CHNG 1.

KHNG GIAN VECT NH CHUN

1.1. CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1.1. Chun v khong cch
1.1.1.1. Chun
nh ngha. Cho E l khng gian vect trn trng s K (K = R hoc C). nh
x N:E R gi l chun trn E nu
(i) K, x E: N(.x) = ||.N(x)
(ii) x E : N(x) = 0 x = 0E
(iii) (x,y) E2 : N(x+y) N(x) + N(y)

Khi cp (E,N) gi l khng gian vect nh chun trn K.

Ghi ch. Nu E l K-i s (c php nhn trong ) v chun N tho

x, y E: N(xy) N(x)N(y)
th (E,N) gi l i s nh chun.

H qu. Cho N l chun trn E. Khi

(i) N(0E) = 0
cm. N(0E) = N(0.x) = 0.N(x) = 0, x E.
(ii) x E: N(x) 0
cm. 0 = N(0E) = N(x + (-x)) N(x) + |-1|N(x) = 2.N(x)

K hiu. Chun trn khng gian E thng c k hiu l ||.||E hoc n

gin l ||.||.

V d
(1) Ba chun hay dng trn Kn, n N.
Ta nh ngha cc nh x ||.||1, ||.||2, ||.|| t Kn vo R nh sau:
Vi x = (x1, x2, ..., xn) Kn
1
n n
2 2

|| x ||1 = xi ; || x ||2 = xi ; || x || = max xi

i 1 1 i n
i 1
D dng kim chng trc tip rng cc nh x ||.||1, ||.|| l chun trn Kn.
chng minh nh x ||.||2 l chun, trc ht ta chng minh bt ng thc
1 1 1
n 2

2 n 2
2 n 2
2
xi + yi xi yi (1)
i 1 i 1
i 1
Bnh phng hai v a (1) v bt ng thc Cauchy
1 1
n
2 2
n
2 2 n
xi .
i 1
yi
i 1 xy i i (2)
i 1

Lu rng bt ng thc (1) l trng hp ring ca bt ng thc Minkovski.

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Chun ||.||2 trn Rn gi l chun Euclide, chun ||.||2 trn Cn gi l chun
Hermit.

(2) Chun Hlder. Cho p 1. Ta nh ngha nh x ||.||p t Kn vo R nh sau:

Vi x = (x1, x2, ..., xn) Kn
1
n p
p
|| x ||p = xi
i1

S dng bt ng thc Hlder
1 1
n p
p n
q q n
1 1
xi . yi xy , p,q 1, + =1 (3)
i1 i 1 i i
p q
i 1

suy ra bt ng thc Minkovski

1 1 1
n p
p n
p p
n p
p
xi + yi xi yi , p 1 (4)
i1 i 1 i 1

T bt ng thc Minkovski suy ra c rng ||.||p l chun trn Kn, v gi l
chun Hlder.
Chun ||.||1 v ||.||2 l trng hp ring ca ||.||p khi p = 1 v p = 2.
Khi p +, th ||x||p max xi = ||x||, x Kn.
1 i n

(Bi tp 1.1.8).
(3) Cho tp X , K l R hoc C. K hiu B(X, K) l tp cc nh x b chn t
X vo K (f:XK b chn nu M>0, xX, |f(x)| < M). B(X,K) vi php cng
nh x v php nhn nh x vi mt s hin nhin l khng gian vect. Ta nh
ngha nh x ||.|| t B(X,K) vo R nh sau:
f B(X,K): || f || = sup{|f(x)| | x X}
D dng kim chng rng nh x trn l chun trn B(X,K). ||.|| gi l
chun hi t u trn B(X,K).

(4) Cho a, b R, a < b, K l R hoc C, C([a;b], K) l khng gian vect cc

nh x lin tc t [a;b] vo K. Ta nh ngha cc nh x ||.||1 , ||.||2 v ||.||p (p1)
t C([a;b], K) vo R nh sau:
1 1
b
b
2 b
p
f C([a;b],K): || f ||1 = f , || f ||2 = f , || f ||p = f
2 p

a a a
trong f : x| f(x) x[a; b] v f : x| f(x) x[a; b]
p p

D dng kim chng rng cc nh x trn l chun trn C([a;b],K). Chun

||.||p gi l chun Hlder. (bi tp 1.1.9).

(5) Chun rt gn trn khng gian con

Cho khng gian vect nh chun (E,||.||). Cho F l khng gian con ca E.
Khi nh x x ||x|| ,xF, gi l chun rt gn trn F t chun ||.|| ca E,
v cng c k hiu l ||.||F hoc ||.|| nu khng c s nhm ln vi chun ||.||

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trn E. V d, chun Euclide ||.||2 trn khng gian R2 l chun rt gn ca chun
Euclide ||.||2 trn khng gian R3.

(6) Chun ca tch cc khng gian vect nh chun

Cho n N v cc khng gian vect nh chun (Ek,||.||k), k=1,...,n. K hiu
n
E l khng gian tch E = E
k 1
k . Ta xy dng cc chun v1, v2 v v trn E nh
sau
1
n
n 2 2
v1(x) = x k k ; v2(x) = xk k v v(x) = max{||xk||k | 1 k n}
k 1 k 1
vi mi x = (x1, x2, ..., xn) E.
n
Cc chun v1, v2, v gi l cc chun chnh qui trn tch E
k 1
k theo cc
chun ring ||.||k, k=1, ..., n.

1.1.1.2. Khong cch

nh ngha. Cho khng gian vect nh chun (E,||.||). Khi nh x
d: E2R nh ngha nh sau: d(x,y) = ||xy||, (x,y) E2, gi l khong cch
theo chun ||.|| trn E.

nh l 1. Cho khng gian vect nh chun (E,||.||), d l khong cch theo

chun ||.|| trn E. Khi
(i) (x,y) E2 : d(x,y) = d(y,x)
(ii) (x,y) E2 : d(x,y) = 0 x = y
(iii) (x,y,z) E3 : d(x,z) d(x,y) + d(y,z)
(iv) (x,y) E2 , K : d(x,y) = ||d(x,y)
(v) (x,y,z) E3 : d(x+z,y+z) = d(x,y)
Chng minh.
Suy ra t nh ngha chun.

nh l 2. Cho khng gian vect nh chun (E,||.||), d l khong cch theo

chun ||.|| trn E. Khi
(i) (x,y) E2 : d(x,y) = ||xy|| | ||x|| ||y|| |
(ii) (x,y,z) E3 : d(x,y) | d(x,z) d(y,z) |
Chng minh.
(i) Suy ra t ||x|| ||xy|| + ||y|| v ||y|| ||yx|| + ||x||.
(ii) p dng (i) vi xz v yz.

Hnh cu v mt cu
Cho khng gian vect nh chun (E,||.||), d l khong cch theo chun ||.||
trn E. Cho a E v r > 0.
Hnh cu m, hnh cu ng v mt cu tm a bn knh r (theo chun ||.||)
tng ng l cc tp sau
B||.||(a,r) = {x E : d(a,x) < r},

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 B||.||(a,r) = {x E : d(a,x) r} v
S||.||(a,r) = {x E : d(a,x) = r}
Hin nhin, B||.||(a,r) B||.||(a,r), S||.||(a,r) B||.||(a,r), B||.||(a,r) S||.||(a,r)=,
B||.||(a,r) = B||.||(a,r) S||.||(a,r),

V d. Xt khng gian R2 vi cc chun ||.||1, ||.||2, ||.||. Cc hnh cu m tm

O(0,0) bn knh r =1 s c dng sau

-1 1 -1 1 -1 1

B||.||1 (O,1) B||.||2 (O,1) B||.|| (O,1)

Ghi ch: Cho khng gian vect nh chun (E,||.||). Cho F l khng gian con
ca E. Khi nh x (x,y)d(x,y), (x,y)F2, gi l khong cch rt gn trn
F t khong cch d ca E, v cng c k hiu l dF hoc d nu khng c s
nhm ln vi khong cch d trn E.

1.1.2. Cc loi tp hp trong khng gian nh chun

1.1.2.1. Tp b chn
Cho khng gian vect nh chun (E,||.||), d l khong cch theo chun ||.||
trn E.
nh ngha 1. Tp A E gi l b chn (theo chun ||.||), nu
M > 0, x,y A: d(x,y) < M

nh l 1. Tp A E b chn khi v ch khi

M > 0, x A: ||x|| < M
Chng minh
Suy ra t nh ngha (bi tp).

H qu. A E b chn khi v ch khi tn ti hnh cu cha A.

nh l 2.
(i) Cho tp A B E. Khi , nu B b chn, th A cng b chn.
(ii) Mi tp hu hn u b chn.
(iii) Hp ca hu hn tp b chn cng b chn.
Chng minh
Suy ra t nh ngha (bi tp).
V d
(i) Trong R vi chun Euclide:
Khong (a,b), a, b R, l tp b chn.
Tp s t nhin N khng b chn.

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 1
Tp { | n nguyn dng} b chn.
n
(ii) Trong R2 vi chun Euclide:
Tp {(x,y)R2 | x+y < 1} khng b chn.
Hnh cu m, hnh cu ng v mt cu l cc tp b chn.

1.1.2.2. Tp ng, tp m
Cho khng gian vect nh chun (E,||.||), d l khong cch theo chun ||.||
trn E.
nh ngha 1. Tp A E gi l tp m (theo chun ||.||) nu
x A, r > 0 : B(x,r) A

V d. Hnh cu m l tp m. Hnh cu ng khng phi l tp m (bi tp).

nh l 1
(i) Tp rng v E l tp m.
(ii) Hp cc tp m l tp m.
(iii) Giao ca hu hn tp m l tp m.
Chng minh
Suy ra t nh ngha (bi tp).

V d. Tm v hn cc tp m A1, , An, sao cho An khng phi tp m.

1
Giao ca cc hnh cu m B(O,1+ ), n=1,2, ..., l hnh cu ng B(O,1)
n
khng phi tp m.

nh l 2
Cho n N v cc khng gian vect nh chun (Ek,||.||k), k=1,...,n. K hiu
n
E l khng gian tch E = E
k 1
k vi chun v trn E nh sau

v(x) = max{||xk||k | 1 k n}, x = (x1, x2, ..., xn) E.

n
Cho Ak l cc tp m trong Ek, k=1,...,n. Khi , tp A
k 1
k l tp m trong

E (theo chun v).

Chng minh
Suy ra t nh ngha.

nh ngha 2. Tp A E gi l tp ng (theo chun ||.||), nu phn b ca

n trong E, E A, l tp m.

nh l 3
(i) Tp rng v E l cc tp ng.
(ii) Giao cc tp ng l tp ng.
(iii) Hp ca hu hn tp ng l tp ng.

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 Chng minh
Suy ra t nh ngha (bi tp).

V d
(1) Hnh cu ng l tp ng.
(2) Mt im l tp ng.
(3) Tp hu hn l tp ng.
(4) Mt cu l tp ng.
V d. Tm v hn cc tp ng A1, , An, sao cho An khng phi tp
ng.
1
Hp ca cc hnh cu ng B(O,1 ), n=1,2, ..., l hnh cu m B(O,1)
n
khng phi tp ng.

nh l 4
Cho n N v cc khng gian vect nh chun (Ek,||.||k), k=1,...,n. K hiu
n
E l khng gian tch E = E
k 1
k vi chun v trn E nh sau

v(x) = max{||xk||k | 1 k n} x = (x1, x2, ..., xn) E.

n
Cho Ak l cc tp ng trong Ek, k=1,...,n. Khi , tp A
k 1
k l tp ng
trong E.
Chng minh
Suy ra t nh ngha.

1.1.3. Phn trong, bao ng, bin

Cho khng gian vect nh chun (E,||.||), d l khong cch theo chun ||.||
trn E.
nh ngha 1. Cho tp A E.
(i) Phn trong ca A, k hiu Ao (int(A)), l hp tt c cc tp m ca
E bao hm trong A, tc l
Ao = { V E : V m & V A}
Cc im thuc Ao gi l im trong ca A.
(ii) Bao ng ca A, k hiu A (cl(A)), l giao tt c cc tp ng ca E
cha A, tc l
A = { V E : V ng & A V}
Cc im thuc A gi l im dnh ca A.
(iii) Bin ca A, k hiu Fr(A), l hiu ca bao ng v phn trong ca
A, tc l
Fr(A) = A Ao
Cc im thuc Fr(A) gi l im bin ca A.

nh l 1. Vi mi tp A E ta c
(i) Ao l tp m ln nht ca E bao hm trong A.

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 A l tp ng nh nht ca E cha A.
(ii) E A E Ao ; (E A)o = E A
(iii) A m khi v ch khi A = Ao.
A ng khi v ch khi A = A .
(iv) Fr(A) l tp ng trong E.
Chng minh (bi tp).

nh l 2. Cho tp A, B E. Ta c
(i) A =A & (Ao)o = Ao
(ii) AB A B & Ao B o
(iii) A B = A B & (AB)o = Ao Bo
(iv) A B A B & (AB)o Ao Bo
Chng minh (bi tp).

nh ngha 2. Cho tp A E. A gi l tr mt trong E nu A = E.

V d
(i) Cho a E v r > 0. Khi
B' (a, r ) o = B(a,r) & B(a, r ) = B(a,r) & Fr(B(a,r)) = S(a,r)
(ii) Cho tp s hu t Q trong R. Ta c
Q = R, vy Q tr mt trong R.
Qo = , vy bin ca Fr(Q) = R.
2 2 2
Q 2 = R , vy Q tr mt trong R .
(iii) Cho tp s v t V trong R. Ta c
V = R, vy V tr mt trong R.
Vo = , vy bin ca Fr(V) = R.
V 2 = R2, vy V2 tr mt trong R2.
(iv) K hiu Q l tp s hu t, V l tp s v t.
Q V = , Q V = R Q V Q V
Qo Vo = , (QV)o = R Qo Vo (QV)o

1.1.4. So snh cc chun

nh ngha. Cho N, N l cc chun trn khng gian E. Ta ni N tng
ng N, k hiu N ~ N, nu
a, b > 0 x E: a.N(x) N(x) b.N(x)
nh l. Quan h tng ng gia cc chun l quan h tng ng
trn tp cc chun trn E.
Chng minh. (bi tp)
V d
(1) Ba chun ||.||1, ||.||2 v ||.|| trn Kn tng ng. Tht vy, ta c
n
|| x || = max xi || x ||1 =
1 i n
x
i 1
i n. max xi = n.|| x ||
1 i n

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ko theo ||.||1 ~ ||.||, v
1
n 2
2
|| x || = max xi || x ||2 = xi n max xi = n .|| x ||
1 i n 1 i n
i 1
ko theo ||.||2 ~ ||.||.
T tnh bc cu ca quan h tng ng suy ra ||.||1 ~ ||.||2.

(2) Xt khng gian C([0;1], R) cc hm lin tc trn [0;1] vi cc chun ||.||1

v ||.|| nh ngha v d (4) mc 1.1.1.1 nh sau
1
f C([0;1],R): || f ||1 = f
0
, || f || = max f ( x)
x0;1

Ta xy dng cc hm fn, n N, nh sau

fn(x) = n(1 n.x) vi x [0; 1/n]
0 vi x (1/n; 1]
Ta c
1

n n x dx = 1 =
1 n
n N : ||fn||1 = f
2
n =
0 0

v
n N : ||fn || = max f n ( x) = fn(0) = n
x0;1

Nh vy t s ||fn || / ||fn ||1 = 2.n + khi n . Suy ra cc chun ||.||1

v ||.|| khng tng ng.

1.1.5. Dy trong khng gian vect nh chun

Cho khng gian vect nh chun (E,||.||), d l khong cch theo chun ||.||
trn E.
Dy trong E l nh x t N vo E, k hiu (un)nN hoc (un)n k hoc (un).
Hi t, phn k
Dy (un) gi l hi t n a E, nu
> 0 n N n N : n n d(un, a)
Dy (un) gi l hi t trong E, nu tn ti a E sao cho (un) hi t n a.
Dy (un) gi l phn k trong E, nu n khng hi t trong E.

nh l 1 (Tnh duy nht ca gii hn)

Nu dy (un) hi t n a v b th a = b.
Chng minh (bi tp)

K hiu. Nu (un) hi t n a th ta gi a l gii hn ca (un) v vit

a = lim un hoc un n a

n

nh l 2
Cho m N v cc khng gian vect nh chun (Ek,||.||k), k=1,...,m. K hiu
m
E l khng gian tch E = E
k 1
k vi chun v trn E nh sau

8
 v(x) = max{||xk||k | 1 k m} x = (x1, x2, ..., xm) E.
Cho (un) l dy trong E v a E. K hiu
un = (un,1, ..., un,m) v a = (a1, ..., am)
Khi
un n a

ak k = 1, ..., m.
un,k n

Chng minh
Suy ra t nh ngha.

nh l 3. Mi dy hi t u b chn.
Chng minh (bi tp).

nh l 4 (Tnh cht i s)
Cho dy (un), (vn) trong E, dy (n) trong K, a, b E v K. Khi
(i) un n a

||un|| n ||a||

(ii) un n
a & vn n

b

un + vn n
a + b

a & n n
(iii) un n



n.un n
.a

(iv) (un) b chn & n n

0

n.un n
OE

(v) (n) b chn & un n

OE

n.un n
OE

Chng minh (bi tp).

nh l 5. Cho A E. Khi
a E: a A (un) A: un n
a

Chng minh (bi tp).

im t ca dy
Cho dy (un) trong E. Mi dy (u(n))nN gi l dy con ca (un), nu
:NN l nh x tng.
Ta ni a l im t ca (un), nu tn ti dy con ca (un) hi t n a.

K hiu: VA((un)) l tp hp tt c im t ca (un).

nh l 6. Cho un n
a. Khi mi dy con ca (un) cng hi t n a.

Chng minh (bi tp).

nh l 7. Cho (un ), a E. Khi cc mnh sau tng ng

(i) a l im t ca (un).
(ii) > 0: tp {n N | d(un, a) < } v hn.
(iii) > 0 m N n N : n > m & d(un, a) < .
Chng minh (bi tp).

nh l 8. Cho (un ) E. Khi

VA((un)) = u
nN
p p n

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 H qu. VA((un)) l tp ng.

V d. Cho dy ( )n 1. Tm VA(( )) v 1 n : n 1,2,....

1 1
n n
1 1
V n 0, nn 0 l im t duy nht ca dy ( ). Suy ra

n n
1
VA(( )) = {0}
n
0, nn 0 1 n : n 1,2,.... Ngoi ra 1 n : n 1,2,... k1.
1 1
V n
n k
Vy B={0}{ | n 1} 1 n : n 1,2,.... Mt khc B l tp ng, v R \ B l
1
n
tp m (bi tp). Suy ra 1 n : n 1,2,... = B.

nh l 9. Cho N v N l hai chun trn khng gian vect E. Khi cc

mnh sau tng ng
(i) > 0 x E : N(x) N(x).
(ii) Mi dy (xn) hi t n OE theo chun N cng hi t n OE theo
chun N.
Chng minh
(i)(ii): hin nhin
(ii)(i): Gi s (i) khng ng, tc tn ti dy (un) sao cho
N(un) > n.N(un) > 0 n
Ta xy dng dy (xn) nh sau
un
xn = n
n .N (un )
Ta c
1
N(xn) = n
0, ko theo xn n

OE theo chun N

n
Tuy nhin
N ' (un ) n.N (un )
N(xn) = > = n
n .N (un ) n .N (un )
tc (xn) phn k theo chun N'.
Nh vy (ii) khng ng.

H qu. Cho N v N l hai chun trn khng gian vect E. Khi , cc

mnh sau tng ng
(i) N ~ N
(ii) Mi dy (xn) hi t n OE theo chun N cng hi t n OE theo
chun N v ngc li.

im t, im c lp ca tp.
Cho A E. im x A gi l im c lp ca A, nu tn ti tp m UE
sao cho AU = {x}.

10
 im x E gi l im t ca A trong E, nu
r > 0 : (B(x,r) A) \ {x}

nh l 10. Cho A E, x E. Khi cc mnh sau tng ng

(i) x l im t ca A trong E.
(ii) Tn ti dy cc im trong A \{x} hi t n x.
(iii) Mi hnh cu tm x bn knh dng cha v s im ca A.
1
V d. Xt tp A = { | n=1,2, ...}.
n
1 1
V n
0, nn 0 l im t duy nht ca tp { | n=1,2, ...}. Bao

n n
1 1
ng A = {0}{ | n 1}. Vy mi im , n>0, l im dnh nhng khng
n n
phi im t ca tp A.
1 1 1 1
V ( , )A = { },n1, suy ra l im c lp, n1.
n 1 n 1 n n

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1.2. GII HN, LIN TC
1.2.1. nh x b chn
Cho khng gian vect nh chun (E, ||.||E, dE), X l tp bt k.
nh ngha. nh x f: X E gi l b chn (theo chun ||.||), nu f(X) l tp
b chn trong E, tc l
M > 0 x X: ||f(x)|| < M
K hiu ||f|| = sup{||f(t)|| | t X}.
m
nh l 1. Cho E1, ..., Em l cc khng gian vect nh chun, E = E
k 1
k l

khng gian tch vi chun v (nh ngha v d (6) mc 1.1.1.1), f: X E

Vi mi k = 1, ..., m, k hiu fk = prk f , trong prk l chiu ca E ln Ek,
tc l prk(y1, ..., ym) = yk. Khi
f b chn khi v ch khi fk b chn k = 1, ..., m

K hiu: EX l tp hp cc nh x t X vo E.
nh l 2
(i) Nu f, g EX b chn, th f +g b chn v
|| f + g || || f || + || g ||
(ii) Nu f E b chn v K, th .f b chn v
X

|| .f || = ||.|| f ||
(iii) Nu f E b chn v KX b chn, th .f b chn v
X

|| .f || ||||.||f ||

nh l 3. Tp B(X, E) cc nh x b chn t X vo E l khng gian vect con

ca EX v nh x
||.||: B(X,E) R, f | ||f||
l chun trn B(X,E).

1.2.2. Gii hn
Cho cc khng gian vect nh chun (E, ||.||E, dE) v (F, ||.||F, dF).
nh ngha 1. Cho tp X E, nh x f : X F, u X v a F. Ta ni rng
a l gii hn ca f ti u nu
> 0 > 0 x X : dE(x,u) < dF(f(x), a) <
Cho f : [u; +)F. im a F gi l gii hn ca f ti +, nu
> 0 M > 0 x [u; +) : x > M dF(f(x), a) <
Cho f : EF. im a F gi l gii hn ca f khi ||x||E +, nu
> 0 M > 0 x E : ||x||E > M dF(f(x), a) <
Cho nh x f : X R, u X . Ta ni rng f c gii hn + ti u nu
M > 0 > 0 x X : dE(x,u) < f(x) > M
Tng t, f gi l c gii hn - ti u nu
M < 0 > 0 x X : dE(x,u) < f(x) < M
Hin nhin l f c gii hn + ti u khi v ch khi f c gii hn - ti u.

nh l 1 (tnh duy nht ca gii hn)

12
 Nu f c gii hn a v b ti u, th a = b.

K hiu. Nu f c gii hn a ti u, th ta vit

a = lim f x hoc f(x) x a
u
x u

nh l 2
Nu f : XF c gii hn hu hn ti u X , th tn ti hnh cu B(u,r), r>0,
sao cho f(B(u,r)X) b chn trong F.

nh l 3
Cho X E, f : XF, u X v a F. Khi
f(x) x a
u
[ (un) X : un n u

f(un) n a ]

nh l 4 (iu kin Cauchy)

Cho X E, f : XF, u X . Khi f : XF c gii hn hu hn ti u khi
v ch khi
> 0 > 0 x, x X : x, x B(u, ) dF(f(x), f(x)) <
m
nh l 5. Cho E, F1, ..., Fm l cc khng gian vect nh chun, F = F
k 1
k l

khng gian tch vi chun v (nh ngha v d (6) mc 1.1.1.1), X E,

u X , f: X F , a = (a1, ..., am) F.
Vi mi k = 1, ..., m, k hiu fk = prk f , trong prk l chiu ca F ln Fk,
tc l prk:(y1, ..., ym) = yk. Khi
f(x) x a k = 1, ..., m : fk(x) x
u
ak
u

nh l 6 (gii hn kp)
Cho X E, cc nh x f, g, h: XR, u X v a R. Khi , nu
f(x) x
a, h(x) x
u
a v
u

> 0 x X: d(x,u) < f(x) g(x) h(x)

th g(x) x
a.
u

nh l 7 (gii hn hp)
Cho cc khng gian vect nh chun E, F, G, cho X E, Y F, u X ,
v Y , a G, cc nh x f : X F, g: YG tho f(X) Y. K hiu nh x
hp gf : X G, x | g(f(x)). Khi
f(x) x v & g(y)
u
a
y v
(gf)(x) x a
u

nh l 8 (tnh cht i s)
Cho cc khng gian vect nh chun E, F, cho X E, u X , a,b F,
K, cc nh x f, g : XF, : XK. Ta c
(i) f(x) x a ||f(x)||F x
u
||a||F
u

13
(ii) f(x) x
a & g(x) x
u
b
u
f(x) + g(x) x
a + b
u

a & (x) x
(iii) f(x) x
u

u
.a
(x).f(x) x
u

0 & > 0, f(x) b chn trn X B(u,)

(iv) (x) x
u

(x).f(x) x
0F
u

0F & > 0, (x) b chn trn X B(u,)

(v) f(x) x
u

(x).f(x) x
0F
u

1.2.3. Lin tc
Cho cc khng gian vect nh chun (E, ||.||E, dE) v (F, ||.||F, dF).
a) Lin tc ti mt im
nh ngha 1. Cho tp X E, nh x f : X F, u X. Ta ni f lin tc ti u
nu f(x) x f(u), ngc li ta ni f gin on ti u.
u

nh l 1
(i) f lin tc ti u > 0, f(x) b chn trn XB(u,)
(ii) f lin tc ti u [(un) X : un n u f(un) n

f(u)]

m
nh l 2. Cho E, F1, ..., Fm l cc khng gian vect nh chun, F = F
k 1
k l

khng gian tch vi chun v (nh ngha v d (6) mc 1.1.1.1), X E, uX,

f: X F, a = (a1, ..., am) F.
Vi mi k = 1, ..., m, k hiu fk = prk f , trong prk l chiu ca F ln Fk,
tc l prk:(y1, ..., ym) = yk. Khi
f lin tc ti u k = 1, ..., m : fk lin tc ti u

b) Lin tc trn tp hp
nh ngha 2. Cho tp X E, nh x f : X F. Ta ni f lin tc trn X, nu
f(x) lin tc ti mi im ca X.

K hiu: C(X, F) (hoc C0(X, F)) l tp hp tt c nh x lin tc t X vo F.

V d. Cho khng gian nh chun E trn trng s K. Khi cc nh x

f : E E E, (x,y) | x + y & g : K E E, (,x) | .x
l cc nh x lin tc trn min xc nh ca chng.
Chng minh. Cho (x,y)(u,v) trong EE. Khi ,
v(x-u,y-v) = max{||x-u||, ||y-v||}0 ||x-u||0 v ||y-v||0 xu v yv
Suy ra x+yu+v. Vy f lin tc trn EE.
Tng t, g lin tc trn KE.

nh l 3. Cho X E, f : X F. Khi cc mnh sau tng ng

(i) f lin tc trn X.
(ii) A F : A m f1(A) m trong X.

14
 (iii) B F : B ng f1(B) ng trong X.

Ch . Nu nh x f lin tc v tp A E m (ng), th cha chc f(A) m

(ng) trong F.

V d
(1) Cho nh x f : R2 R, (x,y) | x.y 1. nh x f hin nhin lin tc. V
vy ta c
f1((0; +)) = {(x,y) R2 | x.y 1 > 0}
l tp m trong R2.
(2) Cho nh x f : R R, x | 0, x R. nh x f lin tc, R m, nhng
f(R)={0} ng, khng m.
(3) Xt nh x g : R R, x | ex. g lin tc, R ng, nhng g(R) = (0; +) m
v khng ng.

c) Cc php ton i vi nh x lin tc

nh l 4 (hm hp)
Cho E, F v G l cc khng gian vect nh chun, X E, Y F, f : XF,
g : YG tho f(X) Y. Khi
(i) Vi mi a X, nu f lin tc ti a v g lin tc ti f(a), th gf lin
tc ti a.
(ii) Nu f lin tc trn X v g lin tc trn Y, th gf lin tc trn X.

nh l 5 (tnh cht i s)
Cho E v F l cc khng gian vect nh chun, X E, f, g : XF, aX,
: XK . Khi
(i) f lin tc ti a (trn X) nh x x | ||f(x)||F lin tc ti a (trn X).
(ii) f , g lin tc ti a (trn X) f + g lin tc ti a (trn X).
(iii) f , lin tc ti a (trn X) .f lin tc ti a (trn X).
1
(iv) lin tc ti a v (a)0 (trn X v (x)0 xX) lin tc

ti a (trn X).

nh l 6
Cho E v F l cc khng gian vect nh chun, X E, f, g : XF. Khi
nu f v g lin tc trn X v bng nhau trn tp tr mt trong X, th chng
bng nhau trn X.

d) Lin tc u
Cho cc khng gian vect nh chun (E, ||.||E, dE) v (F, ||.||F, dF).
nh ngha 3. Cho X E, f : X F. f gi l lin tc u trn X, nu
> 0 > 0 x, x X: dE(x,x) < dF(f(x),f(x)) <

nh l 7
Nu f lin tc u trn X, th f lin tc trn X.

15
 nh l 8. (hm hp)
Cho E, F v G l cc khng gian vect nh chun, X E, Y F, f : XF,
g : YG tho f(X) Y. Khi nu f lin tc u trn X v g lin tc u
trn Y, th gf lin tc u trn X.

e) nh x Lipschitz
nh ngha 4. Cho X E, f : X F.
Cho k 0. f gi l kLipschitz trn X, nu
x, x X: dF(f(x),f(x)) k.dE(x,x)
f gi l Lipschitz trn X, nu tn ti k 0 sao cho f l kLipschitz.
f : XX gi l nh x co trn X, nu tn ti k[0; 1) sao cho f l
kLipschitz.

nh l 9
Nu f Lipschitz trn X, th f lin tc u trn X.

nh l 10. (tnh cht i s)

Cho E v F l cc khng gian vect nh chun, X E, f, g : XF, K.
Khi , nu f l kLipschitz, g l kKipschitz, th f+g l (k+k)Lipschitz v
.f l ||kLipschitz.

nh l 11 (hm hp)
Cho E, F v G l cc khng gian vect nh chun, X E, Y F, f : XF,
g : YG tho f(X) Y, k, k 0. Khi nu f l kLipschitz trn X v g l
kLipschitz trn Y, th gf l k.kLipschitz trn X.

V d
(i) nh x f :RR, x|x2 lin tc, nhng khng lin tc u trn R.
(ii) nh x f :[a,b]R, x|x2 lin tc u trn [a,b].
(iii) nh x f :[a,b]R, x|x2 Lipschitz trn [a,b].

16
1.3. NH X TUYN TNH
Cho cc khng gian vect nh chun (E, ||.||E,dE), (F,||.||F,dF) v (G,||.||G,dG).
nh ngha 1. nh x f : EF gi l nh x tuyn tnh nu
, K, x, y E: f(.x + .y) = .f(x) + .f(y)
K hiu:
L(E,F) tp hp cc nh x tuyn tnh t E vo F.
L(E) tp hp cc nh x tuyn tnh t E vo chnh n.
nh l 1
(i) L(E,F) l khng gian vect (vi php + nh x, php nhn nh x vi mt
s thng thng).
(ii) L(E) l Ki s.

nh l 2. Cho f L(E,F). Khi f lin tc trn E khi v ch khi

M 0, x E : ||f(x)||F M.||x||E
Chng minh
(i) Gi s f lin tc. f lin tc ti OE, suy ra tn ti > 0 tho
u E : ||u||E ||f(u)||F 1
Vi OE x E bt k ta c
1
x = f x 1 ||f(x)||E ||x||E
x x
E E E E

(ii) Ngc li, gi s tn ti M > 0 tho x E : ||f(x)||F M ||x||E. Vi mi

x,yE ta c
||f(x) f(y)||F = ||f(x y)||F M.||x y||E
Vy f l nh x MLipschitz, suy ra f lin tc u.

K hiu
LC(E,F) tp nh x tuyn tnh lin tc t E vo F.
LC(E) tp nh x tuyn tnh lin tc t E vo E.
E = LC(E,K) gi l i ngu tp ca E.
f ( x)
||| f ||| = sup F
x E \ {O} f LC(E,F)
x E
Hin nhin l
f ( x) F
sup x E \ {O} = sup{ ||f(x)||F | ||x||E 1 }= sup{ ||f(x)||F | ||x||E = 1}
x E
(bi tp)

nh l 3
(i) f LC(E,F), x E : ||f(x)||F ||| f |||.||x||E
(ii) f, g LC(E,F) : f + g LC(E,F) & |||f + g||| ||| f ||| + ||| g |||
(iii) f LC(E,F), K : .f LC(E,F) & ||| .f ||| = ||.||| f |||
(iv) f LC(E,F), g LC(F,G) : gf LC(E,G) & |||gf ||| |||g|||.|||f|||

17
 Ghi ch. T nh l 3 suy ra (LC(E,F), |||.|||) l khng gian vect nh chun
trn K. |||.||| gi l chun sinh bi cc chun ||.||E v ||.||F.
Trng hp ring, LC(E) l Ki s nh chun.

nh l 4. Cho khng gian vect E, cc chun N, N trn E. Khi , N ~ N

khi v ch khi cc nh x ng nht idE:(E,N)(E,N), x|x, v
idE:(E,N)(E,N), x|x, lin tc.

nh ngha 2. nh x f : E F G gi l nh x song tuyn tnh nu

x E: f(x,.): FG, y|f(x,y), l nh x tuyn tnh
v
y F: f(.,y): EG, x|f(x,y), l nh x tuyn tnh
V d
(i) nh x f :R2R, (x,y)|x+y tuyn tnh, nhng khng song tuyn tnh.
(ii) nh x f :R2R, (x,y)|x.y song tuyn tnh, nhng khng tuyn tnh.

nh l 5. Cho nh x song tuyn tnh B:E F G. Khi , nu tn ti M >0

tho
x E, y F : ||B(x,y)||G M.||x||E.||y||F
th nh x B lin tc.
Chng minh
Cho (x,y) E F. Vi mi (x,y) E F ta c
||B(x,y) B(x,y)||G = ||B(xx,y) + B(x,y y)||G
||B(xx,y)||G + ||B(x,y y)||G
M.||xx||E.||y||F + M.||x||E.||y y||F 0 khi (x,y)(x,y)

H qu
(i) nh x (,x) | .x t K E vo E l nh x song tuyn tnh lin
tc.
(ii) Cho (E,||.||) l Ki s nh chun vi php nhn trong *. Khi
nh x (x,y)|x*y t EE vo E l nh x song tuyn tnh lin tc.
(iii) nh x (f,g)|gf t LC(E)LC(E) vo LC(E) l nh x song tuyn
tnh lin tc.
Chng minh
p dng nh l 5. Vi tng trng hp, iu kin nh x lin tc tng
ng l
(i) ||.x|| = ||.||x||; (ii) ||x*y|| ||x||.||y||; (iii) |||gf||| |||g|||.|||f|||

18
1.4. TP COMPAC
Cho cc khng gian vect nh chun (E,||.||E,dE), (F,||.||F,dF).
1.4.1. Tng qut
nh ngha 1. Tp X E gi l tp compac, nu mi dy trong X c t nht
mt im t trong X.
V d. Mi tp hu hn trong khng gian vecto nh chun l compac (bi
tp).
nh l 1. Cho (xn) l dy hi t trong E, a = lim xn . Khi tp
n

{xn | n N}{a}
l tp compac.
Chng minh (bi tp)

1 1
V d. { | n N \{0}}{0} l compac, nhng tp { | n N \{0}} khng
n n
compac.

nh l 2. Mi tp compac trong E l tp ng v b chn trong E.

Chng minh (bi tp)

nh l 3. Mi tp con ng ca tp compac l tp compac.

Chng minh (bi tp)
m
nh l 4. Cho E1, ..., Em l cc khng gian vect nh chun, H = E
k 1
k l

khng gian tch vi chun v (nh ngha v d (6) mc 1.1.1.1). Cho Xk Ek,
k=1, ..., m.
m
Khi X k l cc tp compac khi v ch khi Xk l tp compac k=1,..., m.
k 1

nh l 5. Cho E, F l cc khng gian vect nh chun, X E compac,

f:XF lin tc. Khi f(X) compac trong F.
Chng minh (bi tp)

H qu
(i) Cho X E compac, f: XR lin tc. Khi f b chn v c tr
ln nht v tr nh nht.
(ii) Cho X E compac, f: XF lin tc. Khi nh x
||f||:XR, x|||f(x)||F
b chn v c tr ln nht v tr nh nht.

nh l 6 (Heine). Cho X E, f: XF. Khi nu X compac v f lin tc, th

f lin tc u.

1.4.2. Trng hp khng gian hu hn chiu

B . Mi tp trong (Rn, ||.||) compac khi v ch khi l tp ng v b chn.

19
 Coi Cn tng ng R2n ta c
H qu. Mi tp trong (Cn, ||.||) compac khi v ch khi l tp ng v b chn.

nh l 1. Cho E l khng gian vect hu hn chiu. Khi mi chun trn E

tng ng.
Chng minh
K hiu B = (e1, ..., en) l c s ca E. Ta xy dng nh x N: ER,
n
N : .e
i 1
i i | max i
1 i n

Hin nhin N cng l chun trn E.

Cho N l chun bt k trn E, ta chng minh N ~ N.
K hiu
S = {(1, ..., n) Kn | max i 1 }
1 i n

n

Xt nh x g: Kn R, (1, ..., n) | N i .ei vi chun ||.|| trn Kn .
i 1
nh x g Lipschitz nn lin tc u, v
= (1, ..., n)Kn = (1, ..., n)Kn :
n
n n
|g()g()| N. i i .ei i i .N ei N e .||||
i
i1 i 1 i 1

S ng v b chn, nn S compac trong Kn. Vy g t cc tr trn S. K

hiu
m = min{g(x) | x S} & M = max{g(x) | x S}
n
Cho 0 x E, x = .e . t
i 1
i i = (1, ..., n) Kn. V
1
S & |||| = N(x)

ta c

m g M m 1 g() M m.N(x) N(x) M.N(x)

nh l 2. Mi tp trong khng gian hu hn chiu (E,N) compac khi v ch

khi n ng v b chn.
Chng minh
Cho c s B v chun N nh ngha nh chng minh nh l 1. Cho
XE ng v b chn trong (E,N). Theo nh l 1, X ng v b chn trong
(E,N). K hiu
n
A = {(1, ..., n) Kn | .e
i 1
i i X}

V X ng v b chn trong (E,N) v

n

N i .ei = max i = ||(1, ..., n)||
i 1 1 i n

20
nn A ng v b chn trong (Kn,||.||).
Theo b trn A compac trong (Kn,||.||). Tip theo, hm
n
f: Kn E, (1, ..., n) | .e
i 1
i i

lin tc, nn X = f(A) compac trong (E,N). V N ~ N theo nh l 1, nn X

compac trong (E,N).

nh l 3. Nu E hu hn chiu, th mi nh x tuyn tnh f: EF lin tc.

Chng minh
Cho c s B v chun N nh ngha nh chng minh nh l 1. Theo
nh l 1, tn ti M > 0 sao cho
x E : N(x) M.N(x)
n
Vi mi x = .e
i 1
i i E ta c:
n n n
||f(x)||F = . f e
i 1
i i . f e
i 1
i i F
f e
i 1
i F
.N(x) C.N(x)
F
n
trong C = M. f ei F .
i 1

Nh vy f Lipschitz, ko theo f lin tc.

nh ngha 1. Cho E1, ..., Em l cc khng gian vect nh chun hu hn

m
chiu, H = E
k 1
k l khng gian tch vi chun v (nh ngha v d (6) mc

1.1.1.1). Khi nh x : H F gi l nh x a tuyn tnh, nu

k{1, ..., m}, i k xi Ei : (x1, ..., xk1, , xk+1, ..., xm):
EkF, xk|(x1, ..., xk1, xk , xk+1, ..., xm) l nh x tuyn tnh

nh l 4. Cho (E1,N1), ..., (Em,Nm) l cc khng gian vect nh chun hu

m
hn chiu, H = E
k 1
k l khng gian tch vi chun v (nh ngha v d (6)

mc 1.1.1.1). Khi mi nh x a tuyn tnh : H F lin tc.

Chng minh
Vi k = 1, ..., m, ta k hiu nk l s chiu ca Ek v
Bk = e1, k ,..., en , k l c s ca khng gian nk chiu Ek.
k

V Nk ~ ||.||, vi mi k=1, ..., m, tn ti k > 0 tho

x Ek : ||xk|| k.Nk(xk)
Vi x = (x1, ..., xm) H, k hiu
nk
xk =
i 1
i,k .ei , k k =1, ..., m

V a tuyn tnh nn

n1 nm

(x) = (x1, ..., xm) = ...

i1 1 i m 1
i1 ,1 ... im ei1 ,1 ,..., eim , m

21
 V tp
e i1 ,1
,..., eim , m i1 1,..., n1 & ... & im 1,..., nm
hu hn, nn tn ti M > 0 tho

max ei ,1,..., ei , m i1 1,..., n1 & ... & im 1,..., nm M
1 F m

T suy ra
n1 nm
n1
nm

||(x1, ..., xm)||F M. ... i ,1 ...i m ,m
= M. i ,1 ... i m ,m


i1 1 im 1
1

1
i1 1 i m 1

m m
m
M.n1.||x1|| . . . nm.||xm|| M . ni . i . xk

k
i 1 i 1 k 1

T lp lun nh nh l 5 mc 1.3 (nh x tuyn tnh) suy ra lin tc.

22
1.5. KHNG GIAN TIN HILBERT
1.5.1. Tch v hng
Trng hp s thc
Cho khng gian vect thc E. nh x : E E R gi l tch v hng
trn E nu
(i) tnh i xng: x,y E : (y,x) = (x,y)
(ii) tuyn tnh theo tham s th hai:
, R, x,y,y E : (x,.y+.y) = .(x,y) + .(x,y)
(iii) x E : (x,x) 0
(iv) x E : (x,x) = 0 x = OE

Ghi ch
Cho l tch v hng trn khng gian vect thc E. Ta c
, R, x,x,y E : (.x+.x,y) = (y,.x+.x)
= (y,x) + (y,x) = .(x,y) + .(x,y)
Vy cng tuyn tnh theo tham s th 1, suy ra song tuyn tnh.

Cp (E,) gi l khng gian tin Hilbert thc. Nu E hu hn chiu, th

(E,) gi l khng gian clit.
nh x : E R, x | (x,x), gi l dng ton phng lin hp .

Trng hp s phc
Cho khng gian vect phc E. nh x : E E C gi l tch v hng
Hermit trn E nu
(i) tnh i xng Hermit : x,y E : (y,x) = x, y
(ii) tuyn tnh theo tham s th hai:
, C, x,y,y E : (x,.y+.y) = .(x,y) + .(x,y)
(iii) x E : (x,x) 0
(iv) x E : (x,x) = 0 x = OE

Ghi ch.
Cho l tch v hng Hermit trn khng gian vect phc E. Ta c
, R, x,x,y E : (.x+.x,y) = y, .x '.x'
= . y, x '. y, x' = .(x,y) + ' .(x,y)
Ta ni rng bn tuyn tnh theo tham s th 1.
Cp (E,) gi l khng gian tin Hilbert phc. Nu E hu hn chiu, th
(E,) gi l khng gian Hermit.
nh x : E R, x | (x,x), gi l dng Hermit lin hp .

K hiu: Tch v hng v tch v hng Hermit ca x v y c vit bng

mt trong cc dng sau
(x|y) , <x, y> , x.y

1.5.2. Bt ng thc, chun clit

23
 Mnh .
Cho khng gian tin Hilbert thc hoc phc (E,), l dng ton phng
lin hp hoc dng Hermit lin hp . Khi ta c
(i) n,p N*, 1, ..., n K, 1, ..., p K,x1, ..., xn E, y1, ..., yp E:

. . x , y
n p n p
i .xi , j . y j = i j i j
i 1 j 1 i 1 j 1

(ii) , K, x,y E: (.x+.y) = ||2(x) + 2.R[ .(x,y)] + ||2(y)

(iii) K, x E : (.x) = ||2(x)
(iv) x,y E: (x+y) = (x) + 2.R[(x,y)] + (y)
(v) x,y E: (x+y) + (xy) = 2[(x) + (y)]

nh l 1. Bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz
Cho khng gian tin Hilbert thc hoc phc (E,). Khi
x,y E : |(x,y)|2 (x,x).(y,y)
Chng minh
(i) Trng hp thc:
Ta c R, (x+.y) 0.
Suy ra R, (y).2 + 2(x,y). + (x) 0.
Nu (y) 0, bit thc |(x,y)|2 (x,x).(y,y) 0.
Nu (y) = 0, suy ra y = 0, ko theo bt ng thc.
(ii) Trng hp phc:
Ta c C, (x+.y) 0.
Suy ra C, (y).||2 + 2Re((x,y).) + (x) 0.
x, y
Nu (y) 0, p dng bt ng thc trn cho = ta nhn c
y
x, y
2
x, y
2

(y). 2. + (x) 0,
y 2 y
suy ra |(x,y)|2 + (x). (y) 0.
Nu (y) = 0, suy ra y = 0, ko theo bt ng thc.

nh l 2. Bt ng thc Minkowski
Cho khng gian tin Hilbert thc hoc phc (E,), l dng ton phng
hoc Hermit lin hp . Khi ta c
x,y E : x y x + y
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x, y ph thuc dng, tc l 0, y=x
hoc x=y.
Chng minh
Suy ra t bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz.

T bt ng thc Minkowski suy ra

Mnh

24
 Cho khng gian tin Hilbert thc hoc phc (E,), l dng ton phng
lin hp . Khi nh x
||.|| : E R, x | x
l chun trn E.
Chun ||.|| gi l chun clit lin hp vi .

25
 BI TP
1.1.1-1.1.10, 1.1.14-1.1.18, 1.2.7
1 1
1.1.8. Cho p, q 1, + = 1.
p q
a) Chng minh
1 p 1 q
a,b >0, a.b a + b
p q
Chng minh. Xt hm
1 p 1 q
f(b) = a + b a.b, b > 0.
p q
Ta c f(b) = bq 1 a, f(b) = (q 1)bq 2. f(b) = 0 ti c = a1/(q 1)
v f(c) = (q-1)a(q-2)/(q-1) > 0. Suy ra f(b) t cc tiu ti c. Mt khc, ta c
1 p 1 q/(q-1) 1 1
f(c) = a + a aq/(q-1) = 0, v q/(q 1) = p 1 = .
p q q p
Vy f(b) 0, b > 0. Suy ra pcm.
b) Vi x = (x1, x2, ..., xn) Kn, t
1
n p
p
|| x ||p = xi
i1

Chng minh bt ng thc Hlder
n
|| x ||p.|| y ||q xy
i 1
i i , x= (x1, , xn), y=(y1, , yn) Kn.
Chng minh
xi yi
p dng a) cho a= ,b= , sau cng li ta c
x p
y q
n

xy i i 1 x p 1 y q
i
n n n n
xi yi 1 1
y
i 1 i p q
p q
= p
xi + q i
x p. y i 1 x p y q i 1 p x q y p. x i 1 q. y i 1
q p q p q

1 p 1 q 1 1
= p
xp + q
yq = + = 1.
p. x q. y q p q
p

Suy ra bt ng thc Hlder.

c) Chng minh bt ng thc Minkovski
|| x ||p + || y ||p || x + y||p , x= (x1, , xn), y=(y1, , yn) Kn.
Chng minh
x
n n

p 1 p 1
x y xi yi xi yi yi xi yi
p p
p
= = i
i 1 i 1
n n

x y
p 1 p 1
= i xi yi + i xi yi
i 1 i 1

p dng bt ng thc Hlder cho hai dy xi v |xi + yi|p-1, i=1,,n, ta c

1 1
n
n ( p 1) q q n p q
x || x ||p. xi yi = || x ||p. xi yi , v (p-1)q=p.
p 1
i xi yi
i 1 i 1 i 1

26
Tng t ta c
1
n
n p q
x || y ||p. xi yi
p 1
i xi yi
i 1 i 1
Suy ra
1
n p q
p
x y (|| x ||p + || y ||p) xi yi = (|| x ||p + || y ||p) x y
p
q
i 1
p p

p
p
=> x y p
q (|| x ||p + || y ||p) => || x + y||p || x ||p + || y ||p

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