C.

Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

Statics of Masonry Solids and Structures

Prof. Christian Carloni

Part V
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR MASONRY

Lets recall the PVW

, r,u p,u t n n
, u
Taking into account the compatibility conditions:

0 r,u p,u t , u

n n

0 0 0

The necessary condition for equilibrium: p,u 0 u M,

which is a direct consequence of the PVW and compatibility
conditions. Note that the PVW is already necessary and
sufficient for an admissible equilibrium state.
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR MASONRY

Lets prove that the condition p,u 0 is also sufficient
for equilibrium.
We will start by assuming that p,u 0 but equilibrium
does not exist. Hence, under the effect of p the body will
begin to move. v(P,t) is the velocity vector.
Lets apply the PVW with u= v(P,t)dt (t>0)

n n
, r, v p, v t , v v , v

Inertia forces
due to the
acceleration
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR MASONRY

Lets consider some of the terms (because it is an actual
state):

, 0 r, v 0 t n n
, v 0
Thus
p, v v , v 0

The kinetic energy is

1
T v, v
2
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR MASONRY

We can compute the rate of T
dT
v , v
dt
When motion start the derivative dT/dt can only be positive.
Recall that

p, v v , v 0 p, v v , v

We observe that when the body moves (dT/dt>0) and

the term p,u 0 , which contradicts our assumption! We
can now conclude that if p,u 0 the body is in
equilibrium (no motion).
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

DEAD AND LIVE LOADS

We separate dead and live loads

p g q

Under the action of its own weight, a masonry structure

can be considered safe:
g,u 0

The dead load (weight) will always oppose any movement

of a masonry safe structure.
It is the geometry alone that ensures that the structures
weight (dead load) opposes the tendency of live loads to
activate a mechanism.
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

MECHANISM STATES
The body is subject to load p. Equilibrium is possible if is
less than a certain value.
Assume that a structure in equilibrium under load p can be
freely deformed (in the sense of a mechanism) by a
displacement field um. In such a state, we need to consider
that internal stresses and reactions do not oppose the
development of the deformation (mechanism) of the body.

This happens if (u M):

, r,u p,u t n n
, u
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

MECHANISM STATES
And:
, um 0 when P um)

r, um 0 when P r

t n , n um 0 when P um)

These conditions are not altered if the mechanism um is

multiplied by a constant factor.
Note that: If the mechanism
occurs we need to
p, um 0 reduce live loads
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

COLLAPSE STATE
The body is subject to load p. While increasing the factor ,
the structure will pass through a sequence of equilibrium
states until = c, which defines a mechanism state uc.
Thus:
g q, u 0 if <c. Note the strict form!

g cq, u 0 if =c. u M, u uc

g cq, uc 0 if =c. uc M. Note that q, uc 0

 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

COLLAPSE STATE
If > c
When is
increased g does
d
p , uc q, uc 0 not vary.
d c d
q, uc q, uc
d

This means that equilibrium is not possible p,u 0

At collapse we switch from existence of an equilibrium state
to the non-existence of an equilibrium state. Collapse occurs
under constant loads by gradually increasing uc.
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

COLLAPSE STATE
The failure mechanism (collapse) occurs under frozen loads.
There is no energy dissipation. During the development of
the failure mechanism, masonry maintains its limit strength. It
looks like it behaves like a plastic structure at yielding!

Is this correct? Loads must be

decreased if the failure mechanism
must be controlled. We are dealing with
an instable phenomenon!
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

COLLAPSE STATE
Briefly,

n n

c , rc ,u tc , u g,u c q,u u M

g cq, uc 0 if =c. uc M. Note that q, uc 0

 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

STATIC THEOREM
We consider a masonry structure loaded by dead loads g
(which are permanent and constant) and live loads q.
is the multiplier of loads q.

We will term the stress state that satisfies the equilibrium

conditions together with loads g+ q.

The static theorem states that:

Loads g+ q are not greater than the collapse load g+ cq if

equilibrium exists between the loads and internal stresses.
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

STATIC THEOREM
Under the assumptions of the theorem:

n
, r ,u t , u g,u q,u
0 0 0

u M,

To prove the theorem we start from collapse

0 g, uc c q, uc
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

STATIC THEOREM
If u =uc:

n

, c r , uc t , uc g, uc q, uc
0 0 0

And by considering that with collapse load

0 g, uc c q, uc

We subtract

, c r , uc t , uc c q, uc
n n

0 0 0
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

STATIC THEOREM
Thus:

c q, uc 0

Since q, uc 0

c
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

KINEMATIC THEOREM
We assume that a structure is in a mechanism state under
loads g+q. The mechanism is defined by u+.
is the multiplier of loads q.

We can write:
g, u q, u 0
It is a mechanism
state
g, u

q, u
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

KINEMATIC THEOREM

If we assume that q, u 0

The kinematic theorem states that:

The kinematic multiplier cannot be lower than the collapse

multiplier c.

To prove the theorem we use the collapse loads

n n
c , rc , u tc , u g, u c q, u

0 0 0
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

KINEMATIC THEOREM

If we remember that:

g, u q, u 0

We subtract

n

c , rc , u tc , u c q, u
n

0 0 0

Since we assumed q, u 0