CHNG 2.

HM VECT MT BIN

Trong chng ny k hiu K l trng s thc R hoc phc C, (E,||.||) l

khng gian vect nh chun, B = (e1, ..., em) l c s ca E, X R.

2.1. CU TRC KHNG GIAN EX

2.1.1. Khng gian vect EX
K hiu EX l tp hp nh x t X vo E. Trn EX ta nh ngha ton t
cng (+) v nhn vi mt s (.) nh sau
f,g EX, t X: (f+g)(t) = f(t) + g(t)
f EX, K, t X: (.f)(t) = .f(t)
Nu E = K, th c thm ton t nhn ni (*):
f,g KX, t X: (f*g)(t) = f(t).g(t)

Mnh
(i) (EX, +, .) l khng gian vect.
(ii) (KX, +, *, .) l Ki s hon v, giao hon.

2.1.2. Cc loi nh x khc

Vi f EX, ta nh ngha nh x chun ||f||: X R, t | ||f(t)||.
Nu E = K, ta c nh x m-un |f| : X R, t | |f(t)| .

1
Cho g KX, g(t) 0 t X. Ta nh ngha nh x nghch o, k hiu ,
g
nh sau
1 1
: X K, t | t X
g g t
Nu f, g KX, g(t) 0 t X, ta nh ngha nh x thng
f f t
: X K, t | t X
g g t
Cho f CX, ta nh ngha nh x lin hp, k hiu f , nh sau
f : X C, t | f t
Ta d dng kim chng cc ng thc sau
f = f ; f g = f + g ; . f = . f ; f .g = f . g f,g CX, C

Cho ( . | . ) l tch v hng trn E. Vi f, g EX ta nh ngha nh x tch v

hng ca f v g nh sau
( f | g ) : X K, t | (f(t) | g(t))
D dng chng minh rng
f,g,g EX, , K:
( g | f ) = ( f | g ) , ( f | .g + g ) = .( f | g ) + ( f | g)

1
 Cho E l khng gian vect clit ba chiu trn R. Vi f, g EX ta nh ngha
nh x tch c hng ca f v g nh sau
f ^g : X E, t | f(t)^g(t)
D dng chng minh rng
f,g,g EX, , R:
g^f = (f ^g), f ^(.g + g) = . (f ^g) + .(f ^g)

2.1.3. nh x to
K hiu B = (e1, ..., em) l c s ca khng gian E. Vi mi y E tn ti
m
duy nht (1, ..., m) Km tho y = .e
j 1
j j . Vi mi j = 1, ..., m, ta nh

ngha nh x pj nh sau
pj : E K, y | j
Ta c
m
y E : y = p y .e
j 1
j j

Cho f EX. Vi j = 1, ..., m, ta k hiu fj = pj f : X K, v gi fj l nh x

to j ca f trong c s B. Ta c
m
t X : f(t) = f t .e
j 1
j j

D dng chng minh rng

f, g EX, K j =1, ..., m: (.f)j = .fj , (f +g)j = fj + gj

Ta c th coi khng gian E l tch cc to ca n. V vy t kt qu tng

qut ca chng 1 suy ra
nh l
(i) nh x f b chn k=1, ..., m : fk b chn.
m
(ii) Cho u X v y = .e
j 1
j j E

f(x) x
y
u
k
k = 1, ..., m : fk(x) x
u

(iii) Cho u X
f lin tc ti u k = 1, ..., m : fk lin tc ti u.

2.1.4. nh x chn, l
Trong mc ny gi thit X i xng, tc l t X : t X.
nh ngha. Cho f EX. Khi
(i) f l nh x chn, nu t X : f(t) = f(t).
(ii) f l nh x l, nu t X : f(t) = f(t).

Cc mnh sau l hin nhin.

Mnh 1. Cho B = (e1, ..., em) l c s ca E, f EX, f1, ..., fm l cc nh x
to ca f trong B. Khi ta c
f chn hoc l fj chn hoc l j = 1, ..., m.

2
 K hiu PX v IX tng ng l tp hp cc nh x chn v l t X vo E.

Mnh 2. PX v IX l cc khng gian vect con ca khng gian EX v

EX = P X I X
Chng minh
D dng kim chng PX v IX l cc khng gian vect con ca khng gian
X
E .
Cho f EX. K hiu
f1 : X E, t | [f(t) + f(t)]/2 v f2 : X E, t | [f(t) f(t)]/2
Ta c f1 PX v f2 IX v f = f1 + f2

2.1.5. nh x tun hon

nh ngha. Cho X R, f EX, T > 0. Khi
(i) f gi l Ttun hon, nu
t X : t + T X & f(t + T) = f(t)
T gi l chu k ca f.
(ii) f gi l tun hon, nu tn ti T sao cho f l Ttun hon.

Mnh 1. Cho B = (e1, ..., em) l c s ca E, f EX, f1, ..., fm l cc nh x

to ca f trong B, T > 0. Khi ta c
f l nh x Ttun hon fj l nh x Ttun hon j = 1, ..., m.

Mnh 2. Cho T > 0 v X R tho t X: t + T X. Khi tp hp cc

nh x Ttun hon t X vo E l khng gian vect con ca EX.
Hn na, nu :XK v f:XE l cc nh x Ttun hon, th .f cng
l nh x Ttun hon.

V d
(1) Cho > 0. Khi nh x RC, t |eit l (2/)tun hon.
(ta c eit = cost + i.sint)

(2) K hiu M3(R) l khng gian cc ma trn thc vung cp 3. Khi nh x

cos t sin t 0

RM3(R), t | sin t. cos t cos 2 t sin t
sin 2 t sin t. cos t cos t

l 2tun hon, v mi nh x ta l 2tun hon.

(3) Cho nh x f : RR2, t |(cost, cos( 2 t)). Khi cc nh x to l cost

v cos( 2 t) l cc hm tun hon, nhng f khng tun hon v 2 v t.

(4) Cho nh x f : RR2, t |(cos2t, cos3t). cos2t c chu k , cos3t c chu k

2/3. 6 l bi ca v 2/3, nn f l nh x tun hon chu k 6.

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2.1.6. nh x lin tc tng on
nh ngha 1. Cho a < b, nh x f: [a; b]E. Ta ni f lin tc tng on
trn [a; b], nu tn ti n > 1, ai, i =0, ..., n, a=a0 < a1 < ... < an1 < an = b sao
cho:
Vi mi i = 0, ..., n1, f lin tc trn (ai; ai+1) v f c gii hn hu hn phi
ti ai v gii hn hu hn tri ti ai+1.

nh ngha 2. Cho I l khong trong R, f : IE. Ta ni f lin tc tng on

trn I, nu vi mi on [a; b] I, f lin tc tng on trn [a; b].

K hiu: CM(I,E) tp nh x lin tc tng on trn I.

V d
(1) Cho nh x f : (0; 1]R,
1 1 1
, x , n 0,1,2,...
f(x) = 2 n 2 n 1
2n
1 ,x 1
Chng minh nh x f lin tc tng on trn (0; 1]:
Cho [a;b] (0;1]. Ta c a > 0. Suy ra tn ti k N, 1/2k < a. Nh vy,
trong on [a;b], cc im gin on 1/2n ca nh x f tha mn 1/2n a 1/2k,
suy ra n k. T suy ra s im gin on ca f trong [a;b] l hu hn. Suy
ra nh x f lin tc tng on trn [a;b]. Theo nh ngha, f lin tc tng on
trn (0; 1].
Tuy nhin, nh x g :[0; 1]R, g(x) = f(x) x(0; 1] v g(0)=0, li khng
lin tc tng on trn [0; 1], v s im gin on ca g trong [0;1] l v hn.

(2) Cho nh x f : RR,

0 , x Z

f(x) = 1 , n Z : 2.n x 2.n 1
1 , n Z : 2.n 1 x 2.n

Chng minh nh x f lin tc tng on trn R:
Cho [a;b] R. Cc im gin on ca f trong [a;b] l cc s nguyn trong
[a;b]. Suy ra s im gin on ca f trong [a;b] l hu hn. Suy ra nh x f
lin tc tng on trn [a;b]. Theo nh ngha, f lin tc tng on trn R.

Mnh 1. Cho I l khong trong R.

(i) Tp hp nh x t I vo E lin tc tng on trn I to thnh khng
gian vect con ca EI.
(ii) Nu :IK v f:IE l cc nh x lin tc tng on trn I th .f
cng lin tc tng on trn I.
Mnh 2. Cho B = (e1, ..., em) l c s ca E, khong I R, f:IE, f1, ..., fm
l cc nh x to ca f trong B.
Khi , f lin tc tng on trn I khi v ch khi vi mi j = 1, ..., m, fj lin
tc tng on trn I.

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2.2. O HM
2.2.1. o hm ti 1 im
nh ngha 1. Cho khng gian vect nh chun E, khong I R, f: IE,
aI. Ta ni f kh vi ti a nu
lim
h 0
1
f a h f (a)
h
tn ti trong E. Gii hn ny gi l o hm ca f ti a v k hiu l f(a).

df
Ghi ch. - K hiu khc ca o hm: (a ) , (Df)(a)
dt
- Cho eE, hm hng : IE, t |e c o hm (t) = OE tI.

Mnh 1. Cho B = (e1, ..., em) l c s ca E, f1, ..., fm l cc nh x to

ca f trong B. Khi f kh vi ti a khi v ch khi vi mi j =1, ..., m, fj kh vi
ti a v
m
f(a) = f (a).e
j 1
j
'
j

Chng minh
Mnh suy ra t biu thc

h f a h f (a).e
m
1
f a h f (a) = 1
j j j
h j 1

nh ngha 2. Cho khng gian vect nh chun E, khong I R, f : IE,

aI.
Ta ni f kh vi phi ti a nu
lim
h0
1
f a h f (a)
h
tn ti trong E. Gii hn ny gi l o hm phi ca f ti a v k hiu l f ' (a).
Ta ni f kh vi tri ti a nu
lim
1
h0 h
f a h f (a)
tn ti trong E. Gii hn ny gi l o hm tri ca f ti a v k hiu l f ' (a).

Mnh 2. Cho khong I R, a I, f : IE. Ta c f kh vi ti a khi v ch

khi f kh vi tri v kh vi phi ti a v f ' (a) = f ' (a). Khi
f(a) = f ' (a) = f ' (a).

Mnh 3. Cho khong I R, aI, f : IE. Khi , nu f kh vi ti a th f

lin tc ti a.
Ghi ch. f kh vi tri v kh vi phi ti a f lin tc ti a.

nh l 1. Cho khong I R, a I, K, :IK, f,g : IE. Gi thit , f, g

kh vi ti a. Khi
(i) f + g kh vi ti a v (f + g)(a) = f(a) + g(a)

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(ii) .f kh vi ti a v (.f)(a) = .f(a)
(iii) .f kh vi ti a v (.f)(a) = (a).f(a) + (a).f(a)
' (a )
'
1 1
(iv) Nu (a) 0, th kh vi ti a v (a) =
(a)2

nh l 2. Cho E, F l cc khng gian vect nh chun hu hn chiu,

L(E,F), aI, f : IE kh vi ti a. Khi nh x f kh vi ti a v
(f)(a) = [f(a)]
Chng minh
Vi mi h > 0, a+h I ta c
1
f a h f (a) = 1 f a h f (a) = 1 f a h f (a)
h h h
V f kh vi ti a nn f a h f (a) h
1
f(a) v do lin tc suy ra
0
h
1
f a h f (a) h [f(a)]
0
h

nh l 3. Cho E, F, G l cc khng gian vect nh chun hu hn chiu,

B : E F G l nh x song tuyn tnh, I R, a I, f : IE, g : IF kh vi
ti a. Khi , nh x
B(f,g): IG, t | B(f(t),g(t))
kh vi ti a v
(B(f,g))(a) = B(f(a), g(a)) + B(f(a), g(a))
Chng minh
Vi mi h 0, a + h I, ta c
1
B f , g a h B f , g a = 1 B f a h , g a h B f a , g a
h h
1
= B f a h f (a) , g a h + B f (a), g a h g (a)
1
h h
Suy ra
[B(f,g)](a) = lim
1
h0
B f , g a h B f , g a
h
1
= lim B f a h f (a) , g a h + lim B f (a), g a h g (a)
1
h0
h h 0
h
= B[f(a),g(a)] + B[f(a), g(a)]

H qu
(i) Cho (E, ( . | . )) l khng gian clit hoc Hermit v f,g:IE kh vi ti a.
Khi nh x ( f | g):IK, t |(f(t)|g(t)) kh vi ti a v
( f | g )(a) = ( f(a) | g(a) ) + ( f(a) | g(a) )

(ii) Cho (E, ( . | . )) l khng gian clit hoc Hermit v f :IE kh vi ti a. Khi
nh x ||f||2:IK, t |(f(t)|f(t)) kh vi ti a v
(||f||2)(a) = 2.R[(f(a) | f(a))]

6
(iii) Cho E l khng gian clit 3 chiu v f, g:IE kh vi ti a. Khi , nh x
f ^g :IE, t |f(t)^g(t) kh vi ti a v
(f ^g)(a) = f(a)^g(a) + f(a)^g(a)
Chng minh
Cc nh x (f | g), ||f||2 , f ^g u l song tuyn tnh. V vy cc mnh l
h qu trc tip ca nh l 3.

nh l 4. (o hm hm hp)
Cho cc khong I, J R, aI, f :IR, g:JE, f(I) J. K hiu gf : IE,
t|g(f(t)). Khi , nu f kh vi ti a v g kh vi ti f(a), th gf kh vi ti a v
(gf)(a) = g(f(a)).f(a)

2.2.2. o hm f
nh ngha 1. Cho IR, f : IE. o hm ca f, k hiu f, l nh x
f:t|f(t) vi t Def(f) = { u I | f kh vi ti u}.
df
K hiu khc ca o hm f l Df hoc
dt
Mnh . Cho B = (e1, ..., em) l c s ca E v f1, ..., fm l cc nh x to
ca f trong B. Khi
Def f
m
'
Def(f) = j
j 1

nh ngha 2. Cho f : IE. f gi l kh vi trn I nu f kh vi ti mi im

tI.

nh l 1. Cho khong I R, K, :IK, f,g : IE. Gi thit , f, g kh

vi trn I. Khi
(i) f + g kh vi trn I v (f + g) = f + g
(ii) .f kh vi trn I v (.f) = .f
(iii) .f kh vi trn I v (.f) = .f + .f
'
'
1 1
(iv) Nu (t) 0 tI, th kh vi v = 2

nh l 2. Cho E, F l cc khng gian vect nh chun hu hn chiu,

L(E,F), f : IE kh vi trn I. Khi f kh vi trn I v (f) = f.

nh l 3. Cho E, F, G l cc khng gian vect nh chun hu hn chiu,

B:EFG l nh x song tuyn tnh, I R, f : IE, g : IF kh vi trn I. Khi
nh x
B(f,g): IG, t | B(f(t),g(t))
kh vi trn I v
(B(f,g)) = B(f,g) + B(f, g)

H qu.

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(i) Cho (E, ( . | . )) l khng gian clit hoc Hermit v f,g:IE kh vi trn I.
Khi nh x ( f | g):IK, t |(f(t)|g(t)) kh vi trn I v
( f | g ) = ( f | g ) + ( f | g )

(ii) Cho (E, ( . | . )) l khng gian clit hoc Hermit v f :IE kh vi trn I.
Khi nh x ||f||2:IK, t |(f(t)|f(t)) kh vi trn I v
( ||f||2) = 2.R[( f | f)]

(iii) Cho E l khng gian clit 3 chiu v f,g:IE kh vi trn I. Khi nh x

f ^g :IK, t | f(t)^g(t) kh vi trn I v
(f ^ g) = f ^ g + f ^ g

nh l 4. (o hm hm hp)
Cho cc khong I, J R, f : IR, g:JE, f(I) J. K hiu gf : IE,
t|g(f(t)). Khi , nu f kh vi trn I v g kh vi trn J, th gf kh vi trn I
v
(gf) = (gf ).f

nh l 5.
Cho khong I R, f : IE lin tc trn I v kh vi trn phn trong I0. Khi
f l hng khi v ch khi tI0: f(t) = OE.
Chng minh
Gi thit B=(e1, ..., em) l c s ca E, f1, ..., fm l cc nh x to ca f
trong B, f1, ..., fm lin tc trn I v kh vi trn I0.
Nu K = R, th
f l hng j=1, ...,m : fj l hng
j=1, ...,m, tI : fj(t)=0 tI0 : f(t) = 0
0

Nu K = C, th kt qu trn vn ng bng cch xt ring phn thc R(fj)

v phn o Im(fj), j=1,...,m.

2.2.3. o hm cp cao
nh ngha 1. Cho f : IE. o hm cp cao ca f c nh ngha truy hi
cho n = 0,1,2,... nh sau:
- f(0) = f
- Vi aI, f(n)(a) l o hm ca f(n1) ti a, nu n tn ti.
- f(n) l o hm ca f(n1) trn tp {t I | f(n1) c o hm ti t}
Khi ,
- f(n)(a) gi l o hm cp n ca f ti a.
- f(n) gi l o hm cp n ca f .
- f kh vi n ln trn I, nu f(n) xc nh trn I.
- f kh vi v hn ln trn I, nu f kh vi n ln trn I vi mi n=1,2,...
dn f
K hiu khc ca o hm cp n ti a f(n)(a): n
(a) , (Dnf)(a)
dt
dn f
(n)
K hiu khc ca o hm cp n f : n
, Dn f
dt

8
 nh l 1. Cho B = (e1, ..., em) l c s ca E, f1, ..., fm l cc nh x to
ca f trong B, n > 0.
(i) Cho a I. Khi f(n)(a) tn ti khi v ch khi vi mi j =1, ..., m, fj(n)(a) tn
ti v
m
f(n)(a) = f j 1
j
(n)
(a).e j

(ii) Khi f kh vi n ln trn I khi v ch khi vi mi j =1, ..., m, fj kh vi n ln

trn I v
m
f(n) = f
j 1
j
(n)
(.).e j

nh l 2. Cho n N, khong I R, K, :IK, f,g : IE. Gi thit , f,

g kh vi n ln trn I. Khi
(i) f + g kh vi n ln trn I v (f + g)(n) = f(n) + g(n)
(ii) .f kh vi n ln trn I v (.f)(n) = .f(n)
1
(iii) Nu (t) 0 tI, th kh vi n ln trn I.

nh l 3. Cho n N, E, F, G l cc khng gian vect nh chun hu hn

chiu, B : E F G l nh x song tuyn tnh, I R, f : IE, g : IF. Nu f
v g kh vi n ln trn I, th nh x
B(f,g): IG, t | B(f(t),g(t))
kh vi n ln trn I v ta c cng thc Leibniz
n
(B(f,g))(n) = C
k 0
k
n .B(f(k), g(nk))

H qu. Cho n N.
(i) Cho :IK, f:IE kh vi n ln trn I. Khi .f kh vi n ln trn I v
n
(.f)(n) = C
k 0
k
n .(k).f(nk)

(ii) Cho (E, ( . | . )) l khng gian clit hoc Hermit v f,g:IE kh vi n ln

trn I. Khi nh x ( f | g):IK, t |(f(t)|g(t)) kh vi n ln trn I v
n
( f | g )(n) = C
k 0
k
n ( f(k) | g(nk) )

(iii) Cho E l khng gian clit 3 chiu v f,g:IE kh vi n ln trn I. Khi

nh x f ^ g :IE, t | f(t)^g(t) kh vi n ln trn I v
n
( f ^ g )(n) = C
k 0
k
n .(f(k) ^ g(nk))

nh ngha 2. Cho nh x f : IE, n N. Ta ni

(i) f thuc lp Cn trn I nu f kh vi n ln trn I v f(n) lin tc trn I.
K hiu Cn(I,E) l tp hp cc nh x thuc lp Cn trn I.
(ii) f thuc lp C trn I nu f kh vi v hn ln trn I.

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 K hiu C(I,E) l tp hp cc nh x thuc lp C trn I.

nh l 4. Cho B = (e1, ..., em) l c s ca E, f1, ..., fm l cc nh x to

ca f trong B, n N. Khi
(i) f Cn(I,E) j=1, ..., m : fj Cn(I,K)
(ii) f C(I,E) j=1, ..., m : fj C(I,K)

T nh l 2 suy ra
nh l 5. Ta c
(i) Cn(I,E) l khng gian vect vi mi n N.
(ii) C(I,E) l khng gian vect.

nh l 6. Cho hai khong I, J R, f : IR, g:JE, f(I) J, n N. Khi

(i) Nu f thuc lp Cn trn I v g thuc lp Cn trn J, th gf thuc
lp Cn trn I.
(ii) Nu f thuc lp C trn I v g thuc lp C trn J, th gf thuc
lp C trn I.

nh ngha 3. Cho a < b, nh x f : [a; b]E, nN{}. Ta ni f thuc

lp Cn tng on trn [a; b], nu tn ti ai, i=1, ..., p, a=a0<a1< ... <ap = b sao
cho vi mi i=0,..., p1, f gii hn trn (ai; ai+1) c thc trin trn [ai; ai+1]
thuc lp Cn trn [ai; ai+1].

nh ngha 4. Cho khong I R, n N{}, f : IE. Ta ni f thuc lp

Cn tng on trn I, nu vi mi [a; b] I, f thuc lp Cn tng on trn
[a; b].

nh l 7. Cho khong I R, f : IE, B = (e1, ..., em) l c s ca E, f1, ..., fm

l cc nh x to ca f trong B, n N{}. Khi f thuc lp Cn tng
on trn I khi v ch khi fj thuc lp Cn tng on trn I vi mi j=1, ..., m.

V d. nh x f(t) = ei|t| t R vo C thuc lp Cn tng on trn R vi mi

nN (n 1).
f(t) = i.eit, vi t>0, v f(t) = -i.e-it, vi t<0. f(t) khng kh vi ti 0.

10
2.3. TCH PHN TRN MT ON
2.3.1. Tch phn nh x bc thang
Trong mc ny cho a,b R, a < b.
2.3.1.1. Khng gian vect nh x bc thang
nh ngha 1. Tp (ai)0in gi l phn im ca [a; b], nu
a = a0 < a1 < ... < an1 < an = b
K hiu S([a; b]) l tp tt c phn im ca [a; b].

nh ngha 2. Cho khng gian vect nh chun E, e: [a; b]E.

(i) nh x e: [a; b]E gi l nh x bc thang, nu tn ti (ai)0in S([a;b])
v (Ai)0in1 E tho
i =0, ..., n1, t(ai; ai+1) : e(t) = Ai

K hiu E([a; b],E) l tp tt c nh x bc thang trn [a; b].

(ii) Cho s = (ai)0in S([a; b]), e E([a; b],E). Ta ni phn im s tng hp

nh x e nu
i =0, ..., n1 : e l hng trn (ai; ai+1)

nh l 1. Cho nh x f : [a; b]E, B = (e1, ..., em) l c s ca E, f1, ..., fm l

cc nh x to ca f trong B. Khi f l bc thang trn [a; b] khi v ch
khi fj l bc thang trn [a; b] vi mi j=1, ..., m.

nh l 2. E([a; b],E) l khng gian vect trn K vi cc php ton cng hai
nh x v nhn nh x vi mt s thng thng.

V d
Xt nh x f: [0; 3]R2, f(t) = [ f1(t), f2(t) ], trong
f1(t) = 0, vi t [0 ; 1) v f1(t) = 1, vi t [1 ; 3]
v
f2(t) = 1, vi t [0 ; 2) v f2(t) = 0, vi t [2 ; 3]
Chng minh f l nh x bc thang.
f l nh x bc thang, v f1 v f2 l nh x bc thang.
Xt phn im s = (0, 1, 2, 3) ca on [0 ; 3]. Ta c
f(t) = (0, 1) vi t (0 ; 1), f(t) = (1, 1) vi t (1 ; 2) v
f(t) = (1, 0) vi t (2 ; 3).
Vy phn im s tng hp nh x bc thang f.

2.3.1.2. Tch phn nh x bc thang

nh l 1. Cho e E([a; b],E), s = (ai)0in S([a; b]) tng hp nh x e
v
i=0, ..., n1, t(ai; ai+1) : e(t) = Ai
Khi biu thc
n 1

(a
i 0
i 1 ai ). Ai (1)

11
l duy nht vi mi s S([a; b]) tng hp e.

nh ngha 1. Biu thc (1) nh l 1 gi l tch phn ca e trn [a; b] v

k hiu l
b b

e
a
hoc e , e (t)dt hoc
[ a ;b ] a
e (t)dt
[ a ;b ]

V d
Xt nh x f: [0; 3]R2, f(t) = [ f1(t), f2(t) ], trong
f1(t) = 0, vi t [0 ; 1) v f1(t) = 1, vi t [1 ; 3]
v
f2(t) = 1, vi t [0 ; 2) v f2(t) = 0, vi t [2 ; 3]
3
Tnh f.
0

Xt phn im s = (0, 1, 2, 3) ca on [0 ; 3] tng hp vi nh x f. Ta

c
f(t) = (0, 1) vi t (0 ; 1), f(t) = (1, 1) vi t (1 ; 2) v
f(t) = (1, 0) vi t (2 ; 3).
Theo nh ngha,
3

f
0
= (1 0).(0, 1) + (2 1).(1, 1) + (3 2).(1, 0) = (2, 2)

nh l 2. Cho f E([a; b],E), B = (e1, ..., em) l c s ca E, f1, ..., fm l cc

nh x to ca f trong B. Khi
b m b
f = f j .e j

j 1 a

a
V d
Xt nh x f: [0; 3]R2, f(t) = [ f1(t), f2(t) ], trong
f1(t) = 0, vi t [0 ; 1) v f1(t) = 1, vi t [1 ; 3]
v
f2(t) = 1, vi t [0 ; 2) v f2(t) = 0, vi t [2 ; 3]
3
Tnh f.
0
3 3 3
Ta c
0
f = ( f1 , f 2 ) = (2, 2).
0 0
b
nh l 3. nh x e | e t E([a; b],E) vo E l nh x tuyn tnh.
a

nh l 4. Cho F l khng gian vect nh chun hu hn chiu, T L(E,F)

v e E([a; b],E). Khi Te : [a; b] F l nh x bc thang trn [a; b] v
b
b
a T e = T e

a
Chng minh

12
 Cho s = (a0, ..., an) S([a; b]) tng hp e vi b gi tr A0, ..., An1. Ta
c
i = 0, ..., n1, t (ai; ai+1) : Te(t) = T(Ai)

Vy Te cng l nh x bc thang trn [a; b] v theo nh ngha

b n 1
n 1 b
a T e = (ai 1 ai ).T ( Ai ) = T (ai 1 ai ). Ai = T e
i 0 i 0 a

nh l 5. Cho a, b, c R, a < b < c, e E([a; c],E). Khi e l nh x bc

thang trn [a; b] v nh x bc thang trn [b; c] v
c b c

e
a
= e
a
+ e
b

nh l 6. Cho ||.|| l chun ca E v e E([a; b],E). Khi nh x chun

||e|| : [a; b] R, t | ||e(t)||
l nh x bc thang trn [a; b] v
b b

e
a
e
a

Chng minh
Hin nhin ||e|| l nh x bc thang trn [a; b].
Cho s = (a0, ..., an) S([a; b]) tng hp e vi b gi tr A0, ..., An1. Ta
c
b n 1 n 1 b

e = (ai 1 ai ). Ai
i 0
(ai 1 ai ). Ai
i 0
= e
a a

2.3.2. Dy nh x
Cho tp X v khng gian vect nh chun E trn trng s K.
nh ngha 1. Cho (fn)nN EX l dy nh x t X vo E.
(i) Cho f EX. Ta ni (fn) hi t (n) n f trn X, nu
t X : fn(t) n f(t)

f gi l gii hn ca (fn) v k hiu fn n f.

(ii) Ta ni (fn) hi t trn X, nu tn ti f EX sao cho fn n

f.

(iii) Min hi t ca dy (fn) l tp hp

{t X | (fn(t)) hi t trong E}

nh l 1. Cho B = (e1, ..., em) l c s ca E, (fn) EX l dy nh x, fn,1, ...,

fn,m l cc nh x to ca fn trong B vi mi n N, g EX, g1, ..., gm l cc
nh x to ca g trong B. Khi
fn n
g khi v ch khi fn,j n

gj vi mi j=1, ..., m.

nh ngha 2. Cho (fn)nN EX l dy nh x t X vo E.

(i) Cho f EX. Ta ni (fn) hi t u n f trn X, nu

13
 > 0, n N, n n, t X : || fn(t) f(t) ||
f gi l gii hn u ca (fn) v k hiu fn n f.

(ii) Ta ni (fn) hi t u trn X, nu tn ti f EX sao cho fn n

f.

nh l 2. fn n
f

fn n
f.

nh l 3. Cho B = (e1, ..., em) l c s ca E, (fn) EX l dy nh x, fn,1, ...,

fn,m l cc nh x to ca fn trong B vi mi n N, g EX, g1, ..., gm l cc
nh x to ca g trong B. Khi

fn n
g khi v ch khi fn,j n

gj vi mi j=1, ..., m.

nh l 4. Cho (fn) EX, f EX. Khi fn n

f khi v ch khi

n0 N, n n0 : fn f b chn & || fn f || n
0

Chng minh
(i) Cho fn n
f . Ta c

> 0, n N, n n , t X : || fn(t) f(t) ||

fn f b chn vi n n no
v
> 0, n N, n n : || fn f ||

fn f b chn vi n n no
v
|| fn f || n
0

(ii) Ngc li, cho || fn f || n

0 ( s tn ti || fn f || ko theo fn f

b chn). Ta c
> 0, n N, n n : || fn f ||

> 0, n N, n n , t X : || fn(t) f(t) ||

fn n
f

V d
(1) Vi n N, cho fn : [0; 1] R, x | xn v
f : [0; 1] R, t [0; 1) : f(t) = 0 v f(1) = 1,
Khi fn n f, nhng (fn ) khng hi t u n f, v

|| fn f || = 1 n || fn f || khng hi t n 0.

(2) Vi n N, cho fn : [0; 1] R, x | xn.(1 x) v f : [0; 1] R, t | 0.

14
 Ta c
|| fn || = fn(n/(n+1)) 1/(n+1) n
0

Vy fn n
f.

nh l 5. Cho (fn) EX, f EX. Khi

f v fn lin tc (u) n f lin tc (u)
fn n

Ghi ch. v d (1), fn n

f v fn lin tc trn [0;1], nhng f khng lin

tc.

2.3.3. Xp x u
nh l 1. Cho f : [a; b]E lin tc tng on trn [a; b]. Khi , tn ti
dy nh x bc thang (en) E([a; b],E) hi t u n f.
Chng minh
(i) Trng hp f lin tc trn [a; b].
C nh n N. f lin tc trn [a; b] f lin tc u trn [a; b]. Suy ra
1
> 0, t, t [a; b] : | t t | || f(t) f(t) ||
n 1
ba ba
Chn m N sao cho . Xt phn im s = a k. ca
m m 0 k m
[a; b]. Xy dng hm bc thang en : [a; b] E nh sau
ba ba ba
k=0, ..., m1, t a k . ; a (k 1). : en(t) = f a k .
m m m
v en(b) = f(b).
1
Ta c || f(t) en(t) || t [a; b] en n
f

n 1
(ii) Trng hp f lin tc tng on trn [a; b]. Khi , tn ti (a0, ..., ap),
a = a0 < a1 < ... < ap = b sao cho f lin tc trn (ai; ai+1) v c th thc trin thnh
hm fj lin tc trn [aj; aj+1 ] j = 0, ..., p1.
Theo (i),
k = 0, ..., p1, (ek,n)nN E([ak; ak+1 ]): ek,n n fk

Vi n N, ta xy dng hm bc thang en : [a; b] E nh sau

k = 0, ..., p1, t (ak; ak+1 ): en(t) = ek,n(t)
v
k = 0, ..., p, en(ak) = f(ak)
Hin nhin l en n
f .

nh ngha 1. nh x f : [a; b]E gi l afin tng on trn [a; b], nu tn

ti phn im s = (a0, ..., am) S([a; b]) sao cho

i = 0, ..., m1, Ai, Bi E, t (ai ; ai+1 ) : f(t) = Ai.t + Bi

15
 nh l 2. Cho f : [a; b]E lin tc. Khi , tn ti dy nh x (n), n lin
tc v afin tng on trn [a; b], n N, hi t u n f.
Chng minh
S dng k hiu nh chng minh nh l 1. t
ba
ak = a + k. k = 0, ..., m
m
Vi n N, ta xy dng nh x n : [a; b] E nh sau
t ak
k=0, ..., m1, t[ak ; ak+1 ) : n(t) = [f(ak+1) f(ak)] + f(ak)
ak 1 ak
v n(b) = f(b).
Hin nhin l n afin tng on v lin tc trn [a; b]. Vi t [a; b], tn ti
k {0, ..., m1} sao cho t [ak; ak+1 ]. Khi
t ak
|| n(t) f(t) || || f(ak+1) f(ak) || + || f(ak) f(t) ||
ak 1 ak
2
|| f(ak+1) f(ak) || + || f(ak) f(t) ||
n 1
Suy ra n n f.

2.3.4. Tch phn nh x lin tc tng on

Cho a, b R, a < b, CM([a;b], E) tp cc nh x lin tc tng on trn [a; b].
nh l 1. Cho E hu hn chiu, f CM([a; b], E). Khi , vi mi dy nh x
b
f, dy en
(en) E([a; b],E), en n

hi t n gii hn duy nht.
a nN
Chng minh
(i) Theo nh l 1, mc 2.3.3, tn ti dy nh x (en) E([a; b],E), en n
f.

b
Ta ch ra rng dy en l dy Cauchy trong E.
a nN
Cho > 0. Tn ti n N tho

n n , t [a; b] : || f(t) en(t) ||
2.(b a )
Cho p, q N, p n, q n , t [a; b]. Ta c

|| ep(t) eq(t) || || ep(t) f(t) || + || f(t) eq(t) ||
(b a)
T suy ra
b b b b b

|| e p e q || = || (e p eq ) || || e p eq || (b a) =
a a a a a

b
tc en l dy Cauchy trong E.
a nN
b
V E hu hn, nn dy Cauchy en hi t trong E.
a nN

16
(ii) Cho (en), (fn) E([a; b],E), en n
f , fn n

f . Ta ch ra rng

b b
lim en = lim f n
n n
a a

Vi mi n N, ta c
b b b
|| en f n || || e n f n || (b a).|| en fn ||
a a a

(b a).(||en f || + || f fn || n
0

Suy ra
b b
lim en = lim f n
n n
a a

nh ngha 1. Gii hn duy nht nh l trn gi l tch phn ca f trn

b b
[a;b] v k hiu l
a
f hoc
[ a ;b ]
f , f (t)dt
a
hoc f (t)dt.
[ a ;b ]

nh l 2. Cho f CM([a; b],E), B = (e1, ..., em) l c s ca E, f1, ..., fm l

cc nh x to ca f trong B. Khi ,
b
b m

f = f j .e j
a j 1 a
b
nh l 3. nh x f | f a
t CM([a;b],E) vo E l nh x tuyn tnh.

nh l 4. Cho f, g CM([a;b],E), f = g tr mt s hu hn im. Khi ,

b b

f
a
= g
a

Chng minh
f = g tr mt s hu hn im e = f g = 0 tr mt s hu hn im
b b b
e
a
= 0 fa
= g
a

nh l 5. Cho F l khng gian vect nh chun hu hn chiu, T L(E,F)

v f CM([a; b],E). Khi Tf : [a; b] F l nh x lin tc tng on trn
[a; b] v
b
b
a T f = T

a
f

Chng minh
Tn ti dy (en) E([a;b],E), en n
f . Hin nhin Ten cng l nh x

bc thang n N v do T tuyn tnh lin tc nn tn ti M > 0 sao cho

17
 || Ten(t) Tf(t) ||F = || T[ en(t) f(t) ] ||F M.|| en(t) f(t) ||E M.||en f||
b b
b
b
Ten n
Tf
a T f =
n
lim
a
T en = T n


lim
a
f = T
a
f

K hiu
Vi R v khong I R, k hiu tp tnh tin I = { t + | t I }.
Vi nh x f : I E, k hiu nh x tnh tin f : I E, t | f(t )

D dng chng minh

nh l 6. (tnh bt bin qua php tnh tin)
Cho I = [a; b], R, f : I E lin tc tng on. Khi f lin tc
tng on v
f = f I I

nh l 7. Cho ||.|| l chun trn E. Ta c

b b
f CM([a; b],E) :
a
f
a
f

H qu.
f CM([a; b],E) :
b b

f
a

a
f (b a).sup{ ||f(t)|| | t [a; b]} = (ba).|| f ||

nh ngha 2. Cho dy nh x (fn) CM([a; b],E), f CM([a; b],E). Ta ni

fn hi t trung bnh n f, nu
b

a
fn f n
0

n ,0 x 1 / n
V d. Dy hm (fn:x| ) hi t trung bnh n f0 trn
0,1 / n x 1
[0;1], v
1 1 1/ n
1

0
fn f =
0
fn =
0
n =
n
n
0.

Tuy nhin (fn) khng hi t n n f trn [0;1], v fn(0) = n khng hi t

n f(0) = 0.

nh l 8. Cho dy nh x (fn) CM([a; b],E), f CM([a; b],E). Khi ,

nu fn n f, th fn hi t trung bnh n f.

Chng minh
b
f || fn f || n
fn n

0

a
fn f n
0 (theo h qu)

tc l fn hi t trung bnh n f.

18
 V d
(1) Cho fn:[0;1]R, fn(t) = n, t(0;1/n] v fn(t) = 0, t(1/n; 1] v t=0.
f, f(t)=0, t[0;1]. fn khng hi
fn lin tc tng on trn [0;1] v fn n

t u n f, v ||fn f|| = n khng hi t n 0.

1 1
Mt khc,
0
fn f =
0
f n = 1 khng hi t n 0. Vy fn khng hi t

trung bnh n f.
(2) Cho fn:[0;1]R, fn(1/2) = n, fn(t) = 0, t[0;1]\{1/2}, f(t)=0, t[0;1].
1 1
Ta c
0
fn f =
0
f n = 0, suy ra fn hi t trung bnh n f. Tuy nhin, (fn)

khng hi t n n f trn [0;1], v fn(1/2)=n khng hi t n f(0)=0.

nh l 9. (bt ng thc CauchySchwarz)

Cho f, g : [a; b]C lin tc tng on. Ta c
b 2 b b

fg f . g
2 2

a a a

Chng minh
b b
K hiu = fg ,= g . Xt nh x h = .f .g. nh x h lin tc
2

a a

tng on trn [a; b] v ta c

b b b
0 h ( . f .g ).( . f .g ) = ( . f .g ).( . f .g )
2
=
a a a
b b b b
= ||2. f ( . . f g + .. g f ) + ||2. g
2 2

a a a a
b b b
= ||2. f 2.R( . . f g ) + ||2. g
2 2

a a a
b b
= ||2. f 2.R( .||2) + ||2. = ||2. f ||2.
2 2

a a
b b 2 b b
||2 . f fg f . g
2 2 2

a a a a

nh ngha 3. Cho dy nh x (fn) CM([a; b],C), f CM([a; b],C). Ta

ni fn hi t trung bnh ton phng n f nu
b

f f n
0
2
n
a

V d. Dy (fn:x|xn) hi t trung bnh ton phng n f0 trn [0; 1], v

1 1
1
x
2
fn f 0 dx = 0.
2 n
=
0 0
2 n 1 n

19
 n ,0 x 1 / n
V d. Dy hm (fn:x| ) khng hi t trung bnh ton
0,1 / n x 1
phng n f0 trn [0;1], v

n
1 1/ n

2
fn f
2
= = 1 khng hi t n 0.
0 0

nh l 10. Cho dy nh x (fn) CM([a; b],C), f CM([a; b],C). Khi ,

nu fn n f, th fn hi t trung bnh ton phng n f.

Chng minh
Ta c fn n f || fn f || n

0 . Mt khc

b

f f (b a). f n f
2 2
n
a
b

f f n
0, tc l fn hi t trung bnh ton phng
2
T suy ra n
a

n f.

nh l 11. Cho dy nh x (fn) CM([a; b],C), f CM([a; b],C). Khi ,

nu fn hi t trung bnh ton phng n f, th fn hi t trung bnh n f.
Chng minh
p dng bt ng thc CauchySchwarz vi fnf v 1 ta c
b b b b

f f 1 f f ba. f f
2 2 2
n . n = n
a a a a

v t suy ra nh l.

Ghi ch. Hi t trung bnh ton phng khng suy ra hi t n. V d, dy

(fn:x|xn) hi t trung bnh ton phng n f0 trn [0; 1], nhng khng hi
t n n f.
Hi t trung bnh khng suy ra hi t trung bnh ton phng. V d, dy
n ,0 x 1 / n
hm (fn:x| ) hi t trung bnh n f0 trn [0; 1], nhng
0,1 / n x 1
khng hi t trung bnh ton phng n f.

* H thc Chasles
K hiu. Vi J R, k hiu J : RK, J(t) = 1 nu t J v J(t) = 0 nu
t J.

nh l 12. Cho on I R, on J I, f : I E lin tc tng on trn I.

Khi J.f lin tc tng on trn J v
f = J . f J I

20
 H qu. Cho a < b < c v f : [a; c] E lin tc tng on. Khi f gii
hn trn [a; b] v [b; c] cng lin tc tng on v
c b c

f
a
= f
a
+ f
b

nh ngha 4
a
(i) f
a
= 0 f
b a
(ii) f
a
= f
b
nu b < a

nh l 13. (h thc Chasles)

Cho a, b, c R, m = min{a,b,c}, M=max{a,b,c} v f : [m; M] E lin
tc tng on. Khi
c b c

f
a
= f
a
+ f
b

2.3.5. Tng Riemann

Cho a, b R, a < b, khng gian vect nh chun E.
nh ngha 1. Cho f : [a; b]E lin tc, phn im s = (a0, ..., an) S([a;b])
v b (i)0in1 tng hp s, tc i [ai ; ai+1 ], i = 0, ..., n1. Ta gi tng
n 1
Tf(s, (i)) = a
i 0
i 1 ai . f i E

gi l tng Riemann ca f ng vi s, (i).

Tr p(s) = max{ |ai+1 ai | | 0 i n1 } gi l bc ca phn im s.

nh l 1. Cho f : [a; b]E lin tc, phn im s = (a0, ..., an) S([a;b]) v
b
b (i)0in1 tng hp s. Khi , Tf(s, (i)) hi t n f
a
khi p(s) tin n 0

khi n.
Chng minh
f lin tc trn [a; b] k > 0, f k-lipschitz trn [a; b]
b n 1
s S (i) tng hp s : || f a
i 0
i 1 ai . f i || k.(b a).p(s)
a
b
Suy ra, nu p(s) tin n 0, th Tf(s, (i)) hi t n f .
a

H qu
(i) Cho f : [a; b]E lin tc. Ta c
b a n 1 ba
b

. f a i. f
n i 0 n n a

(ii) Cho f : [0; 1]E lin tc. Ta c

21
 1 n 1 i
1
. f f
n i 0 n n 0

V d
i. i. 2
1 n 1 cos n sin 1
cos t sin t 0
.
n i 0 sin i.
n
i.
n


0 sin t cost = 2
cos 0
n n

2.3.6. Tch phn v o hm

Cho khng gian vect nh chun E, khong I R.
* Hm tch phn cn trn
nh l 1. Cho t0 I, f : I E lin tc tng on. K hiu
t
F : I E, F(t) = f
t0

Ta c
(i) F lin tc trn I.
(ii) F thuc lp C1 tng on trn I.
(iii) F kh vi ti nhng im lin tc t I ca f v F(t) = f(t).
(iv) F(t0) = 0.
F gi l hm tch phn cn trn ca f.

H qu 1. Vi mi p N{}, nu f thuc lp Cp trn I, th F(t) thuc lp

Cp+1 trn I v F = f.

H qu 2. Cho cc khong I, J R, u,v : IR thuc lp C1 trn I, u(I) J,

v (t )

v(I) J v f : JE lin tc. Khi nh x : IE, t | f

u (t )
thuc lp C1

trn I v
t I : (t) = v(t).f(v(t)) u(t).f(u(t))

* Nguyn hm
nh ngha 1. Cho nh x f, F : IE. F gi l nguyn hm ca f, nu F kh
vi v F = f.

nh l 2. Cho f : IE lin tc. Khi

t
(i) t0 I, nh x F : I E, F(t) = f
t0
l nguyn hm ca f trn I.

(ii) Nu 0 l nguyn hm ca f trn I, th mi nguyn hm ca f c dng

0 + A, A E

K hiu f hoc f(x)dx l nguyn hm no trn I.

22
 nh l 3. Cho a, b I, f : IE lin tc, F: IE l nguyn hm ca f trn I.
Ta c
b

f
a
= F(b) F(a)

nh ngha 2. Biu thc F(b) F(a) gi l bin phn ca F t a n b v k

hiu l F (t )tt ba hoc F (t )ba .

2.3.7. Bt ng thc s gia hu hn

Cho khng gian vect nh chun E, khong I R.
nh l 1. Cho a,b R, ||.|| chun trn E, f : [a; b]E lin tc trn [a; b] v
thuc lp C1 trn (a; b). Gi s tn ti R+ sao cho t (a; b): ||f(t)|| .
Khi
|| f(b) f(a) || .| b a |
Chng minh
Vi mi , (a; b) , < , ta c

|| f() f() || = || f ' ||



f ' .( )

t , do f lin tc, suy ra || f(b) f(a) || .(b a).

Ghi ch. i vi hm vect, ng thc s gia hu hn nh hm s thc

khng cn ng na. Chng hn, i vi hm f : [0; ]C, t | ei.t khng tn
ti c (0; ) sao cho f()f(0) = (0).f(c) (t chng minh).

H qu 1. Cho a,b R, ||.|| chun trn E, f : [a; b]E thuc lp C1 trn [a;b].
Ta c
|| f(b) f(a) || | b a |. sup f ' (t )
a t b

Ghi ch. Kt qu trn vn ng vi f lin tc v thuc lp C1 tng on trn

[a; b].

H qu 2. Cho a,b R, f : [a; b] E lin tc trn [a; b] v thuc lp C1 trn

(a;b]. Nu f c gii hn phi hu hn ti a, th f thuc lp C1 trn [a; b].
Chng minh
K hiu = lim f(t). Cho > 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho
t a

t (a; a + ) : || f(t) ||
nh x g: t | f(t) .t lin tc trn [a; a + ] v thuc lp C1 trn
(a; a + ). Theo nh l trn ta c
t (a; a + ) : || g(t) g(a) || .(t a)

f (t ) f (a )
t (a; a + ) :
ta

23
 Cui cng ta c
f (t ) f (a )
> 0, > 0, t (a; a + ) :
ta
T suy ra f kh vi ti a v f+(a) = .

H qu 3. Cho n N*, a,b R, f : [a; b]E lin tc trn [a; b] v thuc lp

Cn trn (a;b]. Cho f(k) c gii hn phi hu hn ti a k=1,...,n. Khi f thuc
lp Cn trn [a; b].

nh l 2. Cho khong I R, f : IE lin tc v thuc lp C1 tng on

trn I. Khi ,
(i) f l hng f = 0E
(ii) f lipschitz f b chn (nu f b chn th f ||f||lipschitz)

2.3.8. Cc phng php tnh tch phn

Cho khng gian vect nh chun E.
nh l 1. (phng php i bin)
Cho , R, < , : [; ]R thuc lp C1 trn [; ], khong
J([; ]), f : JE lin tc trn J. Khi
( )

f t . ' t dt = f (u )du
( )

Chng minh
Cng thc trn suy ra t cng thc o hm hm hp p dng cho nguyn
hm F ca f v .
( )

f (u )du = F ( ) = F = ( F )' t dt = f t . ' t dt

( )

( )

Ghi ch. Php i bin trn vn ng nu : [; ]R thuc lp C1 trn

[; ] v n iu tng trn [; ] v f lin tc tng on trn ([; ]).

nh l 2. (phng php tch phn tng phn)

Cho a,b R, a < b, u : [a; b]K, v : [a; b]E thuc lp C1 trn [a; b].
Ta c
b b

u' v = u.va u.v'

b

a a

Chng minh
Cng thc trn suy ra t
b b b
u.vba = (u.v)' = u' v + u.v'
a a a

Ghi ch. Php tch phn tng phn trn vn ng cho trng hp tng qut
hn: u, v thuc lp C1 tng on v lin tc trn [a; b]

2.3.9. Cng thc Taylor, s d tch phn

24
 Cho khng gian vect nh chun E, khong I R.
nh l 1. (cng thc Taylor)
Cho n N, f : IE thuc lp Cn trn I v Cn+1 tng on trn I, a,b I.
Khi ta c
n
b a k b
b t n
f(b) =
k 0 k!
f ( k ) (a) + n!
f ( n 1) (t )dt
a

Chng minh
Qui np theo n.
b
(i) n = 0: Cng thc trn qui v f(b) = f(a) + f ' (t )dt
a

(ii) Gi s cng thc ng vi n.

Cho f thuc lp Cn+1 trn I v Cn+2 tng on trn I. V nh x
t |
b t n 1
(n 1)!
1 (n+1)
thuc lp C trn I v f lin tc trn I v thuc lp C1 tng on trn I,
theo phng php tch phn tng phn ta c
t b
b
b t n b t n 1 ( n 1) b
b t
n 1

( n 1)
f (t )dt = f (t ) f ( n 2) (t )dt
a
n! (n 1)! t a a
(n 1)!
b a n 1 b
b t n 1
=
(n 1)!
f ( n 1) (a) +
a
(n 1)!
f ( n 2) (t )dt

T suy ra cng thc cho trng hp n+1.

H qu. (bt ng thc TaylorLagrange)

Cho n N, f : I E thuc lp Cn trn I v Cn+1 tng on trn I, a,b I.
Khi ta c
b a k
n 1
n
ba
|| f(b) k 0 k!
f (k )
(a) ||
(n 1)!
. sup f ( n 1) (t )
t [ a ; b ]

2.3.10. Tch phn ph thuc tham s

Cho khng gian vect nh chun E, a, b R, a < b, m N*, A Rm, nh x
F : A [a; b]E.
nh ngha 1. Gi s x A, nh x F tho F(x, ):[a; b]E, t | F(x,t) lin
b
tc tng on trn [a; b]. Khi , x A, tch phn F ( x, t )dt tn ti v nh x
a
b
f : A E, x | F ( x, t )dt
a

gi l tch phn ph thuc tham s x A ca F(x, t) trn [a; b].

* Tnh lin tc
nh l 1.
Nu F(x,t) lin tc trn A [a; b], th f lin tc trn A.

25
Chng minh
Cho dy (xn) A, xn n
x A. Ta c tp P = {xn | n N} {x} compac

trong Rm, suy ra P [a; b] compac trong Rm+1. nh x F lin tc trn P [a; b]
suy ra F lin tc u trn P x [a; b].
Cho > 0, tn ti > 0 tho
(p, t), (p t) P [a; b] : || (c,t) (c,t) ||1 || F(c,t) F(c,t) ||
trong || (x,t) ||1 = || x ||1 + | t |.
V xn n x , tn ti n N sao cho

n n : || xn x ||1
T suy ra
t [a; b], n n : || (xn, t) (x, t) ||1 = || xn x ||1

t [a; b], n n : || F(xn, t) F(x, t) ||
T , qua tch phn, ta c
b b b
n n :||f(xn) f(x)|| = F ( x , t )dt F ( x, t )dt F ( x , t ) F ( x, t ) dt .(ba)
a
n
a
n
a

V > 0 bt k, nn mnh cui cng chng t f(xn) n f(x), v theo

iu kin Heine, f lin tc ti x. Suy ra f lin tc trn A.

V d
(1) Tch chp. Cho T > 0, f, g : RC lin tc v Ttun hon. Ta nh ngha
tch chp ca f v g l nh x
T
f * g: R C, x | f (t ).g ( x t )dt
0

Hin nhin nh x f * g lin tc v Ttun hon.

(2) Chng minh nh x

ln( 1 | x t |)
1
f : RR, x | dt
0
1 t2
lin tc trn R.
Ta c
ln( 1 | x t |)
F : R [0; 1] R, (x, t) |
1 t2
lin tc trn R [0; 1]. T suy ra tnh lin tc ca tch phn ph thuc tham
s f(x).

nh l 2. Cho khong I R, F : A I E lin tc trn A I. Khi nh

x
v
: A I I E, (x,u,v) = F ( x, t )dt , (x,u,v) A I I
u

lin tc trn A I I.
Chng minh

26
 Trc ht ta c, vi mi a I
v u
(x,u,v) A I I : (x,u,v) = F ( x, t )dt F ( x, t )dt
a a

Vy ch cn chng minh rng nh x

u
a : A I E, a(x,u) = F ( x, t )dt (x,u) A I
a

lin tc trn A I.
ta
Vi (x,u) A I, u a, i bin s = ta c
ua
1
a(x,u) = (u a). F ( x, a s(u a)) ds
0

Cng thc trn ng c cho trng hp u = a, v a(x,a) = 0.

Theo nh l 1, v nh x ((x,u),s) | F(x, a + s(u a)) lin tc trn (A
I) I, nn nh x a(x,u) lin tc trn A I.

* o hm
Cho khong A R.
nh l 3. (Leibniz - o hm di du tch phn)
F
Cho F : A [a; b]E lin tc trn A [a; b], (x A) tn ti v lin
x
tc trn A [a; b]. Khi , nh x
b
f : A E, f(x) = F ( x, t )dt , x A
a
1
thuc lp C trn A v
'
b b
F
f(x) = F ( x, t )dt =
a x
x ( x, t )dt
a
, x A

Chng minh
F
b
K hiu g : A E, g(x) = x ( x, t )dt
a
x A.

Cho x0 A. K hiu
A0 = { h R | x0 + h A } = (x0) + A
v nh x
F ( x0 h, t ) F ( x0 , t )
, h 0
T : A0 x [a; b] E, (h, t) A0 x [a; b] : T(h,t) = h
F
( x0 , t ) ,h 0
x

V F( . , t ): x | F(x,t) thuc lp C1 trn A t [a; b], ta c

x0 h
F F
1
(h, t) A0 x [a; b] : F(x0 + h,t) F(x0,t) = ( x, t )dx = h. ( x0 h. y, t )dy
x0
x 0
x
(i bin y = (x x0)/h).
Suy ra

27
 F
1
(h, t) A0 x [a; b] : T(h,t) = x ( x
0
0 h. y, t )dy

Theo nh l 1,
F
nh x (h,t,y) | ( x0 h. y, t ) lin tc trn A0 x [a;b]x[0;1]
x
T(h,t) lin tc trn A0 x [a;b]
b
nh x : A0E, h | T (h, t )dt lin tc trn A0
a

(h) h
(0)
0

Vi mi h A0 \ {0} ta c

F ( x0 h, t ) F ( x0 , t ) f ( x0 h) f ( x0 )
b b
(h) = T (h, t )dt
a
=
a
h
dt =
h
v
F
b b
(0) = T (0, t )dt = x ( x , t )dt
0 = g(x0)
a a

f ( x0 h) f ( x0 )
Vy f(x0) = lim = g(x0).
h0 h
F
V ( x A) lin tc trn A x [a; b], nn g(x) lin tc trn A. Cui
x
cng ta c f thuc lp C1 trn A v f g.

H qu
F n F
Cho n N, F(x,t), , ..., n tn ti v lin tc trn A [a;b]. Khi
x x
f thuc lp Cn trn A v
k F
b
k = 1, ..., n, x A : f(k)(x) = a xk ( x, t )dt

V d

1. Tnh ln( x cos t )dt , x > 1.
0

nh x F:(x,t)|ln(x + cost) lin tc trn (1; +) [0; ] v

F 1
= tn ti v lin tc trn (1; +) [0; ]. Suy ra nh x
x x cos t

f : (1; +) R, f(x) = ln( x cos t )dt , x (1; +)
0
1
thuc lp C trn (1; +) v

28

F 1
x (1; +) : f(x) = 0 x ( x, t )dt = x cos t dt
0

2 1 u2 2u
i bin u = tan(t/2) ta c dt = du , cost = , sint = .
1 u 2
1 u 2
1 u2
Suy ra


1 2 x 1
f(x) = 2. du = . Arc tan
x 1u =
0
( x 1) ( x 1).u 2
x 2 1 u 0 x2 1

Suy ra tn ti hng s C R sao cho

x (1; +) : f(x) = .ln(x + x2 1 ) + C
Mt khc ta c

1
x (1; +) : f(x) = .ln(x) + ln( 1 cos t )dt
0
x
Tip theo,
nh x G : [0;1) [0;]R, (y,t)|ln(1+y.cost) lin tc trn [0;1) [0;]

nh x g : [0;1)R, y | ln( 1 y. cos t )dt lin tc trn [0;1)
0

1
f(x) .ln(x) = ln( 1 cos t )dt x
g(0) = 0

0
x
x x2 1
Mt khc f(x) .ln(x) = . ln .ln2 + C
+ C x

x
T suy ra .ln2 + C = 0 C = .ln2.
Cui cng ta c

x x2 1
ln( x cos t )dt = . ln
0
2
, x > 1.

Ghi ch. Do ln(x + cost) hi t n iu gim n ln(1+cost) trn (/2; ] v

hm ln(1 + cost) kh tch trn (/2; ], nn

lim
x 1 ln( x cos t )dt =
/2
ln( 1 cos t )dt .
/2

Suy ra

1 x x 2 1
. ln = . lim ln = lim ln( x cos t )dt = ln( 1 cos t )dt .
2 x 1 2 x 1
0 0

cos t
2. Tnh ( x y.cos t )
0
3
dt , x,y R, |x| > |y|.

K hiu U = {(x,y) R2 | |x| > |y| }. Hin nhin U l tp m trong R2. t

1
F : U [0;]R, ((x,y), t) |
x y. cos t

29
 F F 2 F 2 F 2 F
V F(x,y,t), , , , , , ... tn ti v lin tc trn U[0;],
x y xy x 2 y 2
nh x

1
f : U R, (x,y) | x y. cos t dt
0

thuc lp C v ta c th ly o hm di du tch phn. Suy ra

2 f 2F cos t
xy
(x,y) = 0 xy ( x, y, t )dt = 2. 0 ( x y.cos t )3 dt
2 1 u2 2u
i bin u = tan(t/2) ta c dt = du , cost = , sint = .
1 u 2
1 u 2
1 u2

1 1 .
f(x,y) = dt = 2. du = ,
0
x y. cos t 0
( x y) ( x y).u 2
x2 y 2
trong = sign(x+y) = sign(x) (sign(x) = 1, nu x>0, = -1, nu x<0, =0 nu
x=0). Suy ra
f 2 3/2 2 f
( x, y ) = ..y.(x y )
2
(x,y) = 3...x.y.(x2 y2)5/2
y xy
Cui cng, ta c

cos t 3xy
( x y.cos t ) dt =

3 5
0 2 x2 y2 2

nh l 4. Cho cc khong m A, J R, a J, F : A JE, F lin tc trn

F
A J, tn ti v lin tc trn A J. Khi , nh x
x
y

: A J E, (x,y) F ( x, t )dt
a

thuc lp C trn A J v
1

F
y
(x,y) A J : ( x, y ) = ( x, t )dt & ( x, y ) = F(x,y)
x a
x y
Chng minh
Cho y J c nh. p dng nh l o hm di du tch phn cho nh x
( , y ) : AE, x | (x,y)
ta c
F
y
( x, y ) = ( x, t )dt
x a
x
Cho x A c nh. p dng nh l o hm cn trn cho nh x
( x , ) : JE, y | (x,y)
ta c

( x, y ) = F(x,y)
y

30
 H qu. Cho cc khong m A, J R, a J, F : A JE, u : AJ. Gi
F
thit F lin tc trn A J, tn ti v lin tc trn A J, u thuc lp C1
x
trn A. Khi nh x
u ( x)
: A E, x | F ( x, t )dt
a

thuc lp C1 trn A v
F
u ( x)

x A : (x) = a
x
( x, t )dt + u(x).F(x, u(x))

Chng minh
S dng k hiu nh l 4 ta c x A: (x) = (x, u(x)). V u v thuc
lp C1, cng thuc lp C1 v
F
u ( x)

xA: (x) = ( x, u ( x)) + u(x). ( x, u ( x)) = ( x, t )dt + u(x).F(x,u(x))

x y a
x

V d. Chng minh
ln( x t ) ln( t 1)
x x
1
x (0; ) : 1 t dt = 2 (lnx) +
2
dt
1
t
Gii
ln( x t )
x
nh x : (0; )R, x |
1
t
dt (u(x)=x) thuc lp C1 v

1 1 1
x x
1 ln( 2 x) ln( 2 x)
x (0; ) : (x) =1 t ( x t ) dt +
x
= dt +
x 1 t (x t) x
1 ln( 2 x) 1
= (lnx ln(2x) + ln(x+1)) + = (lnx + ln(x+1))
x x x
Suy ra
x x

t ln t ln( t 1)dt
1
x (0; ) : (x) = (1) + ' (t )dt =
1 1

ln( t 1)
x
1
=
2
(lnx)2 +
1
t
dt

* Tch phn
nh l 5. (tch phn di du tch phn)
Cho khong A R, a,b R, a < b, F: A [a;b]E lin tc trn A [a;b].
Khi , nh x
b
f : A E, x | F ( x, t )dt
a

lin tc trn A v
b b

, A :

f ( x)dx = F ( x, t )dt dx = F ( x, t )dx dt
a a

31
Chng minh
Tnh lin tc ca f suy ra t nh l 1. C nh A, k hiu

G : A [a;b]E, (,t) | F ( x, t )dx

V F, G lin tc trn A [a;b] v nh x

b
H : A E, | G( , t )dt
a

thuc lp C1 trn A v
G
b b
A : H() = a ( , t )dt = F ( , t )dt
a
= f()

Cui cng, v H() = 0, ta c

A : H() = H() +

H ' ( x)dx = f ( x)dx


b sin t
V d. Tnh tch phn ln a sin t dt
0

b sin t
b
b 1 1
A = ln dt = 0 a x sin t dxdt = dtdx
0
a sin t a
0 x sin t

1
x > 1, I= dt
0
x sin t
2 1 u2 2u
i bin u = tan(t/2) ta c dt = du , cost = , sint = .
1 u 2
1 u 2
1 u2
Suy ra

1 1
I = 2 0 x x.u 2 2u du = 2. 1 1
du =
0 x x.u 2 2u
x x

1
2. 2
du
1 1
0
x x .u
x x

x

1 1 1 x
= 2. 1
dv = 2.

arctan v
x 2 1
1 / x
2
x
1 / x x v 2 x x 1
x
1 1 1 1
= 2. 2 / 2 arctan 2 = + 2. 2 arctan 2
x 1 x 1 x 1
2
x 1 x 1
b
b
1 1
A = 2 dx + 2 2 arctan 2
a x 1 a x 1 x 1

ln b b 2 1 + 2 b
1 1
ln b b 1
= arctan
2
a x2 1 x 2
1

32