayer(hidden
) contains 22 neurons, and the third layer contains one neuron
representingtheoutputvaluesofformationvolumefactoratthe
bubblepoint. Fig.5.11 shows a schematic of an artificial neural
networkwithonehiddenlayerforbubblepointpressure.
78
inputlayer 1 Hiddenlayer
Rs
2
3 Outputlayer
T
: Pb
API :
16
g
17

Fig.5.11Schematicofanartificialneuralnetworkwithonehiddenlayer
forbubblepointpressure.
Thetrainingphasestartswithrandomlychoseninitialweightvalues.
Then a backpropagation algorithm is applied after each iteration, the
weightsaremodifiedsothatthecumulativeerrordecreases.
In backpropagation, the weight changes are proportional to the

negative gradient of error. Backpropagation may have an excellent
performance. This algorithm is used to calculate the values of the
weights the following procedure is then used (called supervised
learning)todeterminethevaluesofweightsofthenetwork:
1.ForagivenANNarchitecture,thevalueoftheweightsinthenetwork
isinitializedassmallrandomnumbers.
2. The input of the training set is sent to the network and resulting
outputsarecalculated.
3.Themeasureoftheerrorbetweentheoutputsofthenetworkandthe
knowncorrect(target)valuesiscalculated.
79
4. The gradients of the objective function with respect to each of the

individualweightsarecalculated.
5. The weights are changed according to the optimization search

direction.
6.Theprocedurereturnstostep2.
7. The iteration terminates when the value of the objective function

calculated using the data in the test approaches experimental value.
The trial and error to find the best ANN correlation model for this
networks are shown in table (5.26). Epochs are usually increased in
ANNtomakethenetworkrepeatedlyunderstandthetrendsofthedata.
Appendix C shows Figs. (C.1,C.2,C.3) which illustrate the number of
epochswithMSEforthisnetworks.
Table5.26
Structureofthetrainingnetworks
elements pressure SolutionGOR OilFVFnetwork

network network
Numberofneurons 17 19 22
Numberofepochs 235 1725 315
MSE 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001
Transferfunction Tansig,purelin Tansig,purelin Tansig,purelin
LearningRate 0.955 0.8977788 0.9955
80
With reduced MSE the network is more accurate, because MSE is

definedas:
1
MSE= [ (d kp okp ) 2 ] (5.26)
2p p k
Where,p:thenumberofpatternsintrainingset,k=No.ofiterations,
d kp =Thedesiredoutput, okp =Theactualoutput.
Learningrate:themainpurposeofthelearningrateistospeedupthe
rate at which the network learns. This is also accomplished by
multiplying the learning rate by the change in weight factor from the
previousiterationinordertodeterminethenewweightfactors.
The choice of transfer function is based on the function of the

network being used. The tansigmoid function is appropriate for most
typesofnetwork,especiallypredictionproblems.
Thelearningprocessincludestheprocedurewhenthedatafromthe
input neurons is propagated through the network via the
interconnections.Eachneuroninalayerisconnectedtoeveryneuronin
adjacentlayers.Ascalarweightisassociatedwitheachinterconnection.
Neurons in thehidden layer receive weighted inputs from each of

theneuronsinthepreviouslayerandtheysumtheweightedinputsto
theneuronandthenpasstheresultingsummationthroughanonlinear
activationfunction(tansigmoidfunction).
Table5.27givesthestatisticalanalysisofthesemodels.
81
Table5.27

StatisticalAccuracyofbubblepointpressure, ,Solution, ,Oil
FVF,
.
Criteria pressurenetwork SolutionGOR OilFVFnetwork

network
AARE% 850.68 0.28 0.14
R% 100.0 99.98 99.95
SD 0.0423 0.0039 0.0424
AppendixCviewestheoutputbiasandthevaluesoftheoutput
&inputweightsofthepreviousnetworks.
5.2.1.2SimulationoftheModel.
Thisworksimulatesthetrainingmodeltocomparethe
predictedvalueswiththemeasuredvalues,Figs.5.12,5.13,5.14
show the rate of the agreement between the predicted and
measuredvalues.

Figure 5.12 Cross plot for values of Figure 5.13 Cross plot for values
BubblePoint Pressure,Mpsia.(neural of solution, ,MSCF/STB.(neural
network model)
network model)
82

(neural network model)
5.2.1.3ValidationoftheTrainingModel.
The training models are tested using 14 point out of the

trainingdataset.Theresultsofthisisshownintable5.28which
indicatesthestatisticalanalysis.
Table5.28
StatisticalAccuracyofbubblepointproperties, , , .
(testingproposedtrainingmodel)
Criteria pressurenetwork SolutionGOR OilFVFnetwork

network
AARE% 4.28 12.21 4.35
R% 90.71 97.5449 96.9943
SD 0.2064 0.1808 0.0805
Figs 5.15,5.16 ,5.17 indicate acceptable agreement between

predictedandmeasuredvaluesofthetesteddataatbubblepoint.
83
for tested values

Figure 5.15 Cross plot

Figure 5.16 Cross plot for tested
of BubblePoint Pressure,Mpsia.(neural values of Solution GasOilRatio , ,
network model) MSCF/STB.(neural network model)
Figure 5.17 Cross plot for Tested Values of the Oil F .V.F ,Bob, RB/STB.(neural network model)
84
ChapterfivedevelopmentofNewCorrelations
74
ChaptersixConclusionsandRecommendations.
ChapterSix
ConclusionsandRecommendations
6.1Conclusions
Basedonthepresentedwork,thefollowingisconsideredto
bethemostimportantconceptsandconclusionsofthiswork.
1. The present work have developed statistical as well as

graphical evidence where that the previous black oil
correlations do not accurately model the behavior of the
electedsouthIraqicrudes.
2. This study has developed and verified a new set of
correlationsforblackoilsthatcanbeusedtodescribethe
behavior of the pressure, solution gasoilratio, oil formation
volumefactor,andoilcompressibilityallatthebubblepoint.
And a new set of correlations for black oils have been
developedthatcanbeusedtodescribethebehaviorofoil
viscosityat,below,andabovethebubblepoint.
3. Incontrasttothepreviousdevelopedcorrelations,thepresent
relationthatisproposedtopredictthevalueofsolutiongas
oilratio does not arise from rearranging a bubblepoint
pressurecorrelation,butitdevelopedanewone.

85
4. The database were used to develop the new correlations

coverrelativelyrangeofPVTproperties,therefore,thestudy
urges that caution should be exercised when extrapolating
outside of the range of the used data to develop the
correlations.
5. This work provided new additional correlations of oil
propertiesforSouthIraqicrudeoils(Pb,Rsb,Bob).Usinga
new approach in developing these correlations utilizing the
physicalinteractionbetweendifferentpairsofoilproperties.

6. A new model was developed to predict the bubblepoint
pressure,solutiongasoilratio,andoilFVFatthebubblepoint.
The model was based on artificial neural network . it gives
betterpredictionandhigheraccuracy.

7. ANNmodelwastestedusingtheindependentdatawhichwas
notusedindevelopingthismodel,wheretheerrorsare
notidenticaltothatreportedinthisworkbutitisnearto
it.
8. Thelocalcorrelationcanbepreferredversusthegeneralone
,butthatdoesnotpreventtryingofdevelopingageneral
correlationusingwiderangeofdata.
86
6.2 Recommendations.
1. Future studies consider black oils with significant
quantitiesofimpuritiessuchascarbondioxide,hydrogen
sulfite,andnitrogen.
2. The future studies are proposed to cover all the Iraqi
reservoirsnotonlysouthoilfields,inordertogetthemore
generalcorrelations.

87
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96
AppendixAAppendixA
AppendixA
ExamplesofDataValidation..
The following data are obtained from one of the PVT lab.
reports.WhichrepresentphysicalpropertiesforwellNo.R41.
TableA.1
ResultsofDifferentialtestforwellno.R41
Pressure Bo GOR 3 3 Bg 10 Gas

sp.gr
liberated Insolution
350 1.324
170 1.3527 0 105.86
150 1.3394 8.08 97.78 0.6957 0.7563
125 1.3065 21.25 84.61 0.8524 0.7529
100 1.2747 34.11 71.75 1.0695 0.7406
80 1.2504 44.5 61.36 1.3629 0.7574
60 1.2206 55.6 50.24 1.8848 0.7644
40 1.1940 66.2 39.66 2.8367 0.8114
20 1.1622 78.21 27.65 5.7030 0.909
10 1.1404 86.17 19.69 10.8562 1.0714
atm 1.0456 105.86 0 1.6221
Example1
Thefollowingproceduresisproducedtocheckthequalityofthe
databasestepbystepbybubblepointdensitytest.
A 1
AppendixAAppendixA
TableA.2
ExampleOne

. 0.1801175
NO.
1
3 45.407 0.007565
4 74.011 0.01984
5 72.27 0.03163
6 58.388 0.041372
7 62.37898 0.051875
8 59.569 0.062523
9 67.492 0.076037
10 44.733 0.086594
11 110.651 0.126133
Where,

. .

.
A 2
AppendixAAppendixA
0.757546093 .
100
. .
100
.
=0.005.
Example2
This example explains the procedure of checking the
databasebytheamountofreleasedgastest.
Let:
TableA.3
ExampleTwo
x y z
1 0.003664947 0.004490443 0.001316004
2 0.00384746 0.005501508 0.001271997
3 0.00556052 0.007080265 0.001215005
A 3
AppendixAAppendixA
4 0.007577723 0.01047949 0.001489997
5 0.009970594 0.01500615 0.00133
6 0.01703438 0.03424652 0.001590002
7 0.04539587 0.08641376 0.002179992
8 0.2137547 0.2577815 0.00948
Whereallpointsachievetheconditionofxandygreaterthanz
,therefore,thePVTreportofwellR.41isacceptablereport,i.e.its
dataofgoodquality.
A 4
Table A.4 A5

The range of the used data in the previous

correlations
Property Standing Lasater Vasquez Glaso AlNajjar Petrosky Velarde
Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.
16.5 63.8 17.9 51.1 15 59.5 22.3 48.1 17 44 16.3 45. 12 55
1.024 2.15
(psia) 200 6000 48 5780 75 6055 165 7142 580 4181 1574 6523 70 6700
(SCF/ST 20 1425 3 2905 0 2199 90 2637 139 2408 217 1406 10 1870
B)
0.5 1.5 0.574 1.223 0.511 1.351 0.65 1.273 0.572 1.319 0.578 0.851 0.556 1.367
60 260 82 272 70 295 80 280 160 242 114 288 74 327

AppendixBAppendixB

AppendixB
StatisticalErrorAnalysis
Therearefourmainstatisticalparametersthatareconsidered
inthisstudy.Theseparametershelptoevaluatetheaccuracyof
the predicted fluid properties obtained from the black oil
correlations.
AbsoluteAveragePercentRelativeError(AARE):
This parameter is to measure the average value of the

absolute relative deviation of the measured value from the
experimentaldata.ThevalueofAAREisexpressedinpercent.
Theparametercanbedefinedas:
1
| |
Where isdefinedastherelativedeviationoftheestimated
valuefromanexperimentaldataandcanbeexpressed(ARE)as:
100
AlowervalueofAAREindicatesbetteragreementbetween the
estimatedandexperimentalvalues.
B1
AppendixBAppendixB

StandardDeviation:
Thestandarddeviationoftheestimated(obtainedfrom
the correlation ) relative to the experimental values can be
calculatedusingthefollowingequation :
B

1
Theaccuracyofthecorrelationisdeterminedbythevalueof
the standard deviation, where small value indicates higher
accuracy.Thevalueofstandarddeviationisusuallyexpressedin
percent.
Correlationcoefficient:
Thepurposeofperformingcorrelationcoefficientisto
describethestrengthoftheassociationbetweentwovariables
namelyexperimentalandcalculatedvaluesobtainedfromthe
, ,
correlation :
.

1

Where,
:istheaveragevalueoftheexperimentalPVTparameter,
whichcanbecalculatedusingthefollowingequation:
1
B
nd=numberofdatapoint.
B2
AppendixBAppendixB

Ei=percentrelativeerror.
SD=StandardDeviation.
=experimentalPVTparameter.
=estimatedPVTparameter.
B3
AppendixCAppendixC
AppendixC
The following figures represent the training with terminal

figures of the training network that was developed to model
each of (pressure , solution gasoilratio , and oil formation
volumefactor)atthebubblepoint.
FigureC1.trainingwith FigureC2.trainingwithterminalfor
solutiongasoilratiomodel.
terminalforpressuremodel.
FigureC3.trainingwithterminalfor
oilFVFmodel.
C1
AppendixCAppendixC
TableC.1
Thevaluesoftheoutputbias
b1 b2 b3
1.3358 0.0166 0.5809
TABLEC.2
thevaluesofoutputweightsofpressurenetwork

W=
{0.46750.54340.96140.4714
0.93170.19081.18681.1306
0.94430.29530.75520.0517
0.34031.14100.33440.3917
0.1645}

TableC.3
Thevaluesofoutputweightsofsolutiongasoilrationetworks
W={0.11580.15910.51890.23440.55092.48440.3770
0.10970.23370.34640.10531.32250.09121.4909
0.51470.23980.54930.48910.9947}
C2
AppendixCAppendixC
TableC.4
ThevaluesoftheoutputweightsofBobnetwork
W={0.36870.02200.06250.92220.11440.02630.6877
0.73080.09100.54950.14141.05820.55370.1667
0.56180.44570.10030.63020.05930.04260.0839
0.6470}
Fig.C.4Schematicofanartificialneuralnetworkwithone

hiddenlayer.
C3
AppendixCAppendixC
TableC.5
Thevaluesoftheinputweights&theinputbiasofpressure
network.
W= B=
{0.02500.01820.31275.3966 18.3503
19.4537
0.01860.04270.03323.8884
17.9248
0.08780.01040.36820.7309
16.9705
0.12010.04672.25318.1366
4.4822
0.08290.01400.677512.6651 6.8567
0.13940.54300.01195.4027 3.8049
3.5240
0.05930.01090.07009.2353
3.8925
0.03480.00950.04448.8866
10.2048
0.23000.02850.79558.8350
24.1698
0.46320.15040.45780.1831 8.8409
0.03820.03050.972113.8408 4.0825
0.6790
1.37830.23080.093013.3474
5.0673
0.13810.05920.68474.9174
14.7754
0.12190.00050.466214.6371
6.4852
0.02500.03350.14526.8124
0.66620.16352.86358.6889
1.40610.76358.50506.0514}
C4
AppendixCAppendixC
TableC.6

Thevaluesoftheinputweights &theinputbiasfor
SolutionGasOilRatioNetwork.
W= B=
{0.28460.02230.965815.4326 10.9340
12.4064
0.08460.00030.758019.7718
1.3275
0.04600.02990.24893.7849
9.1475
0.58120.04901.037425.5516
9.1679
0.05410.06290.167515.9274 22.2943
0.01380.00760.614717.6399 15.0461
0.5609
0.04740.00140.476115.1911
5.8928
1.86540.10082.44136.0650
7.2498
0.02550.00370.04390.3487
13.2086
0.52830.05251.64864.5242 16.1792
0.15200.00561.36600.5949 13.2626
17.5223
0.03130.00010.030613.8553
1.9462
0.68940.06961.818410.8619
2.4478
0.02760.00040.079213.2771
0.3396
0.07650.03700.14670.5889 10.8318
0.04630.00390.090620.3949 3.2167
0.19860.04180.01561.2206
C5
AppendixCAppendixC
0.02220.00030.295711.3164
0.22480.02960.02693.6395}
TableC.7
Thevaluesoftheinputweights&theinputbiasfor
OFVFnetwork.
w= B=
22.1203
{0.06130.08410.10379.36320.0241
10.9142
0.07570.09030.21300.38520.0153
3.6110
0.03800.06310.08559.78200.0272 3.4749
0.00240.00930.03377.58730.0041 7.7829
20.8057
0.33220.05020.11630.40040.0309
6.8024
0.23080.17260.095710.36120.1001
3.1953
0.01920.03630.08825.99180.0114
1.8344
0.02070.00630.06839.74870.0004 9.2732
0.05320.01900.029411.33380.0067 0.0085
6.4406
0.02940.04740.02467.85010.0133
6.8420
0.04640.01810.11138.68750.0018
8.6330
0.00100.00780.20503.87480.0015
5.9175
0.00840.00050.014913.83070.0016 1.4869
0.08120.07840.10626.38080.0417 15.1927
C6
AppendixCAppendixC
0.01340.04030.36236.30860.0096 5.4279
0.02800.00150.26919.31270.0043 8.0509
12.1898
0.02540.00250.004212.52340.0049
9.1995
0.01850.00590.15362.24790.0011
10.9790
0.01550.01040.040510.84080.0012

0.03670.01490.090411.58850.0326
0.00930.00830.061710.69840.0081

0.00380.00670.27306.80350.0016

C7

.

) (
.

.
)) (StatisticalAnalysisSystem(SAS
:
.
:
)(3.15%,3.7%,0.95%,10.6%,7.5%,5.2%,and6.1%
. Pb,Rsb,andBob
.
) : (ArtificialNeuralNetworks(ANN)
Pb,Rsb,andBob ANN
.
crossvalidate
.
Pb,Rsb,andBob
0.85%,0.28%,and0.14% .

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University of Baghdad

Hope the acceptance.

To the spirit of my uncle "Hassan" who encouraged me and my friend

To my parents and my kindly mother only through their love and

"Hibe , Mawahib , Noor, Hanan, Amnia, & Zahraa ."

"Thameen, Ameen, Mohamed , Ahmed & Lovely Ali."

With my grateful to them.

I am indebted and grateful to Mr.Omer Falih, for his support and

I also want to express my gratitude (south oil co.) , especially to

I am especially grateful to my friend Miss Eman, Tuka, Arwa, Soura,

This work provides a detailed analysis of the most popular

Therefore, this study presented two independent means for

2.3RegressionCoef icientforthe CorrelationOfAlNajjar..20

2.4RegressionCoef icientsforthe CorrelationOfAlNajjar..20

= Total producing gas /oil ratio.( SCF/STB), (m/ m).

The important aim of the present work is to develop new

There are two independent means for developing empirical

on the general relationship between the dependent and

The basic elements of a neural network are the neurons and

Traditional correlations are based on simple models which

An ANN model can accept substantially more information as

Furthermore , an outstanding attribute of the ANNs is their

VasquezandBeggs (1980) presented correlations to estimate

Al Marhoun (1988) published correlations for

Abddul MajeedandSalman (1988) published an oil

Labedi (1990) presented correlations for oil formation

Al Marhoun (1992) published a second correlation for

PetroskyandFarshad (1993) developed new correlations

Velarde (1996) presented a new set of correlations

Salehetal. evaluated the empirical correlations for

Ghettoetal . performed a comprehensive study on PVT

Elsharkawyetal. evaluated PVT correlations for Kuwaiti

MohmoodandAl Marhoun presented an evaluation of

Hanafyetal. published a study to evaluate the most

Al FattahandAl Marhoun publishedanevaluationofall

HammatiandKharvat (2007) , developed a number of

Al Shammasi (1997) , evaluated the published

McCainandBlasnigame (1998) , provided a comparative

GharbiandEl Sharkawy (1999) presented neural network

Osman, AbdelWahab, andAl Marhoun (2001) evaluated

OsmanandAl Marhoun (2005) used the Arti icial Neural

Therefore , in 2007 , El Sebakhyetal. demonstrated

This section presents the most useful correlations in more

The selected correlations were developed by the following

Standing in 1947 has developed a set of correlations for

Lasater (1958) published his correlation of P which was

These were expressed in terms of usually measured field

The following equations fit Lasater s graphical results,

VasquezandBeggs (1980) were developing a generally

VasquezandBeggs provided these relations according to

coefficient API 30 API 30

coefficient API 30 API 30

Glaso (1980) analyzed data of 26 different crude oil

Al Najjaretal. (1987)developed correlations to predict

coefficient API 30 API 30

coefficient API 30 API 30

0.96325 4.9 10 F 2.23

Petrosky (1990) developed an empirical PVT correlations

Petrosky reported average relative errors of 0.17% and

Velarde (1996) presented new sets of correlations

52.8 0.01. 2.36

Velarde reported average absolute relative errors 4.18%,

BeggsandRobison (1975) published new correlations for