You are on page 1of 157



T  A C 
.
E E * E   
      ; C 
 C ;   ;    d 
  i   d ; O: *
 A ; E*     * d *d
 ; E   !d :  k E
* ; E   .
;  S T    * d 
  d *; p C  A* .
 * p ; *  d ; E  A * 
 *  A d d .
T P  d r
r s d P d: r r
  T  d* d.

P
      
 .   * 
;  ; :
 E  C  * A
     .
 S   A ; P O

 ; C* T ;
;  *    
  ; .
 ;   
 .A : S   P   b
 A ;     e  P  P* d A
O.
 ) (

 ' "      .


 89  6 "  ,"
 9 . 
  8  

   .   , I  G
  9   9    O
 T  .T  
   ,     , 
 O      
 .
     \    O

 b   8    
  "  e  .
   ," b   
 I   f   .O
  8     
   k G j   9 .
b9       l 
  T   m m   8
 .  T  n  9 k
 T   9  kG O
   . 9   
   T  9 , 
 ' 9  l 9 T
"  .n j   
 "  - j  8 f
 ,  - j9 O 
  l k j jI
   G.
 I

 j
   ""  "" 8 I 
     T  f   v 
  G  ,    .   9 T
    .  G  
  "     G   
  l   9 j  
l "   .    T
9
 .,
  j f   G O
      l m  
 .
  j l    9
 9 9  9  9 9 z
9 9 9  .
 9   "  " :
        
       
 ) (   ) I 9( 
) (    "  .9 b j
 I ,  ,".
   .
  ,"  "
 9 O   G 9
 .   ,  |   
  I   k T   j
  .  ,"    l I
 .   ,   8
 ) (
 




 ) (

.....................................................
  :   ........................
   -+
 5  8  ................... 5
?   -
D  :  .........................
 5 5
 " ................................"5
 JK :
  ................................ 5
 ...............................................
   .......................................
 

8  RQ

 "#       
#  -   . $
7 . -  3
    ? <> <  ; "# .89
 - 
 N     >
 9 9   " <>  >  -
<" # Z .   9 "
 9  - "  .
     N ]  "
 <  "# .  -
  <9  #  < .
  "   -  # 
   3 #  "    9 
 -    "    
 .
# <"   89 e  d ] >
  N"    9   
    .
]  -  -  ] ]j9  ]
 #  #  9 <> < 9 < N N
# 89   < #
 ; - -   
 3.m
 ) (

<.9
9  n   q ; 9  p n N

"# <"  q  3 " <" "
<  <    > #  e < 
.
 > #  "  # p  < 
<  < Z      ".
 3  n   d9
d  N    n  ; d9
d   < 3  .
 N <"  <   
 +
K ]  [ 8 +  

9
 

 3   <  
e <  .
 p p  p
  9 Z  < < 
<# Z e    e # 
 #   9 "  9 m9
  9 # 7;   < #  p
    " 9   #
  p < !
 ;  ] <" < p  # p  <
8
 ) (

  q  .d9    "  9 


 9      ;
 p  .    9  
9    <   .
   9 ]     
  9  # ; "  -
 > > < - " 9  .
  9     " 
 9   <  9
n 
 <   .    -
 ; > # 9   e
 3 <   .
 9" # e N " < 
  < #    e
  n   . ;  
   p   p
 ;  . ;   3" 9  .
  3 Z" <"  9 -    n
.
 " <"   -  }9   .
"#  9  "   q
<      
  <       
 m   .
11
 

 :
  

"  "  "    " )9


< 3(   7? . " ]  9 p
  .  "  .
  p #    Z 
 <"     ; ;  "
    "  
" .
<" 9 9 > $  9 "<  "e"< Z
   9  9   

10
 ) (

    ]     
 "7 :
 * 8
   

 R   8 o p  -  
] [- : R   5

13
 

   N   "  >   .
#   ;  9# .
 n  3 "   " 9"  <
 " "  " - " "9 N <"  
"  " >
# 9  "  .
.  <
>9 :n
" <" q"      "  

 9 <" # 9 -  "
<   >9 q " " q   
:
" "  n   9 <"  q 

" "
 "# "  <    q
 9  9 ; "  9  
  .
   n   N #  
     ""    -
9 9 >   ) }9 ( .
 "#       Z
 9 #   < < 
 .
" < <  # <  < ;> 

12
 ) (

> < j  e  . "  7]


"  .    Z  n} 
# < . >  DNA>   
 <  Z " ; . <"  Z
  <    
< Z     ] Z 
  ) (   . Z
 < # j  .-
     #  <
< . Z p <  p
  "# . ; -    
#  .q < e < Z  e 9
< n  - "# .9    -9
#  n Z < #   d   
 . "  # < e" . 
 Z     .
n  "< N -   "  9
Z .?  n <" #"
  :N
"     9    < d
#   Z  -  - 9  3

 ]  N  < . 9
 < " # <  "# .  <  
:
8     D ] [ :D

15
 

 
 - +5
  8 5

? N  q"  "  .
" " "  . " } # "
 n ;   - <  e
9 < 3     
     .
  ""     
<  ?  "   " 
   . Z ""   Z
 . 7 " 9  # . m  "9"

14
 ) (

)(    oz )|( 

 {
 z  z 



 z

 


  


 
 

 R  -    Q 
   z.

17
 

 {  5   8
 5  5   o
   5  .R-

R-
 5 
  5 
 "# >    
 >9 " Z"  
# "  

" N <  .9
]  "# 9 < 9n
  .

"    -.9
 "#9 " " < ;9
 
" ." "#
5
" Z" >
  
  " 
 ;  -9 ;7 9] 
 - "< 9      "
. <"    9  9 
  > ; < .
<" <9 "   " Z" 
7 q p  . <"  n" ; 9" 

16
 ) (

 R D
  Q

 9 . 9  q ";# . <"


 n".n
 n] 7 e N  " Z"

 < "n   9 > 7 " "


 -     . ; ]  9
 q  <"   9 q
19
 

     9   ?9#  
p      n 
 .
    "  99 <  -
    -  < 
 p "   -  "  
"   9  .9 "  )9(  
# .Z # ;  n  < .
    }9  <    9 #  < 
   Z    
 7]  "")(   n  < .Z
   e   < .  
"  . Z? <   e   n
  .Z?  7] " 
  ]  <   -  n ; 
 )<(   ? . )p9( >
<    # .  9 <" " "
< < 7  ; 9    - 
 Z n  -    9p # . 
  <"  e    
# 9 < q  - 9 >  Z
 "#  -   .   "#9 "

 9 ] n  " Z" :
" n    <"  n < . ]

18
 ) (

   ; " < # 9   e
  .  j <" < 9 -  ;#
< < "# n  9 "  .n .

# n " .  $ < . "# n}
   N 9   ;}  >
 ."9 . ] < "# 9  9  9 
9  "  - <  "# <
< Z  9" #   <"
      9


 5 5 
"#   . 9 
 " >" 9; .  < 
   . e Z "  N> # 
 < #  9 ; " ; .9    
q ;9 .
 "#   <9  <   "d
  9"" .  9 n e
>> .   ;   
.
"#   9  3 9 <"  n 
  - 9] #  < 9 n  .

 j ?   Z -   <
]  <>   . Z    
21
 

 8D5
 
 
 8 +
5 5
+
 5
D
 
 + 
8 
 -
 5?
  

8  +
20 .

 ) (

 - j  .7 n "#  "" > 


 < 9    ] # < d
.
 ]  - <" "  < 
   <" "   d  "
 <  < . ? < 9
 d < .

  p
"    d . - d
; 9 #   9 "
 d 9  " : <
)(   )  ("
    d .
       
 > .  q -  < 
" < ; .
 "# ? < ;  
< ;  Z  <.
; <"  q 9 m9    9
<     d e
 d  #}    e   
"# "    ; < <  ;"
>    < .

23
 

   D -  +
  58 R?  
    R |    -  
        R
    -  
 5     D| 
      R 
   8 D R   5 

 5   D z R
  R     
  5  +? 
 +   
  .

j  ) < 9
#  3 <   # <  <"
 5
 j  9  
  . # < 
8
"( >< <  > #  j < Z  )  (
<; . < <" j 9  Z?
 >  Zp    Z
j . n ;  " "   > 
< "    -.
     j   >

22
 ) (

 "  d  ;   #
  9  Z    ? 
  d  < Z ." 
<  d   # < <.

 Q 
 5  
?  <  .   d  
 <   .  d  
    " ";# ; 9 -
 < 9  <7 d]
 N   n   "  
 9 <"  Z < <  
   d .
<" "  d
9   "# - <" "   
#  .
 "#   d   
 n < n  . " 

  - p  Z .
  < <"   <  <
  9      
 .
 - d  ?9 9
 - d.
25
 

  p    " 5
    "

H N C O O H

 
R
H 
 

 CH
CH
 R p  CH
CH
O H CH 

C C
CH
HO N CH CH
H CH
H
{
{

  NH
C
{

CH 
 R  O
? O H
HH CH CH
C 8
HO N CH
O H CH
  5  p
C CH
C   p 
HO N CH     5 .

24
( ) 

Neutral Aliphatics
GLYCINE (gly) ALANINE (ala) VALINE (val) LEUCINE (leu) ISOLEUCINE (ile)

Neutral Aliphatics Acidic Aliphatics


SERYNE (ser) THREONINE (Thr) CYSTEINE (cys) METHIONINE(Met) ASPARTIC ACID (Asp)

Asidik Alifatikler Bazik Alifatikler


GLUMATIC ACID (Glu) LYSINE (Lys) ARGYNINE (Arg) ASPARAGINE(Asn) GLUMATINE (Gln)

Aromatic Heterocyclic

PHENYLALANYN (Phe) TYROSINE (Try) TRYPTOPHANE(Trp)HISTIDINE (His) PROLINE (Pro)

Simple Carbon and Big rounded


Acid chain
Hidrogen chain chain
Hidroxyl group Cyclic amino
Basic chain
acid
Sulphur Including
Polar but not ion
Group

27
 

< "# <  d     <


<    . < < d " .
   9 >  ."   
  "  ;   .
 < q .  q" < q  9 
<  .  Z    < 7
< n    "  q  9  
 .-  < q  9    .
; "#?   9  9 d 
<  . "  9 - d
 p   "  q < e <
  9   <  Z Z <  Z <.
] " ?   9
  .

  : +   
 5  
  :    -
 5

26
 ) (

 " "  n   " 


      
   <"   d ]
 .  d  >  .
 <   q   d ]
  d  ] < 
 #}     . n
 Z   . N  d  #
 ]   Z.
 9 
  d ]
Pro
7] 9 ; 
Pro Pro  9  .
Gly <  9" d
Gly Pro
    .
Gly <" "  - d 
< ] >< 
Pro

Pro
<  ."
p d ; <
9  ; ;  
o    R n:
 -  
   " "#  d  
 p "     d9  ;
"    R   ; <   .
 .
#  ;   ;  n

29
 

  5 D  5
 p  5  
  < <"    
    .  . <" "  - ; d
 < ; .
"# < e d  " " < < .
  <  .7 9  #  <Z
    . ; <"  9
"        . n
     .  


 8 p
8 
  
  
 p  
       5 5
  .

28
 ) (

" < e d   <  "


9  . j9  <   d
 #" "  ; < 
<" "   < < < . "  n 

< d ]  "
? <  9 .  9
 ;   9   9 > <  Z <
<  9  "7:
   
Q  
p ? 8  8 R

 ][ :

 
 p
 q ;   <" " ?
 d .
 "# d    #
   ; < n  ;  Z
  Z .
 ; < " <  - d   <
<  - d < < n "  " <>  -
> #   # n . < Z
# < q " 
"" )  - 
 q #  q( <  "" .

31
 

 < 9 . ?9  
< ] .  9 #  9"

 d9 ".Z
   >
"n  9 #  9"
 d9  "#"Z9 " <"
 9  
 - 9
#   
#  ;  . 9
 "    " 
 "< - 9 "  d
9 <" "   "
     
 <"  Z  p
   . 8  p   5
 5    
 Z    e  8     -
 <"  >   "
< d   "  n
         n
 ";#  n  ) < 9 

.
   " <""  d ]
   :

30
 ) (

 < e   9 # .


# ; "#   - Z " ? < "
< .
 "# Z -  # 9 Z  " <
      .  N  d
      $  q
 "# .9    >   .d9

 
 p : 
<  m] p  9  d 
#    - d . - 
  <p 9  d < e 9
 N   .
 "#<p q 9 
 - d  " #   
  #} >    -
"9 "    d .
      " <" ; 9 
  e  n" 9 " 
  < < <"  d  
< 9  q  . -
.
 <  - < n Z  . Z
" " " "9 9  - <  (). 
33
 

 

 
     8    p
  8 +  8  8   D5
8   .

} q     . " q
 < ] #     >
<   # n > 7 ; . "
<    q
 "      
  q .
 <  < #  < 9
 n ; < d     e "  . Z
 "# q #     Z
 . Z >   )  (
 " <    Z   d
 q <   " " ;
" " < 7  d .
 "  <    n #
 Z    <
d  .
 9 ; < N  "< 9  - d 
32
 ) (

valin histidin tireonin prolin glumatik glumatik lizin


lsin asit
asit

valin histidin tireonin prolin glumatik lizin


lsin valin asit


8   " p  "
 D   " "
" "  
 o    
 -  . p

9 
 -.
<  -
 Z
 < . 
# ;#  d <   "  - 
   . <"  ) 
( )  "   9 (  
   NH )  9(  
   - )9 (.
  Z "p <    . > 
n"  -  <  .
 $  n  - : >   d
   <"   
<   <   "< n d "
  Z   ] 9 9 7].
35
 

 
 p
? 9   9 .  -
# < e 9 < 9 9 9 ) <(.
    d   - < .
 9      
 .  - 9  ;  
 ;   "  .  <" ] 9
 } #    < Z9  9
 .d9   . ? <>
# ] 9  9.
  ] 9  9 ; "
  .d9  9  - <
; . "   "   
   <
 9p   )   d(<
 9  9 )  
 (     <
 9  d < .

 

 D R

 

 
 ) (

  d .   
  "     "  
  .
 ; "   <" " 
 d  " :
. " <   <
<  .  9 ep   #
.
. <" "  d ;    .
. <" "  d <"  9d
  p " .
 .   d <" " 9 ;
   - d.
  m  m 
>   "; .   .
        "
  ?  "9 9" " " "#
"  " "  "9  "9 9 <"   9
# <"    #   n"   
<  .  d " >   > #
<  N:
 n  d <  
 9 < . n    
 d    ); (/ "
  d    " .# n} 

37
 

 >  . "  d   
 "< m"  - ; d <  
 Zp  <" "   . Z <
 - m "  . < <" >  

H H H H
O O
H N C C H N C C

R O H R O
H
   

 p  H H
   5  O
  o  Q R
 
 5  .



H H O H
O
H N C C O C C

H R O
H R
R- 

36
 ) (

) n (    "  "# n# n
 " <   "< n N

 # 9  # , .
 ;#" "       <"
  " "  q < e  
"    }9 .  
 Z    7] 
n
 Z  # 9 .
        .
  "# . " <"     n
     "  <  $
  :
 p     5 
  -
 
D   R  *  
      

] [-

 +  5
 "#        Z
 -  < e d   - d
    -.d
 # <9 < n :
 .  .
 .  >.
39
 

 D  p
< "< d q   d  "  ; < <q
 -  d9 n"  -   <" 
 -  - :
 . 8  z z  p
z 5 .    p
<  q < <"  q 9 9
#  d #   ] > .
 | z . p -  - + .
 n #  n  # 9 -
 "  <   q .

]  ;}   d    "
    < "  "
 "  <9 ;#   " ? #" 
    q   >  .

 " <    . n  
  <   n"  }
<    - n " .
"   n" <
 " <"  - d <  "
  n  - m 9  ; n
  . n"    < 
  n ; .
 ;#  n < ]  $
 e 9< ;# . <"   9 9
]    (*** = ) . d   -
38
 ) (

  "9  # " 


 <  " < < ;# "  
"  "< 3  9  .- " " 
< "  d    "
 . ; - "  d
    m  "7
 . <  - m  
<"  9    <"  <" Z
   <"  d  n .
< "#  < n  < ]  
 d  "    d ] "
  d "   )<>  d(
.
"#  d  >    >
< e < - ;  >
  9   >   
 " <     
  ] "  d ; 
 .  "9 >   >
9 <"   Z # <" ?  "#  >
 Z  "  "# . > >
Z     -  < >
  < 7] # -   >
 <>  d  

41
 

 .  .
 .  .
   d     
  > <  <  <" 9
<  > " q   
  "    "N-"
 >.
<    "   q  
  .q
<   "  <      n.
; "#  - n    
q
<" ]  .
 <" <   n  - <n
# ;  -   N # 9] 
  n  "  9 " <"

40
 ) (

> < . ; #   >


9 m  ;# .   
> " 
] ] 
 -.
  n "  < 
q   j9  "# .  d 
"  " <  <" " " <>  . 
9     "# .   9
   9" "#  -  
  .9 <"  d <  9
 ";# . > 9 "   Zp <> <  <>
" <"  9  d   9 :
"   9]   d
   "    .
# ?  - 9 9 <  d 
   - d  9 ;  9 -
  > <   -  < 9
 > < e    d9 
   9 .

43
 

           


  

 .  .
Alpha Helix

 .  .-

 .  .

 .  .

Heme group


 8   
  5 
Q 
D  e p
  p
  
.p
42
 ) (

.
 
<    >   " n
"   9 #  <  q>
  
<    
"#  m 
  ] "    9
 p  >  - < <9 < <

  <" ; 9 9  


   ;  9    .n
 "# 9  < Z  "  
p "# .  " "   q
 - "      -
  -  <] < q
) "   ( . ] <" <
    9
   <"    q 
   -9  9 9" " " < .
 9       9
 9     . Z ;
 .

 R 5
<  <" > < n  N9
 d   > < # n  
"   >     ;  

45
 

 R 5
 p
 8
5
 .

 R: -
 { 5
  ] < <"  d #
 Z < # #    >
< "  9 < "# n -  < n-
 d .
 "#  <  " 
 Z 9    Zd

   d ]  }9  "
< }9.
 
  n
   
  )( > "
       "
" 
9 #  7] .
      n 
9  
 9 
 d     Z    <

44
 ) (

 #   ] "#  Z <  -


 Z   p  ; n  #
> .

    
  Z   ]  .
 n    7] ."  - 
  N9 p   N " 
   "  -     # 
  < <"   -
 n  " ""   : e
" "#   
   ;
<> ">9
"# -     -9  -
< #  n  -  <]

9  <.

 
 p
  

  R 
 R - .

47
 

  oR
  - 5
 5  -
 5 5

   
 p 
.

   ";#  
   -
 "#   d   N
   9   N
 - :
"9 99 9 < ] N 9" -
  N <  d  > 
    <    
>   }9.
 "#< N9 <"  - < ; "
 -
   N  n> 
"#
9    "   
   9 # ] ] Z
<  d    N <
46
 ) (

  o R  D z " 
 z "  5 
    5
 -    
 5  .

Ala

Gly

Ala

Gly

;  n   N   

    Zp < # <> n
  n $< . # 9 9 
 < . 9  #  <
"# .
 <   d >
 ] #  ] < # "  .

  >  " " )>  


(  ; n  # < n  d  # n

Z .
 "# d <    
]  -      .

49



  

 #        
. 6.7 . . . . .* & 
" <" @ . 8  . . #< .8
. 6 7 6  .@ & <  <
. 7 . 7 . . 8 . 7 .
.   6  8   6. . 6@
@ . 8  . .@ .@ . 
. . 6 .. . .@ . . 7.
. . S .  P R .< Q P   <.P
. W RW . .  <.

) '&
*

2'
'*

7 
7
>   7


48
 ) (

   
 5K "
 "

 9     9 ;  >
<9 -. -
"#    ;      -9
 <" "  ] # .$ ; "#  
    "# 9 

<  <   -   n?  

51
 

9      
 < ...
 ;    - <"    <
<> 9 >  n   # # ; "#
>  9  j9  #
.
  - 9 "   
  q    < -
 ) (

 ;# 9 < n  ;   9


 < >  <>  ;#  
.
  

o R  D "
"    R
 Q + 
D .

53
 

7 #  9 -  Z "   " <


<   .

 R  :5 5
 <" ?  < < ? 
   n  -? < #
<> p <  " 
<?  -   .
 "# #  > Z # <" 
  Zp     
  "# p 9 <"
   > Z  #n

 8 5RD 
   
8 J    5R
 - R   +
    5RK
   Q
D .
52
 ) (

#}     7]  #   Z>
"#   n  - 
  j  "    ]
#     Z <  
   < Z  < Z  "# Z 9
"    9   -9  <
" < ## 9  #  " 
 3" "  < N   - "7
 n  :

][ :  8 8 
 8 8

   5
  5 D
.

55
 

  <"   Zp Z Z  .
<"   " " "   p 
  <   ;    <
 ><   "" ] # >  
  d " " " Z  
"  Z N  Z  ; ] #  Z
  Z  #      #
   .
< <     N
 "#   # .
 ; "       <> <"
 q  "# " " 9"
  p
      Z #  # 
  -      <
 m   ]   Z

 5Q
5R
  
  R
 . 5

54
 ) (

        
     *+
 8  ":" 8 *+
 : E   8 A 8 
  8 .RNA *+
 M    +  M8 L
 A 8   VW 
 8  L   8 W  L  :W
 L  \     M 
     ` M8  A 
  8   W.
  W       
M  M M   f +    
M8 M  i   .
  : * A    AW  
 A 8  .
 k M8 * A  L 
    8V   W .
  : *  L  8  E :
 L  :    M  L  M :l
"   :  " M   l 
  L  Ml m  +  L :   
   +  : 8 8 A A:
  o +   M8 M :
   * M   + 8  E:
 .

57
 

!  
+ :


k  :  L +  E:
  W  l 8  : A 
   .
 +8 : +8 A    
      +8 MW l
    .u
` M  v A    L

 *+  + 8 " 8 "x
 M . L    M8  A
MW  L M  L   M k 

  A   :.A
56
 ) (

   W       
8 8 .   
   M + L 8 M :8 8|.
 *+  "DNA" + M :8  
  L    " W8 "A
" " "G " "C M "T  L M
  *      M8
   M  : |
  "DNA" +  M L A : 8
 .
 M A W A M 8 
+

3  
9 7
 DNA
 B
B
 E 

B P 
  S
 JB  S

B7 S

 B
B
 .

59
 

 ! : 
\ +       
  "DNA" + W A    k
  +8  M   8
  M 8  M  M M  
:       .
    | M8 L   + u:W
   M8 8 +8* 8
     8.
 M     A      
  M .      M
          u A
  \   M M :
8 m u    AW:  W A 
V:  AW "  M  M M ": L
 AW: A:   : *   
 L M   v8 + L .
       u
  "DNA" +

7 
     8 M
 *+  "DNA" + +  A   
       "DNA" +
 M   +   8l 
 +  AW      :W
58
 ) (

 M        *
  : A    W
  "DNA" +     M8  W
 Ml  +   :
 M      + *+ M W :
  :   +   l  A E :
 :  8 A    : +
8 " " v  DNA + + 8   *
:     M8 :| 
   + W  *+  DNA ++
M :|` M 
 P
   A W  *+
 DNA + + M :
| 
 A W 
8 MW
 L.
 P
 M  i  
 
|  M *
 M 8 A

E!   P!
 B  
    E P
  B  .

61
 

 E B   B +  


 B  "  "-  E
 3+E J  E! + B 
 B +  b     .

    f: AW L  l   M
 W   M   W.
.
  8   A
  :W l* A  8
     AW* A .
   *+  "DNA" +* A
: +    E:   * A 
: A 8 ().  M  +
: MW  .
60
 ) (

 W   A A .
 " "  ` x   M   
 u  *+   . "DNA" +  M  A:
  L  M   M .

 
 M   +8    "DNA" +
M     *  +8
 L    :  +W    M :
  8  ""  +
     "  "   +l*
 +W    E|" 8  
 " l      .
8 : :    M "DNA" +
 l 8    L 8 "RNA" 
"RNA" 8   u u| 8 : :W
  "DNA" +    l   
: M8 k A: f  "DNA" + 
 L:   LW : 8  
 A:  L W 8 k  v |
 L A:      o "DNA" +
  k8 .  8  
" :   DNA" + M  "DNA" + o

63
 


 :  W\    * A 8  
  "DNA" +  i   * A AW
  "DNA" + W* A    
 | + l M 8  "RNA"+
""  M 8  8   +
" "DNA 8 
l M8   MW
8 +8*8   L  A   A:  
 *+ + M  :  8 W* : M

 E  7  DNA e   e


  B  9  +    i
e   B + .

62
 ) (

 v +   +  L  W.

 M L   L   M8
 .
8 M8*  M  L W 
:l W AW L   AW
    k    lL
:      u 8  
  *+  +" "DNA l 8 ""
  +8      
  +  :   l  
    M .u
\ ` f: AW  L M8
  "DNA" + *   u
 A  : 8|   A W
 W x     
" " M8 8    u.
 8 8  ` 
 8 M " "  v  "DNA" +  8
 L l   ) (SPLICE CEOSOM 
     l L
 :     +  W  W
 8  |   u  u
 L      
M8| |     M 8:W l
 |  W: m " A "...

65
 

M 8   *

 7  "DNA" +  k M8k
    :W
  *W MW  8*
 ` A. x

mRNA

  
mRNA
  M   M  A
 M8   :W
  W M M  
u
   + 
w
+   M  | 8

P
A 8\  M   M8
:W  A :W

  
  M   M   M8 A  
:W   W M M    
 +    M  | 8 A 8\ M
   M8 :W  A :W v
 +   +  L  W.
 M L   L   M8
 .

64
 ) (

 DNA J

 

J


W

F

  2      DNA   
?  RNA    " SPLICEASOME"7 
  J      F @ 
  W  VJ 2 7       Q
? 2Y  Q   ] ]   J   2Y 
 2  VF  V  .

67
 

  +8 u 8  M + m
  | *  *  W M  W
 "  "M 8.
 \   \  8   +
" "DNA M8  \  8 M"  "
  + k) A (MW `    * 
) MW : \  M A DNA
8     MW   RNA + M8 k: 
M8     DNA + RNA +
  +     L 8 |
W  M  RNA +   A 
""    8  :   L
 A   A  .:

  E !
 :       +
 M  L    ""  L 
 M A   DNA + A 
8    L  *+  RNA +
" "    M8 8 L
  mRNA *+  :
   M      u
   M *+  mRNA + 8
   l M8  8 8    
  8:   ` x  E
.
   u
66
 ) (

  +  +   k
8 v i  E  v M8M
8 :    +8 M xk
 *      
 W  L*  xW : A  M8
  W L    E  A
  tRNA +  E   
 M8 M    W
   .
 8   tRNA +   M8
 8  AW   + LW  tRNA +.
 M 8   A   M8 
 *+ A   L + MW 8
  +   8 
 + L 8       8
8  |   mRNA + M 
   +  L :   
8 u  W M8     A
8 M .

  e
!
 M  W      +  A
 : 8      k A

69
 

!  +E e !
  x      L . M8
  mRNA +  +    
   tRNA +  ` i  RNA *+ +
RNA 8    M DNA +
 L E   E  
 W    M  L E    
  W   L E  
 .
l  M 8 
 L E )  W(   : M E

retilecek proteinin bilgisi


mRNA ile hcrenin ekirde-

inden B
ayrlarak retimin E
yaplaca yere, yani ribozo-
 
ma gelir. Bu arada gereken
E mal
mRNAzemeler deb 
tRNAlar tara-  
ye  !
fn dan ribo zo ma getirilme
ba lar.
 E  eP  eP
  bJ
   +P  7eP
  
 E tRNA   b
.eP mRNA  7

 7

eP
 7  
 68

 ) (

   8 8  W
8  `|    A  .
  M fW8 M8 M8

8: MW 8  .

 . + + +  w


  M  :  E MW
W8   tRNA +  +  
  mRNA  +    W 
 E   b e
 
 w

  E DNA  B
 z   b
mRNA    7
   S tRNA
  w  .

 + " +" w

71
 

` x l M8 L

  DNA + M8
 L   L
 E    W
8   L
:
 M  u 8  A
 DNA + L
:8 |  
)  W E( 
M M 
   
 + M  +
 `.x
  
 M   W E DNA L  
 i: f  : A A:   + E b
 B  .
   +
     
 M  L " "MW W MW x 8
     
 : |  DNA +  
M .
  8 i E  8 
   u M M  L 8*

70
 ) (

. A " MW W " MW   +


8*    mRNA   + 8 M
8 M o  8|  mRNA " "MW
) (   tRNA +  +   
{
 ++  W ) MW .(o

+
{
 7 eP
.    Rrna +  M+
  tRNA  mRNA 8  Rrna +
 M M   Rrna +
   mRNA +    
 tRNA +   M+
  b   M M  M
 8  +8 8   +| W
 tRNA mRNA * A E 8 8
 M W  8  M8 M L
 8 W      L
 .
 M M +   tRNA + 
  tRNA +       tRNA +:W

 .
 eP

.  E    u |
 tRNA 8  MW v "  MW "   +
   8 M8  MW
 v  +|    MW "".

mRNA
{

 +
73
 

mRNA ) (  o |  +


 A 8 A   tRNA + 8
 ) +  (    + |
     ) +8 (o  
     v +  
 M  *+   
      L E  RNA  :
 *  8 .  L E RNA  
"   rRNA +"  + * A  
  tRNA +    mRNA + +
 W .   L  A MW
 MW     .

  + 
8 M   :  E MW
M8  L :
  b    B   

 

.*   mRNA +   
 : M  E ) (  mRNA L
  v E .

   72
 ) (

  

.  :W tRNA +
  *  .

.  l  tRNA k 
 +    E 
    Rrna +
  L .mRNA

 

     +

.  L 8* Rrna
  MW|  +
 mRNA .
{

 +
75
 
 

{ 

.    MW 8* 8 A  MW+
  *:.
8 .  MW  rRNA
  mRNA MW  .
.  l tRNA M   E
 A W MW u  E  E
 A     .

    

. 8 k *  tRNA
 tRNA     
 E  .



{

.  tRNA  +*  
     +
 tRNA +   
     . tRNA

74
 ) (

 :  A \ 8 E A  M|  M8 M
 i E A :  l  i*  xL
.
8   8 M  L  M
.
 A M :   
       
 M L    M 8 M8 M
    A   M M8
     M8  M AW  8
 M  L   : 8 8
MW Ml :  Ml  L  M L
    l    M8 u 
 | M A:l k   .


    M  
M    L   M8
  M  l W8 MW 8 : 
 u    M  L A

.M
 M    k  M l  
    8 MW  x
 AW.
 M8  f  8 W

77
 

 i L\     L
 \  l
 : | 
  + mRNA  8  
  DNA + 8 .    + mRNA
M8   A:*  . : M8
mRNA 8   +
8       +
.
mRNA   *+  +  l
 M  :  l  AW ` M A:
  L A 8 8 +8    M
+l        
k:  L.

  i W M8
 :   8  M8  W
    :l M 8i
  8 M8 M L :  8  
 .
  l  M     AW 
 `   + M 
  8 u

 +
l  +8 M       +W
 A   xW    L 

76
 ) (

W :      M8 MW +8 8
  l.
PROF. DR.  *  +: l ": "
MYAMMER BILQE 8 :    + i
+8 W  A :
" M       L
  +8 8 A:  A: u:W  ".
\       M  

 x       +  A .
" "
 M*  :W M : "  "
 B
eP
eP

 

 P ! 

  +
 
 BP
 7

 B  E!   E!  !   B
 E    3  E   E  .

79
 


 M    :  
":"  )     (A :  8
 8   M  L f  :W8

  8  8 "8 |" 
 M   +|  8 A  
 M +      L: : 
A8 A.
8W   M M:     M A
    M8 A  " " A:
 + M    v  8   
.
8 M  LA:
 M  +    L A:  8 A
  L   A   
 L    
8 " M "
 " "       8
 ": " GORBOGEASE  ,

      L

 ""  ".
 M8  L:     M
: M8 ` M     +
 A    8 +8 M 8 M+
8  l  M   +  A
  l  8  8 M W
  M + L \ V:  M AW* :
  M8 M W*  M8 AW 8  
78
 ) (


:Wl  M  : W
  .
M8 M  W   l  
8 8*      8 A : MM
 M8 8  WW  
M8 8 W  L*  xW   M M  |
" "W HASKINGS  M8   
8 W:   ` M :

    7

B   
][ :  
  

81
 

 f: AW 8     M
M8   i   M l M   M 8
 "  M  ".
   M8 : M8 M  i
 L  M8 A:l k  : .

  
    M x   M8 k 
      *+  l
 W W    Ml x 8 M
  8 8  f  : l
 "AMERICAN
"SCIENTIST :
"  8 W: MW A
 *
  W +
8    
  \ 8
  l * 
   DNA +.
 
 J+  L  : x
 A   x 
W  A \ : 8 l  :A:
 W W  L  W :  AW 
l     : M8  u   *:` :

80
 ) (

 
! !  
!  !* !!(
! 67 !  
! = !< !
!@ !7  ! A@ 
@  "!" 
  !A
! ! " 7!! J<  y 
!Q* " !* ! N !<M
!  = !* !J7
 !< M !!* !("! "WBCs ! 
\ ( ! !! J 7= !*
!* !! A!( \  a  ` A  !!* !!(
! !  A  \ !.

  "!" < J  `<!* ! !


!( ! < ! !* !  A 
! * ! < J !\( !\
7  6 ! "!"  7
 7 !\ =7Q= ! ! = =
"!" J7 !< 7 ! n !* ! \
! `<!* ! ! A `<!* ! * "!
) (HEME GROUP= !* !* ! ! `<!*

!   \(  !
 ! !! A   ! * " "

83
 

' '
 
"'"

` !! A ! ! ! * !  
! !<7  !*  !* ! !!.

'  
 :-.
 ! N ! ! A(! !< ! J !*
! ! A  ! = !* A ` 6
! A = !* ! ! !   M =
!* ! A !\ 
 ! !
"!" ! 7 !" A!* !! A!( "RBCs
82
 ) (

"" ! ! u ! !    t<Q


! !  !( ! .
 !* ! ` 7 ! 7 !  ! !!
!  ! 7!* !!( * ! ! ! !
! n ! ! J7 ( !  J !

 7 ! !  <  !  <!
 ! ! !! !<!* !!    =
!* 6  !  @ !!* 
!* !Q @ N< !   `
! !\  \  M 7! *!<` 
@ * !  !  { <! a 
! !!{ ! 7 ( A ! 
7 ! ! ! ! .
 ! ! " !7 " MICHAEL DENTON !(
! ! " "NATURE DESIGN{ * <!
:6
"  7 A A ! `!* !! N\ ! 
!* ! ! !  ! ! !
!  ~ N* ! !
".
"!<  " ERNEST BALDEIN ! :
" = !  !*  * !  !  ..7  
"
! !   !

85
 

8 7  
  
@  8 >  
8   >
   
 8  
8   Q 
 .

' X

 -

 7 Q !(!* !7 !\( 6! ! !



= ! .
 ! ! ! { !* ( !
! * ! !  N !  6= !
!< ! \ { !! u

84
 ) (

! A!*  ! !@ `
a N !! `!* !!* .  !
! N!* ~ ! ! !~ .
! ! !! Q * !!*! .
! a ! ! ! ! ! !
!< !.
!!* ! ! =    !! Q
! !! ! ~ ! ! ! 6 !7 ! !!
! ! 6  = ! !!   
! ! ! ( Q < ! u !  = !*
<   A <
! !\ 7 J  N= !
! ! !
7.
 !<7 =
!( ! !!*
' !\ 
= a<
 ! !!


8 
' 

 X .

87
 

 8 c '  
>      
.

 ! ! ! 7 6   ! 6 !  t
! A! ! ! !* !7 t   =7 !
 \( ! !* !! N < 
 7  <!.

'  
 ! ! ! ! !!  !!<
* !! J7 * ! * !! J7 = !*
! ! !7 ! " !"  !(
!\ ! 6 ! !!* = !!*  !!~ " n
! a n !  ! * "
! = !!~ ! !@ !<!~ 6 "
!! !\" !\ = ! !7 ! J = !!*.
86
 ) (

 !\  ! * ! ! N! 
! ! !!  ! !  `  * !
! !  !` !@ !7
! ! )  7 A !!< J N( *
! ! ! !~  a !

Q h

 X
 X

 Q

8'   j8  Q 7  Q
-  >     
 .

89
 

A! !* !  < ! ! !
N ! 7! ( (  { ! !7 !!{ !
<* 7 ` !< <!* ! !
( = !!* .

  Q ' 
 !!* @ J( ! J( < ( !
 ! J( !  ! 6 !` !J
! ! !(  
!=   = !!*  J ! J
   !7 ! J * !!* ! (
 N 
  7  ! ! J
= !!* ! "  "MICROTUBULES ! J =
! ! ! < .
`  = ! ! !7 !!* !
! ! ~ ! 6 J
! ! ! ! ! J ! ! "  "TUBULIN*
! ! A ! \Q !~ !(.
 a J N ! ! ! * ! 
! @ 7 = !<!*  !(
!<!  ! !* ! !* = !* n
`<!* ! = !* ! !  !<!  J7 <J
! ! ! !<7    A =
!!.
88
 ) (

 !  * a N !  !
*  !    J! JQ A= !
! !  a A a N =
! n
!* ! J! Q ! !!* !
! !{! * <* < J( !* ! 
!!*  = !! 7 6 @  ! !\
= ! ! *  !!* <! !!! n
! !  ! !\ ! ! 
 !!* ! !! 7 !!*
! ! !  !  ! ! " " NEXIN 
7    `  !!7
 7 6 !<! n< ! !<! n! 
!( !   = !! *!7  "7 " DYNEIN
* ! ! ! A !  J !.
! a J N! !( !\ 7 !!( !
< J  !<!*  ! !
! J<!* ! N! <   a
J ! @ :
!* !( ! 7 !!( !

! Q  !7  =
! J 6  J ! @ !
`! = !! =    !<7 !   =7
 N7 A! A Q ` 6  ! !!*

91
 

! \( ! \( ! !
 \( ! ! ! !!
!\( !! ! ! !` ! ! t
`! `!* !! n< t  !\( ! !\
!  ! ! ! !  !
! ! !  ! !  <*
@  \7 <! J  < !` !  N
*  N7 ! !  ! ! 
! ! * ! < n !

 ! .
` ! !  ! * !  7
 <  !*
 = ! ` 6    7 
!  <!(  !* ! ! 7
 ! J.
 !<  !  ! != 
! ! !` ! ! !
!* * !! ! ! 7 " !< !<!*
! "    A! <! 7 \ !
   * ! < !*
!*  !7  * ! <! J
! .
!   ! ! ! ! ! J 

90
 ) (

 - '
 < * !!* <~ !( ! !
! J ! (  A !  !
! ! !! n<`  "7 " DYNEIN
!*   J ! A ! " " NEXSIN !!
 ! J  7  N! ! A !( 
 A   !!(  !
= ! = !!(  ! ` 6
! Q! J7  !(  `! ( 
= !! J7< ! ! ` <
!  * M  N `! 
! !!(  M ! ! !* (

!* ! !` 6 = ( ! !
  !  !  !* `\
A = !*   !< 
!*  ! !! ! ! ( ( !
!* 7  !7  !*  !* 
!* ! = ! 7.
 @ `  * !*  !*  !*
! a  ! !!* ! J7 ! !
! ( !( !   ! 7
 a ! (   A! 7  \7 A! J
! !< !  !! J7 * !*  !*

93
 

 X
 qQ

  


  
Q
Q
s
 X
 X

Tycklerin hareket sisteminde mik-


 8  - 
rotpler krek grevi grr. Dynein
Q pro
Qteini
    -' 
ise motor grevi grr. Bu
iiq mi
kusur- tem
s
gzle
s e ge suz sis
vg
yerlme
cek kakdar ya
k bir p-

nn ok daha kk bir par.aQ sdr.

 ! A!*   N= !*   N7 A
!   = !!* .
 ( !( ! ! <~  !!*
\  "7 " DYNEIN!*
 A \ 7(
 .  A 7 " "! NEXSIN\ A !
! ! = !  ( !!*  N
 !  ! (
! @  ! ( J ! !! A\
! !< !.J
92
 ) (

' s 'j
>  z
 

  ' j

8 Q
 s  7
'  s

 8  .

95



( $      "
" MICHAEL BEHE   4 /
" @ > / "  < :   
> I  F :  // $ B 
$  :K
"(   @ N $ $
I ( S Q    
 (  (  </  > T>
 T > T  B/ @T
 > / $ /
\  B [
> T ( > / [  $ I  S
$ $ / > $  $ $ ( 

I  I / "
( I f  I F / K
" "  ( > I  I
/ I/    ( <$  g
$ Q> K $    :


#  +
(  -  
: ] 4
4 [ = < ; 

94
 ) (

J J  A =7= ! !*
(  \( 7 6 !. J
!*  ! 
 A ! !<
! !` !
!* ! J7 
! M !
! * !*
!  n=
'
!  7 !
  
! !  *

! !7 ! !<  J .
 = !* ! ( !7 ! A 7 !
! !!(  !<! J = ! !
 !* ! !! J A { !
 !* ! !* !7 !( !  
! N !Q ( ! J !
  ! !~ ! !  @ `! N
!7  !* 
A* !* !
 `   n

!   A  a 
  ! = !* v  
 A .  >Q

97
 

':
Q   
 ! A* ! * J  = !*
  M " ! ` N N
! " 6\ !!{
  ! ! !! ` !* ! :
!* .
 !@ !* ! !\
! !\  (N! 7!  ! !  !\
! !* !  A 6 = .
!* !! A " !< " !7  ! J= "
!< " = !*   !*  !!7
!  = !* \ ! @ !  !
 < J  .
 ! ! !* !   
 N ! !  J  !* ( !*
!  !7 ! !!! 7 ! !
 *  ! A .
 ( !* !  7!< J  = !!< J
! J !  ` !* = ! !*`
 !* !  ! 7  !!<! J  
!*   ` !! J ! !{
{ `  ! 7` t  !A
 ! ! t  "<! "Q ! =
96
 ) (

!Q    ! `! {
 N7  M
! ! !  AQ !!Q* !  . !\ *
= !* ! < ! < J ! `
< t. J7
 J7 J ! ! A  = !! J7J
! !!! 7 ! " !" " !J7
! " ! * ! ! ! ! M !!7
 !! N~ .
 !!{ ! ! !!{ !  J <
!! A  ! ! * 
!<!*  ! !  ~ *
" 7 * <!* * " ! `<!* 
! !! J7  A !  Q < !
A ` @ !. M
< J ! M

Q  

 
Q

  

8 '  Q  X " "


 " 8 '  Q   XQ X 7
    Q.

99
 

 Q

 8'  Q
'   


7 
  '
 ' Q
.
> 

{

! ! !*  ! 7 )
!( !* ! !!(  @
 ! ! 7 !~ )!! (Q 6 !  ! Q
   ! A !! A\ ! 6 J@
*  !  !  ! !
 . J
 ! 6* !! J7 !  !! J7
! ! ! ! 7<
! !! J7 ! =7 !  @ (
  `  !* !! 7\ !!! 7 !(
! ! !    !
!   .
   !*   ! ! a n
 <7  = !*  !*  !
98
 ) (

 +,( %      
" " + :-
" ? > +  (3  +   3 ""BIG BANG
  3 F, E (  > + +
( >  +  M( >  -
 > + +   -    >+
 + ". T
+, >  %   W %
 +, > + >   >
  , E > ( >   >(
> +_   (  >( >T
 +,  +(  > + +( c   -
3 +> + >.
 + 3 M g > c( ,
   ( ? W
? >  n ,  F.
 > > + + (     c F
>  _ +,  + -  o  -
  +, .  
> M
 (  .

101
 

! M ! J7! J ! < ! ! AQ
! ! = !!! 7 J!7 J7 !*
!! M ! 7 ! A ! !7!  A` 6
 ! A = ! J ! N !* ! J
< ! !  = !* 
!  ! .
* ! ! * !* ! !
 Q !< !  = ! ! ! ! !!@ !(
 - <!
!! J7 .
! !( ""MALCOLM DIXON ! 6
":"MICROBIOLOGY
" ! A* A 6
 A ! !  QQ  Q

!! 
* 
!7  !* 
* 


 `!  {

".

j8 Q ' 8 
  Q 
 Q
  8 >Q> Q


8   Q Q
 Q .

100
 ) (

 !  = ! !! A J7 A 7
! 7 7 *  !( !! A ! \
!!  "ANTIGEN" 7!* ! *!7 !* !<! J J7
!! A  !< J! ! M! A J7 ! 
!<!  J !! A! J7 !! 7 ! !
! ! !\  ! 7 ! ! 7
! 7 n= .
!* ! !! 7! A J7!* ! *!7
! n <! 7  :

  
 -

8 '
   'Q
 
  8
 - '
X
 'Q
 Q 
   .

 'Q
 X
)(h
 

 - : Q' 
  Q
@  ! A* ! !  !
! !!< !7  J 6 J7 J ! !< !
!7 !  !! A  !  7 `
! !! A
! n " ! !! " J !! A  6
! n !!! 7< J!  
7 ! 7 ! ! ! !
7! ! 7 = ! ! ! !! A\ 
!  ! ( !  < J =
! ! ! !! A !! A! J7 n !*
= !! A J7 !<7 ! ! !  ! * 
! !\  = !* " "IMMUNOGLOBULIN
"! ! " = !* ! ! "! "IGA
! J7 ! "! "B J7 ! n A  ! *
! A !!! 7  !! 7  !*
! J7 !Q !! A J7 = !* !7
! ! ! ! !` 6 J J ! 6
: = !*  ! = !* !
! !<!* !  !!! 7 ! J .
<    !<7  !<7 = !* .
 !! A J7 !!! 7 ! ! 
102
 ) (

!  7 !  n !< .
! A :! ! A ! AQ  !@ !7
! 7! A J7!* ! *!7  ! ! A !  !A

  8 (a 'Q 
'  'Q Q (D-Q 
 . .

(C- 
(b-h    8  X 
Q   )   
   (.

 @
 @

  X

 8 'Q -    8   @
>  8  Q >  'Q   X  X
       q   .

105
 

' Q

 8 'Q
' Q
 Q 
  X
  .

' Q

! " "AGGLUTINATION - :"t !! A J7 !*


!  *!7! !* !. *!7
"."ANTIBODY ANTIGEN COMPLEX
! " "PRECIPITATION" - " : <! !! AJ7
ANTIBODY-". !* !  *!7= !!  ! !
. "ANTIGEN REACTION
"NEUTRILIZATION" -
" ! : "67 ! !7
!( ! A! J77 
<  !<
.
: "DISSOLVING" -
!< ! ! 7!*
  :  - Q :  . Q
! *!7 ` (

104
 ) (

& %"      
+
= ;   +  .

= +  C. B
 H= H% H   J  H"  &
= H% H S  ) H ( 
%  %   J J H H
" :  " % =
 H J  S + H " .
 _ H% ] =  S   %
% %]  B   S 
%  h   S : e
 *   
   # 
 
 *  *    5  
 ] [-:   D

107



.     
.
<9   :  9  7
 > ><  >
G > < >< > G 
 L > .
    
:  Q  <9  7 P  7
 P G   ><
G  .T  TG    
<W9  7  T7 <  L
 .
<9 > :  > [ Z 7
 <9  . >< < :  TGP

  > L T G .
[ L > Q W c  <9 T
 >< < G > " Q
G" CHRISTOPHER WILLS > > 79 7 P
 "  " :L
" <9 : >  > [ . Q< P
 k 7 j P >
> ><  >< k 
  " >"   ><

106
 ) (



IMMUN
GLOBULIN M IGM : M
^

X@


2
2

)( 

2M
IgM )

*( b IGM k

2

@
IGM O 2
M ).(IGM

IMMUN GLOBULIN D IGD :D  




 ) (IGD


)(
IgG
2 , *

)

2 (T

.2

IMMUN GLOBULIN G IGG :G  




@
@

2 2

)-


2 (F C

@ CB
A2
IgD


2
 .

@

2
2
2* .
K
 2

F
.F
2 K Q
, . 2
O

222 M


.

2 X


2




,
2 .

@
)
(IgG B
\
 X2
2 F .


Q _^

]
] C
2.
Ob2 ^

 F
 FB
B
O


FB M OC.
2 OC K^


M 2


. @ 


Xb .
 B
2 M 2 . 

2
OC B
 OC O2

^

)
2
(M
2
C 2C C 2C O
Xi 2C OC O 2


\ 2 

O.



   

& %!      


& :    0 1 * ! '
. %0 *C ?    < *
 . L ?  J    0 
& %   J   0 


)E IGE (IMMUN GLOBULIN E


   ?    *
 * '   JL   J
IgE   %   J.

(IMMUN GLOBULIN A) IGA: A


 !  JY ':  
 J & JY*     
  !  'L . %? ] %
.
IgA
 ! ) (IGA   _ 
  ?  L : J 
 .
 ! 0 ) (IGA  C ! 
: 0   ! !  0 L   )(IGA
.
?  (IGA) J  &   ?Y
 J   ) (IgG
0   0 .
&    %    *
%  & .  0  
 ?  0 ?  J:?      
.
 ) (

  7
 h
 h

 8 7
  7
 h
 -  .

' Q Q


 h

! !  A= ! ! .
  ! N< = !* ! J! !  !6
! `<!* !(   J7...  ! !!<
!  7`  < !! J7 < ! 7
 < !!   < !< ! . ~ !7 !
!!! 6! ! n = !!* !  !
! !  = !* . 6 `  !<\ !\
! n !<  J* *
!* `! 7 < t  .  !*
!* ( * = ! J  ! !<\ :
 !) 6<( ! !  ! ! !(  !(
111
 

 
:
 '

   !( !  !< !! u \(
 J !! J7 )!( ( 
< <!7 ! ! !* !! J7 
! 7 (!7 ! a!  ! 
 .  <!7 ! J7 7 ( !
! !! < !(  !< ! !
! ! ! !  ! !  J!  t
\ A 77  `! 7 !!< .
 ` ! !~  !* ! !( !
   = !*  * J
110
 ) (

% !   

  2  0 ".
> = < ) (David Shapiro 7
(Harold morfitz)  (Francis Crick) (Carl segan) !
(Lecompte Du Nuoy) 7  (Frank Salisbury) I G
 ! .
 X  7< 2  > P
  ! _ ] G =  7
 7 =  2  DNA G!
 7  (DNA) G

2 < = .
 < 7=  G _ g =
  2    G I
 < P P
 > P  2 P I
 X) (William stokes :
7 7 < = g
P =

.X
_ ] 77  

  
'   

 3
 DNA 6
 . 8
 

 !( !
) !* 6
! A  !<!*(
 
.`!  !7* = !
* !
! )!( )~(
 )~( )(M
  ) (7 )~
 (M = !* 7( !\ 6
 = !*  ! !

 !<.
= !! 6 < < 
!* !( !  ! .! !<\
 !* < J !! u ! *
 n = !! u ` ! .
= ! !! u   !  .
< ` ! ! 6 ! n@ 
!  .   !@ 
!   ! ` !! u J .
! ! u   ! <
! ! ! !7 ) ! 6  !7
! )  (  A
! ! !* 7 @  !<  .
< << ) (Alexander oparin  !< ! @
" 6 ! ! { !*  (

112
 ) (

!  ! ! !7
`  * !* 6 `
 A !(  
) 7 !* a@ !u
!( !  ! !:
!! 6 ! ! u.
)(
! 6 ! ! `\ !
!! !
   
  
)(
'  . . ! 6! !! u ! !
)(
!! 6 ( ):
 < \ !! !
! !  !< !\ @ ! !  <
! ! 7* ! < ! ) (.
\  ! \ : ~) ( **) J
**********
(= .
!  ! !<!* !  !
! 7.
  N! 6< 7 !<  :  !(
!! J7 !! J7` = !!(  7
6 ! J !  A= !! 6J7
!7 !@ ! !<  ! @" (

115
 

\(  ! ! 7 ! .
 = !:
-  * !! u ! 7 
 !*.
Q -  J7  !! u   @
!.
-  ! !! u `!* ! ! =
! .J
- !! u ! ! J!* \ <!  N (
!.
 -( !  ! 7 !\ ! ! !(
= * ! !!7 AQ ! .!
`! !! n  .  *  N J7 !
 6  ! 7
@ !<.

  
 'j 
  Q j
 8
 .

114
 ) (

)(Harold Blum -  :


"#  


, - .
)Hoimar Von -  
:(Ditfurth
7 ) 2  2(
>  - - 

@ >
&  " 
  M  IJ
 .T #
@
  V T U
J > @

", U@
 "

 "  7^ .

" "  @    V@


.
 . ) ():(David A.Kaufman
" @ M ^


. U


 M.

"
@ M f # I
7

 - . M
"
@ M f # > 

> , @ > .
i" ,
 .:

117
 

" !* !  !<.
7\)(prof. Ali demirsoy   !<   7.
 7 !!( !~ !\ ` 6:
! !< = ! !~ = ! =
!* < ! ! ...* ! A ! !!! 7 !!*
= !*  !! Q !  =
!*  7 .
 ! J  < <` u ! ! 7
 7 !* ! !7 ! ! a 7

! !.
! ! !<\ !* !
*  ! ! ! .! !! Q  !
 . ! ! !<\ !!@ = !   <u
!! < 7 ! <  .
)prof.Dr.Russel ! !@ !< 7. 7 a !<\
(Doolittle@  7= !*  !*
! N : 6
< = !! J ! !
!  A   a   J !!( ! ! A

! A
 ! !< ! A 7  !! J7
!* 7 .   ! n = ! .
 !< ! !* !< ! !!@
!* !7:

116
 ) (

 ! ! ) .(
A  ! <<  (H) *!Q
< (HO) < !(  (NH) ! (CH)  !!! 7 !
7 !@ !! N! ~ A A <
 t = ! . *!Q A !
!  <7 !!< !< !  ! {
!! u ! !Q .J
 A = !* ! ! "! !< "7
!! u ! ! 6<~ ! A @ .
= ! ! A = !@ !  ! * <!
!<  !` . !6
= ! !< !
<< <  ! M ! !\
! *!Q@ !! ! !  J <
<<  = !  !
"< 6 " !( !  = ! 
J * ( ! J !( .
! ! !< !!* !
  . "" . = !! 67 !< !
 ! J* !!< 7 
!< ! ! .
! ! !! 7@ " ! "A\ !  6 J7 J

<! !( = !.
 ! ! < << !< !
!  J J ! !! <

119
 

 !<7!* ! !! N*  6


!* !7 . !  ! .
` @ ( !*  ! !* <
!7 = . < N  !7 < !J7
 . ! = ! < !7 !!
6 !< ! ! .!(  ( !  A( A
~  A J  !< ! !
 N !<7 A !* !7(!* ! J ! !
~ !! 6 ! ! ! !<  ! !7 !7 
! !.
 ! ! !* ! !* !
< <! J ! < ! ! ~ ! 6 !7
! ! !!* !< u  !  ! ! 6
 a:
   ] [: }8 
 > Q 8 X


 !< ! 6 ! !~  6
!< u <<..< !( !  6 A<!
! ! n <! J< ! . ! !  \
!<7 6 ! A @ "   !  !

! !< "
 ! << ! A !< <~ 6  !
!7   (*  = !<~

118
 ) (

 

 X

 

  



 '

 

 8   8'
 @ 8 '
  
  
 
   Q 
  Q X 
.

' ' '

! `  !7  !@ ! N< u ! N !
!!! A  * !7 ! ) !<! u(
!<~ !  * A * <<   !
` !7 * \  !! *!Q !@ !!

121
 

.  !
! 6 !< !
! << ` 
! ! 6 !<
! !@ !! N J
! . !\ ! ! Mu
! !@ ! @
!  N `  ! !
Q! M! u
J ! ! .`!  !  =
! ! ! @ <
!! Q!.

' 
! A !  <7 J ! A 6 
!! u 7 !@ !! ! !
!! @ N  !@ ! 6 !
= ! :
 !@ ! N ! @ ! !@
!! N!  !! u  ! ! AQ J
<< )!< !( !7  !@ !! N! < u
! A! <! 7  7 !< !
!!* !@ !! !  <<  . !  !@
! N< u ) (CH) (NH (H) < (HO)
< !(  !  ! M ! !@ !! `= <

120
 ) (

 .  !*
J<!! A
!< !<
! < < ,
 8      < ) A! 7
 Q    7 !@ ! .N
   8 -8 - 
= !*  !<
' Q  .
! ! !
!7 !<
* J . !{  6
! ! t !< u !< a @
! !< < !(   ! !@ !` N
 \7 < !  .= ! !  )\ ! 7<
! 7( . ! ! ! !<7
!   ! !(  !   (
 !  !! u ! t J
   Q!. ! 7

123
 

 ! ) (CO) (N) (HO< !(  < 


= !* !@ ! N< u  <~  
@ !< . u ! A= ! *!Q * < !<
! !\ ! < A !
!@ !! N! !@ << ! . `
!@ ! N !! J7 ! !@ !! N AQ! Mu
! . < "7< 7" ! (SCIENCE) A 7 7
!(  ! ! ! 6 ! J @ !@
!! N! !\ !  . ! <7 ! !!< @
!@ !! N!  !< !  M ` . = !@
)!@ !! N!( ! !@ !Q !! u  {
! *!Q@ ! N !@ !7 ! !
= !*  <7  !! J7  . 
!! J7 !@ ! N !* !< !( !  7
.
 = !<~ ! ! ! ! . J ! =
!@ !! ! <~  N J7
!@ !! N! `! !<7* !( ! J   !@
!  !! u ! !@ ! =
 ! . = !! n !<~ !
* ! ! n< ! 
!< . ! !\  6 !! u
!@ ! N !  !! u.
 !<~ ! !  7
! J* < !! *!Q  !=
122
 ) (

"!      

 9 7  , 0  , !  "
 !  >  , !   !
!"    J" J 
"  ,

 ! J .
       S
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC 0 ^]  : X
 "   S ^>"  J^:
" `  ^    9   
`  7       ^

 . ` .

 Q  9
 
=  9
 <

 9

 :       
7 . 6

125
 

!  A =7 ! !!  ! u
. 6 !! u ! !! A !!) J! J<(J7
!  u! *!Q ! @ !@ !! N!
= ! <!   !
 !!! 7 ! J7 ! ! !\ !! u
 . ! ! !! 7 ! !!! 7N
!  ! ! 7  ! ! !
! 7( ! !< ! 6= !!! 7 !
!! u !  ! 7  ! ! ! A
! ! J " !! J< "J7 !! u !
. !!! 7 ! !@ !< J! 6 . @  \7 !!A
* !! u  ! t !! J< J7 !@
!! N!  .  = ! u !  \ u
 \ ! << 7 " ! A! J<J7
! !* ! A !< ! .
\  ! ! ! A " !J
!< ."J7 !< !7( !< !\ ! "6! J7 *
!7* !!" `   !! u  
! !@ !* .! (
!< = !  ! 6@ @ A !<7
! . !!! A J !* ! !  = !
 ! J!  < J J EARTH
!<! u J<7 ! A "< !"J
" < u* ! A = !* !!@ ( !< u
!@ !! N!  ! ! ! = !*!Q

124
 ) (

! <! "<! ! 7!*"  !! !(


)` (HO ! <! N< !\ !  6 J*  !<.
!! J ! "" ! ! ! !
!\ ! !(  ! !  !* ! 
! !{ ! = !* ! 6 !<  ! !
!! u  ! ! ! !*
< !! u . N   !< 
! J ! !7  A= ! ! !! J
!! u ! u !< ! ! ! t ! @
t = !  . J ! ! ! A A
!! J7 !< ! !<.


! !! tQ\ ! !< !!   M<*
"SYDNEY !( ! !Q  ( ! "
! FOX\ = ! : Q  !! u
! < ! !! ! ! N7
 !( !!<! J  !! u !
!*  ! ! !  6  . !! u
 A= !!<! J ! !{ !
!! u  J A= !!<! J .
  !! u ! J!< J
@ ! ! . !! u  ! 6
!* ! . ! 6 7 !! u !
127
 

!7!  !    ! !* !
!  ! J(!7 ! !! 
A ( !  ! J J 6
! !( !  * <  N
 7 ! 6 ! J !< u !{ ! J
! J7 6  ! J J  < !< =
! !! <  !< ! ! !  @
" < <! " N\ < `= " " :6
" ! {  ! J { ! ! n 
 ! J J   < \ < u !J
<* J7 J = !< u! !7  7

 <"

 : 7
!< !Q!  !! A < !!
 !! u !! 7 ! !7 
= ! ! !*  N
! @   !! u  
!* !  ! .
7( ! "  !* 7 !@ ! " !7( `\
 !7( ! "  !! u 7 "

'  
` !! u ! !* `
126
 ) (

!!!. . ! t ! !  !<! u@ ! !


!<! J ! !! ! J  N7 = !
!! u   !!< ! .7  7
!! u ! t= !   ! ! t `
 J ! ! ! . !( = !*
!\ ! = !* PROTENOIDS !* ! ! !J
= <! 6.

     8 
 Q X  '   
>    .
129
 

 J \ 
!  !! u `!* <7

!!< J* !!<.J
! !! N
 ! A! u !
 !! u ! !*
!  . ! !  !! 7 .
! A ! ! !
 . !(   \ A =

! A! u !  .
 \ < 7
! !< ` !! u !! J 
!   !@ ! ` !* !
! J7 !Q ! 6   !* !7
! 6   JCHEMICAL ENGINERING
 NEWS< ! ! : 6
" ! !! < !! u
  PROTENOIDS= !* @ J7 !7
! ! A !  . < ` = !*
! J7 ! ! \ ! 6 !( ! ."J

= !*
!! 7 
 !  = !* = ! PROTENOIDS 
J !* ! !! . t  !* t!
! !! A! Q !.
` ! = !! u !@ !\

128
 ) (

 7  = !* !. J
! ! ! @ < ! = !!* < ! 7
! ! 7! J !! a Q  .

 s s
  q  

].[-:

131
 

 !  `  !@ ! !~ 
7
<! J !  N =Q !  !  !
! ! !  ! * ! @ a ! ! .
  7 !( ! ! 6* 

<!   !    7  =
!* N  6 = !! 7
!7 (!
= !* ! J <  J ! ! A !
( !( ! = !7(!*
! .! ! !~ !@ ! !(
130
 ) (

 !< !< 7 ! ! J  @ !
`  6 .N  ! ! ! ! !< n  !J
! 7 ! ! .

  
 = ! 7 <  !< ! !  * 
!< ! ! .  < ! < ~ < <!7
" !!! "n\ < . A ! !~ <!7  !!! n !<u
! .<!7 6  !* !  !
!* < <  !Q .
 <!7 A \  " 7!."u
 J ` @ <!7 6 ~ ! "! ! ! !"
 !  N! A ! !.
<!7 a !* ! !  !* ! !
   = !* ( = !.
 <!7 ! A ! 6{ <:
- = ! \  !  * ! J  !<.u
- \ !@ 6 <!" J* !<" ! ! !<
\ 6 !!.6
- ! ! !7(!* ! A !<.
! ! = ! !{ !:

    : 
6 !<  !* ! <*  J* !<u
!! ,  .   J ! ! !!n
`! !* ! ! !6 ! `! ! !< {
! !  .  !!! 6! 6\ ! = !! !

133
 

  

* ! ! !< !< @ < ! J 


`! * 7 < ! t .= !  !* ! *
!7 !* ! <7    !  ! !*
! \  ! .Q ! !  !  !
!  !* !.
= ! A N ! ! !` ! \ ! 
!* ! A ! ! t = ! !
 = ! ( !.
!!* ! 6 ! 7 ! !< 
!<! A !7(!*
< ! .  !{ ! 
! ! ! < <! 6 . ! !< <
!* ! J ! ( ! !( !  !*
 !! A N !!<     7 !* ! !.
!<!* ! !  !* ! ! . ! A
132
 ) (

'   
  6 n ! J ! ! !<\ !< < <.
A! ! !<!( ! !* ` !  6 * 
< ! ! ! .  !<7  ! 
!!@ !:
" ! !  ! !<7 < !

!".
!<   ! .J  = !<~ J
! A ! ! . A A! ! 7 !*!Q
!  u J7 ! !! < u@  !< ! . 6
= ! 7 !! u )!* !( ! !
!*.
  J!* = !! !< J J A

!< !\ ! A = ! ! !@ !< !.

 J ! !@  ! !\ ! .
(* * !< * ! ! .@ !
! !7 = ! "!< "uA
:
" ! A! <7 !  7 ! !  !  :

* ! J !<u"

  
! ! !\  !< " tQ * ! "J  !* !
! \ * ! . !! J ! !  ! \
! . ! \ <7 <= 
6 7 !!! 7 .

135
 

! * "! !".
!<! @ 
7 ( ! !  
! ! ! ! . = !
!! J7 * J7
!7* !  ! ! ! 
! !(.

 
! !~ <!7 t   ! .J
 Q
! !! ! J = !!u
!* ! `!* * ! . !( ! ! !* !
!! !  6! 7 ! ( !< !
` ! . !! *!7 = !  !!* !  A
!`! ! . <  u A ! 
!  ! !  M`! !.
 ! `!  !! M !   !    !!
M !  !~ * N !.J7
! ! 7! ! !\ <!7 ~ " !! "n
! (*  ! 7 J7  ! ! 7! .
!  < !<7 !  !! J 
<!7 . 6< !  !<! !< : A
"  !( ! ! ! !  = ! !".

! A! ! !!< !* <  .  ( <


 !! A ! ! J !! J7  J! 7 J
!< u ! tQ ! M.

134
 ) (

 ! .J ! 6 !!* ! !
! !! N   ! !  ! .J!
!( !  .  u !
( !( !  <! \ ! 6! .
 6= ! J J< <!7 . = ! ! 
 !! n :6

" !( !  { !* 7 ".
s
 { = "!!* !" <!7 6 ! ! !! 6 ! 6
!! ` A ! . < !\ <!7 !* ! <{
! ! 6 ! ! 6  = !* ! a ! n J
!* ! . <! <!* * <* !(  !6
! < ! !< ! < a ! * ! !.6
( =<!7 7<
!  6 ! ( ( !A

 !."6

 8'  q@
@   '  : DNA
 X  ' 
 8  c   h 8
z  DNA'  
      
8 . c  X'
  Q  
   j .
 

 !@ !~   .u 
!* ! ! ! !   ! 
  !* \ ! 6 !
 \( ! ! DNA\ ! !! J !\ !* !<!
`! * .  !* ! J \( DNA 
! !* .
  N :J\( ! DNA   J
!* ! )!*( = !*  <  ! 6*
! J \( !  .DNA  ! !<\  !!
! !.! !  ! J * ( 
 .7 !@ !< <  <\ <
< = ! 6 n !! A : A
" !  !* !! u * J * (
!  !  .   A !  ! 7  .!
 !! J   !  ! J * 6*

"
 `! !  ! J ~  ""
.= ! !< ! @ < !  < ! .

  
! ! ! <!7  ! !  ! "*
<"  ! \ J<.
! <!7 !< ! M !" J( !" . =
! J " : !! n !( !"...
6 !( !  !* ! ! !

136
 ) (

!* ! \  J ! \ <!< !(
 ! .! J< !  ! ! 6

! < ! A ! ! (".
! ~ \ 7  7 J ! !! J<! !.
! !!*  . !!  ` ! J !* * !<
! !  ! !  ) . !!* ! ! J !
! u ( .  J * "!<" "!( !
"   .!  * < !  .(  7= !*
!<.

' :
Q  Q@
! \ 7 !*  !7(!*  <
!<.
!< !  \ * !
 *  N !! n* = ! . ! = !* !
!.
`! ! !! u !<\  7 7 !!! n !
! J! 6 . ! 6  7  J * !J
 * ! !   .* ! ! !Q \
* !<  * !! !  .  ! < ! * J
  !< = !! 6  "!! 6"
!*  ! !  .n

139
 

   * ! !<! ! ! 6 !  <! J!7


!* ! .6! !( ! 7* !<.

  '
  !  6 ! A!< "  "J "!!<
! "J !* ! ! . !!< ! J "!!*" *
 ! ! { !* < !!  u* (
! DNA ! !* !.
 !`! M\ !! A !< !!< !.J 6= ! !J
! !( !! J !< u (* !* * !( ! J=
!* !`! ! !* ! \ !* <! .  ! !
!= !~ .!* A ! A  \7  !<! J ! !
  ..
! <!( !  \( DNA J \ ! \7
< . ! * <! ! n:
"! !* ! ! J<7{ .! !* < J !

q s X
 X    X .
j  >  - -
'   8 7
 q 8 . q
 8 z 
  
  s  Q
 Q  
.
 ) (

! . ! ( !* ! !< u !  7
< ! 7  = !! n  . = ! !(
!<\ 7 :
"! !< !!* !  !* ! .  !! n *
!< u !  !` . ! !  <*
! n* 6 * ! .6 `! * !

 .
!*  !* ! * ! !< u!
 " !! "n <!7  <.
 
!! n\  6! !< ! A !7  n ! .
!!<  ! ! < n = ! .J7 6= ! !< !
!  u ! - * " 6" ! !
! =7  . = !<! J ! = ! 6 < *:
-!
- .
- <
-
!< ! ! 6 "
!""7~"!.
 ! ! t  !! 7
! . !{ !! ! !
! ! < 7 Q !< <
< 7 ! !* ! J * !  = !* 7

 ! n7 !! J7 ! ! \ ! .
! ! ! !< ""  "! "  !<

141
 
8 X X  

  j '
  h'  
 8  
 'Q @ 8 jh
   .-  
   
  j  7
'   
   j
 > j
' .

! `  * !* = !( ! .<!7 6 "
!!:"n
"`!  7 7 !!! n !

! J! ! 7 !* !".

z@ Q Q
* !< ! J7  7* <! 7
* ! ! ( !  !  .
 !{ ! ! ( !* ! ! !!<
: * ! J J A  7\ .
  ( !<! !\ 7 a Derek Ager= ! :6
!  ! ! !( ! N!!  n !
! J ! J < <  ! < !*

~ .N
!  ! !  !* ! * !< u
! \ 7 <  ! !7( !!< * \

140
 ) (

!! A  . Q  !" A" \ ! A
* * - !( !( !! A  !< !J
!! A . ! !" A !" ! "!! !<7
!"  ! !7 ! )! (  "!< !\".
 Q !:
`! 6 ! !  !* ! !(
!! !! !<7 !!  !< * !! 
( <\ !<\ ! ! !< !

 !.
!<* !< !\  ! N!* ! J !* !
! ! ! ! = ! .

Q 
 =  ! 7  7  ! 6
 6=  !<  J( . J
!<  ! J   ! ! !<!* !J
 !! !   (* !<!*  N* !
! . !  : ! !< !! *Q A
!! *!7 ! !  . * !<!* = \
!*  ! ! . ! ! !` 7  6
!( !<  ! "!7 !!<"! !\
!   ! :
!< *  J !< !! *Q ! !
! A ! ! ! !!7 ! 7 !! !.
!  = !!   !<\ !7 =7 ! ! ! 7
!@ ! .! ! ! <  !! u! 
)! 6 !! J! J 7  .( J ! ! ! !<J

143
 

!  <! ! . !! n< J J


* = !*   .  ! 7
\ < = !* ! . 6  ! !< 
" !!* !:
" ! !< !  !  J !  

< u !* !".J
 ! 6 !  !< !* !< :!
< ! .  !* !! J *
( !* !   = !* !<!

< n !  Q !.
 J ! !!( ! ! " <" u 

! !< ! ! Q !  !.J
! !@ !7(   ! . !(
! \ Stephen Jay Gould <<! 7 !! J7 
 !<  <\:
`! `! ! { * ! )! !!
!\ ! (   ! !    ! (

\ 6<\ 6 J !<.u
6<  < !< !\ !\  7 t   7
!\ A !!! A !< ! ! * ! ! !<
  ! !.
 ! Q ! J ! ! J < 
!@ ! ! J!* !  * !
J J n * .7
Q ! A = " ! "A< M !! A

142
 ) (

 ! ! ! ! A !J7
= !  <!*  !< J7(
!  .= !<!* ! !* ! < J ! !
! ! . = ! :
!7 (    ! ~ !(  !7 !
!! . !\ !< ! !( 
< 7  .  = ! !  .
! <7 !( ! J7 ! !! \7 <
!*  ! .!  !~ !\  ! ! !  
! ! !( ! J7 \ ! !~ !<! < !! < .
<! ! ! J! Q ! N a   ! J Q
 < J! !< !( . a A@ ! 6
 ! !( ! !* ! ! N{ !
!* .!  ! Q ! `!  !~ !\  @
  !( ! .J7  ! Q\ < J ! 7
 ! *!` 7.
 !* ! 6 !* !@ ! * Q Q <J
!! 7 6 < J7 ! .  A Q ! 7 
! < !<! 7 7!( !< .J  = !! 7 ! .
!  J ! !   < J < .t ! J7
( ! !\ != ! .{  !< J !! !.Q
 !<  a !< ! ! ! ! !\ J7
!( !7 ! . `!  6  !! Q 7
 7*!  <!* (* ! Q\ = !< J`!
 ! <!* !  * @ !  = !
!  ! != !  7 !!
 ! !
 ! ! !\ != < 7! 6 ` .
` !< !!* ! ! ! !`  A  !` !

145
 

! !   = ! !! J< J! <
= !! J( ! ( !!( !  <!*
* ! ~ !~  !   ! 
!  < J =7 !@  ! ! .
! <  ! !! .  ! !J
! <!*  !!  7  !<  !  !!*  !  
!<Q  7< !<  !  Q< !  !!  Q!  6  !  !A
 !  !  !  !  !  !!  < ! <!!  M!*
!!  !!! n ( .  !  = !*
! !  !7 ! J !.
 !<!* !!  
!<! ! ! !<!*  N !(
! !! ! ! ! ! `! !!  .
~ ! J !  . !< ! !
! !  .! 6  !! ! !<
( = ! !`! M!< 7=.

  Q
 j


 !! n !\
!< 

AQ J7
!! !<7 ! J7
! !` .
 ! M !n
!  7
Q ! 6 :
!

144
 ) (

 7! \  \ ! ! n  : `! !\
= !<!* ! <  < J* <!   .
! ! ! 7   `   7= ! . 7
! ~ * 7   .! ! ! <
!7 !!<  ( N  J7! = !*
= !  ! ! !  .  M ! N<J
 ` !* . J !   .
! = ! ! !  !  !\ !
!7 ! < J!*
! * < J ! *!` 7!  6(
= ` .

 Q
 =  ! !  !<  Q < u
!* ! Q ! ! J ! ! . a
< ! \ <\ . !*  !* ! !
! ! . = ! !< < J .
! !< ! * !< !< !  J< u ! 
! J .  !< !< = ! J 
! < \ ! 7  !  A ! ! ! ` !
 ! ! !  JQ !< !
 ! . = !   !7 !!<
! !! \7 !\ ! .
 ! ! @ << 7 ) (Richard Lewontin !<!
! < 7 ! `! <\ < Q " \7 !! A 6 !A
!\ " ` :6
"  7  ! )! ! (! .( !\ 
! \7 ! 6 != ! `

147
 

A ! N !* !   !` !! A< = !*
 <!* <  ! . !  ! !<
! ! 7 !.
! !\ ! \ !` .  ! ~ !*
~ !( *  ! J <! M
!7 ! A < . !  !!* ! . 
* <! !\  !*   !
!7 !` . ! N* !\ ! ! ! A Q !
 ! !.A
 ! !  ! 6 < J ! !
!* ! * .  J !*  ! 
!! J! ! ! !* < = ! .
! !*a @ ! !!( ! * ! 6 * (
! J7* !\ !`  .!  7 ! ! N* !
! !*  {   
!   ! .
!  !
 !!* ! ! M ! J7 ! <7* !(
 . `   ! !*   . !*
 .! ! ! 6 `!* !  !  !.
 ! Q\  ! !<! J*
 ! !` .
 ! ! !< !.

Q 
 Q 
`! !\ ! !  !* Q !
!<7  !* ! ! `   ! < J< J.
 * J !( ! !( ! 

146
 ) (

 A J J7 ! !  J7
 J7 A! ! A ! !  J7 A !A
!\ = ` .! !  <  ! ! a
! . !  a ! !  7
6 < ! . = !* :

 
   - 
  X  
8
][- :  h       
  :
   
   jz
h
 ] [ : -   
  
 < J
! !   ! !  !
 <! !!* ` 6 :
  8 '  
 X 

 ][- : - 
 !! 7! ! * ! ! !<! ! 7
! = !< ( ! !  ! J <
* !  ! ! 7   J <*
@ !!( !< !  !! 7 !
!
( ! !<!* ! ! J ! !< !\ !=
A   \7 A !  !<! u\
!* !  J*  J7 J! t
 N .
 !  6 !7 !  ! A
! ! !7  ! !.
! A ! !  
! . ! ! J  !<7 ! u<!.

149
 

 7  6 \7 .!  !7

 6   !".
 = !* !!* !!< 7 ! !7.
! ! 7 u  7 ! N .J7! !   !! J7J
!  ! .J   !!! n ! !< !
!<!* !< !!* !< !Q<  !! 6  !7 !J7
! J* !7 !7 !!` J7 \ !! ! t .
! ! ! ! !!( .  !!< ! ! !\
"7 A 6   !" .
    !* !  ` \7 @ < =
! !! .* !  `\  J   . ! !\
<.
  < !* ! ! ! A

8  
   
      7 A ! 7 n
\  <   !< ! !* !* !
N ! !< J Q N .
 ! ! A !<   !! J  
 ! ~ ! !(  )! (Einstein Hubble
! ! ) (Frank Sinatra< ) (Charlton Heston@  *
! < ! Q< ! @ < !
! @
!<!* !* !! 7 ! ! .  !
(  J < ! ! .! ! !! A " !
! < !"  !< !!  ` . < !

!Q  7 a ! 6 = !<  ! !
<!  A  7 6! ! ! ! (  .!
  6

148
 ) (

 8

8  
] ![ :J

151
 

! ! 7= !7 :6

  X @       

][:
 . N J =  n! ! (
! a!  .  ! !\ = ! = ( !

" \  = 6: !!< 7! a "
  
  
s j   8
][- :   
 
 < 7 !*    !<7 ( ! ! ! !
! . ! ! (  
!   ! 6
<7 @ !  ! !! < n @
! ! = !!` ! (
" !".
 A! (Malcolm Muggeridge) M\ !<
! = ! ! <7 ! !\  N7
!< ! ! :
"  * !<  N!! 7! ! J7 <
! !* !  . ! !! Jt

! u! " .
! ! ! ` ! ! !
<  !7*  @ !!@ !<   
!! n < ! .  ! ! ! ! (
!< u* ! ! !< (  J ! =
! .

150
( ) 

34. Prof. Dr. Muammer Bilge, Hcre Bilimi, n Madison, Michael M. Cox Professor
Cerrahpasa Tip Fakltesi Fizyoloji ve Biyofizik of Bochemistry Universty of Wisconsi
Krsleri, 3. Baski, s. 131.132 n Madioson, Principles of Biochemistry,
35. Carly P. Haskings, Advances and Challenges Second Edition, Worth Publshers New
in Science, American Scientist, 59 York, s. 892
(1971), s. 298 25. Curtis Barnes, Invitation to Biology,
36. Albert Lehninger L., Late University Worth publishers, Inc, New York 1985, s
Professor of Medical Sciences, The Johns .191
Hopkins University David L. Nelson, Professor 26. Prof. Dr. Engin Gzkara, nn niversitesi
of Biocemistry Universtiy of Wisconsi Tip Fakltesi Biyokimya Ana Bilim
n Madison, Michael M. Cox Professor Dali Balk., Biyokimya, Nobel Tip Kitabevleri
of Bochemistry Universty of Wisconsi 1997, nc Baski, Cilt1., s. 621,
n Madioson, Principles of Biochemistry, 27. Curtis Barnes, Invitation to Biology,
Second Edition, Worth Publshers New Worth publishers, Inc, New York 1985, s.
York, s. 188 191
37. http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/ 28. Curtis Barnes, Invitation to Biology,
mar97/853519068.Cb.r.html The Worth publishers, Inc, New York 1985, s
Mad Scientists Network: Cell Biology .191
38. Curtis Barnes, Invitation to Biology, 29. Cells Energy Use High for Protein
Worth publishers, Inc, New York 1985, s. Synthesis in Chemical & Engineering
51 News, Austos, 20, 1979, s. 6
39. Prof. Dr. Engin Gzkara, nn niversitesi 30.Albert Lehninger L., Late University
Tip Fakltesi Biyokimya Ana Bilim Professor of Medical Sciences, The Johns
Dali Balk., Biyokimya, Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, Hopkins University David L. Nelson, Professor
1997, nc Baski, Cilt 1, s. 176 of Biocemistry Universtiy of Wisconsi
40. Albert Lehninger L., Late University n Madison, Michael M. Cox Professor
Professor of Medical Sciences, The Johns of Bochemistry Universty of Wisconsi
Hopkins University David L. Nelson, Professor n Madioson, Principles of Biochemistry,
of Biocemistry Universtiy of Wisconsi Second Edition, Worth Publshers New
n Madison, Michael M. Cox Professor York, s. 929
of Bochemistry Universty of Wisconsi 31.Albert Lehninger L., Late University
n Madioson, Principles of Biochemistry, Professor of Medical Sciences, The Johns
Second Edition, Worth Publshers New Hopkins University David L. Nelson, Professor
York, s. 189 of Biocemistry Universtiy of Wisconsi
41. http://www.britannica. n Madison, Michael M. Cox Professor
com/bcom/eb/article/ of Bochemistry Universty of Wisconsi
7/0,5716,53637+1+52330,00.html?query= n Madioson, Principles of Biochemistry,
methemoglobinemia Second Edition, Worth Publshers New
42. Michael Denton, Natures Destiny, Free York, s. 929
Press, New York, s. 201.202 32.Albert Lehninger L., Late University
43. Michael Behe, Darwinin Kara Kutusu, Professor of Medical Sciences, The Johns
Aksoy Yayincilik, Haziran 1998, stanbul, Hopkins University David L. Nelson, Professor
s.68 of Biocemistry Universtiy of Wisconsi
44. Michael Behe, Darwinin Kara Kutusu, n Madison, Michael M. Cox Professor
Aksoy Yayincilik, Haziran 1998, stanbul of Bochemistry Universty of Wisconsi
,s. 80 n Madioson, Principles of Biochemistry,
45. Prof. Dr. Engin Gzkara, nn niversitesi Second Edition, Worth Publshers New
Tip Fakltesi Biyokimya Ana Bilim York, s.929
Dali Balk., Biyokimya, Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 33. Michael Behe, Darwinin Kara Kutusu,
1997, nc Baski, Cilt 1, s. 580 Aksoy Yayincilik, stanbul, Haziran 1998,
46. Prof. Dr. Engin Gzkara, nn niversitesi s. 113

153




Aksoy Yayincilik, stanbul, Haziran 1998, 1.Dr. Michael Walker, Quadrant, Ekim
s.60 1982, s.44
17. Albert Lehninger L., Late University 2. Fred Hoyle Chandra Wickramasinghe,
Professor of Medical Sciences, The Johns Evolution from Space, London:J.M. Dent
Hopkins University David L. Nelson, Professor and Company, 1981, s. 141
of Biocemistry Universtiy of Wisconsi 3. Prof. Dr. Ali Demirsoy, Kalitim ve Evrim,
n Madison, Michael M. Cox Professor Meteksan Yayincilik, Ankara, 1995, Yedinci
of Bochemistry Universty of Wisconsi Baski, s. 61
n Madioson, Principles of Biochemistry, 4. Prof. Dr. Ali Demirsoy, Kalitim ve Evrim,
Second Edition, Worth Publshers New Meteksan Yayincilik, Ankara, 1995, Yedinci
York, s.892 Baski, s. 61
18. Albert Lehninger L., Late University 5. Fabbri Britannica Bilim Ansiklopedisi,
Professor of Medical Sciences, The Johns cilt 2, Sayi 22, s.519
Hopkins University David L. Nelson, Professor 6. Vance Ferrell, Dna, Protein and Cells, Harves-
of Biocemistry Universtiy of Wisconsi time
n Madison, Michael M. Cox Professor Books, 1996, s. 24
of Bochemistry Universty of Wisconsi 7. Walter T. Brown ,In the Beginning (1989)
n Madioson, Principles of Biochemistry, 8. Prof. Dr. Engin Gzkara, nn niversitesi
Second Edition, Worth Publshers New Tip Fakltesi Biyokimya Ana Bilim
York, s.892 Dali Balk., Biyokimya, Nobel Tip Kitabevleri
19. Aaldert Mennega, Reflections on The 1997, nc Baski, Cilt1. s.123.124
Scientific Method in Creation Research 9. P.A.Temussi et al., Structural Characterization
Society Quarterly, Haziran 1972, s. 36; of Prebiotic Polypeptids, Journal
20. Werner Gitt, In The Beginning Was Infor. of Molecular Evolution 7, (1976):105
21. Cells Energy Use High for Protein 10. Mere Creation, Edited By William A.
Synthesis in Chemical & Engineering Dembski, Intervarsity Press, Illinois, 1998,
News, Austos, 20, 1979, s. 6 s. 125.126
22. Albert Lehninger L., Late University 11. Curtis Barnes, Invitation to Biology,
Professor of Medical Sciences, The Johns Worth publishers, Inc, New York 1985, s.
Hopkins University David L. Nelson, Professor 49
of Biocemistry Universtiy of Wisconsi 12. Michael Behe, Darwinin Kara Kutusu,
n Madison, Michael M. Cox Professor Aksoy Yayincilik, stanbul, Haziran 1998,
of Bochemistry Universty of Wisconsi s. 259
n Madioson, Principles of Biochemistry, 13. Structure and Properties of Spider Silk,
Second Edition, Worth Publshers New Endeavour, Ocak 1986, sayi:10, s.42
York, s. 905 14. J.Watson (1976), The Molecular Biology of
23. Mahlon B.Hoagland, Hayatin Kkleri, the Gene, 3rd edition, (Menlo Park, Calif:
Tbitak Popler Bilim Kitaplari 12. Basi W.A.Benjamin), s.100)
m, Mayis 1998, s.31 15. Prof. Dr. Engin Gzkara, nn niversitesi
24.Albert Lehninger L., Late University Tip Fakltesi Biyokimya Ana Bilim
Professor of Medical Sciences, The Johns Dali Balk., Biyokimya, Nobel Tip Kitabevleri,
Hopkins University David L. Nelson, Professor 1997, nc Baski, Cilt1., s. 157
of Biocemistry Universtiy of Wisconsi 16. Michael Behe, Darwinin Kara Kutusu,

152
( ) 

81. Jeffrey Bada, Earth, February 1998, v. 40


82. Leslie E. Orgel, The Origin of Life on
Earth, Scientific American, vol 271, October
1994, p. 78
83.Charles Darwin, : A Facsimile of the First
Edition, Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 189
84. Charles Darwin,, p. 184.
85. B. G. Ranganathan, Origins?, Pennsylvania:
The Banner Of Truth Trust, 1988.
86. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A
Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard University
Press, 1964, 179.
87. Derek A. Ager, The Nature of the Fossil
Record, Proceedings of the British Geological
Association, vol 87, 1976, p. 133
88. Douglas J. Futuyma, Science on Trial, New
York: Pantheon Books, 1983. p. 197
89. Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower,
New York: Toplinger Publications, 1970,
ss. 75.94; Charles E. Oxnard, The Place of
Australopithecines in Human Evolution: Grounds
for Doubt, Nature, vol 258, p. 389
90. J. Rennie, Darwins Current Bulldog: Ernst
Mayr, Scientific American, December 1992
91. Alan Walker, Science, vol. 207, 1980, p.
1103; A. J. Kelso, Physical Antropology, 1st ed.,
New York: J. B. Lipincott Co., 1970, s. 221; M.
D. Leakey, Olduvai Gorge, vol. 3, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1971, p. 272
92. Time, November 1996
93. S. J. Gould, Natural History, vol. 85, 1976, p.
30
94.. Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower,
p. 19
95. Richard Lewontin, Billions and billions of
demons, The New York Review of Books, 9
January, 1997, p. 28.
96. Malcolm Muggeridge, The End of
Christendom, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980, p.
43

155



(1936) NewYork, Dover Publications, 1953 Tip Fakltesi Biyokimya Ana Bilim
(Reprint), s.196. Dali Balk., Biyokimya, Nobel Tip Kitabevleri,
64. R.Shapiro, Origins (New York: Summit 1997, nc Baski, Cilt 1, s. 579.
Books,1986) s. 99 580
65. K.Dose, The Origin of Life: More Questions 47. Michael Pitman, Adam and Evolution,
than Answers, Interdisciplinary 1986, s. 144
Science Reviews 13 (1988):348 48. Michael Pitman, Adam and Evolution,
66. Mere Creation, Edited By William A. 1984, s. 148
Dembski, Intervarsity Press, Illinois, 1998, 49. Lester McCann, Blowing the Whistle on
s. 116, 119 Darwinism, United States of America by
67. Stephen C.Meyer, The Origin of Life Graphic Publishing Company, 1986, s. 70
and the Death of The Metarialism, Reprinted 50. Curtis Barnes, Invitation to Biology,
from the Intercollegiate Review Worth publishers, Inc, New York 1985,
31,no.2, (spring 1996) s.419
68. New Evidence on Evolution of Early 51. Christopher Wills, Genlerin Bilgelii,
Atmosphere & Life, Bulletin of the American Sarmal Yayinevi, Mart 1997, stanbul, s.
Meteorological Society, cilt 63, Kasi 151.152
m 1982, s.1328.1330 52. Alaeddin fienel, Evrim Aldatmacasi
69. Richard B.Bliss & Gary. E.Parker, Origin mi, Devrin Aldatmacasi mi?, Bilim ve
of Life, California, 1979, s.14 topya Dergisi, Aralik 1998,
70. Earth, Lifes Crucible, fiubat 1998, s. 53. Alexander I. Oparin, Origin of Life,
34. (1936) NewYork, Dover Publications, 1953
71. National Geographic, The Rise of Life (Reprint), s. 132.133
on Earth, Mart 1998, s. 68 54. Stephen C.Meyer, The Intercollegiate
72. W. R. Bird, The Origin of Species Revisited, Review 31, No:2 (Spring 1996)
Nashville: Thomas Nelson Co., 1991, 55. W. R. Bird, The Origin of Species Revisited,
s. 325 Nashville, Thomas Nelson Co., 1991,
73. Richard s. 305
Dickerson, Chemical Evolution, 56. Ali Demirsoy, Kalitim ve Evrim, Ankara
Scientific American, Cilt 239:3, 1978, s. 74.) Meteksan Yayinlari, 1984, s. 94
74. Richard B. Bliss & Gary E. Parker, Origin 57. Michael Behe, Darwinin Kara Kutusu,
of Life, California: 1979, s. 25 Aksoy Yayincilik, Haziran 1998, s.97; Russel
75. Richard B. Bliss & Gary E. Parker, Origin Doolittle, Kanin Pihtilaflmasinin Karfli
of Life, California: 1979, s. 25 lafltirmayi Biyokimyasi (1961), Trombosis
76. S. W. Fox, K. Harada, G. Kramptiz, G. and Heamostatis
Mueller, Chemical Origin of Cells, Chemical 58. W. R. Bird, The Origin of Species Revisited,
Engineering News, 22 Haziran Nashville, Thomas Nelson Co.,
1970, s. 80 1991, s. 304
77. Sidney Fox, Klaus Dose, Molecular Evolution 59. Hoimar Von Ditfurth, Dinozorlarin Sessiz
and The Origin of Life, New York: Marcel Gecesi 1, Alan Yayincilik, Kasim 1996,
Dekker, 1977. p. 2 stanbul, ev: Veysel Atayman, s.122
78. Alexander I. Oparin, Origin of Life, (1936) 60. Hoimar Von Ditfurth, Dinozorlarin Sessiz
New York, Dover Publications, 1953 (Reprint), Gecesi 1, s.123
p. 196 61. Hoimar Von Ditfurth, Dinozorlarin Ses.
79. New Evidence on Evolution of Early siz Gecesi 1, s.126
Atmosphere and Life, Bulletin of the American 62. SBS Vital Topics, David B. Loughran,
Meteorological Society, vol 63, November 1982, Nisan 1996, Stewarton Bible School, Stewarton,
p. 1328.1330. Scotland, URL:http://www.rmplc.
80. Stanley Miller, Molecular Evolution of Life: co.uk/eduweb/sites/sbs777/vital/
Current Status of the Prebiotic Synthesis of Small evolutio.html
Molecules, 1986, p. 7 63. Alexander I. Oparin, Origin of Life,

154

You might also like