UNIT 8 THROUGH THE AGES

Nouns
age tui; tui gi, tui tc; thi i, thi k; tui trng thnh; th h
archaeologist nh kho c
century trm nm, th k; trm (ci g ...);

decade b mi, nhm mi; thi k mi nm; tun (mi ngy)

era thi i, k nguyn
evidence tnh hin nhin; tnh r rng, tnh r rt; (php l) chng, chng c,
bng chng; du hiu; chng ch

excavation s o; h o; s khai qut

generation s sinh ra, s pht sinh ra; th h, i; (in hc) s pht in
the Middle ages
millennia nghn nm, mi th k; thi i hong kim
period k, k, thi k, giai on, thi gian; thi i, thi nay; tit (hc); k hnh
kinh; chu k;

phasetun (trng...); giai thoi, thi k (pht trin, bin i); phng din, mt
(ca vn ...);

pioneer(qun s) i tin phong, i m ng ((thng) l cng binh); ngi i

tin phong, ngi i u (trong mt cng cuc g); nh thm him u tin

timeline
Ajectives
ancient xa, c

chronological thuc) nin i hc; theo th t nin i; theo th t thi gian

consecutive lin tc, lin tip, tip lin nhau

historicallch s, (thuc) lch s; c lin quan n lch s

imminent sp xy ra, (xy ra) n ni
middle-aged trung nin
nostalgic nh nh, nh qu hng; luyn tic qu kh
prehistoric(thuc) tin s
prior trc
punctual (thuc) im; nh mt im; ng gi (khng chm tr)
time-consuming tn nhiu thi gian, i hi nhiu thi gian, cn nhiu thi gian
Verb
erode xi mn, n mn
infer suy ra, lun ra; kt lun, a n kt lun; on, phng on; hm , gi

predate li ngy thng v trc (mt vn kin...)

span bng qua, bc qua (mt con sng; ni (t giai on ny sang giai on khc)
(tr nh...); o si, o bng gang tay

Phrases with time

in time ng lc , kp lc
lose trach of time qun thi gian
on time ng gi
save time tit kim thi gian
spend time mt thi gian
take so long qu lu
the right time ng gi
Adverbs
chronologically theo nin i, theo th t thi gian
formerly trc y, thu xa
previously trc, trc y
subsequently ri th, ri sau
UNIT 9 THE NATURAL WORLD
Nouns
agriculture nng nghip
animal kingdom vng quc ng vt
burrow hang (cy, th)
climate kh hu, thi tit; min kh hu; hon cnh, mi trng, khng kh; xu
hng chung (ca mt tp th); xu th (ca thi i)

crops v, ma; thu hoch ca mt v; (s nhiu) cy trng; cm, nhom, lot,

tp; on ct b u, khc ct b u

decline

den hang (th d); so huyt (ca bn cp); cn phng nh bn thu, nh lp

xp bn thu; phng nh ring lm vic

disaster tai ho, thm ho, tai ch; iu bt hnh

ecological (thuc) sinh thi hc

ecology sinh thi hc

evolution s tin trin (tnh hnh...); s tin ho, s pht trin; s m ra, s n
ra (n...);

extinction s dp tt; s lm tan v; s lm mt i; s lm tuyt ging; s

thanh ton (n nn); s tiu dit, s tiu hu

fauna h ng vt; danh sch ng vt, ng vt ch

flora h thc vt (ca mt vng)
genetics di truyn hc
habitat mi trng sng, ni sng (ca cy ci ng vt); nh, ch (ngi)
human nature bn cht con ngi, nhn bn, nhn tnh

insect (ng vt hc) su b, cn trng; (ngha bng) nhi nhp, su b,

giun d

mother nature thin nhin , ng to ha

pesticides thuc tr su

predator th n mi sng, th n tht

prey mi; mi, nn nhn (ca ai, ca bnh hon, ca s s hi...)

repercussions s di li (m thanh); m vang, ting vng; (ngha bng) tc

ng tr li; hu qu

scent mi, mi thm, hng thm; du thm, nc hoa; mi hi (ca th

vt); s thnh hi, ti nh hi, kh nng pht hin; tnh nhy cm

species loi; loi, hng, th; dng, hnh thi

soil t; vt bn, vt nh; s lm nh bn; rc ri
vegetation cy ci, cy c, thc vt; (sinh vt hc) s sinh dng; si

vermin su; vt hi (chn, chut...); bn su mt, bn v li

weed (thc vt hc) c di; thuc l; ngi gy yu

Adjectives
arid kh cn (t); (ngha bng) kh khan, v v

catstrophic thm ho, th thm

disastrous tai hi, thm khc; bt hnh

domesticated c thun ha
endangered b e da, nguy him, tuyt chng
extinct tt (la, ni la...); tan v (hy vng...); khng cn na, mai mt (s
sng, chc v...); tuyt ging, tuyt chng

genetically-modified bin i gen , thay i v mt di truyn hc

introduced c gii thiu
native (thuc) ni sinh; t nhin, bm sinh; (thuc) a phng; (thuc) th
dn; t nhin (kim loi, khong cht)

natural (thuc) t nhin, (thuc) thin nhin

resistant chng c, khng c, khng; c sc chu ng, c sc bn, bn

semi-arid na kh hn
tropical (ngha bng) nng chy, nng nhit; nhit i

vulnerable c th b tn thng; c th b tn cng, cng kch c; c ch

yu, c nhc im
wild di, hoang () rng; cha thun; cha dn ngi (th, chim); man r,
man di, cha vn minh; hoang vu, khng ngi ; d di, bo tp; ri, ln xn,
lung tung; in, in cung, nhit lit; ngng cung, r di, liu mng, thiu n
o suy ngh; t do, ba bi, phng tng, lu lng

Verbs
adapt tra vo, lp vo; lm thch nghi, lm thch ng; phng theo, sa li cho
hp; thch nghi (vi mi trng...)

combat nh nhau, chin u

cultivate cy cy, trng trt; trau di, tu dng (tr tu...); chuyn tm, mi
mit nghin cu, ham m (ngh thut, khoa hc...); nui dng (tnh cm... i vi
ai); xi (t) bng my xi

eradicate nh r; tr tit; ly ra (l thuyt, s kin...); to ra, h cu; pht

ra (sc nng...); lm tin trin; lm tin ho; tin trin; tin ho

hibernate
tolerate tha th, khoan th; chu ng (s au n, nng, lnh...)

UNIT 10 REACHING FOR THE SKIES

Nouns
asteroid hnh tinh nh; pho ho tinh hnh sao

astronaut phi hnh gia, nh du hnh v tr

atmosphere quyn kh; khng kh;

cosmos v tr; s trt t, s hi ho; h thng hi ho (t tng...); cc vn

th ty

crater ming ni la; h (bom, n i bc...)

debris mnh v, mnh vn; vi gch nt

Earth t, t lin, mt t (i li vi tri); qu t; trn gian, ci tc (i vi

thin ng, a ngc)

exploration s thm d, s thm him; s kho st t m

explorer ngi thm d, ngi thm him

galaxy thin vn hc) ngn h, thin h; (ngha bng) nhm tinh hoa, nhm
gas kh; kh thp, hi tkh n (m, than); du xng

gravity (vt l) s ht, s hp dn; trng lc; trng lng; v nghim trang, v
nghim ngh; tnh nghim trng, tnh trm trng (tnh hnh, vt thng...)

horizon chn tri; (ngha bng) tm nhn, tm nhn thc, phm vi hiu bit;
(a l,dda cht) tng

launch xung du lch; s h thu (tu); xung ln (ln nht trn mt tu chin)

meteor sao sa, sao bng; hin tng kh tng; ngi bng ni ting nh cn;
vt bng ni ting nh cn

moon mt trng; nh trng

ocean i dng, bin; khong mnh mng (c...)

orbit qu o; lnh vc hot ng; mt

outer pht bn vo vng ngoi cng (ca mc tiu); vng ngoi cng (mc
tiu)

planet hnh tinh; o l

radiation s bc x, s pht x, s to ra; bc x

rocket pho hoa, pho sng, pho thng thin; tn la, rcket; tn la; phn
lc; li qu trch
satellite v tinh; v tinh nhn to; ngi tu tng, ngi hu; tay sai;

simulator ngi gi v, ngi gi cch, ngi v vt

solar system h mt tri; thi dng h

space khong trng, khong cch ; khng gian; khong thi gian; ch

spacecraft con tu v tr

space shuttle tu con thoi

space station trm v tr; trm khng gian

surface mt, mt ngoi b mt; mt bin

universe v tr, vn vt; th gii, thin h, th gian

weightlessness tnh trng phi trng lng; tnh trng phi trng lc
Adjectives
commercial (thuc) bun bn; (thuc) thng mi; (thuc) thng nghip
cosmic (thuc) v tr; rng ln, khng l; c th t, c trt t, c t chc, hi
ho

extreme v cng, tt bc, cng cc, cc ; tt ng u, ng cng, xa

nht, tt cng; khc nghit; qu khch; cc oan (bin php);

gravitational ht, hp dn

horizontal (thuc) ng chn tri, nm ngang

inevitable khng th trnh c, chc chn xy ra ((ngha en) & (ngha

bng)); vn thng thy; vn thng nghe; quen thuc

lunar (thuc) mt trng; m nht, khng sng lm; hnh li lim

meteoric (thuc) sao bng, nh sao bng; kh tng; rng r trong chc
lt, sng ngi trong chc lt (nh sao bng)

outer pha ngoi, xa hn

solar (thuc) mt tri, (thuc) thi dng

terrestrial (thuc) t, (thuc) tri t; trn mt t, th gian; cn,

sng trn mt t

toxic c

uninhabitable khng th c, khng tr ng c, khng c tr c

universal thuc v tr, thuc th gii, thuc vn vt; ton b, ton th, tt
c, chung, ph thng, ph bin; vn nng

unmanned khng c ngi

Verbs
acclimatise lm thch nghi kh hu, lm hp thu th (sc vt, cy ci); thch
nghi kh hu; thch nghi vi mi trng

colonise chim lm thuc a; nh c, ; lp thuc a;

explore thm d, thm him; kho st t m
float ni, tri lnh bnh; l lng; th tri, lm ni ln, ni; lm ngp nc;
truyn (tin n); (thng nghip) bt u khi cng, khi s (k hoch, cng
trnh...); c ng tuyn truyn cho; thong qua, phng pht

orbit i vo qu o, i theo qu o

propel y i, y ti

rotate lun phin nhau; quay, xoay quanh

sustain chng ; gi vng c; chng c, chu ng; nhn, chp nhn; xc
nhn, chng minh (mt li tuyn b, mt l thuyt...); (th dc,th thao) hin (vai
kch...); ko di; chu

simulate gi v, gi cch; ng vai; i lt; bt chc; da theo

undergo chu, b, tri qua

UNIT 11 DESIGN AND INNOVATION

Nouns
balcony bao ln; ban cng (trong nh ht)
brick gch; bnh, thi, cc (x phng, ch...); ngi chnh trc, ngi trung hu;
ngi rng lng, ngi ho hip

building kin trc; s xy dng; cng trnh kin trc, cng trnh xy dng; to
nh, bininh

ceiling trn (nh...); (hng khng) cao ti a (ca mt my bay); gi cao nht;
bc lng cao nht

concrete vt c th; b tng

construction s xy dng; vt c xy dng; s gii thch;
cottage nh ring nng thn; nh tranh
design cng, bn phc tho, phc ho, n; mun, nh, d nh, d
kin, mc ch; , mu ; k hoch; cch sp xp, cch trnh by, cch trang
tr; kiu, mu, loi, dng; kh nng sng to (kiu, cch trnh by...), ti ngh ra
(mu k...); s sng to

device
elevator my nng, my trc; (t M,ngha M) thang my; (gii phu) c nng
engineering k thut k s, k thut cng trnh s; ngh k s, ngh cng trnh s;
k thut xy dng

frame cu trc, c cu; h thng, th t; trng thi; khung (nh, ca, xe...), sn
(tu, nh...); thn hnh, tm vc; nh (trong mt loi nh truyn hnh)

gadget
housing s cho ; s ct vo kho; s la (sc vt) vo chung; s cung cp nh
; nh (ni chung)

innovation s a vo nhng ci mi; sng kin, iu mi a vo, ci mi,

phng php mi; s tin hnh i mi, s i mi

landmark mc b ( dn ng cho cc thu th t ngoi khi hng v t

lin); mc ranh gii, gii hn; mc, bc ngoc

lift shaft thang my

occupant ngi chim gi, k chim ng; ngi (trong mt ngi nh) ngi
thu (nh); hnh khch (trong xe, tu...)

platform nn, bc, b; bc ging, bc din thuyt, din n; ch ng hai u

toa (xe la...); sn ga; ch ng (xe khch...)

quarry con mi; con tht; (ngha bng) ngi b truy n; mnh knh hnh thoi (
ca s mt co...); ni ly , m ; ngha bng) ngun ly ti liu, ngun ly tin
tc

residence s , s c tr, s tr ng; ch , ni c tr, nh ; dinh th

skyscraper nh chc tri (to nh hin i rt cao thnh th)

staircase cu thang; (kin trc) lng cu thang
steel thp; que thp ( mi dao); gi c phn trong ngnh thp
storage s xp vo kho; kho; khu vc kho; thu kho; s tch lu
structure kt cu, cu trc; cng trnh kin trc, cng trnh xy dng
tension trng thi cng (ca dy...); (ngha bng) tnh hnh cng thng, s cng
thng; s cng; sc p, p lc (ca hi...)

timber g lm nh, g kin trc, g; cy g; ko, x; kh nng, c tnh

ADJECTIVES
airy thong kh, thng kh, thong gi, lng gi; nh nhng, duyn dng, uyn
chuyn; vui, vui nhn; thnh thi, thoi mi, ung dung; ho, hi ht, thiu nghim
tc; v hnh, h khng

conventional theo tp qun, theo tc l; quy c; thng

cosy m cng, thoi mi d chu
cramped g b khng thanh thot, khng phng tng (vn); cht hp, t tng,
khng c t do; kh c (ch)

curved cong
disposable c th b i; c th bn tng i (hng...); c th chuyn nhng; c
th dng c, c th s dng; sn c, sn dng

domestic (thuc) gia nh, (thuc) vic nh, ni tr; nui trong nh (sc vt);
trong nc (lm ) trong nc, ni (i vi ngoi); thch nh, thch i sng gia
nh; ch quanh qun nh, ch ru r x nh

exterior ngoi, ngoi, t ngoi vo; nc ngoi

functional c chc nng, hot ng (c quan)

futuristic thuc v thuyt v lai

high-rise cao ngt (nh nhiu tng)

innovative c tnh cht i mi; c tnh cht l mt sng kin

internal trong nc; (thuc) ni tm, (thuc) tm hn, t trong thm tm; ch
quan; trong, ni b; (thuc) bn cht; ni ti
mass-produced sn xut hng lot
modern hin i; cn i
multi-storey nhiu tng
old-fashioned c, khng hp thi trang; n c, h lu, lc hu
ornate trang tr cng phu, trang sc lng ly; hoa m (vn)
prefabricated c lm sn, c c sn

single-storey mt tng.
spacious rng ln, rng ri

state-of -the -art Mt mt hng hoc thit b phc tp tinh xo v mt k thut,

i din cho mc pht trin hin ti ca cc thnh tu k thut

two-storey
typical tiu biu, in hnh; c th, c trng
ultra-modern ti tn

Verbs

activate (ho hc); (sinh vt hc) hot ho, lm hot ng; (vt l) hot ho,
lm phng x; (t M,ngha M), (qun s) xy dng v trang b (mt n v)

automate t ng ho
build xy, xy dng, xy ct; dng nn, lp nn, lm nn

condemn kt n, kt ti, x, x pht; ch trch, ch trch, ln n, quy ti;

bt buc, p; chy, tuyn b ht hy vng, tuyn b khng cha c (ngi bnh);
thi, loi b i ( dng c...); tch thu (hng lu...)

construct lm xy dng (nh ca...); v (hnh); dng (v kch); t (cu)

decorate trang hong, trang tr; tng thng huy chng, tng thng
hun chng; gn huy chng (cho ai)

demolish ph hu; nh

design lm ngh v kiu, lm ngh xy dng n; phc ho, v phc

(tranh...), v kiu (qun o, xe t...), thit k, lm n (nh ca), lm cng,
phc tho cch trnh by (sch, tranh nh ngh thut); c nh, nh, d kin, tr
tnh; c y , c mu ; ch nh, cho, dnh cho

develop trnh by, by t, thuyt minh (lun im, vn ...); pht trin, m
mang, m rng, khuch trng, lm cho pht t; khai thc; nhim, tim nhim
(thi quen...); ngy cng bc l r, ngy cng pht huy (kh nng, khuynh
hng...); t r ra, bc l ra, biu l ra

devise ngh ra, t (k hoch), sng ch, pht minh; by mu, by k, m

mu, mu ;

haul ko mnh, li mnh; chuyn ch (hng ho... bng xe vn ti); xoay

hng; i chiu (gi); rt lui

hoist ko (c) ln; nhc bng ln (bng cn trc, ti...);

invent pht minh, sng ch; (t M,ngha M) h cu; sng tc (truyn); ba

t (chuyn...)

maintain gi, duy tr, bo v, bo qun; gi vng, khng ri b; bo v, xc

nhn rng; nui, cu mang

occupy chim, chim gi; chim, chim ng; gi; bn rn vi; ; chon, chim
c

reconstruct xy dng li, kin thit li; ng li (tu...); dng li (v kch...)

renovate lm mi li, i mi; ci tin, sa cha li; hi phc li, lm hi sc
li
support chng, ; truyn sc mnh, khuyn khch; chu ng, dung th;
nui nng, cp dng; ng h; chng minh, xc minh

trigger gy ra, gy nn

UNIT 11 DESIGN AND INNOVATION

Nouns
balcony bao ln; ban cng (trong nh ht)
brick gch; bnh, thi, cc (x phng, ch...); ngi chnh trc, ngi trung hu;
ngi rng lng, ngi ho hip

building kin trc; s xy dng; cng trnh kin trc, cng trnh xy dng; to
nh, bininh

ceiling trn (nh...); (hng khng) cao ti a (ca mt my bay); gi cao nht;
bc lng cao nht

concrete vt c th; b tng

construction s xy dng; vt c xy dng; s gii thch;
cottage nh ring nng thn; nh tranh
design cng, bn phc tho, phc ho, n; mun, nh, d nh, d
kin, mc ch; , mu ; k hoch; cch sp xp, cch trnh by, cch trang
tr; kiu, mu, loi, dng; kh nng sng to (kiu, cch trnh by...), ti ngh ra
(mu k...); s sng to

device
elevator my nng, my trc; (t M,ngha M) thang my; (gii phu) c nng
engineering k thut k s, k thut cng trnh s; ngh k s, ngh cng trnh s;
k thut xy dng
frame cu trc, c cu; h thng, th t; trng thi; khung (nh, ca, xe...), sn
(tu, nh...); thn hnh, tm vc; nh (trong mt loi nh truyn hnh)

gadget
housing s cho ; s ct vo kho; s la (sc vt) vo chung; s cung cp nh
; nh (ni chung)

innovation s a vo nhng ci mi; sng kin, iu mi a vo, ci mi,

phng php mi; s tin hnh i mi, s i mi

landmark mc b ( dn ng cho cc thu th t ngoi khi hng v t

lin); mc ranh gii, gii hn; mc, bc ngoc

lift shaft thang my

occupant ngi chim gi, k chim ng; ngi (trong mt ngi nh) ngi
thu (nh); hnh khch (trong xe, tu...)

platform nn, bc, b; bc ging, bc din thuyt, din n; ch ng hai u

toa (xe la...); sn ga; ch ng (xe khch...)

quarry con mi; con tht; (ngha bng) ngi b truy n; mnh knh hnh thoi (
ca s mt co...); ni ly , m ; ngha bng) ngun ly ti liu, ngun ly tin
tc

residence s , s c tr, s tr ng; ch , ni c tr, nh ; dinh th

skyscraper nh chc tri (to nh hin i rt cao thnh th)

staircase cu thang; (kin trc) lng cu thang
steel thp; que thp ( mi dao); gi c phn trong ngnh thp
storage s xp vo kho; kho; khu vc kho; thu kho; s tch lu
structure kt cu, cu trc; cng trnh kin trc, cng trnh xy dng
tension trng thi cng (ca dy...); (ngha bng) tnh hnh cng thng, s cng
thng; s cng; sc p, p lc (ca hi...)

timber g lm nh, g kin trc, g; cy g; ko, x; kh nng, c tnh

ADJECTIVES
airy thong kh, thng kh, thong gi, lng gi; nh nhng, duyn dng, uyn
chuyn; vui, vui nhn; thnh thi, thoi mi, ung dung; ho, hi ht, thiu nghim
tc; v hnh, h khng

conventional theo tp qun, theo tc l; quy c; thng

cosy m cng, thoi mi d chu
cramped g b khng thanh thot, khng phng tng (vn); cht hp, t tng,
khng c t do; kh c (ch)

curved cong
disposable c th b i; c th bn tng i (hng...); c th chuyn nhng; c
th dng c, c th s dng; sn c, sn dng

domestic (thuc) gia nh, (thuc) vic nh, ni tr; nui trong nh (sc vt);
trong nc (lm ) trong nc, ni (i vi ngoi); thch nh, thch i sng gia
nh; ch quanh qun nh, ch ru r x nh

exterior ngoi, ngoi, t ngoi vo; nc ngoi

functional c chc nng, hot ng (c quan)

futuristic thuc v thuyt v lai

high-rise cao ngt (nh nhiu tng)

innovative c tnh cht i mi; c tnh cht l mt sng kin

internal trong nc; (thuc) ni tm, (thuc) tm hn, t trong thm tm; ch
quan; trong, ni b; (thuc) bn cht; ni ti
mass-produced sn xut hng lot
modern hin i; cn i
multi-storey nhiu tng
old-fashioned c, khng hp thi trang; n c, h lu, lc hu
ornate trang tr cng phu, trang sc lng ly; hoa m (vn)
prefabricated c lm sn, c c sn

single-storey mt tng.
spacious rng ln, rng ri

state-of -the -art Mt mt hng hoc thit b phc tp tinh xo v mt k thut,

i din cho mc pht trin hin ti ca cc thnh tu k thut

two-storey
typical tiu biu, in hnh; c th, c trng
ultra-modern ti tn

Verbs

activate (ho hc); (sinh vt hc) hot ho, lm hot ng; (vt l) hot ho,
lm phng x; (t M,ngha M), (qun s) xy dng v trang b (mt n v)

automate t ng ho
build xy, xy dng, xy ct; dng nn, lp nn, lm nn

condemn kt n, kt ti, x, x pht; ch trch, ch trch, ln n, quy ti;

bt buc, p; chy, tuyn b ht hy vng, tuyn b khng cha c (ngi bnh);
thi, loi b i ( dng c...); tch thu (hng lu...)

construct lm xy dng (nh ca...); v (hnh); dng (v kch); t (cu)

decorate trang hong, trang tr; tng thng huy chng, tng thng
hun chng; gn huy chng (cho ai)

demolish ph hu; nh

design lm ngh v kiu, lm ngh xy dng n; phc ho, v phc

(tranh...), v kiu (qun o, xe t...), thit k, lm n (nh ca), lm cng,
phc tho cch trnh by (sch, tranh nh ngh thut); c nh, nh, d kin, tr
tnh; c y , c mu ; ch nh, cho, dnh cho

develop trnh by, by t, thuyt minh (lun im, vn ...); pht trin, m
mang, m rng, khuch trng, lm cho pht t; khai thc; nhim, tim nhim
(thi quen...); ngy cng bc l r, ngy cng pht huy (kh nng, khuynh
hng...); t r ra, bc l ra, biu l ra

devise ngh ra, t (k hoch), sng ch, pht minh; by mu, by k, m

mu, mu ;

haul ko mnh, li mnh; chuyn ch (hng ho... bng xe vn ti); xoay

hng; i chiu (gi); rt lui

hoist ko (c) ln; nhc bng ln (bng cn trc, ti...);

invent pht minh, sng ch; (t M,ngha M) h cu; sng tc (truyn); ba

t (chuyn...)

maintain gi, duy tr, bo v, bo qun; gi vng, khng ri b; bo v, xc

nhn rng; nui, cu mang

occupy chim, chim gi; chim, chim ng; gi; bn rn vi; ; chon, chim
c

reconstruct xy dng li, kin thit li; ng li (tu...); dng li (v kch...)

renovate lm mi li, i mi; ci tin, sa cha li; hi phc li, lm hi sc
li
support chng, ; truyn sc mnh, khuyn khch; chu ng, dung th;
nui nng, cp dng; ng h; chng minh, xc minh

trigger gy ra, gy nn

UNIT 12 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Nouns

automatic pilot thit b li t ng, h thng li t ng , b phn li t ng

computerisation S trang b my in ton, S in ton ho

connection s lin quan, s lin lc, mi quan h; s chp ni; s mch

lc; s giao thip, s kt giao; b con, h hng, thn thuc

data s liu, d kin, d liu

device phng sch, phng k; chc mu; vt sng ch ra ( dng

vo mc ch g); thit b, dng c, my mc; hnh v; hnh trang tr; hnh tng
trng; chm ngn; t

function chc nng; ( s nhiu) nhim v, trch nhim; bui l; bui hp

mt chnh thc, bui hp mt quan trng

gadget thc vt hc) b phn ci tin (trong my mc); my ci tin;

dng, vt

the internet
keyboard bn phm (pian); bn ch (my ch); bng chuyn mch; tng i
in thoi;

keypad bn phm nh trn my in thoi

laptop my tnh laptop, my tnh xch tay
the latest mi nht
memory s nh, tr nh, k c; k nim, s tng nh

monitor trng lp, cn b lp ( trng hc); ngi chuyn nghe v ghi

cc bui pht thanh, hiu thnh vin; my pht hin phng x

patent giy mn bi, giy ng k; bng sng ch; vic sng ch (c

cng nhn bi mt bng sng ch; c quyn ch to; (ngha bng) chng ch (v
t cch o c...)

program chng trnh (cng tc, biu din vn ngh...); cng lnh (ca t
chc, ng phi)

prototype ngi u tin; vt u tin; mu u tin, nguyn mu

remote control thit b iu khin t xa

silicon chip microchip lm bng silic, dng ch to mt t hp vi

mch

technology Cng ngh.; k thut; k thut hc

telecommunications vin thng, s thng tin t xa

vision s nhn; sc nhn; iu m thy, cnh mng; o tng, o nh, o cnh,

o mng; sc tng tng; s sc bn khn ngoan v chnh tr

wireless rai
Adjectives
compact kt, c, cht, rn chc; chc nch;
computerised vi tnh ha
cutting- edge cng ngh tn tin/tin tin , vt tri
cyber thuc my tnh, thuc iu khin hc; (tin t) thng qua internet; Siu, phi
thng (cng ngh); nt, chnh xc cao (nh vo cng ngh v iu khin
hc); o
dated ngh; li thi, c k, khng hp thi
digital (thuc) ngn chn, (thuc) ngn tay; (thuc) con s (t 0 n 9)
labour-saving lm gim nh sc lao ng, tit kim sc lao ng
portable c th mang theo, xch tay; di ng
state of the art
up-to-date (thuc) kiu mi nht, hin i (hng); cp nht (s sch)
user friendlly d s dng cho nhng ngi khng chuyn mn; khng kh,
khng gy e ngi (nht l v my tnh, phn mm ca n )

virtual thc s, thc t; (vt l) o

wireless khng dy, rai
Verbs
access s cho vo; (my tnh) li vo nhn tin; truy cp
connect ni, ni li, chp ni; lm cho c mch lc; (thng), dng b ng kt
lin, kt thn, kt giao; c quan h vi, c h hng vi; ni nhau, ni tip nhau

download ti xung
display s by ra, s ph by, s trng by; s ph trng, s khoe khoang;
envisage nhn thng vo mt (ai); ng u vi (s nguy him, s vic...); d
tnh, vch ra (k hoch...); nhn trc

operate hot ng (my...); c tc dng; li dng; (y hc) m; u c; lm cho

hot ng, cho chy (my...); thao tc; a n, mang n, dn n; (t M,ngha
M) thi hnh, thc hin, tin hnh; a (nh my...) vo sn xut; khai thc (m...);
iu khin (x nghip...)

revolutionise cch mng ho

scroll trang tr bng nhng hnh cun
speculate t bin; u c, tch tr; suy on, a ra kin ny kin n v, c
on

store tch tr, dnh; ct trong kho, gi trong kho, cho vo kho; cha, ng,
tch; trau di, bi dng

surpass hn, vt, tri hn

Adverbs
automatically t ng

UNIT 13 THE MODERN WORLD

Nouns
attitude thi , quan im; t th, iu b, dng dp
brand nhn (hng ho); loi hng; vt nh, vt nhc
culture s m mang, s tu dng, s trao i; s gio dc, s gio ho; vn ho,
vn minh; vn ho, vn minh; s cy (vi khun); s lng vi khun cy; m cy vi
khun; s nui (tm, ong, c, s...)

cycle xe p; tp th cng ch , tp bi ht cng ch ; vt l) chu k, chu

trnh

demographics (thuc) nhn khu hc

development s trnh by, s by t, s thuyt minh (vn , lun im,
kin...); s pht trin, s m mang, s m rng, s khuch trng, s pht t; s
tin trin

diversity tnh nhiu dng, tnh nhiu v; loi khc nhau

globalisation s ton cu ha
hindsight (a ct) s nhn thc mun (sau khi vic xy ra mi nhn ra vn
); thc ngm ( sng)

icon tng thnh, thnh tng, thn tng; tng, hnh tng, thn tng
identity tnh ng nht; s ging ht; c tnh, c tnh; nt nhn bit; nt
nhn dng, nt nhn din (ca ngi no, vt g...);

implication s li ko vo; s lin can, s dnh lu; n , iu ng ; iu gi ;

(s nhiu) quan h mt thit

impact s va chm, s chm mnh; sc va chm; tc ng, nh hng

increase s tng, s tng thm
influence nh hng, tc dng; uy th, th lc; ngi c nh hng; iu c nh
hng; iu c tc dng; ngi c th lc

industry cng nghip, lnh vc cng nghip

isolation s c lp ; (y hc) s cch ly
joint venture lin doanh
monopoly c quyn; vt c chim; t bn c quyn
market ch; th trng, ni tiu th; khch hng; gi th trng; tnh hnh th
trng;

modernisation vic hin i ha

multiculturalism ch ngha a vn ha
percentage t l phn trm; t l; phn
population
prediction s d on, d bo
projection s phng ra, s bn ra; s nh ra; s li ra; ch nh ra, ch li ra; s
t k hoch, s t n; s hin hnh, s hnh thnh c th (mt ngh, mt hnh
nh trong tr c)

proportion s cn xng, s cn i; t l; phn; (s nhiu) kch thc, tm vc

rate t l; tc ; gi, sut, mc (lng...); thu a phng; hng, loi; s nh
gi, s c lng;

statistics thng k; khoa hc thng k

trend phng hng; khuynh hng, xu hng, chiu hng;
ADJECTIVES
ageing s ho gi
current dng (nc); lung (gi, khng kh); (in hc) dng in; dng, lung,
chiu, hng (d lun, t tng...)

demographic
elderly sp gi
ethnic thuc dn tc, thuc tc ngi; khng theo tn gio no, v thn

exotic nc ngoi a vo, ngoi lai (cy c, t, mt); k l, k cc; p k l

global ton cu; ton th, ton b
local a phng; b phn, cc b;
long-term di hn, di ngy, lu di
mid-term gia nm hc , gia nhim k
multicultural thuc nhiu lnh vc vn ho khc nhau
productive sn xut; sinh sn, sinh si; sn xut nhiu; sinh sn nhiu; mu m,
phong ph

sceptical hoi nghi, a nghi, hay ng vc; theo ch ngha hoi nghi; c t tng
hoi nghi; nhm ng h t tng hoi nghi; xut pht t t tng hoi nghi

short-term ngn k (tin cho vay...)

subsequent n sau, theo sau, xy ra sau
wealthy giu, giu c; giu, giu c
worldwide ton cu

Verbs
compound pha, trn, ho ln; iu nh, dn xp; dn xp (cuc ci
ln...)
contribute ng gp, gp phn
decline t chi, khc t, khng nhn, khng chu; suy sp, suy vi, tn t; tn
dn (ngy); x, x t (mt tri...); suy i, suy dn (sc kho); st xung (gi c...);
nghing mnh, ci mnh, ci u r xung

diminish bt, gim, h bt, gim bt; thu nh

dominate t hn, tri hn, chim u th; c nh hng ln, chi phi; thng tr;
kim ch, ch ng, nn c (dc vng...); vt cao hn hn, bao qut (ni cao...)

factor nhn t , ngi qun l, ngi i din , ngi bun bn n hoa hng
,ngi qun l rung t

indicate ch, cho bit, ra du; t ra, ra , ng , biu l, biu th; trnh by s qua,
ni ngn gn; (y hc) cn phi, i hi phi
merge ho vo; ho hp, kt hp, hp nht
migrate di tr; ra nc ngoi; chuyn trng (chuyn t trng i hc ny sang
trng i hc khc)

UNIT 14 URBANISATION
NOUNS
benefit li, li ch; bui biu din; trn u; tin tr cp, tin tut; phc li
challenge s thch thc; s khng tha nhn;hiu lnh (cho tu thu, my bay)
compromise s tho hip

difficulty s kh khn, ni kh khn, ni gay go; iu cn tr, iu tr ngi

dilemma th tin lui u kh, th tin thoi lng nan, tnh trng kh x;song
inhabitant ngi , ngi c tr, dn c
Infrastructure c s h tng
isolation s c lp; (y hc) s cch ly
issue s pht ra; s pht hnh; s a ra;vn (ang tranh ci, ang kin co...);
kt qu, hu qu, sn phm;s i ra, s chy ra, s bc ra, s thot ra; li ra, li
thot; ca sng; ci chy ra, ci thot ra; dng di, con ci

megacity
obstacle vt chng ngi, tr lc; s cn tr, s tr ngi
overpopulation s dn ng qu ;Dn s qu ng.
Population dn s; tp hp
Poverty s ngho nn; cnh ngho nn, cnh bn cng; (ngha bng) s ngho
nn, s thiu thn; s thp km, s ti tn

resolution ngh quyt; s cng quyt, s kin quyt, s quyt tm

setback kh khn, tht bi , thua thit , bc li, tr ngi
slum khu nh chut
solution gii php, cch gii quyt; dung dch;ha tan;p n
tolerance lng khoan dung; s tha th; s kin nhn; s chu ng; sc chu
ng; (y hc) s chu c thuc

traffic s i li, s giao thng ; s bun bn, s thng mi; s i chc; s vn

ti, s chuyn ch (hng ho, hnh khch...)

urbanisation s lm mt tnh cch nng thn;s th ha

ADJECTIVES
adequate , y ;tng xng, xng ng; thch hp, thch ng, tho ng
basic c bn, c s
booming s bun bn pht t; S bng n tng trng
catastrophic thm ho, th thm
crowded ng c; y, trn y
decent kha kh, tm tt; lch s, tao nh ; ng n, oan trang, t chnh; hp
vi khun php

developing ang pht trin, trn pht trin

double-edged hai li (va li va hi cho mnh nh dao hai li) (l lun...)
isolated c lp; (y hc) cch ly ;
one-sided c mt bn, v mt bn, v mt pha; khng cng bng, thin v; mt
chiu, phin din

long-sighted nhn su sc, nhn xa thy rng; vin th

long-term di hn, di ngy, lu di
overpriced gi ct c
overworked lm vic qu sc
pressing thc bch, cp bch, cp thit gp ; ni n, ni p
rural thuc) nng thn, thn d
short-sighted thin cn; cn th
staggering lm lo o, lm long chong; lm chong ngi
tolerant khoan dung, hay tha th; kin nhn; chu ng ( thuc)

Verbs
address a ch; gi; xng h, gi; ni vi, ni chuyn vi, din thuyt trc;
vit cho

adjust iu chnh; thit lp

aggravate lm trm trng thm, lm nng thm, lm nguy ngp thm, lm xu
thm; lm bc mnh, lm pht cu, lm cho tc, chc tc

cause gy ra, gy nn, sinh ra, lm ra, to ra ; bo, khin, sai (ai lm vic g)
compete ua tranh, ganh ua, cnh tranh
compound pha, trn, ho ln; dn xp (cuc ci ln...); iu nh, dn xp
deal with gii quyt , x l, i ph
deteriorate lm h hng, lm gim gi tr, lm cho xu hn; h hng i, gim
gi tr; thnh sa o, tr nn xu hn

enhance lm tng, nng cao, cao, lm ni bt (c tnh, quyn hn...); tng

(gi...)

exacerbate lm tng, lm trm trng (bnh, s tc gin, s au n); lm bc

tc, lm cu tit, lm tc gin

exclude khng cho (ai...) vo (mt ni no...); khng cho (ai...) hng (quyn...);
ngn chn ;loi tr; ui tng ra, tng ra

face ng u, i ph; ng trc mt, trc mt; nhn v, hng v, quay

v; i din

flourish hng thnh, thnh vng, pht t; thnh cng; pht trin, mc sum s
(cy...); khoa trng; vit hoa m, ni hoa m; vung (v kh); khoa (chn), ma
(tay)

identity tnh ng nht; s ging ht; nhn dng

improve ci tin, ci thin, ci to, trau di (t tng), m mang (kin thc...);

li dng, tn dng; c ci tin, c ci thin, tr nn tt hn; tin b;

include bao gm, gm c; tnh n, k c

linger nn n, ln la, chn ch, nn li; ko di; chm tr, la c; sng lai nhai
(ngi m nng); cn ri rt li (phong tc...); lng ph (thi gian), lm chm tr

modify gim bt, lm nh, lm du; sa i, thay i; s hn lon, s ln xn;

lao lc

overcome thng, chin thng; vt qua, khc phc (kh khn...); kit sc, mt t
ch; mt tinh thn

present a ra, by ra, l ra, gi ra, ph ra; a, trnh, np, dng; by t, trnh
by, biu th; trnh din (mt v kch); cho (din vin) ra mt; gii thiu (ai vi ai);
a (ai) vo yt kin, a (ai) vo b kin (vua...); biu tng (ai ci g)
raise nng ln, dy; gi ln, a ln, ko ln; ngc ln, ngng ln; xy dng,
dng; nui trng; nu ln, a ra; xut; lm ra, gy nn; tng, lm tng thm;
pht ng, kch ng, xi gic; lm phn chn tinh thn ai; thu, thu gp (tin,
thu...); t chc, tuyn m (qun...)

reform ci cch, ci lng, ci thin, ci to, ci t; sa i; trit b (t nn...);

cha (thi xu)

regulate iu chnh, sa li cho ng; sp t, quy nh, chnh l, chnh n

(cng vic...);iu ha

remedy cu cha, cha khi; sa cha; n b, b p

resolve kin quyt (lm g); quyt nh; gii quyt (kh khn, vn , mi nghi
ng...); tiu c, tiu tan

tackle x tr, tm cch gii quyt (mt vn , mt cng vic); tm ly, nm ly,
m ngang gia mnh (i phng)

tolerate tha th, khoan th; chu ng (s au n, nng, lnh...); (y hc) chu
(thuc)

transformlm bin cht, lm bin tnh; thay i, bin i

worsen lm cho xu hn, lm cho ti hn, lm cho t hn; tr nn xu hn, tr
nn ti hn, tr nn t hn

UNIT 15 THE GREEN REVOLUTION

Nouns
acid rain ma axit
biodiversity s a dng sinh hc/ h sinh thi
climate change bin i kh hu
contamination s lm bn, s lm u; ci lm u; s nhim (bnh);
s c (hai v kch, hai truyn...) thnh mt
deforestation s ph rng; s pht quang
disposal s sp t, s sp xp, s b tr, cch sp xp, cch b tr; s
vt b i, s bn tng i; s bn, s chuyn nhng, s nhng li; s
tu s dng
drought hn hn; s kh cn; s kht
ecosystem h sinh thi
emission s pht ra (nh sng, nhit...), s bc ra, s to ra (mi v,
hi...); vt pht ra, vt bc ra, vt to ra; y hc) s xut tinh; s pht
hnh (giy bc...)
the environment
erosion s xi mn, s n mn
exhaust s rt kh, s thot kh
fertilizer
flood l, lt, nn lt; dng cun cun; s tun ra, s chy trn ra; nc
triu ln; sng, sui bin
food chain cng ty ; chui thc n
fumes khi, hi khi, hi bc; cn (xc ng...); cn gin
greenhouse gases hiu ng nh knh
impact s va chm, s chm mnh; sc va chm; tc ng, nh hng
pollutant cht gy nhim (do xe c, ng c thi ra)
pollution s lm u, s lm mt thing ling; s lm nh bn
(nc...); s lm h hng, s lm sa o; nhim.
process qu trnh; quy trnh; cch thc; phng php (sn xut, ch
bin); (php l) th tc php l, vic t tng; trt i, lnh gi ca to
n; (sinh vt hc) u, bu ( cy ci, thn ng vt); (ngnh in) php in
simili (in nh), php in nh chm
refuse tha, thi, b i; rc ri; (a l,a cht) thi, bi
thi ; (k thut) vt phm b i (ca kim loi)
strain s cng, s cng thng; trng thi cng, trng thi cng thng;
ging, iu ni; khuynh hng, chiu hng; dng di (ngi); ging
(sc vt); giai iu, nhc iu; on nhc, khc nhc
threat s e do; li e do, li hm do
waste Cht thi, sa mc; vng hoang vu, t hoang; rc ri; thc n
tha; vt thi ra, vt v gi tr khng dng na; s phung ph, s lng
ph; s hao ph
Adjectives
achievable c th t c, c th thc hin c
advantageous c li, thun li
at risk b e da; c nguy c;gp nguy him
beneficial c ch; c li; tt; (php l) sinh hoa li (ti sn)
chronic n su, bm cht, thm cn c ; thnh thi quen; (y hc) mn,
kinh nin, thng xuyn, lp i lp li; rt kh chu, rt xu
conceivable c th hiu c, c th nhn thc c; c th tng
tng c
contaminated b nhim , b nhim c , nhim bn , b lm h hng
devastating tn ph, ph hu, ph phch
doubtful nghi ng, ng vc, h nghi; ng nghi, ng ng; khng r rt,
khng chc chn; do d, lng l, nghi ngi; khng bit chc
environmental thuc v mi trng
environmentally friendly thn thin vi mi trng
feasible c th thc hnh c, c th thc hin c, c th lm c;
c th tin c, nghe xui tai (truyn, lun thuyt...); tin li
fruitless khng c kt qu, tht bi; v ch; khng ra qu, khng c qu
futile v ch, khng c hiu qu; khng ng k; ph phim
immune min khi, c min (ci g)
impracticable khng th thi hnh c, khng th thc hin c; kh
dng, khng th iu khin c (dng c, dng...); khng th qua
c, khng th i c; kh chi, kh giao du
improbable khng chc, khng chc c thc, khng chc s xy ra; u
u
in danger gp nguy him ; lm nguy ;b e da;c nguy c
insoluble khng ho tan c; khng gii quyt c
irreparable khng th n b li c; khng th sa li c
irreplaceable khng th thay th c (khi mt... i)
irreversible khng th o ngc li; khng th thay i c; (ho
hc) khng thun nghch
liable c trch nhim v php l, c ngha v v php l, c bn phn;
c kh nng b; c kh nng xy ra
life-threatening c th lm cht ngi; him ngho
pervasive to khp; lan trn khp, thm nhp khp
pointless cn, khng nhn; khng v, v ngha, lc lng (cu chuyn);
khng c im no
pristine ban s; xa, c xa, thi xa
questionable ng ng, ng nghi ng
recyclable c th ti ch c
sustainable c th chng c; c th xc nhn c, c th chng
minh c; c th chu ng c
taxing gy mt mi; i hi c gng
unattainable khng th ti c, khng th t c
unlikely khng chc, khng chc c thc; khng ngh n; khng c
ha hn
unprecedented khng h c; cha h thy, cha tng nghe thy
useless v ch, v dng; khng dng c; khng kho; khng phn
khi; vt i
viable c th sng c (thai nhi, cy ci...); c th ny mm (ht
ging); c th thnh tu c (k hoch); c th tn ti, c th ng
vng c (chnh ph)
vital (thuc s) sng, cn cho s sng; sng cn, quan trng; nguy him
n tnh mng; y sc sng, y ngh lc, sinh ng;
worthwhile quan trng, th v hoc ng b thi gian, tin ca hoc n
lc; ng gi; b cng
Verbs
confront mt gip mt vi, i din vi, ng trc; chm trn, ng
u vi; i cht; (+ with) i chiu (ti liu, bn sao...)
contaminate lm bn, lm u; lm nhim (bnh); lm h hng
dispose of quyt nh s phn x l; gii quyt; vt b, kh i; bc b,
nh bi; n gp, ung gp; bn, bn chy; nhng li, chuyn nhng;
dng, tu s dng
dump thnh ng (rc); vt b, gt b (ai...); m xung, nm
phch xung; rc; ng phch xung, ri phch xung; bn h gi
(nhng hng tha ) ra th trng nc ngoi
threaten do, e do, hm do
Adverbs
inexorably khng lay chuyn c, khng ng tm
inevitably chc hn, chc chn
UNIT 16 THE ENERGY CRISIS
Nouns
atmosphere quyn kh; khng kh (ngha en) & bng
balance ci cn; s thng bng s cn bng; cn cn; s cn nhc k; s thng
trm ca s mnh; qu lc (ng h); (thng nghip) bn i chiu thu chi, bn
quyt ton; sai ngch; s cn li, s d; vo tnh trng (nguy ngp)

biofuel
carbon cacbon; giy than; bn sao bng giy than; in hc) thi than (lm n
cung la); (ngnh m) kim cng en ( khoan )

carbon dioxide
crisis s khng hong; cn khng hong; (y hc) cn (bnh); s ln cn

electricity in, in lc; in hc

emissions s pht ra (nh sng, nhit...), s bc ra, s to ra (mi v, hi...); vt
pht ra, vt bc ra, vt to ra

exhaust (k thut) s rt kh, s thot kh

fossil fuel
fuel cht t, nhin liu
fumes
gas
greenhouse gas
hybrid
hydrogen
petrol
resources
turbine
vehicle
Adjectives
alternative xen nhau; thay i nhau, thay phin nhau; la chn (mt trong
hai); hoc ci ny hoc ci kia (trong hai ci); loi tr ln nhau (hai ci)
critical ph bnh, ph phn; hay ch trch, hay ch bai; c kin chng li; kh
tnh, kh chiu; nguy cp, nguy ngp, nguy kch;

disposable c th b i; c th bn tng i (hng...); c th chuyn nhng; c

th dng c, c th s dng; sn c, sn dng

drastic tc ng mnh m, quyt lit; (y hc) x mnh, ty mnh

eco-friendly
efficientc hiu lc, c hiu qu; c nng lc, c kh nng; c nng sut cao, c
hiu sut cao (my...)

effectivehu hiu, c hiu qu

environmentally friendly
nuclear (thuc) ht nhn; c nhn
rechargeable c th np li
renewable c th hi phc li; c th thay mi, c th i mi
solar (thuc) mt tri, (thuc) thi dng
unleaded khng ch
verbs
absorb ht, ht thu (nc); hp thu; mit mi, m mi, chm ch; li cun, thu
ht s ch ;

conserve gi gn, duy tr, bo tn, bo ton; ch thnh mt

consume thiu, t, chy ht, tn ph (la); dng, tiu th; tiu th, lng ph, b
ph; lm hao mn, lm ho hon, lm kh ho, lm tiu tu; chy i, tan nt ht;
cht dn, hao mn, ho hon, mn mi, tiu tu

convertlm i tn gio, lm i ng phi; i, bin i; bin th, tht (kt),

tham
counterphn i, chng li, lm tri ngc li, ni ngc li; chn li v nh tr,
phn cng (u kim, quyn Anh)

depletetho ht ra, rt ht ra, x ht ra; lm rng khng; lm suy yu, lm kit

(sc...); (y hc) lm tan mu; lm tiu dch

diminish bt, gim, h bt, gim bt; thu nh

discharge d (hng); d hng (tu thu...); n (sng); phng (tn la...); bn
(mi tn...); ui ra, thi hi (ngi lm), tha, th (ngi t); cho ra, cho v (ngi
bnh); gii tn, gii ng (qun i); tun ra, tho ra, tit ra, bc ra, ra, chy ra;
tr ht, thanh ton (n nn); lm xong, hon thnh (nhim v...)

dwindle nh li, thu nh li, teo i, co li; thoi ho, suy i; suy yu dn, hao
mn dn

emit pht ra (nh sng, nhit...), bc ra, s to ra (mi v, hi...); pht hnh (giy
bc...)

expend tiu, tiu dng (tin...); dng ht, dng cn

limit gii hn, hn ch; lm gii hn cho

maintaingi, duy tr, bo v, bo qun; gi vng, khng ri b; bo v, xc nhn
rng; nui, cu mang

outweigh nng hn; nng qu i vi (ci g...); c nhiu tc dng hn, c nhiu
gi tr hn, c nhiu nh hng hn

preserve gi, gi gn, bo qun, bo tn, duy tr; gi lu (thc n, qu, tht...)
(bng cch ng hp, p mui, nu ng...); gi cho khi phn hu; gi, dnh
ring (khu sn, khu nh c...)

retain gi, cm li; ghi nh; thu (lut s); vn gi, vn c, vn duy tr, vn
dng, khng b, khng tha nhn

wastelng ph; b qua, l; b hoang (t ai); tn ph; lm hao mn dn; (php

l) lm h hng, lm mt phm cht (ca vt g); ung ph; hao mn