Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 2 PDF
Chapter 2 PDF
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Objectives
When you finish studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Understand multidimensionality and time dependence of heat transfer,
and the conditions under which a heat transfer problem can be
approximated as being one-dimensional,
Obtain the differential equation of heat conduction in various
coordinate systems, and simplify it for steady one-dimensional case,
Identify the thermal conditions on surfaces, and express them
mathematically as boundary and initial conditions,
Solve one-dimensional heat conduction problems and obtain the
temperature distributions within a medium and the heat flux,
Analyze one-dimensional heat conduction in solids that involve heat
generation, and
Evaluate heat conduction in solids with temperature-dependent
thermal conductivity.
2.1. Introduction
Although heat transfer and temperature are
closely related, they are of a different nature.
Temperature has only magnitude
it is a scalar quantity.
Heat transfer has direction as well as magnitude
it is a vector quantity.
We work with a coordinate system and indicate
direction with plus or minus signs.
The driving force for any form of heat transfer is the
temperature difference.
dT
Qcond = kA (W) (2-1)
dx
dT
Qn = kA (W) (2-2)
dn
In rectangular coordinates, the heat conduction
vector can be expressed in terms of its components as
G G G G
Q n = Q x i + Q y j + Q z k (2-3)
Examples:
electrical energy being converted to heat at a rate
of I2R,
fuel elements of nuclear reactors,
exothermic chemical reactions.
Eelement
Q x Q x +x + E gen,element =
t
(2-6)
Eelement
Qx Qx+x + Egen,element = (2-6)
t
E
Qr Qr +r + Egen,element = element
t
(2-18)
Eelement
Qr Qr +r + Egen,element = (2-18)
t
The change in the energy content and the rate of heat
generation can be expressed as
Eelement = Et +t Et = mc (Tt +t Tt ) = cAr (Tt +t Tt ) (2-19)
Egen,element = egenVelement = egen Ar (2-20)
1 2 T T
r k +
gen
e = c (2-30)
Variable conductivity: r r
2
r t
1 2 T egen 1 T
Constant conductivity: r + = (2-31)
r r r
2
k t
One-dimensional steady-state
heat conduction equation:
d 2T
=0
dx 2
2.3 General Heat Conduction Equation
Eelement
Q x + Q y + Q z
Qx +x Qy +y Qz +z + Egen ,element = (2-36)
t
Repeating the mathematical approach used for the one-
dimensional heat conduction the three-dimensional heat
conduction equation is determined to be
Two-dimensional
2T 2T 2T egen 1 T
Constant conductivity: + 2 + 2 + = (2-39)
x 2
y z k t
Three-dimensional
2T 2T 2T egen
+ 2 + 2 + = 0 (2-40)
1) Steady-state: x 2
y z k
2T 2T 2T 1 T
2) Transient, no heat generation: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = t (2-41)
2T 2T 2T
3) Steady-state, no heat generation: 2 + 2 + 2 = 0 (2-42)
x y z
Cylindrical Coordinates
1 T 1 T T T
rk + 2 k + z k z + egen = c (2-43)
r r r r t
Spherical Coordinates
1 2 T 1 T 1 T T
kr + k + k sin +
gen
e = c
r 2 r r r 2 sin 2 r 2 sin t
(2-44)
2.4 Boundary and Initial Conditions
T(0, t) = T1
(2-46)
T(L, t) = T2
T (0, t ) T (0, t )
k =0 or =0
x x
T ( L / 2, t )
(2-49) = 0 (2-50)
x
(iii) Convection Boundary Condition
Heat conduction Heat convection
at the surface in a = at the surface in
selected direction the same direction
T (0, t )
k = h1 [T1 T (0, t ) ] (2-51a)
x
and
T ( L, t )
k = h2 [T ( L, t ) T 2 ] (2-51b)
x
(iv) Radiation Boundary Condition
Heat conduction at the Radiation exchange at
surface in a selected = the surface in
direction the same direction
T (0, t )
k = 1 Tsurr ,1 T (0, t )
4 4
(2-52a)
x
and
T ( L, t )
k = 2 T ( L, t ) 4 Tsurr
4
,2
(2-52b)
x
(v) Interface Boundary Conditions
At the interface the requirements are:
(1) the same temperature at the area of contact,
(2) the heat flux on the two sides of an
interface must be the same.
and
TA ( x0 , t ) TB ( x0 , t )
k A = kB (2-54)
x x
(vi) Generalized Boundary Conditions
OK !
!
2.6 Heat Generation () in Solids
The quantities of major interest in a medium
with heat generation are
(i) the surface temperature Ts
(ii) the maximum temperature Tmax
that occurs in the medium in steady operation.
Heat Generation in Solids
- (i) The Surface Temperature
Rate of Rate of
heat transfer = energy generation (2-63)
from the solid within the solid
For uniform heat generation within the medium
Q = egenV (W) (2-64)
The heat transfer rate by convection can also be
expressed from Newtons law of cooling as
- Q = hAs (Ts T ) (W) (2-65)
egenV
Ts = T + (2-66)
hAs
(a) For a large plane wall of thickness 2L (As=2Awall
and V=2LAwall)
egen L
Ts , plane wall = T + (2-67)
h
(b) For a long solid cylinder of radius r0 (As=2r0L
and V=r02L)
egen r0
Ts ,cylinder = T + (2-68)
2h
egen r0
Ts , sphere = T + (2-69)
3h
Heat Generation in Solids (ii)The maximum
Temperature in a Cylinder (the Centerline)
2k
rdr
kave =
T1
k (T )dT
(2-75)
T2 T1
The variation in thermal conductivity of a material
with can often be approximated as a linear function
and expressed as
k (T ) = k0 (1 + T ) (2-79)