Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Abbreviations and Definitions. Secon 1- Common abbreviations used in the JAA Cenzal Question Bank eset Section 2 - ICAO Definitions 1-6 CHAPTER 2 ‘The History of Aviation Law and the Chicago Convention 1944 Background Introduction Safety Intemational Law. ‘Scheduled and Non Scheduled Air Services.. 1919 Aeronautical Commission of the Paris Peace Conference... Convention of the Unification of Certain Rules to Intemational Carriage by Air (Warsaw 4829) {044 Convanton on Intmational Civ Aviaton (he Chicago Convention) Part |= Air Navigation .. i Part Il - The International Civil Aviation Srgeistion The Organisation The Assembly ‘Annexes to the Convention Other International Agreements made at Chicago. ‘The Intemational A Transpert Agreement andthe intamational A Services Transit Aareemont ‘Supplementary Freedoms. se - ‘The Convention of Tokyo 1963 ‘The Hague Convention of 1970. ‘The Montreal Convention of 1971. ‘Addendum to Chapter 2 ‘Chapter 1X- The Council 7 ‘Chapter X - The Al Navigation Commission... CHAPTER 3 Other International and European Organisations ‘The International Air Transport Association (IATA). 3 ‘The Convention of Rome 1933/1952 3 Commercial Practices and Associated Rules (Leasing). 3 Leasing of Aeroplanes between JAA Operators... eee Leasing of Aeroplanes Between a JAA Operator and Any Body Other Than a JAA perso 3 3. 3. 3 3 3 Leasing of Aeroplanes at Short Notice Elropaon Cl Avaton Corfrence ECAC) ECAC Objectives. Joint Aviation Authorities eA JAA Organisation Functions of JNA Organisation and Procedures JARIFAA Harmonisation Eurocontrl. AirLaw viiTable of Contents CHAPTER 4 Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplanes) Introduction JAR-FCL Licensing Requirements and Regulations... ‘Specific Requirements for Licence Issue PPL(A).. ATPL(A) Experience... CPL(A) Experience... Instructor Ratings Examiners (Aeroplane) lass and Type Ratings Instrument Rating (IR(A))... Recent Experience. Curtailment of Privileges of Licence Holders Aged 60 Years or More. Medical Requirements JAA Theoretical Knowledge Examinations for ATPL (A). CHAPTER 5 Registration of Aircraft and Aircraft Markings ‘Nationality, Common, and Registration Marks. Location of Naonalty, Common and Registration ‘Marks. Rogistration of Aircraft CHAPTER 6 Airworthiness of Aircraft Introduction .. Certificate of Airworthiness CHAPTER 7 Rules of the Air Introduction. Goneral Rules Neglgent or Reckless Operation of Aircrat. ‘Minimum Heights é Cruising Levels... 2 Prohibited and Restricted Areas... Avoidance of Collisions. ‘Simulated Instrument Flight (SIF). Flight Plans Communications: Visual Flight Rules (VFR). Instrument Flight Rules Rules Applicable to IFR Flights within Controlled Airspace. IFR Fiigit Levels.. Rules Applicable to iFR Flights Outside Controlled Airspace. ‘Communications. Position Reports..ne Special VFR (SVFR) Crussing Levels. Table of Cruising Levels. Appendix 1 to Chapter 7 Signals for Use in the Event of Interception at 42 43 45 45 46 47 48 49 49 4-10 412 Air LawTable of Contents CHAPTER 8 Signals Introduction... Emergency Signals. ‘Aerodrome Signals ‘Acknowledgement Visual Ground Signals... Signals from the Pilot of an Aircraft to @ Marshaller CHAPTER 9 Altimeter Setting Procedures Expression of Vertical Position... < ot Transition. 92 Use of NH or GFE. 93 Flight Planning... “94 CHAPTER 10 Instrument Procedures Introduction 10-4 Publications “01 Obstacle Clearance 102 ADDIEVItIONS sno 102 Departure Procedures... 102 The Instrument Departure Procedure 108 Establishment of a Departure Procedure 103 Standard instrument Departures. 1065 Gontingency Procedures. 108 Published Information 108 Airways Departure Routes (SID Charts) 108 The Instrument Approach Procedure i013 Obstacle Clearance 1045 Accuracy of Fires, 10-21 Descent Graciont.. 10.24 Approach Segments 10.24 Standard Arivals Routes (STARS) a ranean OLE Missed Approach 1028 Visual Manoeuvrng (Cicling) \niieiin inthe Verity of ho eredromo Se oo40-30 Published Information . 1031 Holding Procedures . 1036, Simultaneous Operations on Parallel or Near Parallel Instrument Runways 10-42 CHAPTER 11 ‘Aeronautical Information Service Introduction... MA Responsbiliies and Function Att The itegrated Aeronauealermaion Packoe (iP). att Prohibited, Restricted, end Danger Areas ..enn 142 NOTAM (Notice to Aitmen). 13 Aeronautical ivomaton Regiaton and Cail (ARAG) 11-6 Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC)... 147 Pre-Flight and Post Fight information, 118 Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). 148 Contents of Aeronautical Information Publication (Alb) 119 Air Law ixTable of Contents CHAPTER 12 Air Traffic Services and Airspace Introduction Objective of the Ar Traffic Services (ATS)... Divisions of the Air Traffic Services. a Determination of the need for Air Traffic Serviees.. Classes of Airspace Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Units Providing Air Trafic Services. Flight Information Regions (FIRs) Control Areas. lg Infomation Regions o Conc Areas inthe Unper Aepaco Control Zones. ‘Service to Aircraft in the event of Emergency .. Time in Air Trafic Services ATS Route Designators.... Air Trafic Incident Report (ATIR)... Colision Avoidance Systems (ACAS Airborne; TCAS — — Taf) Use of ACASITCAS Indications CHAPTER 13 Air Traffic Control Services Introduction Air Traffic Control Service (Operation of Air Traffic Control Service. Emergency and Communication Failure CHAPTER 14 Flight Information Service (FIS) Application . What is provided by a FIS Operational Flight Information Service Broadcasts (OFIS) CHAPTER 15 Aerodrome Control Service Introduction .. ‘Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ).. Functions of Aerodrome Control Towers. Traffic and Ta CIRCUS rn Information to Aireratt by Aeradrome Control Towers... Control of Aerodrome Traffic Control of other than Airoraft Traffic on the Manoeuvring Area Control of Traffic in the Tratfic Circuit... Wake Turbulence Categorization of Aircraft and increased Longitudinal Separation Minima 124 124 122 122 122 125 125 126 126 127 127 42-10 1240 12-40 1244 1245 1245 134 134 133 138 144 a4 14.2 oe 1A 161 15:2 152 155 186 187 187 189 Air LawTable of Contents CHAPTER 16 ‘Approach Control Service Introduction 16-4 Departures. 16-1 Arivals. 18-2 ‘Approach Sequence (Stacking) . 16-4 Information for Arriving Aircraft ea 166 CHAPTER 17 ‘Aroa Control Service Introduction ss seep cra Separation 17-2 Vertical Separation. von. aa pital 17-2 Horizontal Separation w..nnnsennn ne Aidit 17-3 Lateral Separation. . a tenn Th Longitudinal Separation Sarees 17-6 Reduced Separation Minima, aera A714 CHAPTER 18 Air Traffic Advisory Service Introduction Seats AB Objective and Basic Principles. 181 Operation... 181 Aircraft Using the Air Traffic Advisory Service... ntunieatannnnnnanennanned 2 Aerft Not Using the Al Tra Aaisory Service . 18-2 Air Traffic Services Units, ot 18-2 CHAPTER 19 zs Radar in Air Traffic Control Introduction sense M4 Radar Coverage. eet 194 Identification of Aircraft ws. non. Seems 19.3 SSR Identification Procedures neuen sn 19.3 PSR Identifcation Procedures... : 193 Position Information nt Radar Vectoring... te Use of Radar in the Al Tratfic Gontrol Service eaieneren eee ater Radar Separation Minima vl 7 Emergencies, Hazards, and Equioment Failures... 19.9 Use of Radar in the Approach Control Service 19.9 Radar Approaches... ina font Use of Radar in Aerodrome Control non 7 : 1912 CHAPTER 20 Secondary Surveillance Radar Introduction ott nn 2041 ‘Operation of Transponders.... 7 . 20.2 Emergency Procedures cee 7 7 203, ‘Communication Failure Procedures. 2 seme Unit iererence wth Atcraftin Fight 203, Phrras©0lOQy snrnninnsn 20-3, Air Law xiTable of Contents CHAPTER 21 ‘The Alerting Service Alerting Service rtemranatantltlel Phases ofthe Alerting Procedure. 242 Format of Notication of Declaration... aa 213 Additional Information for the RCC. 213 Information to Aircraft Operating In tt merce RS Unlawful Interference 213 CHAPTER 22 ‘Search and Rescue Introduction ... ae oa ea 224 Organisation a 224 Operating Procedures... ainsi Bae 222 ‘Search and Rescue Sigr nga RS Ground/Air Signals used by Rescue Units inane 26 Ai-To-Ground Signals aerate 25 CHAPTER 23 ‘Aerodromes Annex 14. 234 ‘Types of Aerodrome, BBA Parts of an Aerodrome 24 ‘Aerodrome Reference Code 234 ‘Aeronautical Data. 23.2 Runways 235 Taxivays. 237 Taxivay Curve. 23-9 Holding Bays, Taxi Holding Postion. HEEL nana 23.9 APMONE ne : 23-10 Visual Aids for Navigation . 23-10 Markings 23-11 Runway Markings. eet nena 2341 Runway Centre Line Marking... _Saanacntaiiaimest 23-12 ‘Threshold Markings. is 23-42 Displaced Threshold Marking. 23-13, Aiming Point Marking 23-14 Touchdown Zone Marking, 23.44 Runway Side Strip... 2346 Taxiway Markings... 23-46 Taxiway Centre Line Marking, 23-16 Runway Holding Position Marking. 2346 ‘Taxiway Intersection Mar en sana 2347 VOR Aerodrome Check-Point Marking 23.48 Aircraft Stand Markings.. remanent OD ‘Apron Safety Lines. . non sn BAD Information Markings ahs 2319 Signs entries 23-19 Markers... eer, 2S ‘Aerodrome Lighting. Passiedecian Ck ‘Approach Lighting Systems ... 23-25 reckon Approach Path ndestor(PAP/ and Abbrovatd Papi). 23.32 ‘Minimum Eye Height (MEHT). 23-93, xii Air LawTable of Contents Runway Lights i hiscieonniereera eet Taxiway Lighting ae tes OR Obstacies. ee = 23-38 Marking of Vehicis... 23-40 Emergency Vehicles... : acre nn B9-40 Emergency Services... oa 23-40 Bird Hazard rs it 23-40 CHAPTER 24 Aviation Security General... 244 Aims and Objectives 244 National Organisation... 24-1 Intemational Co-Operation. 2244 Preventative Security Measures. 24-2 Carriage of Legal Weapons. 24-2 Pre-Flight Checks : 7 24.2 Measures Related to Passengers and thelr Cabin Baggage stent Fine Missing Passengers. 24-2 Measures Relating to Access Control... 24-2 Management of Response o Act of Uniawl Interference .snsnon 24.3 Flight Deck Door 24-3 Training Programmes... 24-3 Isolated Aircraft Parking Position 28-3 CHAPTER 25 Aircraft Accident Investigation Introduction 25-4 Definitions 254 ‘Objective of the Investigation... 25-2 Protection of Evidence, Custody, and Removal of Aircraft. BBD Request from State of Registry or State of Operator tae 25.2 Request from State of Design or State of Manufacturer: anne 253 Notification for Accidents or Serious Incidents. is ce 253 Reports ns snnnnnnnn 4 CHAPTER 26 Facilitation Introduction. 26-4 Entry and Departure of Aircraft 26-4 Entry and Departure of Persons and their Baggage 26-3 Departure Requirements and Procedures eterna Inadmissible Passengers, Deportees and Persons in Custody, 26-4 CHAPTER 27 National Law Introduction... ara ‘The Law of the UK 274 Major UK Differences i icant TA Royal Flights 273 Miltary Aerodrome Traffic Zones (MATZ). 273 Air Law xiGirish NO oreyeions INTRODUCTION This chapter of Aviation Law contains two sections and is intended for use with all the course material provided: SECTION 1 — COMMON ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE JAA CENTRAL QUESTION BANK A ABM ABN ac ac ACAS ‘ACFT ACT aD ape ADON ADF ADL EO AFIS. AFM AGL. Alp KN col cpu Air Law Ampere Abcam ‘Aerodrome beacon ‘Alternating current Altocumulus ‘Arbome colsion avoidance system Aircraft Active ‘Aerodrome Air data computer ‘Adalional ‘Automatic érection finding Attude director indicator All engines operating ‘Aerodrome fight information sarvice ‘Arcraft ight manual ‘Above ground level ‘Aeronautical Information Publication Eroken Dogroes Celsius Calibrated air speed Clear ai turbulence Cumulonimbus CClrocumulus Drag coefficient Course direction indicator Control splay uit CCenive of aravity A a ce cm co oP RM cs. cm cu cw alttud Alternate ‘Approach Alrpost Aulary power unit Asta Altostratus Accelerate stop distance avaible ‘Above mean sea level ‘Actual time of arival Air traffic contr, ‘Automatic terminal information servico Actual time overhead Dir tat servions Auiliary Average Airway ‘Acimuth Bearing crus Lit coaticent| centimetre Communications Cerca point Crew resource management Cirostratus Control zone Cumulue ClearwayChapter b DA pe DEG DEP Des pest Dev DF EAS EAT CAM Eris ect oF FAF FcsT FD Fis Fis aL, GND Hos. HE hPa HR iwc. IMP GAL Ins Decision alttude Direct eurent Degrees Departure Descent Destination Deviation Direction finding Equivalent airspeed Expected approach time Engine conelton aireraft monitoring Electronic ight instrument system Exhaust gas temperature Degrees Fahrenheit Final approach fx Forecast Fight director Fight Information system Fight informaton Service Gramme Gatlons Ground Heading High frequency Hectopascal Hours Indicated airspeed Instrument landing system Instrument meteorological conditions Imperial gations Inertial navigation systems EIcas cost EPR EST ETA ETO FL Fur rus Fr FTiMNy oe ews Hs! Hr He Abbreviations and Definitions Directional gyroscope Decision height. Distance Distance meauring equipment Dow point ~ Dead reckoning Doppler VOR Engine indicator and craw alerting systom Estimated off blocks time Engine pressure ratio Estimated Estimated time of arival Estimated time overhead Fight lve! Fight Fight management system Feet Feet per minute Glide path Ground proximity warning system Ground speed Horizontal stuation indicator Height Herz Intersection Intemational standard almaspnere Isolated Inter-tropical convergence zone Instantaneous vertical speed indcator Air LawAbbreviations and Definitions ko Kilogramme kite Kilner km Kilometre ust Latituce fr Pounds Los Landing Loe Landing decision point LeN Length uz Localser(Locatizer) Le Last minute change ™ Metre ™ Mass ™ ‘Mach Number Mac. ‘Mean aerodynamic chord MAP. [Nanifold pressure Mat Misses approach point max Maximum MOH [Minimum descent height MOHIA Minimum descent heighvatitude MEA Minimum enroute altitude MET Meteorological MIN Minutes N Newton Net ight N North NAT North Atlantio track Nav Navigation oat Outside air tomporature oss ‘Omni beating selector OCATH) Obstacle clearance alttuce (height) oct, (Obstacle clearance iit oe! (One engine inoperative P Pressure PAX Possenger Per Point of equal time Pic Piotin command PUN Flight plan PNR, Polat of no return Air Law Kt kw uw LONG ur uD ve LyR Mus MM ‘Mia MNPS: Moca MPH MPS, mps MSA. MSL su Nos. nw NOTAM Ns om om ops oR ove Pos Psi PSR Chapter 1 Knot Kilowatt Local mean time Longitude Localtime Limited Love! Layer ‘Microwave landing system Migale marker Minimum Minimum navigation performance specication ‘Minimum obstruction clearance atude Misimum off route alttude Miles per hour Metres per second Minimum sector atude Mean gea level Mode selector unit Non directional beacon Nautical miles Notice to amen Nimbostatus (Operating mass (Outer marker Operations On request Overcast Position Pounds per square inch Point of Safe Return Polar track structure PowerChapter 1 SAR ‘SARPe sc ser say SEC sev SFC iD sim SKC TA TAS TAT To Teas TDP us US-GAL VAR vu vc VOLMeT vor wo Radius Rules ofthe air and ar trac services ecified airspeed Reporting point Remote magnetic indicator Romar South Search and rescue ‘Standerds and Recommended Practices ‘Stratocumulus Scattered Stancby Seconds severe Surface ‘Standard instrument departure ‘Simulator Sky clear Temperature Transition alttude True airspeed Total air temperature Tropical cyclone Trafic eolision avoidence system Take-off decision point Unserviceable US gallons Yor Magnetic variation \VHF direction finding station Vertical gyro Very high frequency visibly Very lew froguancy Visual meteorological conditions ‘Mateorotogical information for aircraft in Aight HE omni directional range Variable RNAV Roc ROD RVR Rwy THR 1 110 Toc TORA 18 ure vsi vs Ve VelMe Vo ve Vee Veo Ve Mo Abbreviations and Definitions ‘Area Navigation Rate of mb Rate of descent Runway visual range Runway Sunvise Sunset ‘Socondary survelianco radar Stratus Stancrd erival route Stancard Station Stationary Status Special VER Stop way Threshold Transition level Take-off Top of cmb Take off run available “Thunderstorm Taxinay Coordinated universal time Vertical speed indicator Vertical visibity Design manoeuvring speed Design epeed for max gust intensity Design cruise speed / Mach number Design cve speed Design fap speed Flap extended speed Flap operating speed Landing gear extended spaced ‘Maximum landing gear operating speed Air LawAbbreviations and Definitions Voor Vans Vase Air Law Lit off speed Maximum tye speed Maximum break energy speed Mioimam contro! speed ‘Airminimum control spec Ground minimum contol speed Maximum operating limit speed / Maximum Mach number Minimum un-stick speed Never exceed speed Normal operating speed Watt West ‘wand component Wind correction angle Cross Cross tack Yerd Va Veer Ve Veo Ver Ve vw ve wiv wet ws wx xx Chaper 1 Rotating speed Landing reference speed Staling speed oF minimum steady fight speed at which the aeroplane Is controllable Staling speed oF minimum steady fight ‘peed in landing coriguration Stalin speed oF minimum steady fight ‘seed obtained in best configuration ‘Speed for best angle of climb ‘Speed for best rate of climb Critical engine faire speed Take-off safety speed for piston engine akerat Wind velociy Way point Wind shear Weather HeawChaprer 1 Abbreviations and Definitions ‘SECTION 2— ICAO DEFINITIONS The following definitions are from the ICAO Annexes. The learning objectives for 010 Air Law require that the student is able to recall definitions from a given list. Do not memorise this list. By the time you complete the course, you will be able to define all the definitions necessary to pass the examination Accepting Unit — ATCU next to take control of an aircraft Accident — An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft that takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of fight, until such time as all such persons have disembarked, in which a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of > being in the aircraft, or > direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have become detached from the aircraft, or > direct exposure to jet blast except when the injuries are from natural causes, self-inficted or inflicted by other persons, or when the injuries are to stowaways hiding outside the areas normally available to the passengers ‘and crew, or the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which > adversely affects the structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics of the aircraft, and > would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component except for engine failure or damage, when the damage is limited to the engine, its cowlings or ‘accessories; or for damage limited to propellers, wing tips, antennas, tyres, brakes, fairings, small dents or puncture holes in the aircraft skin, or the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible. Note: An injury resulting in death within 30 days of the date of the accident is classified as a fatal injury by ICAO. Note: An aircraft Is considered to be missing when the official search has been terminated and the wreckage has not been located. Advisory Airspace — Airspace of defined dimensions, or designated route, within which air traffic advisory service is available. Advisory Route — A designated route along which air traffic advisory service is available. Aerodrome — A defined area of land or water (including any buildings, installations, and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure, and surface movement of aircraft. ‘Aerodrome Beacon — Aeronautical beacon usad to indicate the location of an aerodrome from the air. 16 Air LawAbbreviations and Definitions Chapter t Aerodrome Control Service — Air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic. ‘Aerodrome Control Tower — A unit established to provide air traffic control service. Aerodrome Elevation — The elevation of the highest point of the landing area, Aerodrome Identification aerodrome from the air. ign — A sign placed on an aerodrome to’ aid in identifying the Aerodrome Operating Minima — The limits of usability of an aerodrome for: > Take-off, expressed in terms of RVR and/or visibility and, ifnecessary, cloud conditions > Landing in precision approach and landing operations, expressed in terms of visibility and/or RVR and DAIDH, as appropriate to the category of the operation, and > Landing in non-precision approach and landing operations, expressed in terms of visibility andlor RVR, MDA/MDH and, if necessary, cloud conditions. ‘Aerodrome Reference Field Length — The minimum field length required for take-off at maximum certificated take-off mass, sea level, standard atmospheric conditions, stil air, and zero runway slope, as shown in the appropriate aeroplane flight manual prescribed by the certificating authority or equivalent data from the aeroplane manufacturer. Field length means balanced field length for aeroplanes, if applicable, or take-off distance in other cases. ‘Aerodrome Reference Point — The designated geographical location of the aerodrome. Aerodrome Taxi Circuit — The specified path of aircraft on the manoeuvring are during specific wind conditions, ‘Aerodrome Traffic — All traffic on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome and all traffic fiying in the vicinity of an aerodrome. Note: An aircratt is in the vicinity of an aerodrome when it is in, entering, or leaving an aerodrome traffic circuit Aerodrome Traffic Zone — Airspace of defined dimensions established around an aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic. Aeronautical Beacon — An aeronautical ground light visible at all azimuths, either continuously or intermittently, to designate a particular point on the surface of the earth. Aeronautical Ground Light — Any light specifically provided as an aid to air navigation, other than a light displayed on an aircraft. Aeronautical Information Circular (AIC) — A notice containing information that does not qualify for the origination of a NOTAM or for inclusion in the AIP, but which relates to fight safety, ait navigation, technical, administrative or legisiative matters. Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) — A publication issued by or with the authority of a state and containing aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to air navigation. Air Law 17Chaprer 1 Abbreviations and Definitions Aeronautical Mobile Service — A mobile service between aeronautical stations and aircraft stations, or between aircraft stations, in which survival craft stations may participate; emergency position-indicating radio beacon stations may also participate in this service on designated distress and emergency frequencies. Aeronautical Station — A land station in the aeronautical mobile service. In certain instances, an aeronautical station may be located, for example, on board ship or on a platform at sea, Aeronautical Telecommunication Station — A station in the aeronautical telecommunication service. ‘Aeroplane — A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of fight. AIP Amendment — Permanent changes to the information contained in the AIP. AIP Supplement — Temporary changes to the information contained in the AIP that are Published by means of special pages. AIRAC — An acronym (Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control) signifying a system aimed at advance notification based on common dates, of circumstances that necessitate significant changes in operating practices Air-Ground Communication — Two-way communication between aircraft and stations, or locations, on the surface of the earth. Air Report — A report from an aircraft in flight prepared in conformity with requirements for position, and operational and/or meteorological reporting, Air Traffic — All aircraft in fight or operating on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome. Air Traffic Advisory Service — A service provided within advisory airspace to ensure separation, in so far as practical between aircraft which are operating on IFR flight plans, Air Traffic Control Clearance — Authorization for an aircraft to proceed under conditions specified by an air traffic control unit Note: For convenience the term “Air Traffic Control Clearance’ is frequently abbreviated to "Clearance” when used in appropriate contexts. Note: The abbreviated term “Clearance” may be prefixed by the words “Taxi’, “Take-off, "Departure", ‘Enroute’, "Approach’, or “Landing” to indicate the particular portion of fight to which the Air Traffic Control Clearance relates. Air Traffic Control Instruction — Directives issued by ATC for the purpose of requiring a pilot to take a specific action. 18 Air Law