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Makalah EFN
Makalah EFN
INTRODUCING
1.1 Background
1.2 Advantage
1.3 Purpose
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
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2.1 Definition
2.2 Causes
1. Ischemic stroke
Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood vessel that supplies bloodto the
brain is blocked by a blood clot. This may happen in two ways:
A clot may form in an artery that is already very narrow. This is called
a thrombotic stroke .
A clot may break off from another place in the blood vessels of the
brain, or from some other part of the body, and move up to the brain.
This is called cerebral embolism, or an embolic stroke .
2. Hemorrhagic stroke
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cells to die. Some people have defects in the blood vessels of the brain that
make this more likely. These defects may include:
Aneurysm, is a weak area in the wall of a blood vessel that causes the
blood vessel to bulge or balloon out. When an aneurysm occurs in a
blood vessel of the brain, it is called a cerebral aneurysm
High blood pressure is the number one risk factor for strokes. The other major
risk factors are:
Diabetes
High cholesterol
People who have heart disease or poor blood flow in their legs caused by
narrowed arteries
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o Drinking heavily
o Smoking
Birth control pills can increase the chances of having blood clots. The risk is
highest in woman who smoke and are older than 35
2.4 Symptoms
The symptoms of stroke depend on what part of the brain is damaged. In some
cases, a person may not know that a stroke has occurred. Most of the time, symptoms
develop suddenly and without warning. However, symptoms may occur on and off for
the first day or two. Symptoms are usually most severe when the stroke first happens,
but they may slowly get worse. A headache may occur if the stroke is caused by
bleeding in the brain. The headache:
Gets worse when you change positions or when you bend, strain, or cough
Other symptoms depend on how severe the stroke is and what part of the brain
is affected. Symptoms may include:
Changes in hearing
Changes in taste
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Changes that affect touch and the ability to feel pain, pressure, or different
temperatures
Clumsiness
Difficulty swallowing
Loss of balance
Loss of coordination
Muscle weakness in the face, arm, or leg (usually just on one side)
Trouble walking
2.5 Diagnosis
Your doctor may also perform diagnostic tests to confirm a stroke and to
pinpoint its location:
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Blood tests: Your doctor may want to test your blood for clotting time, blood
sugar levels, or infection. These can all affect the likelihood and progression
of a stroke.
Angiogram: By adding a dye to your blood and then taking an X-ray of your
head, your doctor can find the blocked or hemorrhaged blood vessel.
Carotid ultrasound: Using sound waves to image the blood vessels in your
neck helps to determine if there is abnormal blood flow towards your brain.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): MRIs can also be used to check for
damaged blood vessels.
2.6 Treatment
Treatment for a stroke depends on the type. In the case of an ischemic stroke,
the goal is to remove the blockage. In the case of a hemorrhagic stroke, treatments are
aimed at controlling the bleeding.
Before the thrombolytic is given, a CT scan must first confirm that the
stroke is not hemorrhagic. If the stroke is ischemic, a CT scan can also
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suggest if injuries are very extensive, which might affect the use of
thrombolytics.
2. To treat a hemorrhagic stroke, may be given a drug that lowers the pressure in
your brain caused by the bleeding. may also need surgery, if the bleeding is
severe, to remove excess blood. You may also need surgery to repair the
ruptured blood vessel.
After any type of stroke, there is a recovery period that varies depending on
how severe the stroke was may need to participate in rehabilitation because of the
effects of the stroke. This can include speech therapy, occupational therapy, or work
with a psychiatrist, neurologist, or other professionals. The goal of treatment after a
stroke is to help the patients recover as much function as possible and prevent future
strokes. Recovery will begin while they are still in the hospital or at a rehabilitation
center. It will continue when they go home from the hospital or center. During stroke
recovery, the patients will learn how to manage:
Muscle spasms
Pressure sores
Speech problems
Stroke rehabilitation
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Swallowing and eating problems
Sensory Disturbances Including Pain. Stroke can affect the ability to feel
touch, pain, temperature, or position. Pain, numbness, and tingling or pricking
sensations can occur in the paralyzed or weakened limb (paresthesia).
Sometimes patients have problems recognizing their affected arm or leg. Some
stroke survivors experience chronic pain, which often results from a joint
becoming immobilized or frozen. Muscle stiffness or spasms are common.
Sensory disturbances can also affect the ability to urinate or control bowels.
Problems with Thinking and Memory. Stroke can affect attention span and
short-term memory. This can impair the ability to make plans, learn new tasks,
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follow instructions, or comprehend meaning. Some stroke survivors are unable
to recognize or understand their physical impairments or are unaware of
sensations affecting the stroke-impaired side of the body.
2.8 Prevention
There are many risk factors for having a stroke. Correspondingly, there are
many measures that can be taken to help prevent them. These preventive measures are
similar to the actions that would take to help prevent heart disease, and include the
following:
Control diabetes
o Choose low-fat dairy products, such as 1% milk and other low-fat items.
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o Avoid sodium (salt) and fats found in fried foods, processed foods, and
baked goods.
o Eat fewer animal products and foods that contain cheese, cream, or eggs.
If the doctor knows that someone at risk for a stroke, they may be prescribed
medications to prevent one. These include drugs that thin the blood and prevent clot
formation.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
3.2 Suggestion
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REFERENCES
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